373:. Machine workers helped win elections by turning out large numbers of voters on election day. It was in the machine's interests to only maintain a minimally winning amount of support. Once they were in the majority and could count on a win, there was less need to recruit new members, as this only meant a thinner spread of the patronage rewards to be spread among the party members. As such, later-arriving immigrants, such as Jews, Italians, and other immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe between the 1880s and 1910s, saw fewer rewards from the machine system than the well-established Irish. At the same time, the machines' staunchest opponents were members of the middle class, who were shocked at the malfeasance and did not need the financial help.
164:, "behind-the-scenes" control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy. Machines typically are organized on a permanent basis instead of a single election or event. The term "machine" usually is used by its reform-minded enemies in a pejorative sense. The terms "machine" and "boss" in the 19th century were negative epithets used by their reform-minded opponents. However in the 20th century these became standard terms for scholars and analysts who sometimes emphasized their positive contributions.
99:
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508:(literally snack-money) funds to help subordinates win elections. For the annual end-year gift in 1989, LDP Party Headquarters gave $ 200,000 to every member of the Diet. Supporters collect benefits such as money payments distributed by politicians to voters in weddings, funerals, New year parties among other events, and ignore their patrons' wrongdoings in exchange. Political ties are held together by marriages between the families of elite politicians.
580:
428:. Those agencies were, for the most part, abolished in 1943, and the machines suddenly lost much of their patronage. The formerly poor immigrants who had benefited under Farley's national machine had become assimilated and prosperous, and no longer needed the informal or extralegal aides provided by machines. In the 1940s most of the big city machines collapsed, with the exception of Chicago.
446:, in the post–Cold War era under Prosecutor Bill Mason's "Good Old Boys" and especially communities in the Deep South, where small-town machine politics are relatively common, also feature what might be classified as political machines, although these organizations do not have the power and influence of the larger boss networks listed in this article. For example, the "
201:
Democratic leader who ran the borough from 1922 until his death in 1953, Safire wrote "the so-called 'independent' voter is foolish to assume that a political machine is run solely on good will, or patronage. For it is not only a machine; it is an army. And in any organization as in any army, there
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An army led by a council seldom conquers: It must have a commander-in-chief, who settles disputes, decides in emergencies, inspires fear or attachment. The head of the Ring is such a commander. He dispenses places, rewards the loyal, punishes the mutinous, concocts schemes, negotiates treaties. He
347:
I've been called a boss. All there is to it is having friends, doing things for people, and then later on they'll do things for you ... You can't coerce people into doing things for you—you can't make them vote for you. I never coerced anybody in my life. Wherever you see a man bulldozing
359:
The organization of a party in our city is really much like that of an army. There is one great central boss, assisted by some trusted and able lieutenants; these communicate with the different district bosses, whom they alternately bully and assist. The district boss in turn has a number of
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argued that the political machines of the past had flaws but provided better governance than the alternatives. He wrote that political machines created positive incentives for politicians to work together and compromise – as opposed to pursuing "naked self-interest" the whole time.
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is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives (such as money or political jobs) and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity. The machine's power is based on the ability of the boss or group to
303:. A single powerful figure (the boss) was at the center and was bound together to a complex organization of lesser figures (the political machine) by reciprocity in promoting financial and social self-interest. One of the most infamous of these political machines was
190:, defines "machine politics" as "the election of officials and the passage of legislation through the power of an organization created for political action". He notes that the term is generally considered pejorative, often implying corruption.
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The phrase is considered derogatory "because it suggests that the interest of the organization are placed before those of the general public", according to Safire. Machines are criticized as undemocratic and inevitably encouraging corruption.
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Since the 1960s, some historians have reevaluated political machines, considering them corrupt but efficient. Machines were undemocratic but responsive. They were also able to contain the spending demands of special interests. In
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that this view accompanied the common belief that there were no viable alternatives. They go on to point out that this is a falsehood, since there are certainly examples of reform oriented, anti-machine leaders during this time.
794:"The managers of the political 'machine' controlled the convention system by the use of patronage, and controlled popular discontent by the convention system", stated Edward Wilson, "The Political Crisis in the United States",
512:, second generation political families, have grown increasingly numerous in Japanese politics, due to a combination of name-recognition, business contacts and financial resources, and the role of personal political machines.
315:
and New York politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in
American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. From 1872, Tammany had an Irish "boss". However, Tammany Hall also served as an engine for
217:
A political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives—money, political jobs—and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.
454:, for over half of the 20th century. Political machines also thrive on Native American reservations, where tribal sovereignty is used as a shield against federal and state laws against the practice.
284:—were accused of using political machines. During this time "cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient government". Each city's machine lived under a hierarchical system with a "
497:(literally "base" or "foundation") is the word used for political machines. For decades, the LDP was able to dominate rural constituencies by spending heavily on rural areas, forming
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generally avoids publicity, preferring the substance to the pomp of power, and is all the more dangerous because he sits, like a spider, hidden in the midst of his web. He is a Boss.
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needed to win the modern election. Having strong patronage, these "clubs" were the main driving force in gaining and getting out the "straight party vote" in the election districts.
237:
The term "political machine" dates back to the 19th century in the United States, where such organizations have existed in some municipalities and states since the 18th century.
1408:
Matlin, John S. "Political Party
Machines of the 1920s and 1930s: Tom Pendergast and the Kansas City Democratic machine." (PhD Dissertation, University of Birmingham, UK, 2009)
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and courts. Describing New York, Fuchs wrote, "New York got reform, but it never got good government." At the same time, as Dennis R. Judd and Todd
Swanstrom suggest in
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and their appointees, and who knew the proverbial buttons to push to get things done. Benefits and problems both resulted from the rule of political machines.
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half-subordinates, half-allies, under him; these latter choose the captains of the election districts, etc., and come into contact with the common heelers.
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The political machine is in fact an attempt to maintain, inside the formal administrative organization of the city, the control of a primary group.
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and organizations, they are essential to political machines, which rely on hierarchy and rewards for political power, often enforced by a strong
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Japan's
Dysfunctional Democracy: The Liberal Democratic Party and Structural Corruption: The Liberal Democratic Party and Structural Corruption
55:
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was denounced by private citizens. They achieved national and state civil-service reform and worked to replace local patronage systems with
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STEVEN R. REED, ETHAN SCHEINER and MICHAEL F. THIES (2012). "The End of LDP Dominance and the Rise of Party-Oriented
Politics in Japan".
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Many machines formed in cities to serve immigrants to the U.S. in the late 19th century who viewed machines as a vehicle for political
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Hierarchy and discipline are hallmarks of political machines. "It generally means strict organization", according to Safire. Quoting
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or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state".
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420:, making Farley's machine the most powerful. All patronage was screened through Farley, including presidential appointments. The
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Alan
Lessoff and James J. Connolly, "From political insult to political theory: The boss, the machine, and the pluralist city."
473:. To a lesser degree, the Democratic Party machines in Kings, Bronx, and Queens counties continued until the end of the 1980s.
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205:
Political patronage, while often associated with political machines, is not essential to the definition for either Safire or
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Boss Platt and His New York
Machine: A Study of the Political Leadership of Thomas C. Platt, Theodore Roosevelt and Others
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355:, before he became president in 1901, was deeply involved in New York City politics. He explains how the machine worked:
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Tuckel, P.; Maisel, R. (2008). "Nativity Status and Voter
Turnout in Early Twentieth-Century Urban United States".
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Ruhil, Anirudh V. S. (2003). "Urban
Armageddon or politics as usual? The case of municipal civil service reform".
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contracts that the city could not afford and to make the state government assume burdensome costs like
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When the spoils element is predominant in a political organization, it is called a political machine.
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areas through its control of farm bureaus and road construction agencies. In Japan, the word
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Gosnell, Harold F. (September 1933). "The
Political Party versus the Political Machine".
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Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians and Irish of New York
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Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840–1985
412:(WPA) which eventually nationalized many of the job benefits machines provided. The
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century: California Teacher's Edition
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was the chief dispenser of the Democratic Party's patronage system through the
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Shadow Shoguns: The Rise and Fall of Japan's Postwar Political Machine
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in the 1930s and 1940s was forcibly removed in what was known as the
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mobilized millions of private citizens to vote against the machines.
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is often cited as another political machine, maintaining power in
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defines "political machine" as "a party organization, headed by a
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529:, a comparison of municipal government in Chicago and New York,
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Japanese political factional leaders are expected to distribute
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In his mid-2016 article "How American Politics Went Insane" in
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253:
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883:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1011:
Ari A. Hoogenboom, "An Analysis of Civil Service Reformers".
749:
Glazer, Nathan; Monyhan, Daniel Patrick (1963). "The Irish".
490:
469:, and other reformers worked to do away with Tammany Hall of
240:
54:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
252:
In the late 19th century, large cities in the United States—
816:. Evanston: McDougall Littell Inc. 2006. pp. 267–268.
1082:"Newspapers helped end long rule of corrupt Cracker Party"
763:
Ed Flynn ran the Bronx from 1922 until his death in 1953.
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machine fell apart after he left the administration over
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and political corruption, perhaps most notoriously under
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Tammany; the Evolution of a Political Machine, 1789–1865
288:" who held the allegiance of local business leaders,
112:, all of New York City politics revolves around boss
575:
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1201:
The American Journey, Reconstruction to the Present
501:bonds with many groups and especially agriculture.
1417:
967:
796:The Nineteenth century and after: a monthly review
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1286:"Hereditary Politics in Japan: A Family Business"
1060:, University of Colorado, Boulder, archived from
925:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. xi.
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991:. University of California Press. pp. 7–8.
971:The Works of Theodore Roosevelt: American ideals
311:machine that played a major role in controlling
1203:(Student ed.). Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. 2005.
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1371:Gosnell, Harold F; Merriam, Charles E (2007).
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1333:The Political Machine: An American Institution
1298:
1176:"Gates overtakes Snyder in Seneca nation vote"
248:, 19th-century political boss of New York City
233:In the history of the United States of America
1441:The Donegal Mafia: An Irish Political Machine
748:
1476:
1229:, vol. 1, Congressional Quarterly, 1973
922:The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall
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416:allowed machines to recruit for the WPA and
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1392:Political Machine: What It Is, How It Works
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808:
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716:Safire, Nicole (1978). "Machine politics".
295:This system of political control—known as "
1259:Roger W. Bowen; Joel J. Kassiola (2016).
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330:describes these political bosses saying:
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1284:Cesare M. Scartozzi (February 9, 2017).
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144:While these elements are common to most
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724:(1st ed.). Random House. pp.
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52:The examples and perspective in this
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1027:American Journal of Political Science
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152:structure. Machines sometimes have a
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1304:"How American Politics Went Insane"
535:Cook County Democratic Organization
378:urban politics in the United States
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1174:Fink, James (September 26, 2016).
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70:, or create a new, as appropriate.
25:
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843:The American Journal of Sociology
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1129:Cashin, Edward J. (2007-02-19).
578:
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1356:. University of Chicago Press.
1353:Machine Politics: Chicago Model
1292:
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1242:The Journal of Japanese Studies
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1133:. The New Georgia Encyclopedia.
1131:"Cites & Counties: Augusta"
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1100:"Picture Story: William Morris"
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1458:Schlesinger, Jacob M. (1999).
1350:Gosnell, Harold Foote (1968).
1145:"Picture Story: Roy V. Harris"
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299:"—emerged particularly in the
221:Political machines started as
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1:
1462:. Stanford University Press.
1424:. Syracuse University Press.
1263:. Routledge. pp. 82–83.
837:Blumer, Herbert (1914–1915).
720:Safire's Political Dictionary
651:
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431:A local political machine in
410:Works Progress Administration
339:When asked if he was a boss,
244:1869 tobacco label featuring
188:Safire's Political Dictionary
167:
1443:. University of California.
1412:; Bibliography on pp 277–92.
784:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
610:Cook County Democratic Party
541:the political power to deny
442:Smaller communities such as
426:the third term issue in 1940
7:
1439:Sachs, Paul Martin (1974).
1331:Clifford, Thomas P (1975).
974:. Collier. pp. 132–33.
968:Theodore Roosevelt (1897).
606:, United States 1930s–1960s
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418:Civilian Conservation Corps
348:anybody he don't last long.
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66:, discuss the issue on the
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1226:Editorial Research Reports
947:"Urban Political Machines"
895:10.1177/000271623316900104
225:organizations to gain the
126:representative democracies
29:
919:Allen, Oliver E. (1993).
757:. The MIT Press. p.
693:Journal of Policy History
324:in the mid-19th century.
1516:Organized crime activity
1491:10.3200/hmts.41.2.99-108
1416:Mushkat, Jerome (1971).
1390:Kurland, Gerald (1972).
1375:. Lightning Source Inc.
985:Erie, Steven P. (1990).
586:Political science portal
483:Liberal Democratic Party
457:In the 1960s and 1970s,
137:for their candidates on
1039:10.1111/1540-5907.00011
672:Encyclopædia Britannica
322:William M. "Boss" Tweed
175:Encyclopædia Britannica
27:Type of political group
695:25.2 (2013): 139–172.
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616:The Byrd Organization
437:1946 Battle of Athens
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202:must be discipline."
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33:The Political Machine
1541:Public choice theory
1526:Political corruption
1394:. Story House Corp.
1110:on February 12, 2005
798:1.2 (1877): 198–220.
624:, Memphis, Tennessee
156:, typically rely on
1015:23#1 (1960): 54–78.
781:American Government
668:"political machine"
1521:Political concepts
1479:Historical Methods
1088:. August 29, 2010.
1057:Political Machines
640:George W. Plunkitt
604:New Deal coalition
537:with giving Mayor
386:Theodore Roosevelt
376:The corruption of
353:Theodore Roosevelt
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30:For the game, see
1382:978-1-4325-8850-2
1335:. Vantage Press.
1155:on March 24, 2005
467:Eleanor Roosevelt
290:elected officials
146:political parties
130:political machine
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499:clientelist
444:Parma, Ohio
406:Post Office
266:Kansas City
223:grass roots
180:single boss
104:Udo Keppler
1510:Categories
1210:0078609801
1068:2012-02-18
849:(5): 603.
652:References
646:Particracy
642:, New York
618:, Virginia
516:Evaluation
328:Lord Bryce
301:Gilded Age
207:Britannica
168:Definition
150:party whip
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