1052: 19.9, these led to the late 18th-century century conclusion that Infinite Time was the first Principle of Zoroastrianism and Ohrmuzd was therefore only "the derivative and secondary character". Ironically, the fact that no Zoroastrian texts contained any hint of the born-of-Zurvan doctrine was considered to be evidence of a latter-day corruption of the original principles. The opinion that Zoroastrianism was so severely dualistic that it was, in fact, ditheistic or even tritheistic would be widely held until the late 19th century.
1040:
Ohrmuzd and
Ahriman were conceived: Ohrmuzd for the sacrifice and Ahriman for the doubt. Upon realizing that twins were to be born, Zurvan resolved to grant the first-born sovereignty over creation. Ohrmuzd perceived Zurvan's decision, which He then communicated to His brother. Ahriman then preempted Ohrmuzd by ripping open the womb to emerge first. Reminded of the resolution to grant Ahriman sovereignty, Zurvan conceded, but limited kingship to a period of 9,000 years, after which Ohrmuzd would rule for all eternity.
1389:, however, must have been disastrous for the Zoroastrian religion, and the fact that the Magi were able to retain as much as they did and restore it in a form that was not too strikingly different from the Prophet's original message after the lapse of some 600 years proves their devotion to his memory. It is, indeed, true to say that the Zoroastrian orthodoxy of the Sasanian period is nearer to the spirit of Zoroaster than is the thinly disguised polytheism of the
459:
3208:
47:
943:, to the northeast. Following the fall of the Persian Empire, the south and west were relatively quickly assimilated under the banner of Islam, while the north and east remained independent for some time before these regions too were absorbed. This could also explain why Armenian/Syriac observations reveal a distinctly Zurvanite Zoroastrianism, and inversely, could explain the strong
876:
polemicists, but the doctrinal incompatibilities were not so extreme "that they could not be reconciled under the broad aegis of an imperial church". More likely is that the two sects served different segments of
Sasanian society, with dispassionate Zurvanism primarily operating as a mystic cult and passionate Mazdaism serving the community at large.
915:, one of the first proponents of the theory that Zurvanism was the state religion of the Sasanians, suggested that the rejection of Zurvanism in the post-conquest epoch was a response and reaction to the new authority of Islamic monotheism that brought about a deliberate reform of Zoroastrianism that aimed to establish a stronger orthodoxy.
1365:
The fundamental goal of "classical
Zurvanism" to bring the doctrine of the "twin spirits" in accord with what was otherwise understood of Zoroaster's teaching may have been excessive, but (according to Zaehner) it was not altogether misguided. In noting the emergence of an overtly dualistic doctrine
1281:
explicitly accepted a modern
Western version of the old Zurvanite heresy, according to which Ahura Mazda himself was the hypothetical 'father' of the twin Spirits of Y 30.3 ... Yet though Dhalla thus, under foreign influences, abandoned the fundamental doctrine of the absolute separation of good and
1375:
could not be readily explained. There must have been a zealous minority that busied itself with defining what they considered the
Prophet's true message to be; there must have been an 'orthodox' party within the 'Church'. This minority, concerned now with theology no less than with ritual, would be
1344:
30.2 and 45.9, Ahura Mazda "has left to men's wills" to choose between doing good and doing evil. By leaving destiny in the hands of fate (an omnipotent deity), the cult of Zurvan distanced itself from the most sacred of
Zoroastrian tenets: that of the efficacy of good thoughts, good words and good
1273:
No evidence of distinctly
Zurvanite rituals or practices have been discovered, so followers of the cult are widely believed to have had the same rituals and practices as Mazdean Zoroastrians did. This is understandable, inasmuch as the Zurvanite doctrine of a monist First Principle did not preclude
1207:
by Zurvan) implied that nothing could change this preordained course of the material universe, and the path of the astral bodies of the 'heavenly sphere' was representative of this preordained course. It followed that human destiny must then be decided by the constellations, stars and planets, who
1110:
While
Zoroaster's Ormuzd created the universe with his thought, materialist Zurvanism challenged the concept that anything could be made out of nothing. This challenge was a patently alien idea, discarding core Zoroastrian tenets in favor of the position that the spiritual world – including heaven
919:
is of the opinion that the
Zurvanite priesthood had a "strict orthodoxy which few could tolerate. Moreover, they interpreted the Prophet's message so dualistically that their God was made to appear very much less than all-powerful and all-wise. As reasonable as it might have appeared from a purely
903:
Following the fall of the
Sasanian Empire in the 7th century, Zoroastrianism was gradually supplanted by Islam. The former continued to exist but in an increasingly reduced state, and by the 10th century the remaining Zoroastrians appear to have more closely followed the orthodoxy as found in
1039:
In the beginning, the great God Zurvan existed alone. Desiring offspring that would create "heaven and hell and everything in between", Zurvan sacrificed for a thousand years. Towards the end of this period, androgyne Zurvan began to doubt the efficacy of sacrifice and in the moment of this doubt
1370:
have been a party within the Zoroastrian community which regarded the strict dualism between Truth and the Lie, the Holy Spirit and the Destructive Spirit, as being the essence of the Prophet's message. Otherwise the re-emergence of this strictly dualist form of Zoroastrianism some six centuries
875:
It is however not known whether Sasanian-era Zurvanism and Mazdaism were separate sects, each with their own organization and priesthood, or simply two tendencies within the same body. That Mazdaism and Zurvanism competed for attention has been inferred from the works of Christian and Manichaean
1324:
A literal, anthropomorphic "twin brother" interpretation of these passages gave rise to a need to postulate a father for the postulated literal "brothers". Hence Zurvanism postulated a preceding parent deity that existed above the good and evil of his sons. This was an obvious usurpation of
780:
proposed that this is because the individual Sasanian monarchs were not always Zurvanite and that Mazdean Zoroastrianism just happened to have the upper hand during the crucial period that the canon was finally written down. In the texts composed prior to the Sasanian period,
1426:
590–628) and his successors, all kinds of superstitions tend to overwhelm the Mazdean religion, which gradually disintegrates, thus preparing the triumph of Islam." Thus, "what will survive in popular conscience under the Muslim varnish is not Mazdeism: it is
1261:'s late 19th century notion that the Roman cult was "Roman Mazdaism" transmitted to the west by Iranian priests. Mithraic scholars no longer follow this so-called 'continuity theory', but that has not stopped the fallacy (which Zaehner also attributes to
1403:– while the direction that the Sasanians took was not altogether at odds with the spirit of the Gathas, the extreme dualism that accompanied a divinity that was remote and inaccessible made the faith less than attractive. Zurvanism was then truly
1134:
to suit Aristotelian principles to mean "that which did not (yet) have matter", or alternatively, "that which was still the unformed primal matter". Even this is not necessarily a violation of orthodox Zoroastrian tradition, since the divinity
1313:
Then shall I speak of the two primal Spirits of existence, of whom the Very Holy thus spoke to the Evil One: "Neither our thoughts nor teachings nor wills, neither or words nor choices nor acts, not our inner selves nor our souls
838:-era form of the faith. Another view proposes that Zurvan existed as a pre-Zoroastrian divinity that was incorporated into Zoroastrianism. The third view is that Zurvanism is the product of the contact between Zoroastrianism and
629:"Time" has not been conclusively established. Non-Zoroastrian accounts of typically Zurvanite beliefs were the first traces of Zoroastrianism to reach the west, leading European scholars to conclude that Zoroastrianism was a
1384:
and other early Greek writers attribute the fully dualist doctrine of two independent principles – Oromasdes and Areimanios. Further, the founder of the Magian order was now said to be Zoroaster himself. The fall of the
1468:, time, eternity) is the appellative term for adherents of the Zurvanite doctrine that the universe derived from Infinite Time. In later Persian and Arabic literature, the term would come to be a derogatory term for '
625:(226–651 CE) but no traces of it remain beyond the 10th century. Although Sasanian-era Zurvanism was certainly influenced by Hellenic philosophy, any relationship between it and the Greek divinity of
1186:
had been taken by Widengren to be evidence of a proto-Indo-Iranian Zurvan, but these arguments have since been questioned. Nonetheless, there is a semblance of Zurvanite elements in Vedic texts, and, as
1004:; the classic form of the creation myth does not contradict the Mazdean model of the origin and evolution of the universe, which begins where the Zurvanite model ends. It may well be that the Zurvanite
923:
Another possible explanation postulated by Boyce is that Mazdaism and Zurvanism were divided regionally; that is, with Mazdaism being the predominant tendency in the regions to the north and east (
997:– the hypostasis of (Infinite) Time – as being "the only possible 'Absolute' from whom the twins could proceed" and which was the source of good in the one and the source of evil in the other.
1362:
30.3–5 turns what the Zurvanites considered the words of the prophet into Zoroaster recalling "a proclamation of the Demon of Envy to mankind that Ohrmuzd and Ahriman were two in one womb".
885:
1044:
Christian and Manichaean missionaries considered this doctrine to be exemplary of the Zoroastrian faith and it was these and similar texts that first reached the west. Corroborated by
872:(241–272 CE) that Zurvanism appears to have developed as a cult and it was presumably in this period that Greek and Indic concepts were introduced to Zurvanite Zoroastrianism.
1130:) are terms in Mazdaist tradition, where Ahura Mazda is said to have created all first in its spiritual, then later in its material form. But the material Zurvanites redefined
1060:
According to Zaehner, the doctrine of the cult of Zurvan appears to have three schools of thought, each to a different degree influenced by alien philosophies, which he calls
963:"Classical Zurvanism" is a term coined by Zaehner to denote the movement to explain the inconsistency of Zoroaster's description of the "twin spirits" as they appear in
1453:, Zurvanism's pessimistic fatalism was a formative influence on the Iranian psyche, paving the way (as it were) for the rapid adoption of Shi'a philosophy during the
935:
closest to Zoroaster's homeland), while Zurvanism was prominent in regions to the south and west (closer to Babylonian and Greek influence). This is supported by
920:
intellectual point of view, such an absolute dualism had neither the appeal of a real monotheism nor any mystical element with which to nourish its inner life."
1410:
Nonetheless, that Zurvanism was the predominant brand of Zoroastrianism during the cataclysmic years just prior to the fall of the empire, is, according to
1274:
the worship of Ohrmuzd as the Creator (of the good creation). Similarly, no explicitly Zurvanite elements appear to have survived in modern Zoroastrianism.
1332:
The pessimism evident in fatalistic Zurvanism existed in stark contradiction to the positive moral force of Mazdaism, and was a direct violation of one of
1302:
Yes, there are two fundamental spirits, twins which are renowned to be in conflict. In thought and in word, in action they are two: the good and the bad.
813:, but although these are late additions to the canon, they again do not establish any evidence of a cult. Zurvan does not appear in any listing of the
1493:
A surviving Zurvanist myth describes him as "both male and female" and the one "god of time" who existed before all other things and gave birth to
487:
3182:
202:
753:) reveal a Zurvanite tendency. The latter, in which the priest Zādspram chastises his brother's un-Mazdaean ideas, is the last text in
538:
In Zurvanism, Zurvan was perceived as the god of infinite time and space and also known as "one" or "alone." Zurvan was portrayed as a
1229:
astrology and perhaps also by Aristotle's theory of chance and fortune. The fact that Armenian and Syrian commentators translated
695:
writers of the Sasanian period (224–651 CE). Indigenous sources of information from the same period are the 3rd century
602:
Although the details of the origin and development of Zurvanism remain murky (for a summary of the three opposing opinions see
1902:
Several other websites have duplicated this text, but include an "Introduction" section that is very obviously not by Zaehner.
1547:
2615:
2590:
971:
genuinely Iranian and Zoroastrian in that it sought to clarify the enigma of the twin spirits that Zoroaster left unsolved.
480:
2910:
409:
2866:
2213:
3245:
2778:
2179:
2155:
2047:
2012:
1885:
1649:
3106:
1490:, and consider themselves to be delivered from religious discipline and the toil of performing meritorious deeds".
1141:
is present in the middle space between Ormuzd and Ahriman, the void separating the kingdoms of light and darkness.
1257:
as a representation of Zurvan. Zaehner later acknowledged this mis-identification as a "positive mistake", due to
719:, the latter being the only native evidence from the Sasanian period that is frankly Zurvanite. The post-Sasanian
3240:
2836:
1893:
1212:
Ohrmazd allotted happiness to man, but if man did not receive it, it was owing to the extortion of these planets.
473:
2430:
3174:
2971:
2966:
2705:
993:) were twins, then they must have had a parent, who must have existed before them. The priesthood settled on
2905:
785:
appears twice, as both an abstract concept and as a minor divinity, but there is no evidence of a cult. In
1414:, evident in the degree of influence that Zurvanism (but not Mazdaism) would have on the Iranian brand of
3089:
1035:
The classic Zurvanite model of creation, preserved only by non-Zoroastrian sources, proceeds as follows:
439:
419:
830:
The origins of the cult of Zurvan remain debated. One view considers Zurvanism to have developed out of
591:
3250:
3154:
2425:
1757:
1450:
1411:
1168:
1083:
These are described in the following subsections. Zaehner proposes that each of three arose out of the
720:
542:
and neutral god without passion; one for whom there was no distinction between good and evil. The name
512:
3056:
1996:
3187:
3136:
2981:
2620:
2128:
1714:
633:
religion, an issue of controversy among both scholars and contemporary practitioners of the faith.
539:
769:, is unambiguously Zurvanite and is also the last direct evidence of Zurvan as a First Principle.
3230:
3121:
3066:
2925:
2822:
2341:
1445:, "expounds views which seem to be an epitome of popular Zervanite doctrine". Thus, according to
1156:
kind, viewed Zurvan as undifferentiated Time, which, under the influence of desire, divided into
394:
30:
20:
1737:
1542:
2871:
2206:
2167:
1925:
1869:
1795:
1637:
1446:
1432:
1400:
1246:
1188:
916:
911:
Why the cult of Zurvan vanished, while Mazdaism did not, remains an issue of scholarly debate.
777:
645:
157:
3011:
2915:
2685:
2648:
2600:
2488:
1981:
1482:
1282:
evil, his book still breathes the sturdy, unflinching spirit of orthodox Zoroastrian dualism.
444:
347:
2077:. Translated by Dhabhar, Bamanji Nasarvanji. Bombay, IN: K.R. Cama Oriental Institute. 1932.
1012:
cosmogony that portrayed Infinite Time as the "Father of Time" (not to be confused with the
3031:
2680:
939:
evidence that indicates that 3rd century Mazdean Zoroastrianism had its stronghold in
700:
399:
342:
776:, even though the texts (as they exist today) are the result of a Sasanian era redaction.
687:
The principal evidence for Zurvanite doctrine occurs in the polemical Christian tracts of
8:
3126:
2757:
2695:
2605:
2542:
2452:
2440:
2133:
1719:
865:
839:
610:; 2) a sacerdotal response to resolve a perceived inconsistency in the sacred texts (see
585:
369:
1250:
1114:
The fundamental division of the material and spiritual is not altogether foreign to the
3111:
3074:
3041:
3036:
3001:
2958:
2846:
2817:
2737:
2700:
2235:
2101:
1874:
1815:
1777:
1604:
1386:
1372:
1254:
912:
856:(226–651), the divinity "Infinite Time" was well established, and – as inferred from a
615:
282:
212:
801: 13.56, the plants grow in the manner Time has ordained according to the will of
3207:
3164:
2797:
2742:
2732:
2724:
2690:
2575:
2524:
2346:
2199:
2175:
2151:
2105:
2043:
2008:
1881:
1819:
1781:
1705:
1645:
1608:
1045:
1013:
976:
843:
688:
661:
641:
1208:
were divided between the good (the signs of the Zodiac) and the evil (the planets):
757:
that provides any evidence of the cult of Zurvan. The 13th century Zoroastrian
531:. Zurvanism is also known as "Zurvanite Zoroastrianism", and may be contrasted with
3016:
2876:
2828:
2747:
2565:
2093:
1807:
1769:
1596:
1537:
944:
567:
374:
197:
192:
1000:
The Zurvanite "twin brother" doctrine is also evident in Zurvanism's cosmogonical
3235:
3211:
3116:
3046:
2802:
2752:
2570:
2457:
1732:
1681:
1460:
According to Zaehner and Shaki, in Middle Persian texts of the 9th century,
1454:
1278:
889:
853:
692:
622:
463:
2976:
2643:
2467:
2462:
2435:
2304:
2035:
2004:
1415:
1336:'s great contributions to religious philosophy: his uncompromising doctrine of
831:
754:
607:
547:
504:
297:
292:
242:
182:
38:
2143:
2097:
1811:
1600:
3224:
2886:
2787:
2379:
2284:
1476:'. The term also appears – in conjunction with other terms for skeptics – in
1326:
1161:
1001:
806:
741:
736:
648:, is a continuation and reflects the etymology of both Zoroaster and Zurvan.
516:
414:
207:
112:
2115:
1701:
1431:, well attested in Persian literature". This is also a thought expressed by
606:
below), it is generally accepted that Zurvanism was: 1) a branch of greater
3101:
3006:
2996:
2896:
2861:
2841:
2782:
2710:
2595:
2498:
2445:
1498:
1262:
1258:
1175:
or – still better – of Indian cosmology". The parallels between Zurvan and
981:
724:
528:
302:
287:
247:
177:
172:
137:
1517:"Swedish-school" theory, e.g. Nyberg (1931) reiterated by Zaehner (1955).
868:" – enjoyed royal patronage. It was during the reign of Sasanian Emperor
3079:
2991:
2920:
2856:
2812:
2630:
2585:
2538:
2472:
2316:
2279:
2119:
1494:
1473:
990:
802:
766:
750:
716:
708:
704:
524:
332:
187:
62:
967:
30.3–5 of the Avesta. According to Zaehner, this "Zurvanism proper" was
3144:
3051:
3026:
2986:
2580:
2351:
2336:
2331:
2299:
2274:
1960:
1938:
1913:
1584:
1419:
1287:
1183:
1172:
1100:
936:
857:
835:
676:
that considered Space/Time to be the primordial "father" of the rivals
277:
167:
77:
1897:
884:
2807:
2638:
2326:
2311:
2294:
2289:
2269:
2059:
1441:
1404:
1381:
1337:
1333:
1176:
1137:
1096:
1005:
793:
772:
There is no hint of any worship of Zurvan in any of the texts of the
665:
327:
87:
67:
46:
723:
commentaries are primarily Mazdean and with only one exception (the
3159:
2792:
2374:
2321:
2222:
2072:
1773:
1436:
1349:
1294:
Zurvanism begins with a heterodox interpretation of Zarathushtra's
1180:
928:
869:
532:
458:
232:
227:
132:
1999:(1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.).
1806:(2). London, UK: School of Oriental and African Studies: 377–398.
1595:(2). London, UK: School of Oriental and African Studies: 304–316.
3149:
2851:
2762:
2610:
2557:
2493:
2387:
1469:
1407:
only in the sense that it weakened the appeal of Zoroastrianism.
1354:
1352:
even for medieval Zoroastrians is apparent from the 10th century
1226:
1204:
1009:
948:
940:
932:
924:
728:
626:
614:
below); and 3) probably introduced during the second half of the
563:
352:
272:
252:
92:
3097:
2660:
2247:
1391:
1295:
1157:
1115:
1016:
814:
791: 72.10 Zurvan is invoked in the company of Space and Air (
773:
696:
630:
404:
362:
357:
217:
162:
117:
2653:
2503:
2394:
2369:
2264:
2150:. Translated by MacKenzie, David Niel. Lund Humphries. 1970.
787:
712:
673:
237:
222:
127:
122:
1329:, a sacrilege against the moral preeminence of Ahura Mazda.
672:(6th century CE), Eudemus describes a sect of the
656:
The earliest evidence of the cult of Zurvan is found in the
2881:
2664:
2534:
2191:
2042:. Translated by Bartholomae, Christian. New York, NY: Ams.
1377:
1020:
82:
72:
1418:. Writing in the historical present, he notes that "under
1191:
puts it, "Time, for the Indians, is the raw material, the
611:
3021:
2508:
2408:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
809:. Two other references to Zurvan are also present in the
2172:
Teachings of the Magi: Compendium of Zoroastrian beliefs
1768:(2). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press: 108–112.
958:
1800:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1743:
1589:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1152:
Zurvanism, which was apparently not as popular as the
1974:
1972:
1970:
1644:(Biblo-Moser ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
578:
2092:(2). London, UK: Cambridge University Press: 63–73.
1943:
Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
1366:during the Sasanian period, Zaehner asserted that
860:text presented to Shapur I, in which the name
1967:
1949:
1873:
1840:
1838:
1756:
1225:Fatalistic Zurvanism was evidently influenced by
1111:and hell, reward and punishment – did not exist.
3222:
1880:(reprint ed.). New York: Putnam / Phoenix.
1530:
834:as a reaction to the liberalization of the late
546:is a normalized rendition of the word, which in
1957:Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1835:
1486:where "one who says god is not, who are called
975:As the priesthood sought to explain it, if the
951:connection and interaction with Zurvanism (see
1663:
1661:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
670:Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles
2207:
1677:
1675:
1673:
481:
19:"Zurvan" redirects here. For other uses, see
2033:
1919:
1847:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1095:Materialist Zurvanism was influenced by the
1008:was an adaptation of an antecedent Hellenic
905:
879:
621:Zurvanism enjoyed royal sanction during the
1894:"A section of the book is available online"
1826:
1788:
1658:
1615:
1348:That the Zurvanite view of creation was an
2673:
2214:
2200:
1931:
1907:
1670:
1268:
1203:The doctrine of Limited Time (allotted to
864:was adopted for Manichaeism's primordial "
820:
732: 9.30) do not mention Zurvan at all.
603:
520:
488:
474:
45:
2084:Frye, Richard (1959). "Zurvanism Again".
1995:
1687:
1587:(1957). "Some reflections on Zurvanism".
1562:
1428:
597:
2957:
1090:
883:
825:
664:(c. 370–300 BCE). As cited in
2166:
1876:The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism
1868:
1794:
1636:
1380:, and it is, in fact, to the Magi that
1198:
952:
651:
562:. The Middle Persian name derives from
3223:
2234:
2114:
1700:
1265:) from proliferating on the Internet.
503:is a fatalistic religious movement of
2946:
2233:
2195:
2003:(First American ed.). New York:
1978:
1937:
1583:
1055:
846:(for a summary of opposing views see
2136:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2083:
1722:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1241:In his first manuscript of his book
1236:
1144:
1107:, and took "some very queer forms".
636:Zurvan may be cognate with Sanskrit
2001:Illustrated Dictionary of Religions
1989:
1985:. New York, NY: Mazda Publications.
1798:(1940) . "A Zervanite apocalypse".
571:
410:Zoroastrianism in the United States
13:
2027:
612:§ The "twin brother" doctrine
14:
3262:
2779:Attributes of God in Christianity
2034:Taraporewala, Irach, ed. (1977).
1550:from the original on Apr 10, 2021
1030:
3206:
2040:The Divine Songs of Zarathushtra
1233:as "Fate" is highly suggestive.
1171:, this division is "redolent of
457:
16:Extinct branch of Zoroastrianism
2837:Great Architect of the Universe
2075:of Hormazyar Framarz and others
1762:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1511:
1023:) whom the Greeks equated with
852:Certain however is that by the
2129:Sacred Books of the East (SBE)
2086:The Harvard Theological Review
1760:(1956). "Notes on Zurvanism".
1726:
1718:. Vol. 37. Translated by
1715:Sacred Books of the East (SBE)
1027:, i.e. Ohrmuzd / Ahura Mazda.
906:§ The legacy of Zurvanism
1:
2616:Trinity of the Church Fathers
2132:. Vol. 5. Translated by
1642:Zurvan, a Zoroastrian Dilemma
1524:
985:) and the Benevolent Spirit (
893:
2947:
2221:
1504:
1048:'s "erroneous rendering" of
904:the Pahlavi books (see also
604:§ Ascent and acceptance
7:
2867:Phenomenological definition
1358:, which in a commentary on
959:The "twin brother" doctrine
735:Of the remaining so-called
579:
440:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
420:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
3267:
1371:after the collapse of the
1195:of all contingent being."
721:Zoroastrian Middle Persian
18:
3204:
3173:
3135:
3088:
3065:
2953:
2942:
2895:
2771:
2723:
2629:
2556:
2517:
2481:
2418:
2407:
2360:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2229:
2174:. New York, NY: Sheldon.
2098:10.1017/s0017816000026687
1812:10.1017/s0041977x00087577
1601:10.1017/s0041977x00133063
953:§ Types of Zurvanism
880:Decline and disappearance
3246:Extinct religious groups
2621:Trinitarian universalism
2144:"The Kartir Inscription"
892:at its greatest extent (
521:equal-but-opposite twins
193:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
2823:Godhead in Christianity
2148:Henning Memorial Volume
1979:Shaki, Mansour (2002).
1269:The legacy of Zurvanism
1160:(a male principle) and
821:History and development
21:Zurvan (disambiguation)
3241:Monotheistic religions
1758:Duchesne-Guillemin, J.
1397:
1322:
1310:
1307:Y 30.3 (trans. Insler)
1292:
1223:
1164:(a female principle).
1042:
973:
900:
778:Robert Charles Zaehner
747:Selections of Zādspram
598:Origins and background
507:in which the divinity
158:Zoroastrian literature
2649:Fate of the unlearned
2601:Shield of the Trinity
1982:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1464:(from Arabic–Persian
1368:
1311:
1300:
1276:
1210:
1091:Materialist Zurvanism
1037:
969:
887:
826:Ascent and acceptance
715:or high priest under
646:early Buddhist school
445:Zoroastrian cosmology
395:Zoroastrians in India
151:Scripture and worship
1738:Encyclopædia Iranica
1543:Encyclopædia Iranica
1435:, who observes that
1399:Thus – according to
1251:leontocephalic deity
1199:Fatalistic Zurvanism
652:Evidence of the cult
640:, in which case the
592:grammatically neuter
400:Zoroastrians in Iran
266:Accounts and legends
3183:Slavic Native Faith
2606:Trinitarian formula
2543:Father of Greatness
2426:Abrahamic religions
1844:Cumont and Schaeder
1483:Skand-gumanig wizar
866:Father of Greatness
763:to Doctors of Islam
658:History of Theology
464:Religion portal
316:History and culture
3145:Abrahamic prophecy
3075:Ayyavazhi theology
2847:Apophatic theology
2236:Conceptions of God
2065:Ulema-i Islam]
1451:Duchesne-Guillemin
1429:Zervanite fatalism
1412:Duchesne-Guillemin
1387:Achaemenian Empire
1373:Achaemenian Empire
1255:Mithraic Mysteries
1169:Duchesne-Guillemin
1056:Types of Zurvanism
989:, identified with
913:Arthur Christensen
901:
844:Akkadian religions
590:'time', a
550:appears as either
283:Book of Arda Viraf
213:Cypress of Kashmar
3251:History of Talysh
3218:
3217:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2829:Latter Day Saints
2798:Divine simplicity
2719:
2718:
2576:Consubstantiality
2552:
2551:
2403:
2402:
2347:Theistic finitism
1997:Wilkinson, Philip
1546:. 28 March 2014.
1480:3.225 and in the
1237:Mistaken identity
1145:Ascetic Zurvanism
1126:(middle Persian:
1046:Anquetil-Duperron
977:Malevolent Spirit
765:), a New Persian
701:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
662:Eudemus of Rhodes
589:
577:
519:) who engendered
498:
497:
3258:
3210:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2943:
2831:
2671:
2670:
2566:Athanasian Creed
2416:
2415:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2161:
2137:
2109:
2078:
2064:
2053:
2019:
2018:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1959:. Translated by
1953:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1896:. Archived from
1891:
1879:
1866:
1845:
1842:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1754:
1741:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1698:
1685:
1679:
1668:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1634:
1613:
1612:
1581:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1534:
1518:
1515:
1376:found among the
1320:
1308:
1290:
1221:
898:
895:
849:
739:, only two, the
660:, attributed to
584:
582:
576:romanized:
575:
573:
490:
483:
476:
462:
461:
198:Adur Burzen-Mihr
49:
26:
25:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3212:Religion portal
3192:
3169:
3131:
3112:Holy Scriptures
3084:
3061:
2949:
2930:
2891:
2827:
2803:Divine presence
2767:
2715:
2669:
2625:
2571:Comma Johanneum
2548:
2513:
2477:
2411:
2399:
2356:
2238:
2225:
2220:
2189:
2182:
2158:
2142:
2120:"Selections of
2062:
2058:
2050:
2036:"Yasna 30"
2030:
2028:Further reading
2024:
2022:
2015:
1994:
1990:
1977:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:on 2012-05-09.
1892:
1888:
1867:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1793:
1789:
1755:
1744:
1731:
1727:
1699:
1688:
1680:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1635:
1616:
1582:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1321:
1318:
1309:
1306:
1291:
1286:
1271:
1249:identified the
1239:
1222:
1216:
1201:
1147:
1093:
1058:
1033:
961:
896:
890:Sasanian Empire
882:
854:Sasanian Empire
847:
828:
823:
767:apologetic text
713:mowbadān-mowbad
699:inscription at
684:"of darkness".
680:"of light" and
654:
623:Sasanian Empire
600:
513:first principle
494:
456:
451:
450:
449:
434:
426:
425:
424:
389:
381:
380:
379:
338:
337:
317:
309:
308:
307:
293:Story of Sanjan
267:
259:
258:
257:
152:
144:
143:
142:
107:
106:Divine entities
99:
98:
97:
57:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Zoroastrianism
3216:
3215:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3122:Predestination
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:Biblical canon
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2772:Other concepts
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2644:Apocalypticism
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2558:Trinitarianism
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2473:Zoroastrianism
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:Urmonotheismus
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2139:
2138:
2118:, ed. (1880).
2111:
2110:
2080:
2079:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2007:. p. 21.
1988:
1966:
1948:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1886:
1846:
1834:
1832:Nyberg (1931)
1825:
1787:
1774:10.1086/371319
1742:
1725:
1704:, ed. (1892).
1686:
1669:
1667:Henning (1951)
1657:
1650:
1614:
1561:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1316:
1304:
1284:
1270:
1267:
1238:
1235:
1218:Menog-i Khirad
1214:
1200:
1197:
1146:
1143:
1092:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:Zurvanism, and
1068:
1057:
1054:
1032:
1031:Creation story
1029:
960:
957:
881:
878:
832:Zoroastrianism
827:
824:
822:
819:
807:Amesha Spentas
755:Middle Persian
703:and the early
653:
650:
608:Zoroastrianism
599:
596:
548:Middle Persian
540:transcendental
505:Zoroastrianism
496:
495:
493:
492:
485:
478:
470:
467:
466:
453:
452:
448:
447:
442:
436:
435:
433:Related topics
432:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
417:
412:
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402:
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391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
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336:
335:
330:
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319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
306:
305:
300:
298:Chinvat Bridge
295:
290:
288:Book of Jamasp
285:
280:
275:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
256:
255:
250:
245:
243:Khordeh Avesta
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
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210:
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200:
195:
190:
185:
183:Airyaman ishya
180:
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160:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
113:Amesha Spentas
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
58:
56:Primary topics
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
39:Zoroastrianism
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3263:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Denominations
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3127:Last Judgment
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2887:Unmoved mover
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Binitarianism
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:Supreme Being
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
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2461:
2459:
2456:
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2447:
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2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:Gender of God
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
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2348:
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2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Kathenotheism
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2181:0-85969-041-5
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:Zaehner, R.C.
2165:
2164:
2159:
2157:0-85331-255-9
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2049:0-404-12802-5
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2014:0-7894-4711-8
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1887:1-84212-165-0
1883:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1870:Zaehner, R.C.
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:Zaehner, R.C.
1791:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
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1759:
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1703:
1697:
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1683:
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1676:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1651:0-8196-0280-9
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:Zaehner, R.C.
1633:
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1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1610:
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1256:
1253:of the Roman
1252:
1248:
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1234:
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1228:
1219:
1213:
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1206:
1196:
1194:
1193:materia prima
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:According to
1165:
1163:
1162:concupiscence
1159:
1155:
1154:materialistic
1151:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
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1117:
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1047:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:creation myth
998:
996:
992:
988:
987:Spenta Mainyu
984:
983:
978:
972:
968:
966:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
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897: 610 CE
891:
886:
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871:
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775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
759:Ulema-i Islam
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
742:Mēnōg-i Khrad
738:
737:Pahlavi books
733:
731:
730:
726:
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718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
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675:
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628:
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619:
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613:
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561:
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541:
536:
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517:creator deity
514:
510:
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491:
486:
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208:Adur Gushnasp
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94:
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61:
60:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
3022:Hamartiology
3007:Ecclesiology
2997:Pneumatology
2906:Christianity
2897:Names of God
2872:Philo's view
2862:Personal god
2842:Great Spirit
2781: /
2738:Christianity
2596:Perichoresis
2529:
2499:Emanationism
2441:Christianity
2431:Baháʼí Faith
2409:Singular god
2382:
2342:Spiritualism
2188:
2171:
2147:
2127:
2121:
2116:Müller, F.M.
2089:
2085:
2071:The Persian
2070:
2061:
2039:
2023:
2000:
1991:
1980:
1956:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1901:
1898:the original
1875:
1828:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1765:
1761:
1736:
1728:
1713:
1707:
1702:Müller, F.M.
1641:
1592:
1588:
1552:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1513:
1499:Angra Mainyu
1492:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1440:
1423:
1409:
1398:
1390:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1331:
1325:Zoroastrian
1323:
1312:
1301:
1293:
1277:
1272:
1259:Franz Cumont
1242:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1192:
1166:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1097:Aristotelian
1094:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1019:, father of
999:
994:
986:
982:Angra Mainyu
980:
974:
970:
964:
962:
931:, and other
922:
910:
902:
874:
861:
851:
829:
810:
798:
792:
786:
782:
771:
762:
758:
746:
740:
734:
727:
725:10th century
686:
681:
677:
669:
657:
655:
642:Sarvāstivāda
637:
635:
620:
601:
572:𐬰𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬥
559:
555:
551:
543:
537:
529:Angra Mainyu
515:(primordial
508:
500:
499:
322:
303:Frashokereti
248:The Rivayats
203:Adur Farnbag
188:Fire Temples
178:Yenghe hatam
173:Ahuna Vairya
138:Angra Mainyu
3080:Krishnology
3057:Soteriology
3012:Eschatology
2992:Christology
2857:Open theism
2813:Exotheology
2711:Zoroastrian
2674:By religion
2631:Eschatology
2586:Homoiousian
2539:Ahura Mazda
2317:Panentheism
2280:Hermeticism
1961:Boyce, Mary
1939:Boyce, Mary
1585:Boyce, Mary
1538:"Zurvanism"
1495:Ahura Mazda
1474:materialist
1416:Shi'a Islam
1101:Empedoclean
1087:Zurvanism.
1065:materialist
991:Ahura Mazda
803:Ahura Mazda
751:9th century
717:Yazdegerd I
709:Mihr-Narseh
705:4th-century
525:Ahura Mazda
333:Khurramites
83:Persia/Iran
68:Zarathustra
63:Ahura Mazda
3225:Categories
3165:Philosophy
3052:Sophiology
3032:Philosophy
3027:Messianism
2987:Paterology
2591:Hypostasis
2581:Homoousian
2412:theologies
2352:Theopanism
2337:Polytheism
2300:Monotheism
2275:Henotheism
2134:West, E.W.
1733:"Zādspram"
1720:West, E.W.
1525:References
1420:Chosrau II
1288:Mary Boyce
1173:Gnosticism
1079:Zurvanism.
1077:fatalistic
1067:Zurvanism,
949:Babylonian
937:Manichaean
858:Manichaean
840:Babylonian
836:Achaemenid
616:Achaemenid
353:Initiation
168:Ashem Vohu
78:Vohu Manah
3042:Practical
3037:Political
3002:Cosmology
2959:Christian
2818:Holocaust
2808:Egotheism
2763:Goddesses
2758:Mormonism
2686:Christian
2639:Afterlife
2525:Sustainer
2332:Polydeism
2327:Pantheism
2312:Mysticism
2295:Monolatry
2290:Nontheism
2270:Dystheism
2106:248817966
1872:(2003) .
1820:170841327
1782:162213173
1609:161924982
1505:Footnotes
1442:Shahnameh
1439:, in his
1405:heretical
1382:Aristotle
1338:free will
1334:Zoroaster
1177:Prajapati
1085:classical
1025:Oromasdes
1006:cosmogony
933:satrapies
797:) and in
794:Vata-Vayu
707:edict of
682:Arimanius
678:Oromasdes
666:Damascius
501:Zurvanism
388:Adherents
348:Festivals
328:Mazdakism
323:Zurvanism
278:Bundahišn
88:Faravahar
3160:Kabbalah
3107:Prophets
2982:Glossary
2948:By faith
2911:Hinduism
2793:Demiurge
2783:in Islam
2743:Hinduism
2733:Buddhism
2725:Feminist
2681:Buddhist
2489:Absolute
2482:Concepts
2458:Hinduism
2453:Buddhism
2419:By faith
2383:and gods
2375:Divinity
2361:Concepts
2322:Pandeism
2223:Theology
2170:(1975).
2122:Zadspram
2073:rivayats
1941:(1979).
1640:(1955).
1554:17 March
1548:Archived
1437:Ferdowsi
1350:apostasy
1317:—
1305:—
1285:—
1227:Chaldean
1215:—
1181:Rig Veda
1103:view of
1050:Vendidad
955:below).
929:Margiana
908:below).
870:Shapur I
811:Vendidad
805:and the
745:and the
689:Armenian
533:Mazdaism
370:Marriage
343:Calendar
233:Visperad
228:Vendidad
133:Fravashi
31:a series
29:Part of
3150:Aggadah
3098:Oneness
3090:Islamic
2972:Outline
2967:History
2926:Judaism
2921:Jainism
2877:Process
2852:Olelbis
2753:Judaism
2696:Islamic
2611:Trinity
2494:Brahman
2468:Sikhism
2463:Jainism
2436:Judaism
2388:Goddess
1928:(1972)
1926:Zaehner
1708:Denkard
1478:Denkard
1470:atheist
1455:Safavid
1447:Zaehner
1433:Zaehner
1401:Zaehner
1355:Denkard
1345:deeds.
1327:dualism
1314:agree."
1247:Zaehner
1205:Ahriman
1189:Zaehner
1150:Ascetic
1071:ascetic
1010:Chronos
941:Parthia
925:Bactria
917:Zaehner
848:Boyce).
815:Yazatas
729:Denkard
627:Chronos
594:noun).
588:
568:Avestan
564:Avestan
273:Dēnkard
253:Ab-Zohr
118:Yazatas
93:Avestan
3236:Heresy
3188:Wiccan
3137:Jewish
3117:Angels
3047:Public
3017:Ethics
2706:Taoist
2701:Jewish
2661:Heaven
2518:God as
2248:Theism
2178:
2154:
2104:
2046:
2011:
1916:(2002)
1884:
1818:
1780:
1684:(1932)
1682:Dhalla
1648:
1607:
1488:dahari
1472:' or '
1392:Yashts
1319:Y 45.2
1296:Gathas
1279:Dhalla
1263:Cumont
1243:Zurvan
1231:Zurvan
1220:38.4–5
1184:10.129
1158:reason
1124:Mainyu
1116:Avesta
1105:matter
1017:Cronus
995:Zurvan
979:(lit:
862:Zurvan
783:Zurvan
774:Avesta
749:(both
711:, the
697:Kartir
693:Syriac
631:monist
580:zruuān
560:Zarvān
556:Zruvān
552:Zurvān
544:Zurvan
509:Zurvan
415:Iranis
405:Parsis
375:Burial
363:Sedreh
358:Kushti
238:Yashts
218:Gathas
163:Avesta
128:Daevas
123:Ahuras
3175:Pagan
3067:Hindu
2916:Islam
2748:Islam
2691:Hindu
2654:Fitra
2504:Logos
2446:Islam
2395:Numen
2370:Deity
2265:Deism
2256:Forms
2102:S2CID
2063:'
2060:"The
1914:Boyce
1816:S2CID
1778:S2CID
1710:9.30"
1605:S2CID
1462:Dahri
1457:era.
1360:Yasna
1342:Yasna
1340:. In
1132:menog
1128:menog
1014:Titan
965:Yasna
945:Greek
799:Yasht
788:Yasna
674:Medes
644:, an
638:sarva
618:era.
511:is a
223:Yasna
2882:Tian
2665:Hell
2535:Good
2530:Time
2176:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1556:2021
1497:and
1466:dahr
1449:and
1378:Magi
1138:Vayu
1122:and
1120:Geti
1099:and
1021:Zeus
947:and
888:The
691:and
586:lit.
527:and
73:Asha
3102:God
3100:of
2094:doi
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1770:doi
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