194:
20:
31:
156:
at a distance of 600 m. Another source estimates that a 100 m long and 10 m wide submarine would produce a magnetic flux of 13.33 nT at 500 m, 1.65 nT at 1 km and 0.01 nT at 5 km. To reduce interference from electrical equipment or metal in the
161:
of the aircraft, the MAD sensor is placed at the end of a boom or on a towed aerodynamic device. Even so, the submarine must be very near the aircraft's position and close to the sea surface for detection of the anomaly, because magnetic fields decrease as the
215:
applications the magnetic sensor can be mounted on an aircraft (typically on a long probe in front of or behind the aircraft to reduce the magnetic effects of the aircraft itself) or in a towed device. A chart is produced that
175:. For example, one study showed that a horizontal detection range of 450–800 m, when aircraft was 200 m above a submarine, decreased to less than 150 m when the aircraft was 400 m above the submarine.
170:
of 500 m. The size of the submarine, its hull composition and orientation, as well as the water depth and complexity of the natural magnetic field, determine the detection range. MAD devices are usually mounted on
116:
for finding ore deposits. MAD gear was used by both
Japanese and U.S. anti-submarine forces, either towed by ship or mounted in aircraft to detect shallow submerged enemy submarines. The Japanese called the technology
93:
Geoexploration by measuring and studying variations in the Earth's magnetic field has been conducted by scientists since 1843. The first uses of magnetometers were for the location of ore deposits.
344:
Liu, Shuchang; Hu, Jiafei; Li, Peisen; Wan, Chengbiao; Chen, Zhuo; Pan, Mengchun; Zhang, Qi; Liu, Zhongyan; Wang, Siwei; Chen, Dixiang; Hu, Jingtao; Pan, Xue (2019).
181:
MAD has certain advantages over other detection methods. It is a passive detection method. Unlike sonar it is not impacted by meteorological conditions; indeed above
133:
97:"The Examination of Iron Ore Deposits by Magnetic Measurements", published in 1879, was the first scientific treatise describing this practical use.
137:
532:
295:
311:
537:
280:
517:
323:
193:
178:
If the sea floor has sunken ships, then submarines may operate near them to confuse magnetic anomaly detectors.
250:
522:
399:"Methods of Differential Submarine Detection Based on Magnetic Anomaly and Technology of Probes Arrangement"
245:
51:
419:
296:
Note
Outline: Geophysical Surveying Using Magnetics Methods, January 16, 2004, University of Calgary
38:
helicopter carries a yellow and red towed MAD array known as a "MAD bird", seen on the aft fuselage
398:
439:"Fundamentals of Naval Weapons Systems - Chapter 9 Underwater Detection and Tracking Systems"
406:
105:
361:
8:
527:
212:
78:
365:
152:
from a submarine is usually very small. One source estimates that it is only about 0.2 n
478:
438:
379:
122:
482:
383:
328:
307:
276:
74:
468:
369:
233:
149:
163:
94:
197:
109:
374:
345:
132:
Satellite, near-surface and oceanic data from detectors was used to create the
67:
35:
511:
221:
63:
153:
101:
55:
473:
456:
19:
457:"Detection Range of Airborne Magnetometers in Magnetic Anomaly Detection"
167:
71:
324:"Victor Vacquier Sr., 1907–2009: Geophysicist was a master of magnetics"
217:
224:
can study to determine the distribution and concentration of magnetic
108:, an inexpensive and easy to use technology developed in the 1930s by
306:
Dunmore, Spencer, Lost Subs, Chartwell Books, Edison NJ, 2007, p.120
205:
201:
182:
59:
346:"Magnetic Anomaly Detection Based on Full Connected Neural Network"
225:
172:
158:
113:
229:
82:
30:
16:
Instrument for detecting variations in the Earth's magnetic field
185:
5, MAD may be the only reliable method for submarine detection.
100:
Magnetic anomaly detectors employed to detect submarines during
126:
125:
continued to develop MAD gear as a parallel development with
357:
50:) is an instrument used to detect minute variations in the
24:
85:
by detecting their disturbance of the normal earth-field.
396:
461:
121:(磁気探知機, "Magnetic Detector"). After the war, the
66:material creates a detectable disturbance in the
509:
138:Commission for the Geological Map of the World
70:); military MAD equipment is a descendant of
454:
450:
448:
343:
495:
472:
373:
200:geosurvey aircraft with a MAD stinger in
445:
192:
29:
18:
275:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 183.
510:
270:
433:
431:
429:
13:
533:Naval weapons of the United States
455:Chengjing Li; et al. (2015).
316:
134:World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map
58:used by military forces to detect
54:. The term refers specifically to
14:
549:
426:
166:, one source gives a detection
81:instruments used to search for
489:
390:
337:
300:
289:
264:
1:
257:
188:
397:Yuqin Chen, Jiansheng Yuan.
143:
7:
375:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2943544
239:
10:
554:
538:Military sensor technology
246:Submarine detection system
88:
44:magnetic anomaly detector
498:China's Rising Sea Power
273:A Dictionary of Aviation
271:Wragg, David W. (1973).
253:, exhaust plume detector
164:inverse cube of distance
129:detection technologies.
332:: B24, January 24, 2009
518:Anti-submarine warfare
414:Cite journal requires
208:
140:(CGMW) in July 2007.
52:Earth's magnetic field
39:
27:
474:10.25103/JESTR.084.17
228:which are related to
196:
106:fluxgate magnetometer
33:
22:
523:Military electronics
366:2019IEEEA...7r2198L
213:aeromagnetic survey
79:aeromagnetic survey
209:
40:
28:
329:Los Angeles Times
312:978-0-7858-2226-4
136:published by the
23:MAD rear boom on
545:
502:
501:
500:. p. 93-94.
493:
487:
486:
476:
452:
443:
442:
435:
424:
423:
417:
412:
410:
402:
394:
388:
387:
377:
341:
335:
333:
320:
314:
304:
298:
293:
287:
286:
268:
234:mineral deposits
150:magnetic anomaly
553:
552:
548:
547:
546:
544:
543:
542:
508:
507:
506:
505:
496:Peter Howarth.
494:
490:
453:
446:
437:
436:
427:
415:
413:
404:
403:
395:
391:
342:
338:
322:
321:
317:
305:
301:
294:
290:
283:
269:
265:
260:
242:
198:PAC P-750 XSTOL
191:
146:
110:Victor Vacquier
91:
17:
12:
11:
5:
551:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
504:
503:
488:
467:(4): 105–110.
444:
425:
416:|journal=
389:
336:
315:
299:
288:
281:
262:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
248:
241:
238:
190:
187:
145:
142:
104:harnessed the
90:
87:
68:magnetic field
36:SH-60B Seahawk
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
550:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
513:
499:
492:
484:
480:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
449:
440:
434:
432:
430:
421:
408:
400:
393:
385:
381:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
340:
331:
330:
325:
319:
313:
309:
303:
297:
292:
284:
282:9780850451634
278:
274:
267:
263:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:geophysicists
219:
214:
207:
203:
199:
195:
186:
184:
179:
176:
174:
169:
165:
160:
155:
151:
141:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
86:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
64:ferromagnetic
61:
57:
56:magnetometers
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
26:
21:
497:
491:
464:
460:
407:cite journal
392:
353:
349:
339:
327:
318:
302:
291:
272:
266:
210:
180:
177:
147:
131:
119:jikitanchiki
118:
102:World War II
99:
92:
47:
43:
41:
350:IEEE Access
168:slant range
72:geomagnetic
62:(a mass of
528:Geophysics
512:Categories
360:: 182198.
258:References
218:geologists
189:Other uses
60:submarines
483:117237628
384:204082945
251:Autolycus
206:Greenland
202:Upernavik
183:sea state
144:Operation
123:U.S. Navy
240:See also
226:minerals
173:aircraft
159:fuselage
114:Gulf Oil
95:Thalen's
83:minerals
362:Bibcode
230:geology
89:History
481:
401:: 446.
382:
310:
279:
75:survey
479:S2CID
380:S2CID
127:sonar
420:help
358:IEEE
308:ISBN
277:ISBN
232:and
220:and
211:For
148:The
34:The
25:P-3C
469:doi
370:doi
112:of
77:or
48:MAD
514::
477:.
463:.
459:.
447:^
428:^
411::
409:}}
405:{{
378:.
368:.
356:.
352:.
348:.
326:,
236:.
204:,
42:A
485:.
471::
465:8
441:.
422:)
418:(
386:.
372::
364::
354:7
334:.
285:.
154:T
46:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
02.jpg)
