585:
1062:
45:
774:
1149:
234:
759:
905:, the wise men found the child Jesus in a house. They paid homage to him, and presented him with "gifts of gold and of frankincense and of myrrh." (2.11) In a dream they are warned not to return to Herod, and therefore return to their homes by taking another route. Since its composition in the late 1st century, numerous apocryphal stories have embellished the gospel's account.
667:, composed in the main to discredit the texts of rivals. "The Greeks considered the best wisdom to be exotic wisdom" and "what better and more convenient authority than the distant – temporally and geographically – Zoroaster?" The subject of these texts, the authenticity of which was rarely challenged, ranged from treatises on nature to ones on
527:
was used not for what actual magi did, but for something related to the word 'magic' in the modern sense, i.e. using supernatural means to achieve an effect in the natural world, or the appearance of achieving these effects through trickery or sleight of hand. The early Greek texts typically have the
985:
and various magi are recorded. The Talmud depicts the Magi as sorcerers and in several descriptions, they are negatively described as obstructing Jewish religious practices. Several references include the sages criticizing practices performed by various magi. One instance is a description of the
1053:, the security apparatus that the Iranians not sincere Muslims, but rather covertly practice their pre-Islamic beliefs. Thus, in their eyes, Iraq's war took on the dimensions of not only a struggle for Arab nationalism, but also a campaign in the name of Islam."
1595:
969:, provides, in its third chapter, a story of the wise men of the East which is very similar to much of the story in Matthew. This account cites Zoradascht (Zoroaster) as the source of the prophecy that motivated the wise men to seek the infant Jesus.
1061:
624:
xxx.2.3), but a "principle of the division of labor appears to have spared
Zoroaster most of the responsibility for introducing the dark arts to the Greek and Roman worlds. That dubious honor went to another fabulous magus,
702:) which he himself had invoked, and even that the stars killed him in revenge for having been restrained by him. The second, and "more serious" factor for the association with astrology was the notion that Zoroaster was a
201:
in this context around 1200 CE (this particular use is also commonly rendered in
English as "kings" and more often in recent times as "wise men"). The singular "magus" appears considerably later, when it was borrowed from
426:
2.22.2), who curses the magi for their "impious" rites and rituals. A description of the rituals that
Heraclitus refers to has not survived, and there is nothing to suggest that Heraclitus was referring to foreigners.
301:
does not (as was previously thought) mean "magus", but rather "a member of the tribe" or referred to a particular social class in the proto-Iranian language and then continued to do so in
Avestan.
523:
to describe the activity of a magus, that is, it was his or her art and practice. But almost from the outset the noun for the action and the noun for the actor parted company. Thereafter,
1119:
communities of India trace their descent from the Magas. Some classical astronomers and mathematicians of India such are
Varahamihira are considered to be the descendants of the Magas.
504:. Their influence was also widespread throughout Asia Minor. It is, therefore, quite likely that the sacerdotal caste of the Magi was distinct from the Median tribe of the same name."
986:
Zoroastrian priests exhuming corpses for their burial practices which directly interfered with the Jewish burial rites. Another instance is a sage forbidding learning from the magi.
825:. Ordinarily this word is translated "magician" or "sorcerer" in the sense of illusionist or fortune-teller, and this is how it is translated in all of its occurrences (e.g.
659:– or rather what the Greeks supposed him to be – was for the Hellenists the figurehead of the 'magi', and the founder of that order (or what the Greeks considered to be an
255:
The term only appears twice in
Iranian texts from before the 5th century BC, and only one of these can be dated with precision. This one instance occurs in the trilingual
561:, Xenophon depicts the magians as authorities for all religious matters (8.3.11), and imagines the magians to be responsible for the education of the emperor-to-be.
584:
674:
One factor for the association with astrology was
Zoroaster's name, or rather, what the Greeks made of it. His name was identified at first with star-worshiping (
1115:(c. 505 – c. 587), the statue of the Sun god (Mitra), is represented as wearing the "northern" (Central Asian) dress, specifically with horse riding boots. Some
890:
629:, to whom most of the pseudepigraphic magical literature was attributed." For Pliny, this magic was a "monstrous craft" that gave the Greeks not only a "lust" (
1242:
Mair adduces the discovery of two figurines with unmistakably
Caucasoid or Europoid features dated to the 8th century BC, found in a 1980 excavation of a
2330:
1126:
mentions that the priests of the Sun Temple at Multan were Magas. The Magas had colonies in a number of places in India, and were the priests at
865:, did not make an exception for the Gospel, and translated the word in its ordinary sense, i.e. as "magician". The Gospel of Matthew states that
1890:
Beck, Roger (1991). "Thus Spake Not
Zarathushtra: Zoroastrian Pseudepigrapha of the Graeco-Roman World". In Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (eds.).
363:
were the same word in origin, a common
Iranian term for 'member of the tribe' having developed among the Medes the special sense of 'member of
2125:
901:. He then asked the magi to inform him when they find the child so that he himself may also pay homage to the child. Guided by the
614:– it was but a natural progression that the Greeks' image of Zoroaster would metamorphose into a magician too. The first century
174:
founder of the Magi and inventor of both astrology and magic, a meaning that still survives in the modern-day words "magic" and "
1280:
with the same shape found in Neolithic West Asia, specifically a cross potent carved in the shoulder of a goddess figure of the
339:
the word seems to mean both the teaching of Zoroaster and the community that accepted that teaching", and it seems that Avestan
2000:
1627:(Loeb Classical Library Volume 92 ed.). Cambridge, MA. Harvard Universrity Press.: Harvard University Press. p. 45.
2160:
1821:
1794:
1750:
1723:
1659:
1632:
1498:
767:
2027:
1973:
1023:
2150:
2052:
Secunda, S. (2016). " This, but Also That": Historical, Methodological, and Theoretical Reflections on Irano-Talmudica.
1458:
893:'s birthplace. Herod, disturbed, told them that he had not heard of the child, but informed them of a prophecy that the
263:, and which can be dated to about 520 BC. In this trilingual text, certain rebels have magian as an attribute; in the
2365:
2037:
2010:
1983:
1846:
742:
6) decides to journey to Babylon "to ask one of the magi, Zoroaster's disciples and successors", for their opinion.
233:
874:
1868:
142:
2355:
2350:
2375:
909:
implies that Herod learned from the wise men that up to two years had passed since the birth, which is why
44:
2200:
2177:
1946:
1402:
1122:
Varahamihira specifies that installation and consecration of the Sun images should be done by the Magas.
2370:
620:
910:
1049:
as a generalization of all modern-day Iranians. "By referring to the Iranians in these documents as
927:
838:
532:
to denote a conjurer and a charlatan. Already in the mid-5th century BC, Herodotus identifies the
2287:
17:
1397:
461:
422:
38:
1784:
1488:
1811:
1693:
1676:
1649:
1622:
966:
722:
I.15), which – according to Bidez and Cumont – derived from a Semitic form of his name. The
714:
594:
444:
418:
175:
125:
31:
1740:
1713:
572:
philosopher, describes magus to be considered as a "sage and philosopher-king" based on its
1909:
1407:
826:
731:
690:
star. Later, an even more elaborate mytho-etymology evolved: Zoroaster died by the living (
256:
106:
1447:
8:
2132:
1027:
2262:
2254:
1555:
1299:
877:). The gospel describes how magi from the east were notified of the birth of a king in
544:
351:(Magus) has exactly the same meaning" as well. But it "may be, however", that Avestan
166:
knowledge. This association was in turn the product of the Hellenistic fascination for
147:
114:
1296:('stone of necessity') – stone used to call up spirits from water by Magi in antiquity
456:. In another sense (1.132), Herodotus uses the term "magi" to generically refer to a "
2266:
2246:
2156:
2033:
2006:
1979:
1905:
1842:
1817:
1790:
1746:
1719:
1655:
1628:
1559:
1494:
1270:
1228:
1153:
1143:
1092:
1084:
1046:
1015:
959:
902:
830:
786:
671:. But the bulk of these texts dealt with astronomical speculations and magical lore.
599:
304:
An unrelated term, but previously assumed to be related, appears in the older Gathic
248:
182:
94:
59:
1108:
773:
460:
caste", but "whose ethnic origin is never again so much as mentioned." According to
2380:
2307:
2238:
1547:
1360:
1327:
1302:(January 6) – a Christian holiday marking the visit of the Magi to the Christ Child
1100:
656:
305:
283:
260:
167:
102:
2131:. Cambridge University: Centre of International Studies. p. 5. Archived from
213:
Hereditary Zoroastrian priesthood has survived in India and Iran. They are termed
1767:
1038:
886:
660:
615:
435:
287:
272:
1254:
Province. One of the figurines is marked on the top of its head with an incised
663:). He was further projected as the author of a vast compendium of "Zoroastrian"
2360:
2303:
2222:
1387:
1166:
1034:
1007:
955:
931:
794:
664:
481:
371:
329:
133:
90:
2242:
2345:
2339:
2250:
1927:
1392:
1247:
866:
858:
850:
822:
818:
802:
778:
763:
753:
465:
282:, the sacred literature of Zoroastrianism. In this instance, which is in the
244:
186:
55:
1459:
The Origins of Zoroastrian Priesthood in India, Parsi Khabar, April 29, 2009
1414:
1894:. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. pp. 491–565.
1281:
1266:
1243:
1112:
1096:
1074:
1066:
922:
906:
790:
653:– traveled abroad to study it, and then returned to teach it (xxx.2.8–10).
194:
129:
2069:
Secunda, S. (2005). Studying with a Magus/Like Giving a Tongue to a Wolf.
706:. The alternate Greek name for Zoroaster was Zaratas / Zaradas / Zaratos (
1651:
The Metamorphosis of Magic from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Period
1305:
1262:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1158:
1104:
982:
917:
589:
264:
110:
2258:
2226:
1470:
1913:
1517:
1220:
1195:. The reconstruction of Old Chinese forms is somewhat speculative. The
1175:(巫 "shaman; witch, wizard; magician") may originate as a loanword from
862:
668:
646:
642:
638:
557:
552:
457:
439:
414:
203:
1211:(巫) is evident in several Old Chinese reconstructions (Dong Tonghe's *
1293:
1123:
935:
898:
882:
676:
608:
573:
569:
517:
477:
431:
155:
151:
118:
1551:
1148:
1131:
951:
718:
710:
566:
562:
548:
497:
448:
1.101), Herodotus speaks of the magi as one of the tribes/peoples (
399:
The oldest surviving Greek reference to the magi – from Greek
163:
637:) for it, and Pliny supposed that Greek philosophers – among them
442:
uses the term "magi" in two different senses. In the first sense (
1251:
1116:
1019:
1011:
894:
703:
626:
493:
473:
469:
171:
159:
2199:
Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (June 1950). Law, Narendra Nath (ed.).
2176:
Biswas, Dilip Kumar (September 1949). Law, Narendra Nath (ed.).
946:. He was a Jew named Bar-Jesus (son of Jesus), or alternatively
430:
Better preserved are the descriptions of the mid-5th century BC
1786:
Greek Religion and Culture, the Bible and the Ancient Near East
1490:
Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis: Eastern Contexts of Greek Culture
1127:
1077:
are considered to be the descendants of the ten Maga (Sanskrit
978:
947:
943:
939:
854:
735:
347:, "there is no reason to suppose that the western Iranian form
336:
325:
279:
239:
222:
214:
50:
833:, where, depending on translation, it is rendered "wise man" (
2270:
2152:
Mathematical Achievements of Pre-modern Indian Mathematicians
1196:
1088:
1002:
995:
878:
870:
806:
650:
501:
489:
485:
453:
400:
375:
218:
198:
2288:
Questions on the Origin of Writing Raised by the 'Silk Road'
2100:
528:
pejorative meaning, which in turn influenced the meaning of
197:, and the transliterated plural "magi" entered English from
2227:"Old Sinitic *Myag, Old Persian Maguš and English Magician"
1813:
Xenophon's Cyropaedia: Style, Genre, and Literary Technique
1375:
1369:
1342:
1336:
798:
758:
723:
140:(μάγος) was influenced by (and eventually displaced) Greek
1538:
Gershevitch, Ilya (1964). "Zoroaster's Own Contribution".
1339:
1069:, 1279 CE palm leaf manuscript, Pratima lakshana, Sanskrit
1014:
verse 17, where the "Magians" are mentioned alongside the
930:) also describes another magus who acted as an advisor of
1372:
1205:
1189:
846:
834:
378:. There are two frequent terms used by him, first one is
275:). The meaning of the term in this context is uncertain.
382:(literally "the old man of the magi") and second one is
1438:
About a year and half old, not a newborn (Matthew 2:11)
1107:. Their original home was a mythological region called
950:. (Another Cypriot magus named Atomos is referenced by
911:
all male children two years or younger were slaughtered
606:
Once the magi had been associated with "magic" – Greek
1715:
Magic in the Roman World: Pagans, Jews and Christians
1378:
881:
by the appearance of his star. Upon their arrival in
2123:
1366:
1363:
1333:
1330:
1978:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated.
1512:
1510:
464:, in other accounts, "we hear of Magi not only in
1083:) priests who were invited to conduct worship of
1026:in a list of religions who will be judged on the
2337:
965:One of the non-canonical Christian sources, the
777:Conventional post-12th century depiction of the
1841:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 96.
1745:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1.
1647:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1507:
551:, who had first-hand experience at the Persian
278:The other instance appears in the texts of the
2198:
1493:. Harvard University Press. pp. 108–109.
1078:
2290:, Sino-Platonic Papers, 26 (September, 1991).
1916:1:20; 2:2, 2:10, 2:27; 4:4; 5:7, 5:11, 5:15).
1533:
1531:
1137:
146:(γόης), the older word for a practitioner of
2331:The Magi in Mosaics, Paintings and Sculpture
2286:25.9 (September 1990). English translation:
1953:. Gebbie & Co., Publishers, Philadelphia
1885:
1883:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1839:The idea of the library in the ancient world
1567:
1261:Mair's suggestion is based on a proposal by
817:(Greek) and its variants appear in both the
618:names "Zoroaster" as the inventor of magic (
170:, who was perceived by the Greeks to be the
101:is in the trilingual inscription written by
37:"Magus" redirects here. For other uses, see
1947:"The Apocryphal Books of the New Testament"
1896:Abteilung I, Band VIII, Abschnitt 1, p. 516
1620:
1596:"پیر مغان حافظ كیست، دیرِ مغان حافظ كجاست؟"
1537:
328:(and also that both these were cognates of
2148:
2126:"The Mindset of Iraq's Security Apparatus"
1998:
1648:Bremmer, Jan N.; Veenstra, Jan R. (2002).
1528:
873:to do him homage shortly after his birth (
849:). However, early church fathers, such as
793:and represents Africa. To the left stands
271:(generally assumed to be a loan word from
206:in the late 14th century with the meaning
2302:
1880:
1855:
1765:
1691:
1674:
1471:"A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PARSI PRIESTHOOD"
1010:. The term is mentioned in the Quran, in
540:7.19, 7.37, 1.107, 1.108, 1.120, 1.128).
386:(literally "the monastery of the magi").
1711:
1147:
1060:
916:In addition to the more famous story of
772:
757:
633:) for magic, but a downright "madness" (
583:
232:
43:
2025:
1971:
1919:
1869:"Zoroaster, as perceived by the Greeks"
1782:
1581:The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism
1578:
1486:
1183:"magician; magi". Mair reconstructs an
801:and representing Asia. On his knees is
221:(Magupat, i.e. chief of the Maga), and
14:
2338:
2175:
2086:Secunda, S. (2012). Parva—a Magus. In
1738:
845:, typically with an explanatory note (
747:
507:As early as the 5th century BC, Greek
389:
121:, and presumably Zoroastrian, priest.
2002:Rabbis, Sorcerers, Kings, and Priests
1999:Mokhtarian, Jason (2 November 2021).
1707:
1705:
1516:
1469:DASTUR FIROZE M. KOTWAL (July 1990),
536:as interpreters of omens and dreams (
492:, but also in non-Iranian lands like
316:", was once the premise that Avestan
150:, with a meaning expanded to include
97:. The earliest known use of the word
82:
2221:
1944:
1925:
1889:
1866:
1809:
1742:The Magician, the Witch, and the Law
1308: – Zoroastrian place of worship
989:
981:, instances of dialogue between the
543:Other Greek sources from before the
370:Some examples of the use of magi in
367:(priestly) tribe', hence a priest."
48:Zoroastrian priests (Magi) carrying
2178:"The Maga Ancestry of Varahamihira"
1934:, New York: Robert Appleton Company
1836:
1583:. New York: MacMillan. p. 163.
1522:A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I
1056:
972:
732:Babylonians learned their astrology
555:court. In his early 4th century BC
70:
24:
2296:
2005:. University of California Press.
1702:
394:
355:(which is not the same as Avestan
228:
25:
2392:
2324:
1654:. Peeters Publishers. p. 2.
889:to determine the location of the
768:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
682:"star sacrificer") and, with the
413:) – might be from 6th century BC
286:portion, the term appears in the
1579:Zaehner, Robert Charles (1961).
1359:
1326:
2277:
2215:
2205:The Indian Historical Quarterly
2192:
2182:The Indian Historical Quarterly
2169:
2142:
2117:
2093:
2080:
2063:
2046:
2019:
1992:
1965:
1938:
1899:
1830:
1803:
1776:
1759:
1732:
1685:
1668:
1641:
1614:
1588:
1540:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1524:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 10–11
579:
2071:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
2026:Secunda, Shai (16 June 2020).
1712:Janowitz, Naomi (2002-09-11).
1480:
1477:, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 165-175.
1463:
1452:
1441:
1432:
1352:
1319:
1169:(1990) suggested that Chinese
1144:Wu (shaman) § Etymologies
547:include the gentleman-soldier
434:, who in his portrayal of the
374:, are present in the poems of
320:and Median (i.e. Old Persian)
89:), is the term for priests in
13:
1:
1810:Gera, Deborah Levine (1993).
1602:(in Persian). 12 October 2015
1426:
308:texts. This word, adjectival
2124:Al-Marashi, Ibrahim (2000).
1415:
1265:(1990), which connects the "
1206:
1190:
789:, the youngest magus, bears
677:
609:
518:
7:
2201:"The Achaemenids and India"
1892:A History of Zoroastrianism
1783:Bremmer, Jan (2008-04-30).
1287:
766:in a 6th-century mosaic at
762:Byzantine depiction of the
237:Zoroastrian Magus carrying
10:
2397:
2149:Puttaswamy, T. K. (2012).
1769:The Histories of Herodotus
1698:. D. Appleton. p. 54.
1695:The Histories of Herodotus
1681:. D. Appleton. p. 41.
1678:The Histories of Herodotus
1621:Butterworth, G W. (1919).
1411:
1401:
1141:
1138:Possible loan into Chinese
993:
954:, working at the court of
841:) or left untranslated as
751:
401:
293:, meaning "hostile to the
36:
29:
2243:10.1017/S0362502800004995
1932:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1277:
1079:
698:) of fire from the star (
124:Pervasive throughout the
27:Priests in Zoroastrianism
2366:Ancient Iranian religion
1875:. New York: iranica.com.
1718:. Routledge. p. 9.
1487:Burkert, Walter (2007).
1312:
920:found in chapter 8, the
809:and representing Europe.
117:, refer to a magus as a
2312:, Amsterdam: Livius.org
2155:. Newnes. p. 141.
2054:Jewish Quarterly Review
1739:Peters, Edward (1978).
1235:and Axel Schuessler's *
1134:and other sun temples.
1095:), as described in the
797:, middle-aged, bearing
343:is related to Sanskrit
225:depending on the rank.
2101:"Surah Al-Hajj - 1-78"
2029:The Talmud's Red Fence
1972:Secunda, Shai (2014).
1945:Hone, William (1890).
1789:. BRILL. p. 240.
1391:
1163:
1070:
1000:In Arabic, "Magians" (
810:
770:
603:
462:Robert Charles Zaehner
438:expatriates living in
252:
63:
54:. Statuettes from the
39:Magus (disambiguation)
2090:(pp. 391-402). Brill.
1912:8:9; 13:6,8; and the
1873:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1837:Too, Yun Lee (2010).
1624:Clement of Alexandria
1151:
1075:Sakaldwipiya Brahmins
1064:
967:Syriac Infancy Gospel
829:13:6) except for the
776:
761:
595:Adoration of the Magi
587:
236:
162:, and other forms of
126:Eastern Mediterranean
113:texts, predating the
47:
32:Magi (disambiguation)
2356:Magic (supernatural)
2351:History of astrology
1914:Septuagint of Daniel
1910:Acts of the Apostles
1867:Beck, Roger (2003).
1475:Indo-Iranian Journal
312:meaning "possessing
257:Behistun inscription
107:Behistun Inscription
30:For other uses, see
2376:Zoroastrian priests
1816:. Clarendon Press.
1028:Day of Resurrection
869:visited the infant
748:Christian tradition
390:Greco-Roman sources
1975:The Iranian Talmud
1766:Herodotus (1904).
1692:Herodotus (1904).
1675:Herodotus (1904).
1448:Matthew 2 in Greek
1164:
1071:
1065:Brihat Samhita of
1006:) is the term for
811:
805:, oldest, bearing
783:Adoração dos Magos
771:
736:Lucian of Samosata
604:
545:Hellenistic period
253:
115:Hellenistic period
64:
2371:Achaemenid Empire
2284:Ming-pao yueh-kan
2162:978-0-12-397913-1
2088:Shoshannat Yaakov
1926:Drum, W. (1910),
1906:Gospel of Matthew
1823:978-0-19-814477-9
1796:978-90-474-3271-5
1752:978-0-8122-1101-6
1725:978-1-134-63368-5
1661:978-90-429-1227-4
1634:978-0-674-99103-3
1500:978-0-674-02399-4
1271:bronzeware script
1229:Bernhard Karlgren
1154:Bronzeware script
990:Islamic tradition
942:on the island of
903:Star of Bethlehem
897:would be born in
831:Gospel of Matthew
785:by Vicente Gil).
600:Catacombs of Rome
335:). While "in the
249:Achaemenid Empire
193:do homage to the
183:Gospel of Matthew
95:Iranian religions
60:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
2388:
2319:
2318:
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1227:), but not all (
1215:, Zhou Fagao's *
1209:
1193:
1101:Bhavishya Purana
1091:) at Mitravana (
1082:
1081:
1057:Indian tradition
973:Jewish tradition
891:king of the Jews
734:from Zoroaster.
680:
612:
521:
488:, and among the
404:
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306:Avestan language
261:Darius the Great
251:, 4th century BC
168:Pseudo-Zoroaster
103:Darius the Great
88:
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62:, 4th century BC
21:
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2299:
2297:Further reading
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2223:Mair, Victor H.
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1111:. According to
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998:
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885:, they visited
756:
750:
730:notes that the
621:Natural History
616:Pliny the Elder
582:
397:
395:Classical Greek
392:
284:Younger Avestan
231:
229:Iranian sources
191:) from the east
105:, known as the
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42:
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2138:on 2008-04-11.
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1142:Main article:
1139:
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1073:In India, the
1058:
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1041:used the term
1035:Saddam Hussein
1033:In the 1980s,
994:Main article:
991:
988:
974:
971:
932:Sergius Paulus
823:New Testaments
752:Main article:
749:
746:
726:'s chapter on
686:, even as the
665:pseudepigrapha
592:slab with the
581:
578:
396:
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372:Persian poetry
359:) "and Medean
330:Vedic Sanskrit
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91:Zoroastrianism
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2060:(2), 233-241.
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2012:9780520385726
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1985:9780812245707
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1398:Ancient Greek
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1047:Iran–Iraq War
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859:St. Augustine
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832:
828:
824:
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796:
792:
788:
784:
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779:Biblical magi
775:
769:
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754:Biblical Magi
745:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
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387:
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384:Deyr-e Moghan
381:
380:Peer-e Moghan
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56:Oxus Treasure
53:
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46:
40:
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2314:, retrieved
2308:
2283:
2279:
2269:– via
2234:
2230:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2151:
2144:
2133:the original
2119:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2028:
2021:
2001:
1994:
1974:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1950:
1940:
1931:
1921:
1901:
1891:
1872:
1838:
1832:
1812:
1805:
1785:
1778:
1768:
1761:
1741:
1734:
1714:
1694:
1687:
1677:
1670:
1650:
1643:
1623:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1580:
1546:(1): 12–38.
1543:
1539:
1521:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1465:
1454:
1443:
1434:
1354:
1321:
1282:Halaf period
1274:
1267:cross potent
1260:
1255:
1244:Zhou dynasty
1241:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1188:
1180:
1170:
1165:
1157:
1121:
1113:Varahamihira
1097:Samba Purana
1072:
1067:Varahamihira
1050:
1042:
1039:Ba'ath Party
1032:
1008:Zoroastrians
1001:
999:
983:Jewish sages
976:
964:
934:, the Roman
923:Book of Acts
921:
915:
907:Matthew 2:16
842:
814:
812:
791:frankincense
782:
744:
739:
727:
717:
707:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
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673:
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634:
630:
619:
607:
605:
593:
580:Roman period
556:
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537:
533:
529:
524:
516:
512:
511:had spawned
508:
506:
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443:
429:
423:Protrepticus
421:
410:
406:
398:
383:
379:
369:
364:
360:
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352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
321:
317:
313:
309:
303:
298:
294:
290:
277:
268:
254:
238:
212:
207:
195:Christ Child
188:
180:
141:
137:
136:and beyond,
130:Western Asia
123:
98:
93:and earlier
78:
66:
65:
49:
2231:Early China
1951:Archive.org
1606:13 November
1518:Boyce, Mary
1408:Old Persian
1306:Fire temple
1263:Jao Tsung-I
1203:in Mair's *
1185:Old Chinese
1177:Old Persian
1105:Mahabharata
1045:during the
918:Simon Magus
678:astrothytes
657:"Zoroaster"
590:sarcophagus
267:portion as
265:Old Persian
111:Old Persian
2340:Categories
2316:2024-01-06
2110:2024-06-21
2077:, 151-157.
1957:20 October
1908:2:1–12:9;
1427:References
1273:glyph for
1246:palace in
1221:Li Fanggui
1162:巫 "shaman"
1024:Christians
887:King Herod
863:St. Jerome
851:St. Justin
764:Three Magi
728:astronomia
669:necromancy
647:Democritus
643:Empedocles
639:Pythagoras
631:aviditatem
558:Cyropaedia
553:Achaemenid
458:sacerdotal
440:Asia Minor
415:Heraclitus
409:, plural:
291:moghu.tbiš
204:Old French
2267:192107986
2251:0362-5028
2237:: 27–47.
2188:(3): 175.
2105:Quran.com
1560:161954467
1294:Anachitis
1124:al-Biruni
1109:Śākadvīpa
936:proconsul
899:Bethlehem
883:Jerusalem
813:The word
787:Balthasar
598:from the
570:Platonist
538:Histories
478:Chorasmia
452:) of the
445:Histories
432:Herodotus
297:", where
243:from the
187:"μάγοι" (
156:astrology
152:astronomy
2306:(2006),
2259:23351579
2225:(1990).
1564:, p. 36.
1520:(1975),
1412:𐎶𐎦𐎢𐏁
1300:Epiphany
1288:See also
1152:Chinese
1132:Martanda
1103:and the
1022:and the
960:Caesarea
952:Josephus
875:2:1–2:12
803:Melchior
740:Mennipus
719:Stromata
713:2.23–5,
711:Agathias
704:Chaldean
694:) flux (
588:Incised
576:notion.
574:Platonic
567:Numidian
563:Apuleius
549:Xenophon
498:Ethiopia
208:magician
176:magician
172:Chaldean
164:esoteric
119:Zurvanic
2381:Chaldea
2309:Magians
1396:; from
1258:graph.
1252:Shaanxi
1117:Brahmin
1020:Sabians
1012:sura 22
977:In the
928:13:6–11
895:Messiah
715:Clement
627:Ostanes
610:magikos
494:Samaria
474:Bactria
470:Parthia
450:ethnous
436:Iranian
419:Clemens
310:magavan
247:of the
181:In the
160:alchemy
58:of the
51:barsoms
18:Magians
2265:
2257:
2249:
2159:
2036:
2009:
1982:
1928:"Magi"
1845:
1820:
1793:
1749:
1722:
1658:
1631:
1558:
1497:
1403:μᾰ́γος
1219:, and
1199:final
1128:Konark
1093:Multan
1018:, the
979:Talmud
948:Elymas
944:Cyprus
940:Paphos
879:Judaea
855:Origen
795:Caspar
700:-astr-
688:living
649:, and
635:rabiem
525:mageia
519:magike
513:mageia
500:, and
466:Persia
417:(apud
345:magha-
337:Gathas
333:magha-
326:coeval
280:Avesta
273:Median
240:barsom
223:Dastur
215:Herbad
132:until
77:), or
2361:Medes
2271:JSTOR
2263:S2CID
2255:JSTOR
2136:(PDF)
2129:(PDF)
1556:S2CID
1416:maguš
1393:magus
1388:Latin
1313:Notes
1217:mjwaγ
1197:velar
1181:maguš
1089:Surya
1085:Mitra
1051:majus
1043:majus
1003:majus
996:Majus
956:Felix
871:Jesus
815:mágos
807:myrrh
661:order
651:Plato
530:magos
509:magos
502:Egypt
490:Sakas
486:Media
454:Medes
411:magoi
407:mágos
402:μάγος
376:Hafez
357:maga-
353:moghu
341:maga-
324:were
322:magu-
318:maga-
314:maga-
299:moghu
295:moghu
288:hapax
269:maγu-
219:Mobad
199:Latin
189:magoi
148:magic
138:mágos
79:magus
2346:Magi
2247:ISSN
2157:ISBN
2034:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1959:2017
1843:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1608:2022
1600:IRNA
1495:ISBN
1406:and
1231:'s *
1225:mjag
1223:'s *
1213:mwag
1156:for
1016:Jews
867:magi
861:and
843:Magi
827:Acts
821:and
799:gold
724:Suda
696:-ro-
565:, a
534:magi
515:and
482:Aria
361:magu
349:magu
143:goēs
128:and
99:magi
85:SING
73:PLUR
67:Magi
2239:doi
2058:106
1548:doi
1239:).
1233:mwo
1207:mag
1191:mag
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958:at
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847:NIV
839:RSV
835:KJV
819:Old
708:cf.
692:zo-
684:Zo-
365:the
259:of
178:".
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