Demographic history of Macedonia

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and Novi-Bazar and Old Servia proper (Kosovo Pole and Metchia), despite the fact that this historic domain was strongly Albanian; they have not merely added there to the tract described by patriotic Servian ethnographers as "Enlarged Old Servia"; over and above all this, their facile generosity impelled them to share with the Greeks the population described on their map as Slav Macedonian a euphemism designed to conceal the existence of Bulgarians in Macedonia. And their acquisitions under the treaty of Bucharest went beyond their most extravagant pretensions. They took advantage of the Bulgarians' need to conclude peace at any price to deprive them of territories to the east of the Vardar, for example, Chtipe and Radoviche, where Bulgarian patriotism glowed most vividly and where the sacrifices accepted by Bulgarian patriots for the sake of freeing Macedonia, had always been exceptionally great. This was adding insult to injury

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region into the new projected Communist Yugoslav Federation. Veterans of the pro-Bulgarian IMRO and IMRO (United) who had accepted the solution of the Macedonian question as an ethnic preference, now regarded the main objective as being the unification of Macedonia into a single state, whose postwar future was to involve not necessarily inclusion in a Yugoslav federation. They foresaw in it a new form of Serbian dominance over North Macedonia, and prefer rather membership of a Balkan federation or else independence. These two tendencies would have struck in the next few years. In Spring of 1944 the Macedonian National Liberation Army launched an operation called "The Spring Offensive" engaging German and Bulgarian Armies, which had over 60,000 military and administrative personnel in the area. In

97: 4603:

organized supplying of food and provisions for the Slavic population in Central and Western Macedonia, aiming to gain the local population that was in the German and Italian occupied zones. The Bulgarian clubs soon started to gain support among parts of the population. Many Communist political prisoners were released with the intercession of Bulgarian Club in Thessaloniki, which had made representations to the German occupation authorities. They all declared Bulgarian ethnicity. In 1942, the Bulgarian club asked assistance from the High command in organizing armed units among the Slavic-speaking population in northern Greece. For this purpose, the Bulgarian army, under the approval of the German forces in the Balkans sent a handful of officers from the

2470: 3130:(1906). The book contains Brailford's impressions from a five-month stay in Macedonia shortly after the suppression of the Ilinden Uprising and represents an ethnographic report. Brailford defines the dialect of Macedonia as neither Serbian, nor Bulgarian, yet closer to the second one. An opinion is delivered that any Slavic nation could "win" Macedonia if it is to use the needed tact and resources, yet it is claimed that the Bulgarians have already done that. Brailsford uses synonymously the terms "Macedonian Slavs" and "Bulgarians", the "Slavic language" and the "Bulgarian language". The chapter on the Macedonians Slavs/the Bulgarians is titled the "Bulgarian movement", the IMRO activists are called "Bulgarophile Macedonians". 4484:(1912–1913) and World War I (1914–1918) left the region of Macedonia divided among Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Albania and resulted in significant changes in its ethnic composition. 51% of the region's territory went to Greece, 38% to Serbia and 10% to Bulgaria. At least several hundred thousand left their homes, while the rest were also subjected to assimilation as all "liberators" after the Balkan War wanted to assimilate as many inhabitants as possible and colonize with settlers from their respective nation. The Greeks become the largest population in the region. The formerly leading Muslim and Bulgarian communities were reduced either by deportation (through population exchange) or by change of identity. 1810: 3154: 3094: 2845: 3142: 4660: 5768:

times Macedonian consciousness. Any ties with the Bulgarians have been denounced. During this period it has been claimed by Macedonian scholars that there exist large and oppressed ethnic Macedonian minorities in the region of Macedonia, located in neighboring states. Because of those claims, irredentist proposals are being made calling for the expansion of the borders of Macedonia to encompass the territories allegedly populated with ethnic Macedonians. The population of the neighboring regions is presented as "subdued" to the propaganda of the governments of those neighboring countries, and in need their incorporation into a

2945: 4668: 3086: 2111:

the Bulgarians were clearly the dominant national party in Macedonia. It was widely anticipated that the Macedonian Slavs would continue to evolve as an integral part of the Bulgarian nation, and that, in the event of the Ottoman Empire's demise, Macedonia would be included in a Bulgarian successor-state. That these anticipations proved false was due not to any intrinsic peculiarities of the Macedonian Slavs, setting them apart from the Bulgarians, but to a series of catastrophic events, which, over a period of seventy years, diverted the course of Macedonian history away from its presumed trend.

2318: 3166: 5096:

Macedonia operated 53 chetas (armed bands), 36 of which penetrated from Bulgaria, 12 were local and 5 entered from Albania. In the region of Greek (Aegean) Macedonia 24 chetas and 10 local reconnaissance detachments were active. Thousands local of Slavophone Macedonians were repressed by the Yugoslav and Greek authorities on suspicions of contacts with the revolutionary movement. The population in Pirin Macedonia was organized in a mass people's home guard. This militia was the only force, which resisted to the Greek army when general Pangalos launched a military campaign against

1232: 4846: 708: 4498:

you Christians or Bulgarians?" "The voice of Alexander the Great calls to you from the tomb; do you not hear it? You sleep on and go on calling yourselves Bulgarians!" "Wast thou born at Sofia; there are no Bulgarians in Macedonia; the whole population is Greek." "He who goes to live in Bulgaria," was the reply to the protests, "is Bulgarian. No more Bulgarians in Greek Macedonia." The remaining Bulgarians threatened by use of force were made to become Greeks and to sign a declaration stating that they had been Greek since ancient times, but by the influence of

2120: 1601: 1220: 1783: 105: 1609: 5735:. In the 1930s the orthodox Slavs living in Albania were regarded as Bulgarians by the local Albanian population. The new Albanian state did not attempt to assimilate this minority or to forcibly change the names of local towns and villages. During the second Balkan Conference in 1932 the Bulgarian and Albanian delegations signed a Protocol about the recognition of the ethnic Bulgarian minority in Albania. After World War II, the creation of People's Republic of Macedonia and the policy of the new communist states about the founding of 2207:, while the Northern parts of the region (vilaet of Skopje) were predominantly Slavic. Jews and Ottoman communities were scattered all over. Because of Macedonia's such polyethnic nature, the arguments which Greece used to promote its claim to the whole region were usually of historical and religious character. The Greeks consistently linked nationality to the allegiance to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. "Bulgarophone", "Albanophone" and "Vlachophone" Greeks were coined to describe the population who were Slavic, Albanian or 2196: 5266:, arguing that the war was an imperialist war between various national ruling classes, but when the Soviet Union itself was invaded on 22 June 1941, the Comintern changed its position. The German attack on the Soviet Union sparked the rage of the Communists in Bulgaria. The same day the BCP spread a brochure among the people urging "To hinder by all means the usage of Bulgarian land and soldiers for the criminal purposes of German fascism". Two days later, on 24 June, the BCP called for an armed resistance against the 1967: 977: 2128: 5345: 2694:. In the book Misirkov advocated that the Slavs of Macedonia should take a separate way from the Bulgarians and the Bulgarian language. Misirkov considered that the term "Macedonian" should be used to define the whole Slavic population of Macedonia, obliterating the existing division between Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbians. The adoption of a separate "Macedonian language" was also advocated as a means of unification of the Ethnic Macedonians with Serbian, Bulgarian and Greek consciousness. 2136: 3279:

within a few years or to be Bulgarian in the presence of a Bulgarian commercial agent and Serbian in the presence of a Serbian consul. On several occasions peasants were reported to have answered in the affirmative when asked if they were Bulgarians and again in the affirmative when asked if they were Serbs. Though this certainly cannot be valid for the whole population, many Russian and Western diplomats and travelers defined Macedonians as lacking a "proper" national consciousness.

2075: 1621: 1375: 4883: 2083: 4793:). Despite their attempts of forceful assimilation, Serb colonists in Vardar Macedonia numbered only 100,000 by 1942, so there was not that colonization and expulsion as in Greek Macedonia. Ethnic cleansing was unlikely in Serbia, Bulgarians were given to sign declaration for being Serbs since ancient times, those who refused to sign faced assimilation through terror, while Muslims faced similar discrimination. However, in 1913 Bulgarian revolts broke out in 2385:(BMARC), which was founded in 1893 as the only guerilla organization established by locals, quickly developed a wide network of committees and agents turning into a "state within the state" in much of Macedonia. The organization changed its name on several occasions, settling to IMRO in 1920. IMRO fought not only against the Ottoman authorities, but also against the pro-Serbian and pro-Greek parties in Macedonia, terrorising the population supporting them. 1359: 2219:(1714–1779) who taught that Aromanians should speak Greek because as he said "it's the language of our Church" and established over 100 Greek schools in northern and western Greece. The offensive of the clergy against the use of Aromanian was by no means limited to religious issues but was a tool devised in order to convince the non-Greek speakers to abandon what they regarded as a "worthless" idiom and adopt the superior Greek speech: "There we are 5683: 5134:. He claimed that the vast majority of the Macedonians belonged to the national movement; indeed, he estimated "that 90 percent of all Slav Macedonians were autonomists in one sense or another...." Because the movement was wrapped in secrecy, however, it was extremely difficult to gauge the relative strength of its various currents, except that it could be assumed that IMRO had lost ground since it was banned in Bulgaria and its leaders exiled. 5647:. According to a political report in 1962 the number of political emigrants from Greece numbered at 6,529. The policy of communist Bulgaria towards the refugees from Greece was, at least initially, not discriminative with regard to their ethnic origin: Greek- and Slav-speakers were both categorized as Greek political emigrants and received equal treatment by state authorities. However, the end of the 1950s was marked by adecisive turn in the " 2329: 383: 2990: 2858: 2411: 2257: 1908: 1496: 1306: 1167: 918: 757: 208: 4695:(ELAS) was determined by the geopolitical position of each village. Depending upon whether their village was vulnerable to attack by the Greek communist guerrillas or the occupation forces, the peasants would opt to support the side in relation to which they were most vulnerable. In both cases, the attempt was to promise "freedom" (autonomy or independence) to the formerly persecuted Slavic minority as a means of gaining its support. 2953: 4599:" was launched, which saw all Greek officials deported. This campaign was successful especially in Eastern and later in Central Macedonia, when Bulgarians entered the area in 1943. All Slav-speakers there were regarded as Bulgarians. However it was not so effective in German-occupied Western Macedonia. A ban was placed on the use of the Greek language, the names of towns and places changed to the forms traditional in Bulgarian. 5151:– former IMRO (United) members, followers of the idea for the creation of a pro-Bulgarian Macedonian state under |German and Italian protection. This meeting was to decide of action towards independence of Macedonia, but the situation changed dynamically. The local population in North Macedonia met with joy the defeat of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It saw as the end of Serbian rule and it was not surprising that the soldiers from 2936: 9258: 3174:

was, in fact, Serbian. Rarely used until the end of the 19th century compared to 'Bulgarians', the term 'Macedonian Slavs' served more to conceal rather than define the national character of the population of Macedonia. Scholars resorted to it usually as a result of Serbian pressure or used it as a general term for the Slavs inhabiting Macedonia regardless of their ethnic affinities. The Serbian politician

89: 47: 5041: 4707:, the Greek communists have also recognized Macedonian national identity. Soon after the first "free territories" were created it was decided that ethnic Macedonian schools would open in the area controlled by the DSE. Books written in the ethnic Macedonian language were published, while ethnic Macedonians theatres and cultural organizations operated. Also within the NOF, a female organization, the 5088: 2969: 1020:, until they were gradually pacified. Many Slavs came to serve as soldiers in Byzantine armies and settled in other parts of the Byzantine Empire. Slavic settlers assimilated many among the Romanised and Hellenised Paeonian, Illyrian and Thracian population of Macedonia, but pockets of tribes that fled to the mountains remained independent. A number of scholars today consider that present-day 4607:, to the zones occupied by the Italian and German troops to be attached to the German occupying forces as "liaison officers". All the Bulgarian officers brought into service were locally born Macedonians who had immigrated to Bulgaria with their families during the 1920s and 1930s as part of the Greek-Bulgarian Treaty of Neuilly which saw 90,000 Bulgarians migrating to Bulgaria from Greece. 3197:, admitted that the affinities of the majority of them lay with the Bulgarian cause and the Bulgarians and classified them as such. Even in 1914 the Carnegie Commission report states that the Serbs and Greeks classified the Slavs of Macedonia as a distinct group "Slav-Macedonians" for political purposes and this term is "political euphemism designed to conceal the existence of 4964:

country. Officers loyal to Chento's ideas made a mutiny in the garrison stationed on Skopje's fortress, but the mutiny was suppressed by armed intervention. A dozen officers were shot on place, others sentenced to life imprisonment. Also Chento and his close associates were trying to minimize the ties with Yugoslavia as far as possible and were constantly mentioning the

5417:, approximately 3,800 fighters took part in the formation of military movements of the region; The 4th, 14th and 20th Macedonian Action Brigades, the Strumica Partisan Detachment and the 50th and 51st Macedonian Divisions were formed. Since the formation of an army in 1943, Macedonian Communist partisans were aspiring to create an autonomous government. 5322:. The clash between the Yugoslav and Bulgarian Communists about possession over North Macedonia was not ended. While the Bulgarian Communists avoided organizing mass armed uprising against the Bulgarian authorities, the Yugoslav Communists insisted that no liberation could be achieved without an armed revolt. With the help of the Comintern and of 3296:. People were assigned to ethnic categories according to religious affiliation. So all Sunni Muslims were categorised as Turks, all members of Greek Orthodox church as Greeks, while rest being divided between Bulgarian and Serb Orthodox churches. All censuses concluded that the province is of Christian majority, among whom the Bulgarians prevail. 2187:. Less extreme than Gopčević, Cvijić and Belić claimed only the Slavs of northern Macedonia were Serbian whereas those of southern Macedonia were identified as "Macedonian Slavs", an amorphous Slavic mass that was neither Bulgarian, nor Serbian but could turn out either Bulgarian or Serbian if the respective people were to rule the region. 3248:. The text of this document was prepared in the period December 20, 1933 – January 7, 1934, by the Balkan Secretariat of the Comintern. It was accepted by the Political Secretariat in Moscow on January 11, 1934, and approved by the Executive Committee of the Comintern. The Resolution was published for the first time in the April issue of 4643:

education in the Florina, Kastoria and Edessa districts. In the summer of 1944, Ohrana constituted some 12,000 fighters and volunteers from Bulgaria charged with protection of the local population. During 1944, whole Slavophone villages were armed by the occupation authorities and developed into the most formidable enemy of the

5757: 2927:

regarded themselves as a separate ethnic group, and Romanians view such nations as subgroups of a wider Romanian ethnicity. Some Aromanians do identify as part of the Romanian nation however. Currently, among anti-Romanian groups of Aromanians, particularly in Greece, these acts are referred to as "the Romanian propaganda".

2722:

themselves, Misirkov maintained that they had called themselves Bulgarians until the publication of the book and were always called Bulgarians by independent observers until 1878 when the Serbian views also started to get recognition. He also explained that the reason for that was because local Slavs were allies with the

4731:

Committee that when the DSE took power in Greece there would be an independent Macedonian state, united in its geographical borders. This new line of the KKE affected the mobilisation rate of ethnic Macedonians (which even earlier was considerably high), but did not manage, ultimately, to change the course of the war.

4911:(SFRY), accusations surfaced that new authorities in Macedonia were involved in retribution against people who did not support the formation of the new Yugoslav Macedonian republic. The numbers of dead "counter-revolutionaries" due to organized killings, however is unclear. Besides, many people went throughout the 655:, Mygdonia, and Eordaia (Thuc. 2.99). Anthemus, Crestonia, and Bisaltia also seem to have been added during his reign (Thuc. 2.99). Most of these lands were previously inhabited by Thracian tribes, and Thucydides records how the Thracians were pushed to the mountains when the Macedonians acquired their lands. 5667:. As result international relations upon the Sofia–Belgrade line deteriorated, and in fact were broken. This led to a final victory of the anti-Bulgarian and pro-Yugoslav oriented Macedonian political circles and signified a definite decline of the very notion of a south Slavonic federation. In Macedonia the 2718:). This dialect was proposed by Misirkov as the basis for the future language, and, as Misirkov says, a dialect which is most different from all other neighboring languages (as the eastern dialect was too close to Bulgarian and the northern one too close to Serbian). Misirkov calls this language Macedonian. 4870:

prestige to be higher than those of its neighbors. Moreover, large numbers of Macedonians educated in Bulgarian schools had sought refuge in Bulgaria before and especially after the partitions of 1913. "There is therefore now a large Macedonian element in Bulgaria, continued represented in all Government

5539:

and distinct national Macedonian identity was formed. The new Yugoslav authorities began a policy of removing of any Bulgarian influence, making Macedonia connecting link for the establishment of new Balkan Federation and creating a distinct Slavic consciousness that would inspire identification with

5274:

government. After that, and when already months ago Yugoslavia was annexed by Axis Powers, Macedonian Communist partisans, which included Macedonians, Aromanians, Serbs, Albanians, Jews and Bulgarians had begun organizing their resistance. The First Skopje Partisan Detachment was founded and had been

4874:

and occupying high positions in the army and in the civil service...." He characterized this element as "Serbophobe, mostly desires the incorporation of Macedonia in Bulgaria, and generally supports the IMRO." However, he also pointed to the existence of the tendency to seek an independent Macedonia

4784:

were regarded as southern Serbs and the language they spoke a southern Serbian dialect. Serbian rule ensured that all ethnic Macedonian symbolism and identity were henceforth proscribed, and only standard Serbian was permitted to be spoken by the locals of Macedonia. In addition, Serbia did not refer

4529:

by the Greek authorities as "Slavomacedonians", "Slavophone Greeks" and "Bulgarisants", were subjected to a gradual assimilation by the Greek majority. Their numbers were reduced by a large-scale emigration to North America in the 1920s and the 1930s and to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia following the

4528:

simultaneous to deportation of Greeks from Bulgaria. The bulk of the Slavic population of southeastern Macedonia fled to Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War or was resettled there in the 1920s by virtue of a population exchange agreement. The Slavic minority in Greek Macedonia, who were referred to

4467:

survey based on the ethnographic map of Southern Macedonia, representing the ethnic distribution on the eve of the 1912 Balkan war, published in 1913 by Mr. J. Ivanov, lecturer at the University of Sofia. The total numbers belonging to the various nationalities in a territory a little larger than the

2396:

The independence of Bulgaria in 1908 had the same effect on the Bulgarian idea in Macedonia as the independence of Greece to the Hellenic a century earlier. The consequences were closure of schools, expelling of priests of the Bulgarian Exarchate and emigration of the majority of the young Macedonian

2392:

in 1903 signified a second weakening of the Bulgarian cause resulting in closure of schools and a new wave of emigration to Bulgaria. IMRO was also weakened and the number of Serbian and Greek guerilla groups in Macedonia substantially increased. The Exarchate lost the dioceses of Skopje and Debar to

2176:, which defined more than three-quarters of the Macedonian population as Serbian. The population of Kosovo and northern Albania was identified as Serbian or Albanian of Serbian origin (Albanized Serbs, called "Arnauts") and the Greeks along the Aliákmon as Greeks of Serbian origin (Hellenized Serbs). 2110:

in Macedonia was not unopposed. The Greeks and Serbs, too, had national ambitions in the region, and believed that these could be furthered by a policy of cultural and linguistic dissimilation of the Macedonian Slavs, to be achieved through educational and church propaganda. Nonetheless, by the 1870s

5634:

originally accepted very few refugees, government policy changed and the Bulgarian government actively sought out refugees from Greek Macedonia. It is estimated that approximately 2,500 children were sent to Bulgaria and 3,000 partisans fled there in the closing period of the war. There was a larger

5412:

Then in the resistance movement in Vardar Macedonia were clearly visible two political tendencies. The first one was represented by Tempo and the newly established Macedonian Communist Party, gave priority to battling against any form of manifest or latent pro-Bulgarian sentiment and to bringing the

5223:

adamant—they had to be deported as soon as possible and their properties to be returned to the locals. With the arrival of the Bulgarian army mass expulsion of Serbs from the area of the Vardar Macedonia took place. First, the city dwellers were deported in 1941, then all of the suspected pro-Serbs.

5141:

invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Axis victory was swift, as Yugoslavia had surrendered within 11 days. Macedonian newspaper "Makedonska Tribuna", an organ of Macedonian Patriotic Organisation, published by Macedonian immigrants in the U.S. and Canada, vaunted the German victory in the Invasion

5065:

and its education system, thus considered themselves as Bulgarians. Moreover, Bulgarians in Bulgaria believed that most of the population of Macedonia was Bulgarian. Before the Balkan Wars the regional Macedonian dialects were treated as Bulgarian and the Exarchate school system taught the locals in

5027:

has had a far greater and more permanent impact on Macedonian nationalism than has any other aspect of Yugoslav policy. While development of national music, films and the graphic arts has been encouraged in the Republic of Macedonia, the greatest cultural effect has come from the codification of the

4825:

then. Bulgarians were forced to sign a petition "Declare yourself a Serb or die." 90,000 Serbian troops were deployed in Macedonia to keep down resistance from Serbianization, Serbian colonists were unsuccessfully encouraged to immigrate with the slogan "for the good of Serbs", but the Albanians and

4763:

in Greece has been subject to much speculation with varying numbers. As Greece does not hold census based on self-determination and mother tongue, no official data is available. It should be noted, however, that the official Macedonian Slav party in Greece receives at an average only 1000 votes. For

1260:

to Austria and the reprisals and looting during the Ottoman counteroffensive led to an influx of Albanian Muslims into Kosovo, northern and northwestern Macedonia. Being in the position of power, the Albanian Muslims managed to push out their Christian neighbours and conquered additional territories

1248:

during the conquest were renewed, this time populated exclusively by Muslims. The Ottoman element in Macedonia was especially strong in the 17th and the 18th century with travellers defining the majority of the population, especially the urban one, as Muslim. The Ottoman population, however, sharply

5877:

A comparison of the ethnographic and linguistic maps drawn up by Messers Kantchev, Tsviyits (Cviyic) and Belits, with the new frontiers of the treaty of Bucharest reveals the gravity of the task undertaken by the Serbians. They have not merely resumed possession of their ancient domain, the Sandjak

5436:

was written outlining the future plans of ASNOM for an independent Macedonian state and for creation of the Macedonian language as the official language of the Macedonian state. However, a decision was later reached that Vardar Macedonia will become a part of new Communist Yugoslavia. In the summer

5079:

was introduced in the schools and administration as official language. There was implemented a governmental policy of assassinations and assimilation. The Serbian administration in Vardar Banovina felt insecure and that provoked its brutal reprisals on the local peasant population. Greece, like all

4837:

The Bulgarian, Greek and Romanian schools were closed, the Bulgarian priests and all non-Serbian teachers were expelled. Bulgarian surname endings '-ov/-ev' were replaced with the typically Serbian ending '-ich' and the population which considered itself Bulgarian was heavily persecuted. The policy

4734:

The government forces destroyed every village that was on their way, and expelled the civilian population. Leaving as a result of force or on their own accord (in order to escape oppression and retaliation), 50,000 people left Greece together with the retreating DSE forces. All of them were sent to

4492:

The Slavic population was viewed as Slavophone Greeks and prepared to be reeducated in Greek. Any vestiges of Bulgarian and Slavic Macedonia in Greece have been eliminated from the Balkan Wars, continuing to the present. The Greeks detested the Bulgarians (Slavs of Macedonia), considering them less

2242:

The Greek cause predominated in historical Macedonia where it was supported by the native Greeks and by a substantial part of the Slavic and Aromanian populations. Support for the Greeks was much less pronounced in central Macedonia, coming only from a fraction of the local Aromanians and Slavs; in

1481:

The independence of the Greek kingdom, however, dealt a nearly fatal blow to the Hellenic idea in Macedonia. The flight of the Macedonian intelligentsia to independent Greece and the mass closures of Greek schools by the Ottoman authorities weakened the Hellenic presence in the region for a century

6251:

Though some Slavic incursions had occurred earlier, the number of raids increased in the second half of Justinian's reign. Procopius also speaks of Slavs living in the vicinity of certain Thracian cities, suggesting that by the middle of the sixth century a certain amount of Slavic settlement (as

5205:

The movement of the Bulgarian army in Yugoslavia started on April 19, and in Greece on April 20. The prominent force which occupied most of Vardar Macedonia, was the Bulgarian 5th Army. The 6th and 7th Infantry Divisions were active in invading the Vardar Banovina between 19 and 24 April 1941. The

5095:

IMRO was a "state within the state" in the region in the 1920s using it to launch attacks in the Serbian and Greek parts of Macedonia. By that time IMRO had become a right-wing Bulgarian ultranationalist organization. According to IMRO statistics during the 1920s in the region of Yugoslav (Vardar)

4963:

area for the final liberation of Yugoslavia, the cadre close to President Metodija Andonov – Cento gave serious thoughts whether it is better to order the preparation for an advance of the 100.000 armed men under his command toward northern Greece in order to "unify the Macedonian people" into one

4903:

was codified. The population was declared Macedonian, a nationality different from both Serbs and Bulgarians. The decision was politically motivated and aimed at weakening the position of Serbia within Yugoslavia and of Bulgaria with regard to Yugoslavia. Surnames were again changed to include the

4497:

a vigorous assimilation campaign was launched. The civilians have been persecuted solely for identifying as Bulgarian with the slogans "If you want to be free, be Greek" "We shall cut your tongues to teach you to speak Greek." "become Greeks again, that being the condition of a peaceful life.""Are

3269:

two brothers, one who considered himself a Serb, and the other considered himself a Bulgarian. In another village he met a man who had been, "a Macedonian peasant all his life", but who had varyingly been called a Turk, a Serb and a Bulgarian. However anti-Serb and pro-Bulgarian feelings among the

3264:

What stood behind the difficulties to properly define the nationality of the Slavic population of Macedonia was the apparent levity with which this population regarded it. The existence of a separate Macedonian national consciousness prior to the 1940s is disputed. This confusion is illustrated by

5658:

At the end of the 1950s the Communist Party repealed its previous decision and adopted a position denying the existence of a "Macedonian" nation. The inconsistent Bulgarian policy has thrown most independent observers ever since into a state of confusion as to the real origin of the population in

4751:

hosted a reception for the "child refugees", ethnic Macedonian children who fled their homes during the Greek Civil War who were permitted to enter Greece for a maximum of 20 days. Now elderly, this was the first time many of them saw their birthplaces and families in some 55 years. The reception

4686:

into Bulgaria in September 1944, the withdrawal of the German armed forces from Greece in October, meant that the Bulgarian Army had to withdraw from Greek Macedonia and Thrace. A large proportion of Bulgarians and Slavic speakers emigrated there. In 1944 the declarations of Bulgarian nationality

3278:

in the middle of the 19th century was too short to form a solid Bulgarian consciousness, the financial benefits given by the Serbian propaganda were too tempting to be declined. It was not a rare occurrence for whole villages to switch their nationality from Greek to Bulgarian and then to Serbian

3273:

Nationality in early-20th-century Macedonia was a matter of political convictions and financial benefits, of what was considered politically correct at the specific time and of which armed guerrilla group happened to visit the respondent's home last. The process of Hellenization at the end of the

3173:

The name "Macedonian Slavs" started to appear in publications at the end of the 1880s and the beginning of the 1890s. Though the successes of the Serbian propaganda effort had proved that the Slavic population of Macedonia was not only Bulgarian, they still failed to convince that this population

2926:

school in Macedonia was established in 1864. Eventually, the total number of schools grew to 93 at the beginning of the 20th century. Romanian influence in the area made some success in Bitola, Kruševo, and in the Aromanian villages in the districts of Bitola and Ohrid. Most Aromanians regard and

5767:

officially celebrates 1991 with regard to the referendum endorsing independence from Yugoslavia, albeit legalizing participation in "future union of the former states of Yugoslavia". The ethnic Macedonians of North Macedonia have demonstrated without any exception a strong and even aggressive at

5480:

in Sofia made a coup d'état and deposed the government. After the declaration of war by Bulgaria on Nazi Germany, the withdrawing Bulgarian troops in Macedonia surrounded by German forces, fought their way back to the old borders of Bulgaria. Under the leadership of a new Bulgarian pro-Communist

5710:

and the consequent independence of the Macedonian state in 1991, Bulgaria continued to question of the legitimacy of Macedonian nationhood, yet at the same time recognised the new state. The Bulgarian government of 1991 promoted this political compromise as a constructive way of living with the

4983:

government officials, were purged from their positions then isolated, arrested, imprisoned or executed on various (in many cases fabricated) charges including: pro-Bulgarian leanings, demands for greater or complete independence of Yugoslav Macedonia, forming of conspirative political groups or

1402:

in 1767. Though with a predominantly Greek clergy, the Archbishopric did not yield to the direct order of Constantinople and had autonomy in many vital domains. However, the poverty of the Christian peasantry and the lack of proper schooling in villages preserved the linguistic diversity of the

4869:

more akin to the Bulgarians than to the Serbs." He acknowledged that the Macedonians were better disposed toward Bulgaria because, Bulgarian education system in Macedonia in the time of the Turks, was widespread and effective; and because Macedonians at the time perceived Bulgarian culture and

4730:

From 1946 until the end of the Civil War in 1949, the NOF was loyal to Greece and was fighting for minimal human rights within the borders of a Greek republic. But in order to mobilize more ethnic Macedonians into the DSE it was declared on 31 January 1949 at the 5th Meeting of the KKE Central

4642:

too. It was apparent that Mihailov had broader plans which envisaged the creation of a Macedonian state under a German control. It was also anticipated that the IMRO volunteers would form the core of the armed forces of a future Independent Macedonia in addition to providing administration and

4583:

and other atrocities against the Greek population. The once thriving Jewish community of Thessaloniki was decimated by the Nazis, who deported 60,000 of the city's Jews to the German death camps in Germany and German-occupied Poland. Large Jewish populations in the Bulgarian occupied zone were

5743:

was officially recognized. Schools and radio stations in Macedonian were founded in the area. Albania has recognised around 5,000 strong Macedonian minority. In Albania are both Bulgarian and Macedonian organizations. Each of them claims that the local Slavic population is either Bulgarian or

2226:

As with the Serbian and Bulgarian propaganda efforts, the Greek one initially also concentrated on education. Greek schools in Macedonia at the turn of the 20th century totalled 927 with 1,397 teachers and 57,607 pupils. As from the 1890s, Greece also started sending armed guerrilla groups to

4602:

In addition, the Bulgarian government tried to alter the ethnic composition of the region, by expropriating land and houses from Greeks in favour of Bulgarian settlers. The same year, the German High Command approved the foundation of a Bulgarian military club in Thessaloníki. The Bulgarians

5275:

attacked Axis soldiers on 8 September 1941 in Bogomila, near Skopje. The revolt on 11 October 1941 by the Prilep Partisan Detachment is considered to be the symbolic beginning of the resistance. Armed insurgents from the Prilep Partisan Detachment attacked Axis occupied zones in the city of

4502:

they became Bulgarians only fifteen years ago, but nevertheless there was no real change in consciousness. In many villages people were put to prison and then were released after having proclaimed themselves Greeks. The Slavic dialect was considered as being of lowest intelligence with the

2721:

While Misirkov talked about the Macedonian consciousness and the Macedonian language as a future goal, he described the wider region of Macedonia in the early 20th century as inhabited by Bulgarians, Greeks, Serbs, Turks, Albanians, Aromanians, and Jews. As regards to the ethnic Macedonians

5222:

charged with taking over the local authorities. Bulgarian Action Committees propagated a proclamation to the Bulgarians in North Macedonia on occasion of the invasion of the Bulgarian Army in the Vardar Banovina. As regards the Serbian colonists, the members of the campaign committees were

4655:

movement hardly concealed its intention of expanding. After World War II, many former "Ohranists" were convicted of a military crimes as collaborationists. It was from this period, after Bulgaria's conversion to communism, that some Slav-speakers in Greece who had referred to themselves as

3800:

It needs to be taken into account that part of the Slavic-speaking population in southern Macedonia regarded itself as ethnically Greek and a smaller percentage, mostly in northern Macedonia, as Serbian. All Muslims (except the Albanians) tended to view themselves and were viewed as Turks,

3118:

An instance of the use of the first meaning of the term was, for example, the ethnographic map of the Slavic peoples published in (1890) by Russian scholar Zarjanko, which identified the Slavs of Macedonia as Bulgarians. Following an official protest from Serbia the map was later reprinted

2163:

occupation and administration whilst nominally Ottoman, redirected Serbia's ambitions to Macedonia and a propaganda campaign was launched at home and abroad to prove the Serbian character of the region. A great contribution to the Serbian cause was made by an astronomer and historian from

1261:

in the 18th and the 19th centuries. Pressures from central government following the first Russo-Turkish war that ended in 1774 and in which Ottoman Greeks were implicated as a "fifth column" led to the superficial Islamization of several thousand Greek-speakers in western Macedonia. These

852:

partially encompassing both Pelagonia and Dardania and containing the whole of Paeonia. The province mostly coincides with the present-day North Macedonia. The town of Stobi located to the junction of the Crna Reka and Vardar rivers, the former capital of Paeonia, became the provincial

5867:

Anna Panayotou describes the geographical delimitations of ancient Macedon as encompassing the region from Mount Pindus to the Nestos River, and from Thessaly to Paeonia (the area occupied by the kingdom of Philip II, corresponding in most respects with the Roman province of the same

5239:(CPY) and linked up with BCP as soon as the invasion of Yugoslavia started. The CPY formally decided to launch an armed uprising on 4 July 1941 but Šarlo refused to distribute the proclamation of calling for military actions against Bulgarians. More than 12,000 Yugoslav Macedonian 2835:

that the "Autonomists" in IMRO who defended a Macedonian position are largely ungrounded. IMRO regarded itself – and was regarded by the Ottoman authorities, the Greek guerilla groups, the contemporary press in Europe and even by Misirkov -as an exclusively Bulgarian organization.

2356:

The Bulgarian propaganda made a comeback in the 1890s with regard to both education and arms. At the turn of the 20th century there were 785 Bulgarian schools in Macedonia with 1,250 teachers and 39,892 pupils. The Bulgarian Exarchate held jurisdiction over seven dioceses (Skopje,

5391:

in September 1943, the Italian zone in Macedonia was taken over by the Germans. Uhrana was supported from Ivan Mihailov. It was apparent that Mihailov had broader plans which envisaged the creation of a Macedonian state under a German control. He was follower of the idea about a

4690:

By 1945 World War II had ended and Greece was in open civil war. It has been estimated that after the end of World War II over 40,000 people fled from Greece to Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. To an extent the collaboration of the peasants with the Germans, Italians, Bulgarians or the

4471:

According to a later League of Nations report, at the 1928 census the population consisted of 1,341,000 Greeks (88.8%), 77,000 Bulgarians (5%), 2,000 Turks and 91,000 others, but according to Greek archival sources the total number of the Slavic speakers may have been 200,000..

1688:

of the 19th century, when it became most influential among all generations of Bulgarian enlighteners and revolutionaries and shaped the idea for a modern Bulgarian national symbol. In his testament, he explicitly noted that his relatives were "of Bulgarian nationality" and from

5060:

in 1912–1913, followed from the withdraw of the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent division of the region of Macedonia between Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia. The Slav – speakers in Macedonia tended to be Christian peasants, but the majority of them were under the influence of the

5365:

forces which received almost unlimited power to pursue the Communist partisans on the whole territory of the kingdom. The gendarmes became notorious for carrying out atrocities against captured partisans and their supporters. Harsh rule by the occupying forces and a number of

5356:

Meanwhile, the Bulgarian government was responsible for the round-up and deportation of over 7,000 Jews in Skopje and Bitola. It refused to deport the Jews from Bulgarian proper but later under German pressure those Jews from the new annexed territories, without a Bulgarian

1754:

preserved much of their earlier influence among local Bulgarians and the arrival of the Bulgarian idea turned the region into a battlefield between those owing allegiance to the Patriarchate and tose to Exarchate with division lines often separating family and kin. At the

5772:. By the time Macedonia proclaimed its independence those who continued to look to Bulgaria were very few. Some 3,000–4,000 people that stuck to their Bulgarian identity met great hostility among the authorities and the rest of the population. Occasional trials against " 5504:

However, the Bulgarian army during the annexation of the region was partially recruited from the local population, which formed as much as 40% of the soldiers in certain battalions. Some official comments of deputies in the Macedonian parliament and of former Premier,

2151:

speaking part of today's Croatian population as "Catholic Serbs". But, the basic interests of Serbian state policy was directed to the liberation of the Ottoman regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo; whilst Macedonia and Vojvodina should be "liberated later".

5705:

from 1878. Bulgaria denies the existence of a separate Macedonian identity. The Bulgarian denouncement is based on the strong sense of loss of the territory, history and language which it shared with present-day North Macedonia in the past. After the collapse of the

4687:

were estimated by the Greek authorities, on the basis of monthly returns, to have reached 16,000 in the districts of German-occupied Greek Macedonia, but according to British sources, declarations of Bulgarian nationality throughout Western Macedonia reached 23,000.

5816:. An estimated 500 Macedonians receive Bulgarian citizenship every week. This aggregates to about 50,000 Macedonian nationals who have received Bulgarian citizenship in the past 20 years. Bulgarian governments justify this policy because they regard Macedonians as 1068:. By this time, several different ethnicities inhabited the whole Macedonia region, with South Slavs forming the overall majority in the northern fringes of Macedonia while Greeks dominated the highlands of western Macedonia, the central plains, and the coastline. 1786:

A map originally from the Russian author M. F. Mirkovich, 1867; published in the atlas "The Bulgarians in their historical, ethnographical and political frontiers" in 1917. At that time it was believed that the extent of the Albanian language reached south to the

5651:" policy of Bulgaria, "which did not recognize anymore the existence of a Macedonian ethnicity different from the Bulgarian one". As a result, the trend to a discriminative policy, the refugees from Greece – more targeted at the Slav-speakers and less to "ethnic 5080:

other Balkan states, adopted restrictive policies towards its minorities, namely towards its Slavic population in its northern regions, due to its experiences with Bulgaria's wars, including the Second Balkan War, and the Bulgarian inclination of sections of its

3054:(1905). The author described all ethnic groups living in Macedonia, showed empirically the close connection between the western Bulgarian dialects and the Macedonian dialects and defined the latter as Bulgarian. The International Commission constituted by the 2831:. The present-day historians from North Macedonia claim that IMRO was split into two factions: the first aimed an ethnic Macedonian state, and the second believed in a Macedonia as a part of wider Bulgarian entity. These claims of present-day historians from 5678:

of Bulgaria. but between 1945 and 1965 forcefully Macedonians Blagoecgra Province 1946 and the 1956 census the population was forced to list as ethnic Macedonians against their will by the communist government in accordance with an agreement with Yugoslavia.

666:, and also reduce neighboring powers such as the Illyrians and Paeonians, who had attacked him when he became king, to semi-autonomous peoples. In Philip's time, Macedonians expanded and settled in many of the new adjoining territories, and Thrace up to the 5509:

after 1991 announced the "struggle was civil, but not a liberation war". According to official sources the number of Macedonian communist partisan's victims against the Bulgarian army during World War II was 539 men. Bulgarian historian and director of the

5326:

himself a decision was taken and the Macedonian Communists were attached to CPY. Because of the unwillingness of local Communists for earnest struggle against the Bulgarian Army, the Supreme Staff of CPY took measurements for strengthening of the campaign.

6371: 5593:

states among which Macedonia was partitioned, tried to camouflage its national oppression, denying the national features of the Macedonian people and the existence of the Macedonian nation. The policies resulting from the agreement were reversed after the

2051:, but otherwise incorporated all other regions in the Ottoman Empire inhabited by Bulgarians. At the last minute, however, the Ottomans rejected the plan with the secret support of Britain. Having its reputation at stake, Russia had no other choice but to 2638:. In this article Petko Slaveykov writes: "We have many times heard from the Macedonists that they are not Bulgarians, but they are rather Macedonians, descendants of the Ancient Macedonians". In a letter written to the Bulgarian Exarch in February 1874 1278:

and other important Aromanian settlements in the southern Albania (Epirus-Macedonia) region in the second half of the 18th century caused a large-scale migration of thousands of Aromanians to the cities and villages of Western Macedonia, most notably to

3212:

they turned into anything other than Bulgarians. The ultimate victory of the Allies in 1918 led to the victory of the vision of the Slavic population of Macedonia as Macedonian Slavs, an amorphous Slavic mass without a developed national consciousness.

1243:

The initial period of Ottoman rule led a depopulation of the plains and river valleys of Macedonia. The Christian population there fled to the mountains. Ottomans were largely brought from Asia Minor and settled parts of the region. Towns destroyed in

4440:

in 1919, Greece and Bulgaria agreed on a population exchange on the remaining Bulgarian minority in Macedonia. In the same year some 66,000 Bulgarians and other Slavophones left to Bulgaria and Serbia, while 58,709 Greeks entered Greece from Bulgaria

2678:

as an attempt at a grammar of the language of the Slavs who lived in Macedonia. Although he had no formal education, Pulevski published several other books, including three dictionaries and a collection of songs from Macedonia, customs, and holidays.

1652:

and the religious and cultural one by the Greek clergy. The Bulgarian language was preserved as a cultural medium only in a handful of monasteries, and to rise in terms of social status for the ordinary Bulgarian usually meant undergoing a process of

5475:

its arms would be given up to the partisans. It would be possible by condition that partisans guaranteed the establishment of pro-Bulgarian Macedonian state without the frame of future Yugoslavia. The negotiations failed and on 9 September 1944 the

5206:

Bulgarian troops were mainly present in the western part of Vardar Macedonia, close to the Italian occupational zone, because of some border clashes with Italians, who implemented Albanian interests and terrorized the local peasants. So the most of

5121:

and the Balkan Communist Federation. In 1934 the Comintern adopted resolution about the recognition of Macedonian nation and confirmed the project of the Balkan Communist Federation about creation of Balkan Federative Republic, including Macedonia.

2147:(the country of the southern Slavs). The conscience of the peripheral parts of Serbian nation grew, therefore the officials and the wide circles of population considered the Slavs of Macedonia as "Southern Serbs", Moslems as "Islamized Serbs", and 5108:

to take control and break the power of the organization. Meanwhile, the left-wing later did form the new organisation based on the principles of independence and unification of partitioned Macedonia. The new organisation which was an opponent to

5125:

The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, inspired the whole Macedonian community, foremost the refugees from the occupied parts, to seek ways for the liberation of Macedonia. Early in 1941 the British vice-consul at Skopje provided the

1249:

declined at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century on account of the incessant wars led by the Ottoman Empire, the low birth rate and the higher death toll of the frequent plague epidemics among Muslims than among Christians.

722:

in 146 BC. Hellenization of the non-Greek population was not yet complete in 146 BC, and many of the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had preserved their languages. It is also possible that the ancient Macedonian tongue was still spoken, alongside

5386:

were organized in occupied Greek Macedonia in 1943. These were led by Bulgarian officers originally from Greek Macedonia and served for protection of the local population in the zone under German and Italian control. After the capitulation of

378:

form Μήκος – "mékos"), which is Greek for "length". The ancient Macedonians took this name either because they were physically tall, or because they settled in the mountains. The latter definition would translate "Macedonian" as "Highlander".

1071:

At the beginning of the 9th century, Bulgaria conquered the Northern Byzantine lands, including Macedonia B and part of Macedonia A. Those regions remained under Bulgarian rule for two centuries, until the destruction of Bulgaria by the

1098:, along the lower course of the Vardar. Colonies of other Turkic tribes such as Uzes, Petchenegs, and Cumans were also introduced at various periods from the 11th to the 13th century. All these were eventually Hellenized or Bulgarized. 4718:(DSE)-held territory, newspapers and books published by NOF, public speeches and the schools opened, helped the consolidation of the ethnic Macedonian conscience and identity among the population. According to information announced by 5074:

was implemented during the 1920s and 1930s when Belgrade enforced a Serbian cultural assimilation process on the region. Between the two world wars in Vardar Banovina, the regional Macedonian dialects were declared as Serbian and the

4468:

portion in the same region ceded to the Greeks by the Turks was 1,042,029 inhabitants, of whom 329,371 Bulgarians, 314,854 Turks, 236,755 Greeks, 68,206 Jews, 44,414 Wallachians, 25,302 Gypsies, 15,108 Albanians, 8,019 Miscellaneous.

2939:

Ethnological Map of European Turkey and her Dependencies at the Time of the Beginning of the War of 1877, by Karl Sax, I. and R. Austro-Hungarian Consul at Adrianople. Published by the Imperial and Royal Geographical Society, Vienna

7672:Известия Уральского государственного университета № 0049 (2007), с. 138-153. Гуманитарные науки. Выпуск 13. Дмитрий Олегович Лабаури - Берлинский приговор 1878 г. и проблема македонского этноязыкового своеобразия. РГНФ. (Russian) 5602:

took a stance against Yugoslavia. This policy for projection and recognition of regional countries and nations since the 1930s as for example Macedonia, had been the norm in Comintern policies, displaying Soviet resentment of the

4923:

subject for conversation in the SFRY until the late 1980s, and as a result, decades of official silence created a reaction in the form of numerous data manipulations for nationalist communist propaganda purposes. At the times of

1998:, in economic, social and cultural life. By the 19th century, the Ottomans had fallen well behind the rest of Europe in science, technology, and industry. By that time Bulgarians had initiated a purposeful struggle against the 4743:

adopted the law of national reconciliation which allowed DSE members "of Greek origin" to repatriate to Greece, where they were given land. Ethnic Macedonian DSE remembers remained excluded from the terms of this legislation.

1287:

and surrounding regions. Thessaloniki also became the home of a large Jewish population following Spain's expulsions of Jews after 1492. The Jews later formed small colonies in other Macedonian cities, most notably Bitola and

5396:

state with prevailing Bulgarian element. It was also anticipated that the IMRO volunteers would form the core of the armed forces of a future Independent Macedonia in addition to providing administration and education in the

4838:

of Serbianization in the 1920s and 1930s clashed with popular pro-Bulgarian sentiment stirred by IMRO detachments infiltrating from Bulgaria, whereas local communists favoured the path of self-determination suggested by the

4493:

than human "bears, practising systematic and inhumane methods of extermination and assimilation. The use of Bulgarian language had been prohibited, for which the persecution by the police peaked, while during the regime of

3220:

developed a new policy for the Balkans, about collaboration between the communists and the Macedonian movement, and the creation of a united Macedonian movement. The idea for a new unified organization was supported by the

5218:. As the Bulgarian Army entered Vardar Macedonia on 19 April 1941, it was greeted by the local population as liberators as it meant the end of Serbian rule. Former IMRO and IMRO (United) members were active in organizing 1717:

The representatives of the intelligentsia wrote in a language which they called Bulgarian and strove for a more even representation of the local Bulgarian dialects spoken in Macedonia in formal Bulgarian. The autonomous

1102:, migrating from north India, reached the Balkans - including Macedonia - around the 14th century, with some of them settling there. Successive waves of Romani immigration occurred in the 15th and the 16th century, too. 4702:

was the time when part of them came to the conclusion that they are Macedonians. Greek hostility to the Slavic minority produced tensions that rose to separatism. After the recognition in 1934 from the Comintern of the

4722:

on the I plenum of NOF in August 1948 – about 85% of the Slavic-speaking population in Greek Macedonia has ethnic Macedonian self-identity. The language that was thought in the schools was the official language of the

2669:

contains programmatic statements where Pulevski argues for an independent Slavic Macedonian nation and language. It was the first work that publicly claimed Macedonian to be a separate language. In 1880 he published

5548:

and teachers were brought in from Yugoslavia to teach the locals in the new Macedonian language. The organizations of the IMRO in Bulgaria were completely destroyed. Former IMRO members were hunted by the Communist

4968:, which was against the decisions of AVNOJ. Chento was even talking about the possibility to create an independent Macedonia backed by the US. The Yugoslav secret police made a decisive action and managed to arrest 5155:, mobilized in the Yugoslav army in large numbers refuse to fight. The Serbian administration in most places had run away afraid not as much of the Germans or Bulgarians but of the revenge of the local population. 1893:

in 1877. He maintained that the urban population of Macedonia was entirely Greek, whereas the peasantry was of mixed, Bulgarian-Greek origin and had Greek consciousness but had not yet mastered the Greek language.

1273:

by local Greek Orthodox Christians because apparently the only Turkish-Arabic they ever bothered to learn was how to say "wa-llahi" or "by Allah". The destruction and abandoning of the Christian Aromanian city of

7821:Проф. Богдан Филов, Дневник - под общата редакция на акад. Илчо Димитров. (Prof. Bogdan Filov, Diary (Academician Ilcho Dimitrov, Principal Editor), Sofia, 1986; 1990) publisher: Fatherland Front Publishing House 5066:

Bulgarian. Following the Balkan wars the Bulgarian Exarchate activity in most of the region was discontinued. After World War I, the territory of the present-day North Macedonia came under the direct rule of the

6632:

Duncan Perry, "The Republic of Macedonia: finding its way" in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrot (eds.), Politics, power and the struggle for Democracy in South-Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp.

3766:

Slavs (described in the encyclopaedia as a "Slavonic population, the bulk of which is regarded by almost all independent sources as Bulgarians"): approximately 1,150,000, whereof, 1,000,000 Orthodox and 150,000

6779:

as a transitional stage in Serbianization of the Macedonian Bulgarians - BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES - Institute of History - Bulgarian Language Institute, MACEDONIA, DOCUMENTS AND MATERIALS - Sofia 1978.

4503:

assumptions that it "consists" only a thousand words of vocabulary. There are official records showing that children professing Bulgarian identity were also murdered for declining to profess Greek identity.

5146:

a meeting was held on April 8, 1941, in Skopje, in which participated mainly followers of the idea for the liberation through independence or autonomy of Macedonia. There were activists of IMRO, as well as

4681:

Following the defeat of the Axis powers and the evacuation of the Nazi occupation forces many members of the Ohrana joined the SNOF where they could still pursue their goal of secession. The advance of the

9184: 5381:

Many former IMRO members assisted the Bulgarian authorities in fighting Tempo's partisans. With the help of Bulgarian government and former IMRO members, several pro-Bulgarian and anti-Greek detachments –

4518:

or Greek Macedonia). This was the only part of Macedonia that Greece was directly interested in. Greeks regarded this land as the only true region of Macedonia as it geographically corresponded to ancient

4894:

during the annexation of the region, was partially recruited from the local population, which formed as much as 40%-60% of the soldiers in certain battalions. Some recent data has announced that even the

4523:

and contained an ethnically Greek majority of population. Bulgarian and other non-Greek schools in southern (Greek) Macedonia were closed and Bulgarian teachers and priests were deported as early as the

1701:

as early as 1762, it took almost a century for the Bulgarian idea to regain ascendancy in the region. The Bulgarian advance in Macedonia in the 19th century was aided by the numerical superiority of the

3133:

The third use of the term can be noted among scholars from the allied countries (above all France and the United Kingdom) after 1915 and is roughly equal to the definition given by Cvijic (see above).

7760:

Veritas (1931). "A petition from the Macedonian National Committee to the League of Nations on violations of the Treaty for the Protection of Minorities on the part of the SCS Kingdom. May 23, 1928".

2393:

the Serbian Patriarchate in 1902 and 1910, respectively. Despite this, the Bulgarian cause preserved its dominant position in central and northern Macedonia and was also strong in southern Macedonia.

4591:

and Western Thrace, where it was greeted from a part of a Slav-speakers as liberators. Unlike Germany and Italy, Bulgaria officially annexed the occupied territories, which had long been a target of

5306:'s official propaganda, which claimed to have completed the National unification of the Bulgarians and showed the internal contradiction among Italy, Bulgaria and Germany. With the ongoing war, new 3208:

signified a dramatic shift in the way European public opinion viewed the Slavic population of Macedonia. For the Central Powers the Slavs of Macedonia became nothing but Bulgarians, whereas for the

3189:

had managed to firmly entrench the concept of the Macedonian Slavs in European public opinion, and the name was used almost as frequently as 'Bulgarians'. Even pro-Bulgarian researchers such as H.

1032:

originate from these mountainous populations. The interaction between Romanised and non-Romanised indigenous peoples and the Slavs resulted in linguistic similarities which are reflected in modern

4890:

Bulgarian troops were welcomed as liberators in 1941 but mistakes of the Bulgarian administration made a growing number of people resent their presence by 1944. It must also to be noted that the

3485:, but an additional 250 thousand of the former) had identified as Bulgarian speakers. The survey also extends to parts of the three vilayets which are not part of the region of Macedonia, i.e., 1394:, however, it started to spread among the other orthodox subjects of the Empire as the urban Christian population of Slavic and Albanian origin started to view itself increasingly as Greek. The 678:

stock. Philip's son, Alexander the Great, extended Macedonian power over key Greek city-states, and his campaigns, both local and abroad, would make the Macedonian power supreme from Greece, to

6520: 6511:). In this article Petko Slaveykov writes: "We have many times heard from the Macedonists that they are not Bulgarians, but they are rather Macedonians, descendants of the Ancient Macedonians." 5715:, rather than suppressing them. Yet none of the fundamental tensions over the Macedonian question have been fully resolved, and the issue remains an important undercurrent in Sofia politics. 9143:

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. (1914). Report of the International Commission To Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington: The Carnegie Endowment from

4752:

included relatives of the refugees who are living in Greece and are members of Rainbow Party. However, many were refused entry by Greek border authorities because their passports listed the

2223:

brothers, together with those who are fooling themselves with this sordid and vile Aromanian language... forgive me for calling it a language", "repulsive speech with a disgusting diction".

2203:

It was established by the end of the 19th century that the majority of the population of central and Southern Macedonia (vilaets of Monastiri and Thessaloniki) were predominantly an ethnic

1796: 5635:

flow into Bulgaria of refugees as the Bulgarian Army pulled out of the Drama-Serres region in 1944. A large proportion of Slavic speakers emigrated there. The "Slavic Committee" in Sofia (

5485:

and Skopje with the strategic task of blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece. They operated here in interaction with local partisans. Southern and eastern Serbia and most of

5310:

partisan units were constantly formed and in 1942 a total of nine small partisan detachments were active in Vardar Macedonia and had maintained control of mountainous territories around

3114:

as a distinct group of Slavs different from both Serbs and Bulgarians having no developed national consciousness and no fast ethnical and political affinities (the definition of Cvijic).

5466: 4886:

German ethnic map of Yugoslavia from 1940. Macedonians are depicted as a separate community, and described as claimed by Serbs and Bulgarians, but generally attributed to the last ones.

1881:

in 1867, as well as Austrian Karl Sax in 1878 published ethnography or linguistic books, or travel notes, which defined the Slavic population of Macedonia as Bulgarian. Austrian doctor

1882: 9130:

Ivo. (1984). The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics. Cornell University Press: Ithaca/London University Press: Ithaca/London (online version of relevant pages

5158:

Although the Bulgarian government had officially joined the Axis Powers, it maintained a course of military passivity during the initial stages of the Invasion of Yugoslavia and the

2031:. The emergence of Bulgarian national sentiments was closely related to the re-establishment of the independent Bulgarian church. This rise of national awareness became known as the 7791:

Veritas (1931). "A petition from the Bulgarian population in Vardar Macedonia to the League of Nations concerning the unbearable national and political oppression. December 1929".

422:, they gradually expanded from their homeland along the Haliacmon valley on the northern edge of the Greek world, absorbing or driving out neighbouring non-Greek tribes, primarily 4544:

led to a radical change in the ethnic composition of Greek Macedonia. Some 380,000 Turks and other Muslims left the region and were replaced by 538,253 Greeks from Asia Minor and

3193:

and N. Forbes argued that the Macedonian Slavs differed from both Bulgarians and Serbs. Practically all scholars before 1915, however, including strongly pro-Serbian ones such as

3042:

Independent sources in Europe between 1878 and 1918 generally tended to view the Slavic population of Macedonia in two ways: as Bulgarians and as Macedonian Slavs. German scholar

5460:

and declaring neutrality, ending all anti-Jewish laws and ordering the withdrawal of the Bulgarian troops from Macedonia. Through its Macedonia-born minister of Internal Affairs

2215:)-speaking. There was also pressure on Aromanians to become linguistically dissimilated from the 18th century, when dissimilation efforts were encouraged by the Greek missionary 5695: 7939:

LETTER No.11660 FROM THE MINISTRY OF WAR TO THE BULGARIAN CENTRAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE OF MACEDONIA Sofia, May 28, 1941 CSA, fund 396, list 1, file 37, page 4. Original, typed.

2812: 5804:

in this case. Nevertheless, during the last few years, rising economic prosperity and the EU membership of Bulgaria has seen around 60,000 Macedonians applying for Bulgarian

9240:

Weigand, Gustav. (1924). ETHNOGRAPHIE VON MAKEDONIEN, Geschichtlich-nationaler, spraechlich-statistischer Teil von Prof. Dr. Gustav Weigand, Leipzig, Friedrich Brandstetter.

8110: 7514: 6948: 1079:(nicknamed "the Bulgar-slayer") in 1018. In the 11th and the 12th centuries, the first historical mention occurs of two ethnic groups just off the borders of Macedonia: the 833:). According to Byzantine maps that were recorded by Ernest Honigmann, by the 6th century AD there were two provinces carrying the name "Macedonia" in the Empire's borders: 6747: 1398:

became a symbol of civilization and a basic means of communication between non-Muslims. The process of Hellenization was additionally reinforced after the abolition of the

7458:Николов, Борис Й. Вътрешна македоно-одринска революционна организация. Войводи и ръководители (1893-1934). Биографично-библиографски справочник, София, 2001, стр. 89 - 90. 4575:

during World War II. By the beginning of 1941 the whole of Greece was under a tripartite German, Italian and Bulgarian occupation. The Bulgarians were permitted to occupy

3809:

The following data reflects the population of the wider region of Macedonia as it was defined by Serbs and Bulgarians (Aegean, Vardar and Pirin), roughly corresponding to

1052:. The Slavs also occupied the hinterland of Thessaloniki, launching consecutive attacks on the city in 584, 586, 609, 620, and 622 AD, but never taking it. Detachments of 8520: 5070:

and was sometimes termed "Southern Serbia". Together with a portion of today's Serbia, it belonged officially to the newly formed Vardar Banovina. An intense program of

3111:

as a distinct group of Slavs different from both Serbs and Bulgarians, yet closer to the Bulgarians and having predominantly Bulgarian ethnical and political affinities;

2642:

reports that discontentment with the current situation "has given birth among local patriots to the disastrous idea of working independently on the advancement of their

2576:

Peoples and languages map of the Balkan Peninsula before the wars 1912–18, in German (Historical Old Map Collection from 1924). Ethnic groups inhabiting Macedonia are:

9189:

Kunčov, Vasil. (1900). Makedonija. Etnografija i statistika. Sofia: Državna pečatnica (Кънчов, В. 1900, Македония. Етнография и статистика. София: Държавна печатница).

8015:

Spyridon Sfetas -Autonomist Movements of the Slavophones in 1944. The Attitude of the Communist Party of Greece and the Protection of the Greek-Yugoslav Border, pg. 2

7530: 7913:

Slavenko Terzić, The Serbs and the Macedonian question, The Serbian questions in the Balkans, University of Belgrade, publisher - Faculty of Geography, Belgrade 1995.

6415:

Cartography in Central and Eastern Europe: Selected Papers of the 1st ICA Symposium on Cartography for Central and Eastern Europe; Georg Gartner, Felix Ortag; 2010;

3225:, which saw a chance of using this well developed revolutionary movement to spread revolution in the Balkans and destabilize the Balkan monarchies. In the so-called 2397:

intelligentsia. This first emigration triggered a constant trickle of Macedonian-born refugees and emigrants to Bulgaria. Their number stood at ca. 100,000 by 1912.

4899:

has resembled ethno-political motivated civil war. After the war the region received the status of a constituent republic within Yugoslavia and in 1945 a separate,

6538: 6350:

Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia, Liverpool studies in geography, Henry Robert Wilkson, University Press, 1951, pp. 73-74.

8000: 4834:, despite it was split into one Macedonist and one pro-Bulgarian wing. In 1918 the use of Bulgarian and Macedonian language was prohibited in Serbian Macedonia. 2785: 2773: 2382: 8096:

Dr. Ivan Yanev BULGARIA’S FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR AS REFLECTED IN BULGARIAN HISTORIC LITERATURE 1938–1944 Варна, 2006 Издателство "Литернет"

30:

This article is about the modern region as defined in the middle of the 19th century spanning several countries in southeastern Europe. For the demographics of

5690:

A total of 3,100 people in the Blagoevgrad District declared themselves Macedonian in the 2001 census (0.9% of the population of the region). According to the

5214:), was annexed by Bulgaria and along with various other regions became Greater Bulgaria. The westernmost parts of Vardar Macedonia was occupied by the fascist 3245: 2789: 6720: 5701:

In Bulgaria today, the Macedonian question has been understood largely as a result of the violation of national integrity, beginning with the revision of the

68: 8537: 5461: 5117:. It was founded in 1925 in Vienna. However, it did not have real popular support and remained active until 1936 and was funded by and closely linked to the 5174:

government surrendered on April 17. The Greek government was to hold out until April 30. On 18 April 1941 the Bulgarian government received a telegram from

4436:

After the great population exchanges of the 1920s, 380,000 Turks left Greece and 538,253 Greeks came to Macedonia from Asia Minor. After the signing of the

1083:

in modern Albania and the Vlachs (Aromanians) in Thessaly and Pindus. Modern historians are divided as to whether the Albanians came to the area then (from

9170:

Gopčević, Spiridon. (1889). Makedonien und Alt-Serbien. Wien: L. W. Seidel & Sohn. - Стара Србија и Македонија, превод: Милан Касумовић. Београд, 1890.

7684:

Veritas (1931). "Siegfried Jakoby, secretary to Einstein, in an article 'Macedonia - What I Saw There' writes about the Bulgarian character of Macedonia".

3797:

In total 1,300,000 Christians (almost exclusively Orthodox), 800,000 Muslims, 75,000 Jews, a total population of ca. 2,200,000 for the whole of Macedonia.

3062:

also talked about the Slavs of Macedonia as about Bulgarians in its report published in 1914. The commission had eight members from Great Britain, France,

7584: 6394:

Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of the Macedonians by F. A. K. Yasamee. (Balkans: A Mirror of the New World Order, Istanbul: EREN, 1995; pp. 121-132)

5283:

and to the creation of small rebel detachments in other regions of North Macedonia. Partisan detachments were formed also in Greek Macedonia and today's

743:, thus making the region of Macedonia permanently lose any connection with its ancient borders, and now be the home of a greater variety of inhabitants. 8361: 8181: 5441:

constituted some 12,000 fighters and volunteers from Bulgaria. Whole Slavophone villages were armed and developed into the most formidable enemy of the

2572: 2039:

in 1876 the predominant Bulgarian character of the Slavs in Macedonia reflected in the borders of future autonomous Bulgaria as it was drawn there. The

4719: 4698:

The National Liberation Front (NOF) was organized by the political and military groups of the Slavic minority in Greece, active from 1945 to 1949. The

5489:

were liberated within an end of November. Toward the end of November and during early December, the main Bulgarian forces were assembled in liberated

3233:

liberation movement were presented: independence and unification of partitioned Macedonia, fighting all the neighbouring Balkan monarchies, forming a

9283: 3007: 2875: 2428: 2349: 2278: 1925: 1517: 1323: 1184: 935: 778: 225: 3069: 8239: 7915: 2741:

Another prominent activist for the ethnic Macedonian national revival was Dimitrija Čupovski, who was one of the founders and the president of the

5227:, who was a local leader of the Yugoslav Communist Party, also refused to define the Bulgarian forces as occupiers (contrary to instructions from 1056:

often joined the Slavs in their onslaughts, but the Avars did not form any lasting settlements in the region. A branch of the Bulgars led by khan

7930:"Зборник докумената и података о народоослободплачком рату jугословенских народа", т. VII, кн. 1, Борбе у Македониjи. Београд, 1952, с. XII и 22. 7467:

The British Foreign Office and Macedonian National Identity, 1918–1941, Andrew Rossos' Slavic Review, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer, 1994), pp. 369-394

7377: 1124:

contested for control of the region of Macedonia, but the frequent shift of borders did not result in any major population changes. In 1338 the

842:

encompassing most of the kingdom of Macedonia, coinciding with most of the modern Greek region of Macedonia, and had Thessalonica as its capital.

8563: 2734:

renamed them into "Bulgarians", in that way the term became a identification for Macedonian Slavs in the future. Misirkov rejected the ideas in

8212: 7808: 7777: 7746: 7708: 6980: 6014: 2341: 2236: 1568: 272: 7340: 477:

after the 6th century BC. Aside from the monarchy, the core of Macedonian society was its nobility. Similar to the aristocracy of neighboring

7282:

Loring M. Danforth. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.

6949:"Administrative and Socio-Economic Structure of the Skopje Sanjak (1876-1911) / Üsküp Sancağı'nın idari ve sosyo/ekonomik yapısı (1876-1911)" 6322:

Castellan, Georges, 1999, Histoire des Balkans, XIVe–XXe siècle. transl. Lilyana Tsaneva (Bulgarian translation ed.). Paris: Fayard. p. 358.

4541: 1889:

population of Macedonia as Serbian. The region was further identified as predominantly Greek by French F. Bianconi in 1877 and by Englishman

1540: 244: 8334: 8036: 7628:. REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION. To Inquire into the causes and Conduct OF THE BALKAN WARS (Report). Washington, DC: THE ENDOWMENT. 7067:. REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION. To Inquire into the causes and Conduct OF THE BALKAN WARS (Report). Washington, DC: THE ENDOWMENT. 5202:-Skopje line. Ribbentrop's telegram said that the line was temporary, i.e., that it could be moved to the west of the river Vardar as well. 1632:

Most of the population of Macedonia was described as Bulgarians during 16th and 17th centuries by Ottoman historians and travellers such as

6432: 8026:

Narodnooslobodilachka vojska Jugoslavije. Pregled Razvoja oruzhanih snaga narodnooslobodilachkog pokreta, 1941–45, Belgrade, 1982, 590-815

7481: 651:. Alexander is credited with having added to Macedonia many of the lands that would become part of the core Macedonian territory: Pieria, 9288: 9173: 5707: 6299: 5481:

government, three Bulgarian armies, 455,000 strong in total, entered occupied Yugoslavia in late September 1944 and moved from Sofia to

1547: 251: 6766:

where he stated that this ethnic map, as most ethnic maps of that time "subscribed to the view that Macedonia was Bulgarian territory".

6570: 5674:

Bulgaria usually kept the right to declare ethnicity at census, but Bulgarian identity was minimized in the censuses of Yugoslavia and

5553:

and many of them imprisoned, repressed, exiled or killed. Also internments of disagreeing with this political activities people at the

4739:

countries. It was not until the 1970s that some of them were allowed to come to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. In the 1980s, the

4464: 3055: 1710:

population, as well as by their improved economic status. The Bulgarians of Macedonia took active part in the struggle for independent

884:

out of the Theme of Thrace. It had no relation with the historical or geographical region of Macedonia, but instead it was centered in

470: 8359:

Partly or Fully Unrecognized National Minorities: Statement to the UN Working Group on Minorities, 7th session, Geneva, 14-18 May 2001

7502:- Лидерот на ВМРО-ДПМНЕ и Премиер на Република Македонија, Љубчо Георгиевски одговара и полемизира на темата за национално помирување. 5449:

with their support on the base of IMRO and Ohrana. Seeing that the war is lost to Germany and to avoid further bloodshed, he refused.

4979:

Later the authorities organised frequent purges and trials of Macedonian people charged with autonomist deviation. Many of the former

4951:

which was the highest political organ in Macedonia made several statements and actions that were de facto boycotting the decisions of

2102:– an unsuccessful Bulgarian revolt against the Ottoman rule in the region of Macedonia – broke out. However the decision taken at the 55: 8569:(Report). Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE). p. 33. Archived from 8382: 7323: 6500: 4708: 2627: 613: 6339: 5294:

In April 1942 a map titled "The Danube area" was published in Germany, where the so-called "new annexed territories" of Bulgaria in

2827:

the official language of the Macedonian state further influencing its codification in 1945. The state was later incorporated in the

9308: 5337:, who began to organize an energetic struggle against the Bulgarian occupants. Tempo served on the Supreme Staff of CPY and became 4908: 2828: 1994:

origins of the nations. The most noticeable characteristic was the degree to which nation-states use the state as an instrument of

8388:. in: Kourvetaris et al. (eds.), The New Balkans, East European Monographs: Columbia University Press, 2002, p. 85. Archived from 8107: 7511: 6955: 5186:, as well as Macedonia between the Strymon and Nestos rivers. In Yugoslavia, the Bulgarians were to occupy an area from the river 1554: 258: 7986: 7862:

Memoirs of a Macedonia-born Bulgarian lieutenant participating in the occupation of the Yugoslavian and Greek parts of Macedonia.

7499: 6744: 5781: 5000:

were quickly ousted from the new government, and some of them assassinated. On the other hand, former IMRO-members, followers of

4932:

Province was turned into autonomous Macedonia with a majority of the population declaring on census as ethnic Macedonians, and a

6896:

History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975

6696:

History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975

5166:

troops crushed opposing forces of Yugoslavia and Greece but on 6 April 1941, Yugoslavian airplanes bombed the Bulgarian town of

2761:

different from Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbs, and were struggling for popularizing the idea for an independent Macedonian state.

2143:

Nineteenth century Serbian nationalism viewed Serbs as the people chosen to lead and unite all southern Slavs into one country,

9278: 9201:

Roudometoff, Victor. (2000). The Macedonian Question: Culture, Historiography, Politics. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs.

5974:, p. 84: "The Macedonians themselves may have originated from the same population pool that produced other Greek peoples." 5838: 2738:

later and turned into a staunch advocate of the Bulgarian cause. He returned to the ethnic Macedonian idea again in the 1920s.

501: 305: 35: 8517: 7547:Македонската кървава Коледа. Създаване и утвърждаване на Вардарска Македония като Република в Югославска Федерация (1943–1946) 5999:

Panayotou-Triantaphyllopoulou, Anna (2007). "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect". In Anastasios-Phoibos Christidis (ed.).

9262: 9243:

Wilkinson, H.R. (1951). Maps and Politics; a review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia, Liverpool University Press.

9112: 9091: 9070: 8699: 7561: 7443: 7409: 7287: 6847: 6704: 6442: 6037: 5929: 5574: 1991: 1536: 240: 9195:

MacKenzie, Georgena Muir and Irby, I.P. (1971). Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey in Europe. New York, Arno Press.

8148: 8066: 7351: 6457: 2914:

of Macedonia began in the early 19th century and were based mainly on linguistic criteria, as well as the claim of a common

2626:

ideology during the second half of the 19th century was at its inception. One of the first preserved accounts is an article

6837: 5511: 5024: 4896: 3182:

ideas as they means to counteract the Bulgarian influence in Macedonia, thereby promoting Serbian interests in the region.

2059:

from 1878, which reflected the maximum desired by Russian expansionist policy, gave Bulgaria the whole of Macedonia except

1961: 1779:

of the spring of 1876, which attracted international attention to the Bulgarian national question, hardly broke out there.

5081: 5812:. Probably the most prominent Macedonian that applied for and was granted Bulgarian citizenship is former Prime Minister 5801: 5655:" – was given a certain proselytizing aspect. Eventually many of these migrants were assimilated into Bulgarian society. 7549: 176:

are missing from early historical accounts because they had been living in the southern extremities of the region – the

96: 8881: 8615:

Moral Codes and Social Structure in Ancient Greece: A Sociology of Greek Ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics

6545: 5946: 5244: 4765: 2804: 2777: 2769: 2345: 9192:

Lange-Akhund, Nadine. (1998). The Macedonian Question, 1893–1908 from Western Sources. Boulder, Colo. : New York.

9185:

The Emergence of Macedonian National Thought and the Formation of a National Programme (up to 1878) by Blaže Ristovski

7997: 5471:, the government tried to negotiate with the Macedonian partisans promising that after Bulgarian army withdrawal from 4727:. About 20,000 young ethnic Macedonians learned to read and write using that language, and learned their own history. 3108:

as a politically convenient term to define the Slavs of Macedonia without offending Serbian and Bulgarian nationalism;

9293: 9230: 9161: 9049: 9028: 9007: 8965: 8944: 8923: 8902: 8860: 8839: 8818: 8797: 8765: 8744: 8723: 8687: 8676: 8651: 8623: 8602: 8473: 8433: 8304: 8131: 7896: 7855: 7361: 7267: 7201: 7169: 7135: 7105: 7046:

Angelopoulos A., Population distribution of Greece Today according to Language, National Consciousness and Religion,

7035: 6931: 6904: 6868: 6800: 6677: 6652: 6593: 6467: 6327: 6237: 5956: 5615:

in 1948 came Joseph Stalin's dismissal of the previous ideology, and adaptation to the conditions created for Soviet

5532: 5442: 5243:(POWs) who had been conscripted into the Yugoslav army were released by a German, Italian and Hungarian Armies. The 5028:

Macedonian language and literature, the new Macedonian national interpretation of history and the establishment of a

4692: 4644: 4626:

districts of occupied Greek Macedonia in 1943. These were led by Bulgarian officers originally from Greek Macedonia;

3029: 2897: 2450: 2304: 1947: 1587: 1345: 1206: 1105: 957: 804: 291: 9138: 7390:

Crossing the Aegean: The Consequences of the 1923 Greek-Turkish Population Exchange, Renee Hirschon, 2003 (Page 181)

5445:(ELAS). At this time Ivan Mihailov arrived in German-occupied Skopje, where the Germans hoped that he could form an 2792:

in which for the first time, an authoritative international organization has recognized the existence of a separate

2286: 1525: 786: 9303: 8491: 8285:

Volume 4 Issue 3, Pages 389–407, Journal compilation, 2009, Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism.

7963: 6724: 5631: 5370:

victories indicated that the Axis might lose the war and that encouraged more Macedonians to support the communist

5104:. IMRO's constant fratricidal killings and assassinations abroad provoked some within Bulgarian military after the 4871: 2469: 2052: 1658: 1399: 17: 8541: 8178:

Genocide of Macedonian Children - "Macedonian tribune" newspaper, Fort Wayhe town, No. 3157 from November 4, 1993.

6996:"The Macedonian Question in Ottoman Diplomacy (1876-1913) / Osmanlı Diplomasisinde Makedonya Meselesi (1876-1913)" 5105: 3185:

However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the continued Serbian propaganda effort and especially the work of

2106:

soon turned the Macedonian question into "the apple of constant discord" between Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria. The

1771:- Eastern and Western - in the European territories of the Ottoman Empire, and in the second one with the capital 9298: 4753: 4724: 2816: 9205:

Todor Simovski (1972). "The Balkan Wars and their Repercussions on the Ethnical Situation in Aegean Macedonia".

2006:

in the Ottoman Empire could not succeed unless they managed to obtain at least some degree of autonomy from the

528:. Traditionally ruled by independent families, the Macedonians seem to have accepted Argead rule by the time of 9144: 7582: 5789: 5691: 5446: 5421: 5388: 3011: 2879: 2757:) in which he and fellow members of the Petersburg Macedonian Colony propagandized the existence of a separate 2432: 2389: 2282: 2019: 2007: 1929: 1751: 1521: 1391: 1327: 1188: 939: 869:. These did little to change its ethnic composition (the region being almost completely populated by Greeks or 782: 229: 7352:

Watch 1320 Helsinki, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.); Lois Whitman; Jeri Laber (1994).

5361:

were deported, as these from Vardar Macedonia and Western Thrace. The Bulgarian authorities created a special

1561: 265: 8358: 8179: 7971: 7521:Тринаесеттото продолжение на Четиринаесеттата седница на Собранието на Република Македонија, 17 January 2007. 5236: 4084: 2977: 184:. The Macedonian tribes subsequently moved down from Orestis in the upper Haliacmon due to pressure from the 8117:Тринаесеттото продолжение на Четиринаесеттата седница на Собранието на Република Македонија, 17 January 2007 7479:Военна Академия "Г. С. Раковски" - София, Участие на българската Армия във Втората Световна Война 1941–1945. 5630:

After Greek Communists lost the Greek Civil War, many Slav speakers were expelled from Greece. Although the

8471:РЕШЕНИЕ НА УСТАВНИОТ СУД НА РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈА Публикувано во СЛУЖБЕН ВЕСНИК НА РМ Бр. 27 од 10.04.2001г. 5843: 5608: 5456:

began secret negotiations with the Allies aiming to find separate peace with repudiating any alliance with

4925: 4760: 2228: 1694: 459: 5565:

according to the projects of Balkan Communist Federation. This led to the 1947 cooperation and signing of

5429: 5334: 5020:(YCP) in the autumn of 1944, and repressed for their anti-Yugoslav and pro-Bulgarian political positions. 1672:" in 1640, mentioned the geographical and ethnic borders of Bulgaria and Bulgarian people including also " 9178: 6179:

Facts about the World's Major Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present

5477: 5331: 5219: 4437: 3234: 3194: 2848:

Map showing areas with Romanian schools for Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians in the Ottoman Empire (1886)

2742: 1060:, however, settled in western Macedonia and eastern Albania around 680 AD and also engaged in attacks on 663: 574: 493: 431: 315: 309: 8247: 7912: 5848: 5424:, the first session of the newly created Anti-Fascist Assembly of the National Liberation of Macedonia ( 2964:, Paris, 1898. According to Henry Robert Wilkinson, it represents the most widespread view of that time. 1742:

in Macedonia, however, was much less successful in historical Macedonia, which beside Slavs had compact

9246:

Kuhn's Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung XXII (1874), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

5736: 5562: 5520: 5029: 4827: 3153: 3093: 2844: 2820: 2623: 2492: 2107: 2099: 2032: 1809: 1739: 1681: 702: 625: 9218: 6981:"The Macedonian Muslims in the Era of Abdulhamid II / II. Abdülhamit döneminde Makedonya Müslümanları" 1814: 1482:

ahead, until the incorporation of historical Macedonia into Greece following the Balkan Wars in 1913.

8570: 7983: 7534: 6223: 5660: 5288: 5279:, notably a police station, killing one Bulgarian policeman of local origin, which led to attacks in 5248: 5232: 4969: 4818: 4748: 4715: 4588: 4507: 3821:

of Ottoman Macedonia which was significantly larger than the traditional region known to the Greeks.

2036: 1842: 1756: 1722:

established in 1870 included northwestern Macedonia. After the overwhelming vote of the districts of

1404: 8224: 7830: 6338:

Understanding life in the borderlands: boundaries in depth and in motion, I. William Zartman, 2010,

4647:(ELAS). Ohrana was dissolved in late 1944 after the German and Bulgarian withdrawal from Greece and 3141: 2094:

in the same year redistributed most Bulgarian territories that the previous treaty had given to the

2018:

was the direct result of the struggle of the Bulgarian Orthodox against the domination of the Greek

1386:

idea in Macedonia. Its main pillar throughout the centuries of Ottoman rule had been the indigenous

8709: 8016: 6252:

opposed to raiders coming, raiding, and then returning beyond the Danube) had begun in the Balkans.

5148: 5017: 4944:-speaking region. Persecution of Bulgarian identity by the state continued, along with propaganda. 4659: 2267: 2095: 1850: 1826: 1506: 767: 728: 8507:"Former Macedonian Prime Minister received a Bulgarian passport" (in Bulgarian). Trud. 2006-07-16. 8412: 6532:

Victor A. Friedman: Macedonian language and nationalism during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

4667: 3274:

18th and the beginning of the 19th century affected only a limited stratum of the population, the

2002:

clerics. Bulgarian religious leaders had realised that any further struggle for the rights of the

1674:

the greather part of Macedonia ... as far as Ohrid, up to the boundaries of Albania and Greece ...

415: 8975:

Theodossiev, Nikola (May 2000). "The Dead with Golden Faces. II Other Evidence and Connections".

8449:

Violations of Human Rights of Macedonian citizens with a Bulgarian ethnic consciousness 1990–1997

8331: 8044: 7940: 5828: 5302:

were described as "territories under temporary Bulgarian administration". This was a failure for

3478: 3293: 3198: 3085: 3000: 2957: 2868: 2421: 2271: 2098:

back to the Ottoman Empire. This included the whole of Macedonia. As a result, in late 1878, the

1918: 1510: 1316: 1177: 1121: 928: 847:

Macedonia Salutaris ("Wholesome Macedonia"), also known as Macedonia Secunda ("Second Macedonia")

771: 640: 551: 218: 60: 6360: 6232:. ACLS Humanities E-Book. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (published 1991). p. 28. 6174: 825:, Macedonia became one of its most important provinces as it was close to the Empire's capital ( 9139:

Brailsford, Henry Noel. (1906). Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future. London: Methuen & Co

8345:

with the support of the Finnish Foundation ‘KIOS’ and "Finnish NGO Foundation for Human Rights"

7478: 6995: 5740: 5498: 5367: 5175: 5143: 5056:

remained Bulgarian after 1913. The "Macedonian question" became especially prominent after the

5045: 4652: 2703: 2699: 2474: 2464: 2169: 2156: 1711: 1411:

population as part of their struggle for the resurrection of Greek statehood. According to the

1236: 1090:

Also in the 11th century Byzantium settled several tens of thousands of Turkic Christians from

857:

Macedonia was ravaged several times in the 4th and the 5th century by desolating onslaughts of

636: 529: 505: 8135: 7874: 7095: 6921: 6894: 6745:

http://files.about-near-exact.webnode.gr/200000112-2ba692ca07/The_Balkan_Vlachs-Aromanians.pdf

6694: 6416: 5663:

voted a special resolution explained "with the fact that almost all of the Macedonians have a

5231:) and called for the incorporation of the local Macedonian Communist organizations within the 4853:

In 1925, D. J. Footman, the British vice consul at Skopje, addressed a lengthy report for the

4711:(AFZH), and a youth organization, the National Liberation Front of Youth (ONOM), were formed. 3175: 3145:

Ethnographic map of the vilayets of Kosovo, Saloniki, Scutari, Janina and Monastir, ca. 1900 (

3097:

Distribution of races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1922, Racial Map Of Europe by

2944: 2317: 1854: 7257: 7191: 7159: 7125: 5984:

Borza, Eugene N. "Athenians, Macedonians, and the Origins of the Macedonian Royal House". In

5797: 5702: 5595: 5566: 5453: 5171: 5170:, with 67 people killed and 90 wounded and a suburb of Sofia where 8 people were killed. The 5067: 4955:. Instead of obeying the order of Tito's General Headquarters to send the main forces of the 4904:

ending '-ski', which was to emphasise the unique nature of the ethnic Macedonian population.

4839: 4790: 3209: 3165: 2683: 2056: 1677: 629: 554:, which enlarged their territory and increased their control over other areas extending into 9198:

Poulton, Hugh. (1995). Who are the Macedonians? C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London

7842: 7625: 7224: 7222: 7064: 5813: 5506: 4879:

as its capital. "This movement also had adherents among the Macedonian colony in Bulgaria."

4610:

With the help of Bulgarian officers several pro-Bulgarian and anti-Greek armed detachments (

674:

however testifies that the bulk of the population inhabiting in Upper Macedonia remained of

8668: 7013: 6434:

Imagining Macedonia in the Age of Empire: State Policies, Networks and Violence (1878–1912)

5948:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Part 2, The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC

5777: 5675: 5494: 5101: 4740: 4663:

Map of Greek refugee settlements in Greece after the 1923 Greek-Turkish population exchange

3104:

The term "Macedonian Slavs" was used by scholars and publicists in three general meanings:

2808: 2803:

The ideas of Misirkov, Pulevski and other Macedonians would remain largely unnoticed until

2123:

Ethnographic Map of Macedonia: Point of View of the Serbs. Author: Professor J.Cvijic, 1918

2010:. The foundation of the Bulgarian Exarchate in 1870, which included most of Macedonia by a 1982:

and the population belonged to many ethnic groups, which spoke many languages. The idea of

1800: 1665: 1633: 1231: 1049: 659: 617: 601: 540: 100:

The position of the Balkan tribes, prior to the Macedonian expansion, according to Hammond.

8389: 7581:Не му се судеше на Ченто, му се судеше на АСНОМ. Урнати табуата за Методија Андонов Ченто 5561:

worked about the project to merge the two Balkan countries Bulgaria and Yugoslavia into a

5540:

Yugoslavia. After World War II the ruling Bulgarian Communists declared the population in

3089:

Distribution of races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1918 (National Geographic)

8: 8873:

After the War was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation, and State in Greece, 1943–1960

6289: 5888: 5541: 5371: 5284: 5259: 5191: 5131: 5062: 4933: 4900: 4673: 3482: 3466: 3074: 2824: 2797: 2643: 2119: 1799:) because it was supposed that medieval Albania spread over these territories (see also: 1719: 1698: 1113: 1087:

or Moesia) or originated from the native non-Romanized Thracian or Illyrian populations.

1053: 1045: 1001: 563: 521: 197: 173: 7402:

Plundered loyalties: Axis occupation and civil strife in Greek West Macedonia, 1941–1949

6229:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

6193: 5330:

Otherwise the policy of minimal resistance changed towards 1943 with the arrival of the

2184: 1874: 1866: 8413:

Spiegel International Online, 03/29/2008. Which Macedonia Was Alexander the Great From?

8369: 8342: 7802: 7771: 7740: 7702: 7371: 6393: 6008: 5833: 5636: 5163: 5008:-controlled authorities on accusations of collaboration with the Bulgarian occupation. 4704: 4457:'s national makeup in 1913 was 42.6% Greek (513,000), 39.4% Muslim (475,000; including 3406: 3325: 2765: 2758: 2650: 2212: 2103: 2091: 1870: 1822: 1782: 1219: 1033: 648: 597: 589: 517: 513: 435: 149: 113: 8213:"Towards a Decline of the Idea of a South Slavonic Federation (January–December 1948)" 5262:

in Vardar Banovina. At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of

4845: 1608: 1419:

of Selanik and Monastir Greek was the dominant language of instruction in the region:

1256:(1683–1699), the subsequent flight of a substantial part of the Serbian population in 9226: 9157: 9129: 9108: 9087: 9066: 9045: 9024: 9003: 8961: 8940: 8919: 8898: 8877: 8856: 8835: 8814: 8793: 8761: 8740: 8719: 8695: 8672: 8647: 8619: 8598: 8429: 8300: 8127: 7967: 7892: 7851: 7655: 7612: 7557: 7439: 7405: 7357: 7283: 7263: 7197: 7165: 7131: 7101: 7031: 6927: 6900: 6864: 6843: 6796: 6700: 6673: 6648: 6589: 6564: 6463: 6438: 6372:Плебисцит за български митрополити въ Охрид и Скопие преди освобождението на България 6323: 6233: 6205: 6043: 6033: 5952: 5925: 5712: 5554: 5545: 5515: 4973: 4450: 3474: 3275: 2923: 2911: 2793: 2381:), i.e., the whole of Vardar and Pirin Macedonia and some of southern Macedonia. The 2337: 2216: 2204: 1878: 1600: 1408: 1387: 1266: 1253: 1235:

Ethnic composition of the central Balkans in 1870 by the English-German cartographer

1129: 1073: 1041: 1037: 877: 578: 482: 362:) were a Dorian tribe that stayed behind during the great southward migration of the 104: 7792: 7761: 7723: 7685: 5569:. It foresaw unification between Vardar Macedonia and Pirin Macedonia and return of 1648:. The name meant, however, rather little in view of the political oppression by the 904:, which (insofar as the Byzantines controlled it) was in the Theme of Thessalonica. 707: 8984: 8643: 8448: 7221:

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Publication No. 4, Washington DC, 1914

6781: 6382: 5769: 5570: 5525: 5486: 5472: 5393: 5295: 5263: 5215: 5211: 5159: 5152: 5076: 4985: 4965: 4956: 4862: 4781: 4635: 4592: 4525: 4515: 4317: 4145: 3814: 3810: 3470: 3266: 3190: 3123: 2746: 2731: 2727: 2333: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1747: 1731: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1378:

Ethnic composition map of the Balkans in 1877 by the French cartographer A. Synvet.

1245: 1009: 971: 893: 818: 478: 177: 8459: 4789:, a legacy which remains in place today among some Serbian nationalists (e.g. the 2682:

The first significant manifestation of ethnic Macedonian nationalism was the book

2195: 2172:(also known as Leo Brenner). Gopčević published in 1889 the ethnographic research 2043:

eventually gave their consent to variant, which excluded historical Macedonia and

1759:, held in the period December 1876 - January 1877 - with the participation of the 1645: 9151: 9102: 9081: 9060: 9039: 9018: 8997: 8955: 8934: 8913: 8892: 8871: 8850: 8829: 8808: 8787: 8776: 8755: 8734: 8713: 8662: 8637: 8633: 8613: 8592: 8524: 8495: 8477: 8365: 8338: 8185: 8155: 8114: 8073: 8004: 7919: 7888:

Between Past and Future: Civil-Military Relations in Post-Communist Balkan States

7887: 7588: 7572:Методија Андонов - Ченто, Mакедонски Народен Трибун. Ристе Бунтески. Скопје. 2002 7553: 7518: 7485: 7327: 6751: 6504: 6404: 6227: 5919: 5892: 5764: 5578: 5558: 5375: 5338: 5240: 5224: 5207: 5053: 5009: 4997: 4929: 4648: 4557: 4530: 4494: 4454: 3230: 3063: 2832: 2639: 2631: 2199:

Greek ethnographic map by Professor George Soteriadis, University of Athens 1918.

2160: 2011: 1890: 1735: 1382:

The rise of European nationalism in the 18th century led to the expansion of the

1367: 675: 605: 585: 559: 525: 181: 31: 7640: 5130:

with an even more extensive and perceptive analysis of the current state of the

3046:

was one of the most prominent representatives of the first trend with the books

2180: 1966: 1775:

included the largest part of the region of Macedonia, despite the fact that the

1008:, Slavic tribes in the 6th century started a gradual invasion into the lands of 8067:"Във и извън Македония - спомени на Пандо Кляшев, стр. 276, Македонска Трибуна" 7235: 6775:

From the report of S. Novakovic to the Minister of Education in Belgrade about

5582: 5406: 5299: 5183: 5179: 5127: 5071: 4993: 4937: 4891: 4854: 4623: 4604: 4584:

deported by the Bulgarian army and had an equal death rate to the German zone.

4576: 4561: 4545: 3818: 3417: 3336: 3205: 3043: 2691: 2635: 2528: 2332:

The regions of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by ethnic Bulgarians in 1912, by

2179:

The work of Gopčević was further developed by two Serbian scholars, geographer

2027: 1788: 1776: 1760: 1707: 1395: 1289: 1145: 1133: 1125: 1065: 1012:. They infiltrated into Macedonia and reached as far south as Thessaly and the 989: 897: 826: 719: 689:

Following this period there were repeated barbaric invasions of the Balkans by

679: 621: 609: 497: 467: 463: 419: 403: 391: 355: 343: 331: 319: 7877:

Dimitre Mičev (Dimiter Minchev). Hosted on Kroraina.com, retrieved 2007-08-21.

6491:, Ethnizität und räumliche Verteilung der Aromunen in Südeuropa. Münster, 1999 6047: 5756: 5344: 4671:

Races of Eastern Europe by Alexander Gross, published by "Geographia" Ltd. in

2127: 9272: 7659: 7546: 6405:

GREATER SERBIA from Ideology to Aggression; Jovan Cvijic: Selected statements

6303:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–222. 6294: 6209: 6065:

Hornblower, Simon. "Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods". In

5773: 5323: 5114: 5110: 5001: 4980: 4821:

officials are documented to have buried alive three Bulgarian civilians from

4639: 4627: 4596: 4549: 4514:

region that was known as Macedonia was won by the Greek state (also known as

3253: 2322: 2135: 1886: 1654: 1649: 1262: 1141: 1099: 976: 881: 870: 447: 439: 363: 160:. Thracians, in early times occupied mainly the eastern parts of Macedonia, ( 9145:

https://web.archive.org/web/20110927153709/http://vmro.150m.com/en/carnegie/

8988: 7950: 7641:"Bulgarian "Macedonian" Nationalism: A Conceptual Overview Anton Kojouharov" 7339:

Macedonia in the 1940s. Modern and Contemporary Macedonia, vol. II, 64-103.

7320: 6609: 3762:

gave the following statistical estimates about the population of Macedonia:

2139:

From the Serbian point of view, the Slavs of Macedonia were Serbian-speakers

2074: 7900: 5665:

clear Bulgarian national consciousness and consider Bulgaria their homeland

5644: 5604: 5599: 5536: 5457: 5349: 5319: 5307: 5271: 5255: 5235:(BCP). The Macedonian Regional Committee refused to remain in contact with 4989: 4736: 3238: 3222: 2961: 2915: 2374: 2232: 2060: 2040: 1983: 1862: 1858: 1743: 1641: 830: 822: 8470: 8097: 7623: 7321:

IMRO Militia And Volunteer Battalions Of Southwestern Macedonia, 1943–1944

7062: 5611:. With the 1943 dissolution of Comintern and the subsequent advent of the 5524:, has also questioned the extent of resistance of the local population of 4972:

and his closest men and prevent his policies. Chento's place was taken by

2015: 1657:. The Slavonic liturgy was, however, preserved at the lower levels of the 1390:

of historical Macedonia. Under the influence of the Greek schools and the

9179:

Misirkov, Krste P. (1903). Za makedonckite raboti. Sofia: Liberalni klub.

7673: 7193:

Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century

5805: 5728: 5724: 5590: 5586: 5362: 5358: 5138: 5057: 4882: 4777: 4699: 4572: 4481: 3462: 3098: 3059: 2035:. However, the uprising was crushed by the Ottomans. As a result, on the 1764: 1095: 1025: 1013: 995: 724: 455: 451: 443: 375: 367: 153: 117: 9104:

Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity

8488: 7030:, Dissertation accepted, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 1994/95, S.227. 6764:

Maps and politics: a review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia

5748:, has, however, preferred to call itself Albanian in official censuses. 5598:

in June 1948, when Bulgaria, being subordinated to the interests of the

3122:

The term was used in a completely different sense by British journalist

3119:

identifying them under the politically correct name "Macedonian Slavs".

2321:

Ethnographic Map of Macedonia: Point of View of the Bulgarians, author:

2082: 1830: 1680:, a Macedonia-born 18th-century painter, had a crucial influence on the 1620: 1374: 1224: 8918:. New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). 8827: 8694:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 428–445. 7468: 7436:

Plundered Loyalties: World War II and Civil War in Greek West Macedonia

6488: 6072: 5793: 5732: 5648: 5167: 4912: 4631: 4459: 4198: 3527: 3179: 3158: 3136: 3073:

Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor in the early 20th century (

3014: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2882: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2646:

and what’s more, of their own, separate Macedonian church leadership."

2501: 2435: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2148: 2144: 2064: 2048: 2003: 1932: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1865:

in 1863, Serbians Davidovitch in 1848, Constant Desjardins in 1853 and

1825:

usually regarded the language of the Slavic population of Macedonia as

1792: 1703: 1358: 1330: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1270: 1223:

Ethnographic map of the Balkans in 1847 from the Austrian ethnographer

1191: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1091: 1021: 942: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 889: 496:, established around the 8th century BC, is mostly associated with the 129: 6313:

See Vakalopoulos, 'A History of Macedonia, 1354–1832', Salonika, 1973.

5808:; in order to obtain it they must sign a statement declaring they are 5788:

as "promoting racial and religious hate and intolerance". In 2009 the

5682: 5315: 5280: 4822: 3486: 1403:

Macedonian countryside. The Hellenic idea reached its peak during the

7613:

The Races and Religions of Macedonia, "National Geographic", Nov 1912

5612: 5573:

to Bulgaria. They also supported the Greek Communists and especially

5550: 5433: 5267: 5118: 4941: 4916: 4866: 4802: 4534: 4499: 4463:), 9.9% Bulgarian (119,000) and 8.1% others (98,000). According to a 3428: 3347: 3217: 2922:(Daco-Romanians) and the Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians. The first 2919: 2781: 2749:

in 1902. During the 1913–14 period, Čupovski published the newspaper

2537: 2510: 2473:

Ethnographic map of the Balkans (1897), in Hungarian, as seen in the

2328: 1275: 1080: 1061: 1029: 858: 715: 644: 593: 427: 423: 407: 382: 347: 165: 137: 6793:

The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World

5643:) helped to attract refugees that had settled in other parts of the 3781:

Greeks: ca. 250,000, whereof ca. 240,000 Orthodox and 14,000 Muslims

2989: 2857: 2410: 2256: 2131:

Ethnographic map of the Balkans from the Serbian author Jovan Cvijic

1907: 1495: 1305: 1166: 917: 756: 731:

era. From an early period, the Roman province of Macedonia included

207: 88: 8270:

The Communist Party of Bulgaria; Origins and Development, 1883–1936

7127:

The Macedonian question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939-1949

6508: 5620: 5616: 5528:

against the Bulgarian forces and describes the clash as political.

5414: 5402: 5228: 5005: 4876: 4798: 4714:

The creation of the ethnic Macedonian cultural institutions in the

4683: 4615: 4580: 4553: 3784:

Albanians: ca. 120,000, whereof 10,000 Orthodox and 110,000 Muslims

2952: 2654: 2541: 2378: 2370: 2220: 2068: 1857:

in 1868 and F. Brodaska in 1869, Englishmen James Wyld in 1877 and

1795:

and the Ambracian Gulf was called "Albania" at the time (see also:

1685: 1284: 1117: 1076: 981: 736: 652: 582: 169: 161: 157: 8831:

The World of Athens: An Introduction to Classical Athenian Culture

5585:

to the new state under Communist rule. According this project the

5032:

in 1967 by Central Committee of the Communist Party of Macedonia.

4919:

in the middle 1940s. This chapter of the partisan's history was a

4579:

and parts of Greek Macedonia, where they persecuted and committed

9044:. Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 7077:

Richard Gillespie, "Mediterranean Politics", Pinter Pub Ltd, 1996

5624: 5398: 5097: 4794: 4619: 4533:(1944–1949). At the same time a number of Macedonian Greeks from 4520: 4313: 3919: 3516: 3494: 3395: 3314: 2973: 2723: 2165: 1768: 1624:

Ethnic composition map of the Balkans by the French ethnographer

1416: 1363: 1144:

in 1392, most of Macedonia formally became incorporated into the

1005: 901: 866: 740: 509: 185: 141: 8718:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. 8149:"Във и извън Македония. Спомени на Пандо Младенов стр. 97 - 100" 6288: 4826:

Turks to emigrate. In the next centuries, a sense of a distinct

3265:

Robert Newman in 1935, who recounts discovering in a village in

2935: 876:

Later in about 800 AD, a new province of the Byzantine Empire –

643:, the ancient Macedonians lived mostly on lands adjacent to the 46: 9257: 9135:

Boué, Ami. (1840). Le Turquie d’Europe. Paris: Arthus Bertrand.

6586:

The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878

6272:

The Balkans: From Communism to Constantinople. Dennis P Hupchik

5745: 5652: 5490: 5438: 5383: 5311: 5276: 5199: 5187: 4814: 4611: 4568: 3804: 3772: 3768: 3549: 3538: 3498: 3490: 3186: 2956:

Ethnographic map of the Balkans according to the Atlas Général

2711: 2707: 2634:, published on 18 January 1871 in the "Macedonia" newspaper in 2519: 2366: 2208: 2044: 1999: 1987: 1979: 1727: 1690: 1383: 1280: 1257: 1137: 988:

Taking advantage of the desolation left by the nomadic tribes,

885: 732: 671: 667: 555: 486: 474: 411: 145: 133: 9153:

The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–2012

7161:

Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe

5623:. The Dimitrov's sudden death in July 1949 was followed by a " 5482: 5178:

in which he specified the regions to be taken by units of the

5040: 4656:"Bulgarians" increasingly began to identify as "Macedonians". 2813:

Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia

2764:

During the 1920s and 30s the idea was promoted by some of the

873:

people by that time) but left much of the region depopulated.

9174:

Jezernik, Bozhidar. Macedonians: Conspicuous By Their Absence

8355:

Finally, Albania recognizes a Greek and a Macedonian minority

7495: 7493: 5998: 5425: 5303: 5195: 5087: 4984:

organisations, demands for greater democracy, etc. People as

4952: 4948: 4920: 4810: 4806: 3560: 3252:

under the title ‘The Situation in Macedonia and the Tasks of

2968: 2715: 2675: 2483: 2362: 2358: 2243:

the northern parts of the region it was almost non-existent.

1772: 1723: 1604:

Ethographic map of Europe in 1897 from a Hungarian historian.

1112:

In the 13th and the 14th centuries the Byzantine Empire, the

1084: 1057: 690: 683: 8760:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. 6863:, İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), 2006. pp. 87–89. 5142:

and fall of the Kingdom Yugoslavia. At the beginning of the

4312:

All Muslims incl. Albanians under Turks; Refers only to the

3793:

Roma: ca. 50,000, whereof 35,000 Orthodox and 15,000 Muslims

1366:

by Ioannis Gennadius, published by the English cartographer

1132:

in 1371 most of the Serbian lords of Macedonia acknowledged

8217:

Studies in the History of Russia and Central-Eastern Europe

4960: 4947:

After the creation of Macedonian Republic the Presidium of

4831: 3571: 3439: 3358: 1986:

was an increasing emphasis during the 19th century, on the

862: 330:) derives from the tribal name of the ancient Macedonians ( 128:

The earliest historical inhabitants of the region were the

7648:

OJPCR: The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution

7490: 6861:

Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı (The Last Empire: Ottoman Empire)

5785: 5744:

Macedonian. The population itself, which is predominantly

5535:

and of a new Macedonian language, it started a process of

1016:, settling in isolated regions that the Byzantines called 8126:

Europe since 1945. Encyclopedia by Bernard Anthony Cook.

7984:

THE HOLOCAUST IN MACEDONIA: DEPORTATION OF MONASTIR JEWRY

7424:

F0371/58615, Thessaloniki consular report of 24 Sep. 1946

7259:

Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Communist World

5951:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 4764:

more information about the region and its population see

4634:

pro-Bulgarian organization fighting for unification with

4212:

Der Machtbereich des bulgarischen Exarchats in der Türkei

718:

in 148 BC, Macedonia officially became a province of the

8810:

The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History

8789:

Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander

8564:

Minorities in Southeast Europe - Macedonians of Bulgaria

7850:), Сотир Нанев (Sotir Nanev), 1942, reprinted 1993 with 7531:

Goli Otok: the island of death : a diary in letters

6899:(11 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208. 5780:

of Republic of Macedonia banned the organization of the

4976:, who started fully implementing the pro-Yugoslav line. 3246:

resolution about the recognition of Macedonian ethnicity

3157:

Ethnographical Map of Central and Southeastern Europe -

2910:

Attempts at Romanian influence among the Aromanians and

1885:

published travel notes in 1844 in which he regarded the

1813:

Ethnic composition of the Balkans in 1911, according to

1693:. Although the first literary work in Modern Bulgarian, 992:

settled in the Balkan Peninsula from the 6th century AD

6194:"The Borders of Ancient Makedonia III: Roman Makedonia" 4830:

nation emerged partly as a result of the resistance of

3685:

Refers to Macedonia and Old Serbia (Kosovo and Sanjak)

2383:

Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committee

8915:

Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy - A Biography

8332:

On the status of minorities in the Republic of Albania

8199:

Aegean Macedonians and the Bulgarian Identity Politics

7293: 7014:"Slav Bulgarian Committee Action in Ottoman Macedonia" 6523:

written in Solun (i.e. Thessaloniki) in February 1874.

6507:

published in the newspaper Macedonia in Carigrad (now

6361:

The people of Macedonia in the early twentieth century

4444: 8855:. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 7626:"CHAPTER II: The War and the Noncombatant Population" 6610:"Истинският образ на неуравновесения Кръсте Мисирков" 5924:. Routledge. pp. 21 (Pelasgians), 360 (Bryges). 3204:

Bulgaria's entry into World War I on the side of the

2078:

Bulgaria after the Conference of Constantinople, 1876

1407:(1821–1829) which received the active support of the 1265:

retained their Greek language and identity, remained

8778:

Collected Studies: Further Studies on Various Topics

8489:

Judgment 15 January 2009, (Application no. 74651/01)

8037:"StrumicaOnline - the best Strumica site on the web" 7438:. New York: New York University Press. p. 304. 7130:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 25, 26. 5727:

minority in Albania is concentrated in two regions,

5581:

with the idea of unification of Greek Macedonia and

4857:. He wrote that "the majority of the inhabitants of 4630:

and Georgi Dimchev. Ohrana (meaning Defense) was an

1974:

In Europe, the classic non-national states were the

9041:

Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History, and Topography

7624:Carnegie Endowment for International peace (1914). 7433: 7399: 7063:Carnegie Endowment for International peace (1914). 6479:

Neofytos Doukas, "Logos peri katastaseos skholeion"

6462:Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995, 5341:'s personal representative in the Vardar Banovina. 4966:

unification of the Macedonian people into one state

4388:

The frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe

3229:, for the first time the objectives of the unified 1661:for several centuries until its abolition in 1767. 980:Part of the Byzantine Empire in 1045 under Emperor 232:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8618:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 8594:In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon 8426:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992 7831:Bulgarian army occupation units in Yugoslavia 1941 7722:Veritas (1931). "Trial of Bulgarians in Bitolya". 7354:Denying Ethnic Identity: The Macedonians of Greece 7097:The Balkan Wars in the Eyes of the Warring Parties 6762:Henry Robert Wilkinson published in 1951 the work 6693:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977-05-27). 3058:in 1913 to inquire into causes and conduct of the 2025:Afterward, in 1876 the Bulgarians revolted in the 1767:, it was decided to create 2 autonomous Bulgarian 123: 9065:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 8201:. Oxford: St Antony's College, Oxford. p. 5. 7998:Beсник "Вест", Година:1 Број:215 Сабота 3/24/2001 7875:Bulgarian Campaign Committees in Macedonia - 1941 6923:Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914 6853: 5671:increased almost to the level of state ideology. 5420:On 2 August 1944, on the 41st anniversary of the 9270: 8939:. New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge. 8828:Joint Association of Classical Teachers (1984). 8685: 6842:Hugh Poulton, Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995, 6160: 3259: 1697:was written by a Macedonia born Bulgarian monk, 1684:and significantly affected the entire Bulgarian 1664:The creator of modern Bulgarian historiography, 8960:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 8690:. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). 8561: 7964:"Vukmanovic Describes Conflict with Bulgarians" 6521:A letter from Slaveykov to the Bulgarian Exarch 6063:, Chapter Two: Alexander's Inheritance, p. 10; 5531:After the end of World War II, the creation of 5493:prior to their return home. The 135,000-strong 2400: 27:Historical overview of Macedonia's demographics 9204: 8428:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 122. 7601:Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian question 6813:Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian question 6647:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 105. 6191: 4849:German ethnic map of Central Europe from 1932. 4817:, and more than 260 villages were burnt down. 2237:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 2155:The Congress of Berlin of 1878, which granted 2086:Bulgaria after the Treaty of San Stefano, 1878 1730:, it grew to include the whole of present-day 821:gradually emerged as a successor state to the 550:), the Macedonians are credited with numerous 500:and the tribe named after it. The dynasty was 9023:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. 8834:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 8807:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1989). 8786:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1993). 8775:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (2001). 8739:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 8597:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 8299:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 79. 7970:Background Reports, 11 February 1971 (at the 7196:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 37, 38. 7164:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 76, 75. 7058: 7056: 6667: 6583: 6135:, Chapter 2: The Macedonian Homeland, p. 23; 5607:in Eastern Europe and of the consequences of 5452:At this time the new Bulgarian government of 4936:as the official, recognized as distinct from 4542:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 4030:Die Nationalen Bestrebungen der Balkansvölker 3787:Vlachs: ca. 90,000 Orthodox and 3,000 Muslims 1821:European ethnographs and linguists until the 8460:Court for waved Bulgarian flag in Macedonia. 7153: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7011: 6978: 6946: 6815:, Hamden, CT Archon Books, 1971, pp. 199-200 6642: 6263:The Ancient Illyrians. Pashko Gjonaij. 2001. 6073:Joint Association of Classical Teachers 1984 5694:ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria have endured 3805:Sample statistical data from neutral sources 2930: 481:, their wealth was largely built on herding 458:. Their religious beliefs mirrored those of 9079: 9058: 8974: 8911: 8686:Christesen, Paul; Murray, Sarah C. (2010). 8538:"Bulgarian citizenship: the latest numbers" 8237: 7376:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7217: 7215: 7213: 7119: 7117: 7065:"CHAPTER IV: The War and the Nationalities" 6993: 6926:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 631. 6699:. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. 6430: 6156: 6140: 6116: 6060: 5708:Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia 5575:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front 5100:District in 1925, speculatively called the 4842:Communist Party in the 1924 May Manifesto. 3270:local population at this period prevailed. 2285:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1970:Map of the Bulgarian Exarchate (1870–1913). 1524:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 785:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 9107:. Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. 9037: 7870: 7868: 7807:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7797:(in Bulgarian). Sofia. pp. CXCI–CXCV. 7776:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7745:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7707:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7638: 7356:. Toronto: Human Rights Watch. p. 9. 7100:. iUniverse. pp. 250, 253, 198, 258. 7053: 7028:Von Den Balkankriegen Zum Ersten Weltkrieg 6893:Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (27 May 1977). 6818: 6795:, 1995, Princeton University Press, p.65, 6064: 6054: 6013:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5985: 5016:, were systematically exterminated by the 5012:'s supporters in Vardar Macedonia, called 4475: 3751: 3292:The basis of the Ottoman censuses was the 3137:Development of the name "Macedonian Slavs" 3056:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 402:) were an ancient tribe that lived on the 8708: 8272:. Columbia University Press. p. 126. 8244:New Balkan Politics - Journal of Politics 7880: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7157: 7144: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 6954:(in Turkish). p. 101. Archived from 6526: 6286: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6076: 6027: 5945:Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen (1973). 5887:"Vardar Macedonia" is the portion of the 4587:The Bulgarian Army occupied the whole of 3642: 3066:, Germany, Russia and the United States. 3030:Learn how and when to remove this message 2898:Learn how and when to remove this message 2451:Learn how and when to remove this message 2305:Learn how and when to remove this message 1948:Learn how and when to remove this message 1588:Learn how and when to remove this message 1346:Learn how and when to remove this message 1207:Learn how and when to remove this message 1156: 958:Learn how and when to remove this message 900:. It did not include any part of ancient 805:Learn how and when to remove this message 366:.The word "Makednos" is cognate with the 292:Learn how and when to remove this message 9284:Demographic history by country or region 9225:. Indiana University Press. p. 85. 9100: 9016: 8753: 8632: 8518:Macedonia embroiled in encyclopaedia row 7766:(in Bulgarian). Sofia. pp. 464–467. 7210: 7158:Lieberman, Benjamin (16 December 2013). 7123: 7114: 6892: 6692: 6670:Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History 6152: 6132: 6124: 6066: 5818:ethnopolitically disoriented Bulgarians. 5755: 5681: 5343: 5137:Between 6 April 1941 and 17 April 1941, 5086: 5039: 4909:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 4881: 4844: 4771: 4666: 4658: 4638:. Uhrana was supported from IMRO leader 3164: 3152: 3147:Institute and Museum of Military History 3140: 3092: 3084: 3068: 3050:(1924, written 1919) and partially with 2967: 2951: 2943: 2934: 2843: 2829:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 2571: 2468: 2327: 2316: 2194: 2134: 2126: 2118: 2081: 2073: 1965: 1808: 1781: 1619: 1607: 1599: 1373: 1357: 1230: 1218: 975: 829:) and included its second largest city ( 492:Although composed of various clans, the 381: 103: 95: 87: 71:of all important aspects of the article. 9216: 9002:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 8995: 8932: 8890: 8869: 8806: 8792:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Hakkert. 8785: 8774: 8660: 8417: 8383:"FYROM's Dispute with Greece Revisited" 8327: 8325: 8294: 8196: 7987:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7865: 7790: 7759: 7728:(in Bulgarian). Sofia. pp. 460–464 7721: 7690:(in Bulgarian). Sofia. pp. 511–512 7683: 7299: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6672:. Hoover Press. pp. 196–197, 264. 6636: 6588:. Oxford University Press. p. 31. 6128: 6120: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6088: 5944: 5782:Bulgarians in the Republic of Macedonia 5091:Bulgarian campaigns during World War I. 5023:The encouragement and evolution of the 2246: 1978:such as the Ottoman Empire, ruled by a 1750:populations. The Hellenic idea and the 647:, in the far south of the modern Greek 14: 9271: 9149: 8781:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Hakkert. 8611: 8423: 7404:. London: Hurst & Co. p. 53. 7255: 7242: 7189: 7178: 7093: 7080: 6661: 6569:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6275: 6172: 6136: 5844:Macedonia (Greece) Demographic history 5839:Demographic history of North Macedonia 5182:. In Greece, the units were to occupy 4959:to participate in the fighting in the 3169:Ethnographic map of the Balkans, 1922. 2839: 2235:, which fought the detachments of the 1897: 746: 670:was colonized by Macedonian settlers. 306:History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom) 191: 116:is known to have been inhabited since 67:Please consider expanding the lead to 36:Demographic history of North Macedonia 8953: 8848: 8590: 7835: 6919: 6426: 6424: 6108: 6092: 5983: 5971: 5048:, showing the boundaries of Bulgaria. 3801:irrespective of their mother tongue. 3287: 3128:Macedonia, its races and their future 2790:resolution on the Macedonian question 2702:dialect spoken in central Macedonia ( 2114: 466:, although the Macedonians continued 9020:Sociolinguistic Variation and Change 8732: 8322: 7794:Macedonia Under Oppression 1919–1929 7763:Macedonia Under Oppression 1919–1929 7725:Macedonia Under Oppression 1919–1929 7687:Macedonia under oppression 1919–1929 7124:Livanios, Dimitris (17 April 2008). 6877: 6222: 6084: 6080: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5512:Bulgarian National Historical Museum 5025:culture of the Republic of Macedonia 4897:National Liberation War of Macedonia 4567:Greece was attacked and occupied by 3465:of the three Macedonian vilayets of 3012:adding citations to reliable sources 2983: 2880:adding citations to reliable sources 2851: 2433:adding citations to reliable sources 2404: 2283:adding citations to reliable sources 2250: 2047:, and denied Bulgaria access to the 1962:Slavic speakers in Ottoman Macedonia 1930:adding citations to reliable sources 1901: 1670:Description of the Bulgarian Kingdom 1522:adding citations to reliable sources 1489: 1328:adding citations to reliable sources 1299: 1189:adding citations to reliable sources 1160: 940:adding citations to reliable sources 911: 783:adding citations to reliable sources 750: 462:, following the main deities of the 230:adding citations to reliable sources 201: 92:The geographical region of Macedonia 40: 8852:The Art of War in the Western World 6192:Melville-Jones, John (2021-12-01). 6177:. In J. Garry; et al. (eds.). 5938: 5802:European Convention of Human Rights 5589:of the ruling nations in the three 4926:Croatian ruling-class of Yugoslavia 4445:Statistical data of Greek Macedonia 3282: 2948:Austrian ethnographic map from 1892 2190: 1841:in 1841, J. Hahn in 1858 and 1863, 837:Macedonia Prima ("First Macedonia") 727:, the common Greek language of the 24: 9289:Demographics of the Ottoman Empire 9123: 8736:Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity 8267: 6421: 6359:Foundation of the Hellenic World. 5776:" have continued until today. The 5751: 5659:Bulgarian Macedonia. In 1960, the 5254:Before the German invasion in the 4766:Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia 3299:1882 Ottoman census in Macedonia: 2811:movement which in 1944 set up the 2770:Macedonian Federative Organization 1537:"Demographic history of Macedonia" 1136:suzerainty. After the conquest of 1128:conquered the area, but after the 706: 696: 473:that had ceased in other parts of 241:"Demographic history of Macedonia" 25: 9320: 9250: 7951:Кои беа партизаните во Македонија 7311:Makedonia newspaper, 11 May 1948. 5908: 5849:Blagoevgrad Province Demographics 3481:and 557 thousand faithful of the 2690:) published in Sofia in 1903 by 1791:because the area between eastern 1485: 1106:Roma in the Republic of Macedonia 620:(171–168 BC) and established the 144:and the Bryges occupied northern 9256: 9083:Alexander the Great: Man and God 8692:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 8555: 8530: 8511: 8500: 8482: 8464: 8453: 8442: 8406: 8374: 8348: 8313: 8288: 8276: 8261: 8231: 8205: 8190: 8172: 8141: 8120: 8101: 8090: 8059: 8029: 8020: 8009: 7991: 7977: 7956: 7944: 7933: 7924: 7906: 7603:, Hamden, CT Archon Books, 1971. 6226:(1983). "The Slavic Invasions". 4537:(modern Bitola) entered Greece. 3244:Later the Comintern published a 2988: 2856: 2776:and also by some members of the 2409: 2255: 2231:) especially after the death of 2067:peninsula and the valley of the 1906: 1659:Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid 1494: 1400:Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid 1304: 1295: 1165: 916: 755: 206: 45: 9309:Demographics of North Macedonia 8996:Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1981). 8912:O'Brien, John Maxwell (1994) . 8813:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 8240:"WITH THE EYES OF THE "OTHERS"" 8223:: 205–244. 2005. Archived from 7824: 7815: 7784: 7753: 7715: 7677: 7666: 7639:Kojouharov, Anton (Fall 2004). 7632: 7617: 7606: 7593: 7575: 7566: 7540: 7524: 7505: 7472: 7461: 7452: 7427: 7418: 7393: 7384: 7345: 7333: 7314: 7305: 7276: 7236:"Ethnic Cleansing in Macedonia" 7228: 7071: 7040: 7020: 7005: 6987: 6972: 6940: 6913: 6831: 6805: 6785: 6769: 6756: 6738: 6713: 6686: 6626: 6602: 6577: 6514: 6494: 6482: 6473: 6451: 6409: 6398: 6387: 6376: 6365: 6353: 6344: 6332: 6316: 6307: 6287:Bourchier, James David (1911). 6266: 6257: 6216: 6185: 6166: 5881: 5871: 5686:Pirin Macedonia within Bulgaria 5497:continued to Hungary, aided by 5291:and Bulgarian Communist Party. 5251:also greeted it as liberation. 5247:in the part of Greek Macedonia 4725:Socialist Republic of Macedonia 4316:of Thessaloniki (Salonica) and 3178:proposed in 1887 employing the 2999:needs additional citations for 2867:needs additional citations for 2420:needs additional citations for 1917:needs additional citations for 1612:Map from the German geographer 1413:Istituto Geografiko de Agostini 1315:needs additional citations for 1269:, and were subsequently called 1176:needs additional citations for 1151: 927:needs additional citations for 568: 545: 534: 217:needs additional citations for 124:Еarliest historical inhabitants 59:may be too short to adequately 8999:The Greeks and Their Heritages 8957:A History of the Ancient World 8876:. Princeton University Press. 8583: 7891:, by Biljana Vankovska, 2003, 7533:by Venko Markovski, New York, 6146: 6021: 6003:. Cambridge. pp. 433–434. 5992: 5977: 5965: 5861: 5790:European Court of Human Rights 5692:European Court of Human Rights 5533:People's Republic of Macedonia 5447:Independent State of Macedonia 5443:Greek People's Liberation Army 5422:Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising 5249:occupied by the Bulgarian Army 5004:, were also persecuted by the 4940:. The capital was placed in a 4693:Greek People's Liberation Army 4645:Greek People's Liberation Army 3917:(official Turkish statistics), 3477:(648 thousand followes of the 2972:Ethnic composition map of the 2807:when they were adopted by the 2390:Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising 2020:Patriarchate of Constantinople 2008:Patriarchate of Constantinople 1752:Patriarchate of Constantinople 1392:Patriarchate of Constantinople 907: 892:(the theme's capital) and the 588:, and the inauguration of the 520:perhaps derived its name from 508:, descendant of the legendary 69:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 9279:History of Macedonia (region) 8977:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7972:Blinken Open Society Archives 7599:Stephen Palmer, Robert King, 7556:Веселин Ангелов, 2003-08-01, 6811:Stephen Palmer, Robert King, 6431:Ljuljanović, Denis Š (2023). 5918:King, Carol J. (2017-07-28). 5902: 5800:because of violations of the 5739:changed the situation and an 5698:by the Bulgarian government. 5632:People's Republic of Bulgaria 5237:Communist Party of Yugoslavia 3260:Absent national consciousness 2978:Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas 2778:Communist Party of Yugoslavia 2753:(Македонскi Голосъ) (meaning 2659:Dictionary of Three Languages 1048:, all of them members of the 658:Generations after Alexander, 8527:. Euractiv, 13 October 2009. 8380:Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; 7434:John S. Koliopoulos (1999). 7400:John S. Koliopoulos (1999). 6161:Christesen & Murray 2010 5052:The Bulgarian population in 4135:incl. Albanians under Turks 4090:Balkanwirren und ihre grunde 4076:incl. Albanians under Turks 3965:incl. Albanians under Turks 3906:incl. Albanians under Turks 3778:Turks: ca. 500,000 (Muslims) 2980:, 1st Edition, Leipzig 1881. 2549: Albanians and Serbians 2401:Ethnic Macedonian propaganda 2229:Greek Struggle for Macedonia 1362:Pro-Greek ethnic map of the 562:allowed for the exploits of 414:in the northeastern part of 7: 9181:(In Macedonian and English) 9101:Zacharia, Katerina (2008). 9086:. New York, NY: Routledge. 9038:Vanderpool, Eugene (1982). 7953:Никола Петров, Скопје, 1998 7848:Macedonia 1941 Resurrection 5822: 5220:Bulgarian Action Committees 5035: 4438:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 4269:La questiona roma rumeliota 3235:Balkan Communist Federation 3227:May Manifesto of 6 May 1924 3195:Robert William Seton-Watson 2743:Macedonian Literary Society 2567: Bulgarians and Osmans 2053:declare war on the Ottomans 581:, the establishment of the 450:of the region was at first 310:List of ancient Macedonians 10: 9325: 9080:Worthington, Ian (2014) . 8954:Starr, Chester G. (1991). 8733:Hall, Jonathan M. (2000). 8661:Chamoux, François (2002). 8612:Bryant, Joseph M. (1996). 8197:Marinov, Tchavdar (2004). 7843:Македония 1941 Възкресение 7500:КОЈ СО КОГО ЌЕ СЕ ПОМИРУВА 6198:Macedonian Studies Journal 5741:ethnic Macedonian minority 5737:Balkan Federative Republic 5718: 5696:violations of human rights 5563:Balkan Federative Republic 5521:The Ten Lies of Macedonism 5030:Macedonian Orthodox Church 4907:From the start of the new 4759:The present number of the 4756:of their places of birth. 4430:Only Christian population 4377:Only Christian population 4258:Only Christian population 3461:Special survey in 1904 of 2555: Greeks and Albanians 2462: 2108:Bulgarian national revival 2033:Bulgarian National Revival 1959: 1740:Bulgarian national revival 1706:after the decrease in the 1695:History of Slav-Bulgarians 1682:Bulgarian National Revival 969: 896:valley eastward along the 888:, including the area from 703:Macedonia (Roman province) 700: 560:consolidation of territory 314:The name of the region of 303: 195: 140:. The Pelasgians occupied 29: 9156:. House of Anansi Press. 9059:Worthington, Ian (2008). 8897:. Cambridge, UK: Heffer. 8754:Hamilton, J. R. (1974) . 8710:Errington, Robert Malcolm 8591:Borza, Eugene N. (1992). 8476:February 7, 2009, at the 7899:, page 270. Extract from 7535:Columbia University Press 7001:(in Turkish). p. 26. 6983:(in Turkish). p. 97. 6001:AHistory of Ancient Greek 5661:Bulgarian Communist Party 5640: 5627:" witchhunt in Bulgaria. 5557:were organized. Tito and 5430:Prohor Pčinjski monastery 5335:Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo 5289:Communist Party of Greece 5258:, there had not been any 5233:Bulgarian Communist Party 4970:Metodija Andonov - Chento 4780:(1912–1913) the Slavs in 4716:Democratic Army of Greece 4709:Women's Antifascist Front 4595:. A massive campaign of " 4487: 4331:La verité sur la Bulgarie 3237:and cooperation with the 2931:Independent point of view 2037:Constantinople Conference 1843:August Heinrich Petermann 1757:Constantinople Conference 1738:in 1874. This process of 1405:Greek War of Independence 686:, and the edge of India. 395: 359: 335: 323: 9294:Demographics of Bulgaria 9223:Who Are the Macedonians? 9017:Trudgill, Peter (2002). 8891:Perlman, Samuel (1973). 8664:Hellenistic Civilization 8562:Mariana Lenkova (2001). 8319:Ташев 1994: 141-162 стр. 8297:Who Are the Macedonians? 7858:, publisher Труд (Trud). 7342:by Yiannis D. Stefanidis 7262:. Springer. p. 57. 7016:(in Turkish). p. 3. 6839:Who are the Macedonians? 6645:Who are the Macedonians? 6503:an article from 1871 by 6459:Who are the Macedonians? 5854: 5298:and Greek Macedonia and 5287:under the leadership of 5018:Yugoslav Communist Party 4785:to its southern land as 4747:On August 20, 2003, the 4614:) were organized in the 4197:Refers to Macedonia and 3758:The 1911 edition of the 3670:1. Spiridon Goptchevitch 3048:Ethnography of Macedonia 2174:Macedonia and Old Serbia 2096:Principality of Bulgaria 2022:in the 1850s and 1860s. 1415:of Rome, in 1903 in the 571: 336–323 BC– 548: 359–336 BC– 537: 498–454 BC– 9304:Demographics of Albania 8989:10.1111/1468-0092.00106 8933:Osborne, Robin (2004). 8283:Nations and Nationalism 6501:The Macedonian question 6300:Encyclopædia Britannica 5829:Macedonia (terminology) 5374:resistance movement of 5162:. German, Italian, and 4476:20th and 21st centuries 3760:Encyclopædia Britannica 3753:Encyclopædia Britannica 3690:2. Cleanthes Nicolaides 3479:Ecumenical Patriarchate 3199:Bulgarians in Macedonia 2819:nation-state of ethnic 2628:The Macedonian question 2561: Greeks and Osmans 1859:Georgina Muir Mackenzie 1853:in 1842 and the Czechs 1815:Encyclopædia Britannica 1714:and Bulgarian schools. 662:would add new lands to 614:the Macedonian monarchy 604:. The Macedonians were 108:Macedonia in antiquity. 9299:Demographics of Greece 9217:Poulton, Hugh (2000). 9150:Glenny, Misha (2012). 9062:Philip II of Macedonia 8870:Mazower, Mark (2000). 8849:Jones, Archer (2001). 8715:A History of Macedonia 8494:March 5, 2009, at the 8424:Djokić, Dejan (2003). 8295:Poulton, Hugh (2000). 8041:www.strumicaonline.com 7484:March 8, 2009, at the 6668:Andrew Rossos (2013). 6584:Mark Biondich (2011). 6437:. LIT Verlag Münster. 6224:Fine, John Van Antwerp 5891:currently occupied by 5761: 5687: 5609:Paris Peace Conference 5428:) was held at the St. 5353: 5176:Joachim von Ribbentrop 5144:Invasion of Yugoslavia 5092: 5049: 5046:Treaty of San Stephano 4887: 4850: 4678: 4664: 3915:Ethnicity of Macedonia 3643:Rival statistical data 3170: 3162: 3150: 3101: 3090: 3082: 2981: 2965: 2949: 2941: 2849: 2688:Za Makedonskite Raboti 2619: 2569: 2465:Macedonian nationalism 2353: 2325: 2200: 2157:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2140: 2132: 2124: 2100:Kresna–Razlog uprising 2087: 2079: 1971: 1818: 1804: 1712:Bulgarian Patriarchate 1629: 1617: 1605: 1379: 1371: 1240: 1228: 1157:Muslims and Christians 985: 817:As the Greek state of 739:, parts of Thrace and 711: 446:dialect, although the 387: 109: 101: 93: 8688:"Macedonian Religion" 7962:Stankovic, Slobodan. 7903:retrieved 2007-08-21. 7190:Mozjes, Paul (2011). 7094:Despot, Igor (2012). 7050:, 20, p.123-132, 1979 7012:Mithat AYDIN (2019). 6979:Rahman Ademi (2006). 6947:Ahbab, Yakup (2015). 6643:Hugh Poulton (2000). 6383:Quo vadis, Македонио! 6111:, pp. 260, 367; 5798:Republic of Macedonia 5759: 5703:Treaty of San Stefano 5685: 5347: 5225:Metodi Shatarov-Šarlo 5090: 5068:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 5043: 4885: 4848: 4791:Serbian Radical Party 4772:Serbia and Yugoslavia 4670: 4662: 4593:Bulgarian irridentism 3216:During the 1920s the 3168: 3156: 3144: 3096: 3088: 3072: 2971: 2955: 2947: 2938: 2847: 2784:in coordination with 2736:On Macedonian Matters 2696:On Macedonian Matters 2684:On Macedonian Matters 2575: 2472: 2331: 2320: 2198: 2138: 2130: 2122: 2085: 2077: 2057:Treaty of San Stefano 1969: 1812: 1785: 1678:Hristofor Zhefarovich 1623: 1611: 1603: 1377: 1361: 1234: 1222: 979: 710: 649:province of Macedonia 630:Fourth Macedonian War 434:, which was either a 385: 304:Further information: 152:, mainly west of the 107: 99: 91: 9265:at Wikimedia Commons 9263:History of Macedonia 8669:Blackwell Publishing 8364:5 March 2009 at the 8108:СТЕНОГРАФСКИ БЕЛЕШКИ 7512:СТЕНОГРАФСКИ БЕЛЕШКИ 6994:Güler YARCI (2013). 6920:Hodge, Carl (2008). 6791:Loring M. Danforth, 6721:"Eveniment - Divers" 6614:www.promacedonia.org 6551:on 15 September 2006 6159:, pp. 175–209; 6083:, pp. 607–608; 5810:Bulgarians by origin 5778:Constitutional Court 5676:Blagoevgrad Province 5495:Bulgarian First Army 5102:War of the Stray Dog 4705:Macedonian ethnicity 4540:The 1923 Compulsory 4201:(Kosovo and Sanjak) 4085:Colmar von der Goltz 3008:improve this article 2876:improve this article 2809:Macedonian Partisans 2730:and because of that 2726:in the wars against 2663:Rečnik od tri jezika 2475:Pallas Great Lexicon 2429:improve this article 2279:improve this section 2247:Bulgarian propaganda 1976:multi-ethnic empires 1926:improve this article 1863:Adeline Paulina Irby 1666:Petar Bogdan Bakshev 1634:Hoca Sadeddin Efendi 1518:improve this section 1324:improve this article 1254:Ottoman–Habsburg War 1185:improve this article 1050:Balkan language area 936:improve this article 779:improve this section 714:After the defeat of 660:Philip II of Macedon 635:Before the reign of 618:Third Macedonian War 606:eventually conquered 552:military innovations 494:kingdom of Macedonia 420:ancient Greek people 386:Expansion of Macedon 342:). According to the 226:improve this article 9221:. In Second (ed.). 8757:Alexander the Great 8246:(6). Archived from 7256:Fowkes, B. (2002). 6173:Joseph, B. (2001). 6119:, pp. 8, 219; 6032:. Open Road Media. 5889:region of Macedonia 5542:Bulgarian Macedonia 5518:, in his 2003 book 5462:Alexander Stanishev 5285:Bulgarian Macedonia 5149:Yugoslav Communists 5132:Macedonian question 5113:'s IMRO was called 5106:coup of 19 May 1934 5063:Bulgarian Exarchate 4934:Macedonian language 4901:Macedonian language 4674:The Daily Telegraph 4508:Treaty of Bucharest 4216:Leipzig – Neuchâtel 4027:Prof. G. Wiegland – 3493:, parts of eastern 3483:Bulgarian Exarchate 3075:William R. Shepherd 2840:Romanian propaganda 2798:Macedonian language 2698:was written in the 2665:). The text of the 2388:The failure of the 2055:in April 1877. The 1898:Macedonian question 1855:Karel Jaromír Erben 1851:Pavel Jozef Šafárik 1763:and the 6 European 1720:Bulgarian Exarchate 1699:Paisius of Hilendar 1668:in his first work " 1114:Despotate of Epirus 880:, was organised by 747:Byzantine Macedonia 612:, which dismantled 602:Mediterranean world 564:Alexander the Great 198:Ancient Macedonians 192:Ancient Macedonians 180:– since before the 174:Ancient Macedonians 8523:2017-10-23 at the 8370:Helsinki Committee 8343:Helsinki Committee 8337:2009-03-05 at the 8184:2008-09-11 at the 8113:2008-02-28 at the 8003:2005-10-16 at the 7918:2009-03-04 at the 7587:2009-03-05 at the 7552:2014-03-01 at the 7517:2008-02-28 at the 7326:2006-07-20 at the 6824:Newman, R. (1952) 6750:2021-12-27 at the 6103:, pp. 12–13; 6075:, pp. 50–51; 6028:Herodotus (2020). 5834:Macedonia (region) 5814:Ljubčo Georgievski 5762: 5688: 5507:Ljubčo Georgievski 5499:Yugoslav Partisans 5354: 5093: 5050: 5044:Annex to the 1878 4888: 4863:Orthodox Christian 4851: 4679: 4665: 4552:from northeastern 4510:, some 51% of the 4328:Robert Pelletier – 4266:Amadore Virgilli – 4209:Richard von Mach – 3710:3. Vasil Kantchoff 3607:Bulgarian Orthodox 3407:Bulgarian Orthodox 3326:Bulgarian Orthodox 3288:Ottoman statistics 3171: 3163: 3151: 3102: 3091: 3083: 2982: 2966: 2950: 2942: 2850: 2672:Slognica Rechovska 2651:Gjorgjija Pulevski 2620: 2570: 2354: 2326: 2201: 2141: 2133: 2125: 2115:Serbian propaganda 2104:Congress of Berlin 2092:Congress of Berlin 2088: 2080: 1972: 1871:Victor Grigorovich 1869:in 1860, Russians 1829:. French scholars 1823:Congress of Berlin 1819: 1805: 1797:this classical map 1630: 1618: 1606: 1380: 1372: 1241: 1229: 1064:together with the 986: 712: 616:at the end of the 600:, and the broader 590:Hellenistic period 432:Ancient Macedonian 406:around the rivers 388: 178:Orestian highlands 110: 102: 94: 9261:Media related to 9114:978-0-7546-6525-0 9093:978-1-317-86644-2 9072:978-0-300-12079-0 8894:Philip and Athens 8701:978-1-4051-7936-2 8644:Faber & Faber 8639:Philip of Macedon 8238:Mirjana Maleska. 7968:Radio Free Europe 7562:978-954-8008-77-8 7445:978-0-81474-730-8 7411:978-1-85065-381-3 7288:978-0-691-04357-9 6848:978-1-85065-238-0 6826:Tito's Yugoslavia 6706:978-0-521-29166-8 6536:2 (1975): 83–98. 6444:978-3-643-91446-0 6290:"Macedonia" 6069:, pp. 55–58. 6039:978-1-5040-6192-6 5986:Vanderpool (1982) 5931:978-1-351-71031-2 5921:Ancient Macedonia 5713:national question 5641:Славянски Комитет 5596:Tito–Stalin split 5555:Belene labor camp 5546:ethnic Macedonian 5516:Bozhidar Dimitrov 5394:United Macedonian 4974:Lazar Kolishevski 4589:Eastern Macedonia 4451:League of Nations 4434: 4433: 3973:Stepan Verkovitch 3862:Prince Tcherkasky 3749: 3748: 3640: 3639: 3591: 3590: 3459: 3458: 3378: 3377: 3276:Bulgarian Revival 3099:Hammond & Co. 3040: 3039: 3032: 2912:Megleno-Romanians 2908: 2907: 2900: 2815:and proclaimed a 2794:Macedonian nation 2759:Macedonian people 2751:Makedonski Golos' 2644:own local dialect 2624:ethnic Macedonian 2599: Macedonians 2461: 2460: 2453: 2338:Lyubomir Miletich 2315: 2314: 2307: 2217:Cosmas of Aetolia 2170:Spiridon Gopčević 1958: 1957: 1950: 1879:Mikhail Mirkovich 1837:in 1861, Germans 1598: 1597: 1590: 1572: 1479: 1478: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1267:Crypto-Christians 1217: 1216: 1209: 1130:Battle of Maritsa 1094:, referred to as 1074:Byzantine Emperor 984:(reigned 976-1025 968: 967: 960: 815: 814: 807: 579:Achaemenid Empire 518:region of Macedon 502:allegedly founded 448:prestige language 418:. Essentially an 390:The Macedonians ( 302: 301: 294: 276: 86: 85: 16:(Redirected from 9316: 9260: 9236: 9214: 9167: 9118: 9097: 9076: 9055: 9034: 9013: 8992: 8971: 8950: 8929: 8908: 8887: 8866: 8845: 8824: 8803: 8782: 8771: 8750: 8729: 8705: 8682: 8657: 8634:Cawkwell, George 8629: 8608: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8568: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8540:. Archived from 8534: 8528: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8486: 8480: 8468: 8462: 8457: 8451: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8421: 8415: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8394: 8387: 8378: 8372: 8352: 8346: 8329: 8320: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8194: 8188: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8160: 8154:. Archived from 8153: 8145: 8139: 8124: 8118: 8105: 8099: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8078: 8072:. Archived from 8071: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8047:on 16 April 2008 8043:. Archived from 8033: 8027: 8024: 8018: 8013: 8007: 7995: 7989: 7981: 7975: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7928: 7922: 7910: 7904: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7863: 7861: 7839: 7833: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7806: 7798: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7775: 7767: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7706: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7681: 7675: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7645: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7621: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7597: 7591: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7564: 7544: 7538: 7528: 7522: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7488: 7476: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7397: 7391: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7375: 7367: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7318: 7312: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7253: 7240: 7239: 7232: 7226: 7219: 7208: 7207: 7187: 7176: 7175: 7155: 7142: 7141: 7121: 7112: 7111: 7091: 7078: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7060: 7051: 7044: 7038: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6960: 6953: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6890: 6875: 6873: 6859:Ortaylı, İlber. 6857: 6851: 6835: 6829: 6822: 6816: 6809: 6803: 6789: 6783: 6773: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6723:. Archived from 6717: 6711: 6710: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6568: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6550: 6544:. Archived from 6543: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6471: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6428: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6292: 6284: 6273: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6170: 6164: 6157:Theodossiev 2000 6150: 6144: 6117:Worthington 2008 6070: 6061:Worthington 2014 6058: 6052: 6051: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5915: 5896: 5885: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5770:United Macedonia 5760:North Macedonia. 5642: 5571:Western Outlands 5526:Vardar Macedonia 5487:Vardar Macedonia 5478:Fatherland Front 5473:Vardar Macedonia 5470: 5348:Bulgaria during 5264:non-intervention 5241:prisoners of war 5216:Kingdom of Italy 5212:Vardar Macedonia 5160:Battle of Greece 5153:Vardar Macedonia 5077:Serbian language 4986:Panko Brashnarov 4957:NOV of Macedonia 4782:Vardar Macedonia 4741:Greek parliament 4720:Paskal Mitrovski 4636:Greater Bulgaria 4526:First Balkan War 4453:report in 1912, 3824: 3823: 3815:Salonica Vilayet 3811:Manastir Vilayet 3790:Jews: ca. 75,000 3647: 3646: 3596: 3595: 3504: 3503: 3383: 3382: 3302: 3301: 3283:Statistical data 3267:Vardar Macedonia 3191:Henry Brailsford 3176:Stojan Novaković 3124:Henry Brailsford 3079:Historical Atlas 3035: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3015: 2992: 2984: 2903: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2860: 2852: 2755:Macedonian voice 2747:Saint Petersburg 2732:Byzantine Greeks 2728:Byzantine Empire 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2587: Bulgarians 2586: 2580: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2491: Serbs and 2490: 2481: 2456: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2413: 2405: 2334:Anastas Ishirkov 2310: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2259: 2251: 2205:Greek population 2191:Greek propaganda 2185:Aleksandar Belić 2161:Austro-Hungarian 1953: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1910: 1902: 1875:Vikentij Makušev 1867:Stjepan Verković 1849:in 1876, Slovak 1847:Heinrich Kiepert 1839:August Grisebach 1835:Guillaume Lejean 1638:Mustafa Selaniki 1626:Guillaume Lejean 1616:created in 1876. 1614:Heinrich Kiepert 1593: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1530: 1498: 1490: 1422: 1421: 1409:Greek Macedonian 1388:Greek population 1351: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1308: 1300: 1246:Vardar Macedonia 1212: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1169: 1161: 1122:Bulgarian Empire 1116:, the rulers of 972:Slavic migration 963: 956: 952: 949: 943: 920: 912: 810: 803: 799: 796: 790: 759: 751: 586:successor states 572: 570: 549: 547: 538: 536: 471:burial practices 436:sibling language 397: 361: 337: 325: 297: 290: 286: 283: 277: 275: 234: 210: 202: 81: 78: 72: 49: 41: 21: 18:Macedonian issue 9324: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9269: 9268: 9253: 9233: 9164: 9126: 9124:Further reading 9121: 9115: 9094: 9073: 9052: 9031: 9010: 8968: 8947: 8926: 8905: 8884: 8863: 8842: 8821: 8800: 8768: 8747: 8726: 8702: 8679: 8654: 8626: 8605: 8586: 8581: 8573: 8566: 8560: 8556: 8547: 8545: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8525:Wayback Machine 8516: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8496:Wayback Machine 8487: 8483: 8478:Wayback Machine 8469: 8465: 8458: 8454: 8447: 8443: 8436: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8407: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8366:Wayback Machine 8353: 8349: 8339:Wayback Machine 8330: 8323: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8293: 8289: 8281: 8277: 8266: 8262: 8253: 8251: 8236: 8232: 8211: 8210: 8206: 8195: 8191: 8186:Wayback Machine 8177: 8173: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8125: 8121: 8115:Wayback Machine 8106: 8102: 8095: 8091: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8010: 8005:Wayback Machine 7996: 7992: 7982: 7978: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7934: 7929: 7925: 7920:Wayback Machine 7911: 7907: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7840: 7836: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7816: 7800: 7799: 7789: 7785: 7769: 7768: 7758: 7754: 7738: 7737: 7731: 7729: 7720: 7716: 7700: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7682: 7678: 7671: 7667: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7607: 7598: 7594: 7589:Wayback Machine 7580: 7576: 7571: 7567: 7554:Wayback Machine 7545: 7541: 7529: 7525: 7519:Wayback Machine 7510: 7506: 7498: 7491: 7486:Wayback Machine 7477: 7473: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7432: 7428: 7423: 7419: 7412: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7330:by Vic Nicholas 7328:Wayback Machine 7319: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7254: 7243: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7220: 7211: 7204: 7188: 7179: 7172: 7156: 7145: 7138: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7092: 7081: 7076: 7072: 7061: 7054: 7045: 7041: 7025: 7021: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6992: 6988: 6977: 6973: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6891: 6878: 6871: 6858: 6854: 6836: 6832: 6823: 6819: 6810: 6806: 6790: 6786: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6757: 6752:Wayback Machine 6743: 6739: 6730: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6618: 6616: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6582: 6578: 6562: 6561: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6539:"Archived copy" 6537: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6505:Petko Slaveykov 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6285: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6221: 6217: 6190: 6186: 6175:"Ancient Greek" 6171: 6167: 6155:, p. 125; 6151: 6147: 6139:, p. 306; 6099:, p. 127; 6067:Zacharia (2008) 6059: 6055: 6040: 6026: 6022: 6006: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5899: 5893:North Macedonia 5886: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5825: 5765:North Macedonia 5754: 5752:North Macedonia 5721: 5579:Greek Civil War 5559:Georgi Dimitrov 5464: 5376:Josip Broz Tito 5339:Josip Broz Tito 5208:Vardar Banovina 5082:Slavic minority 5054:Pirin Macedonia 5038: 5010:Metodi Shatorov 4998:Venko Markovski 4930:Vardar Banovina 4859:Southern Serbia 4774: 4649:Josip Broz Tito 4558:Caucasus Greeks 4531:Greek Civil War 4490: 4478: 4455:Greek Macedonia 4449:According to a 4447: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4391: 4386: 4385:Leon Dominian – 4371: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4334: 4329: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4267: 4252: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4215: 4210: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4150: 4134: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4088: 4075: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4028: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3964: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3918: 3905: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3874: 3807: 3756: 3645: 3290: 3285: 3262: 3250:Makedonsko Delo 3231:Slav Macedonian 3161:, 1916, London. 3139: 3064:Austria-Hungary 3036: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3005: 2993: 2933: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2873: 2861: 2842: 2833:North Macedonia 2768:members of the 2745:established in 2640:Petko Slaveykov 2632:Petko Slaveykov 2618: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2581: Albanians 2578: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2533: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2515: 2513: 2506: 2504: 2497: 2495: 2488: 2486: 2479: 2467: 2457: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2426: 2414: 2403: 2350:Stoyan Romanski 2311: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2276: 2260: 2249: 2227:Macedonia (see 2193: 2117: 1964: 1954: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1923: 1911: 1900: 1891:Edward Stanford 1736:Pirin Macedonia 1594: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1531: 1529: 1515: 1499: 1488: 1352: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1321: 1309: 1298: 1237:E.G. Ravenstein 1213: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1182: 1170: 1159: 1154: 1000:. Aided by the 974: 964: 953: 947: 944: 933: 921: 910: 811: 800: 794: 791: 776: 760: 749: 705: 699: 697:Roman Macedonia 676:Thraco-Illyrian 567: 544: 533: 526:Greek mythology 416:mainland Greece 312: 298: 287: 281: 278: 235: 233: 223: 211: 200: 194: 126: 82: 76: 73: 66: 54:This article's 50: 39: 32:North Macedonia 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9322: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9267: 9266: 9252: 9251:External links 9249: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9238: 9231: 9202: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9182: 9176: 9171: 9168: 9162: 9147: 9141: 9136: 9133: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9113: 9098: 9092: 9077: 9071: 9056: 9050: 9035: 9029: 9014: 9008: 8993: 8983:(2): 175–209. 8972: 8966: 8951: 8945: 8930: 8924: 8909: 8903: 8888: 8883:978-0691058429 8882: 8867: 8861: 8846: 8840: 8825: 8819: 8804: 8798: 8783: 8772: 8766: 8751: 8745: 8730: 8724: 8706: 8700: 8683: 8677: 8667:. Oxford, UK: 8658: 8652: 8642:. London, UK: 8630: 8624: 8609: 8603: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8576:on 2015-07-05. 8554: 8529: 8510: 8499: 8481: 8463: 8452: 8441: 8434: 8416: 8405: 8373: 8347: 8321: 8312: 8305: 8287: 8275: 8260: 8230: 8227:on 2011-07-18. 8204: 8189: 8171: 8140: 8119: 8100: 8089: 8058: 8028: 8019: 8008: 7990: 7976: 7955: 7943: 7932: 7923: 7905: 7879: 7864: 7860:(in Bulgarian) 7834: 7823: 7814: 7783: 7752: 7714: 7676: 7665: 7654:(1): 282–295. 7631: 7616: 7605: 7592: 7574: 7565: 7539: 7523: 7504: 7489: 7471: 7460: 7451: 7444: 7426: 7417: 7410: 7392: 7383: 7362: 7344: 7332: 7313: 7304: 7302:, p. 276. 7292: 7275: 7268: 7241: 7227: 7209: 7202: 7177: 7170: 7143: 7136: 7113: 7106: 7079: 7070: 7052: 7048:Balkan Studies 7039: 7019: 7004: 6986: 6971: 6939: 6932: 6912: 6905: 6876: 6852: 6830: 6817: 6804: 6784: 6768: 6755: 6737: 6712: 6705: 6685: 6678: 6660: 6653: 6635: 6625: 6601: 6594: 6576: 6525: 6513: 6493: 6481: 6472: 6450: 6443: 6420: 6408: 6397: 6386: 6375: 6364: 6352: 6343: 6331: 6315: 6306: 6295:Chisholm, Hugh 6274: 6265: 6256: 6238: 6215: 6184: 6165: 6163:, p. 428. 6145: 6131:, p. 78; 6127:, p. 22; 6115:, p. 67; 6107:, p. 97; 6095:, p. 21; 6091:, p. 11; 6087:, p. 64; 6077:Errington 1990 6053: 6038: 6020: 5991: 5976: 5964: 5957: 5937: 5930: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5880: 5870: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5821: 5753: 5750: 5720: 5717: 5583:Western Thrace 5567:Bled Agreement 5454:Ivan Bagryanov 5300:Western Thrace 5180:Bulgarian army 5128:Foreign Office 5072:Serbianization 5037: 5034: 4994:Dimitar Vlahov 4938:Serbo-Croatian 4892:Bulgarian army 4867:ethnologically 4855:Foreign Office 4773: 4770: 4605:Bulgarian Army 4577:western Thrace 4562:South Caucasus 4546:Eastern Thrace 4489: 4486: 4477: 4474: 4446: 4443: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4368: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4310: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4249: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3819:Kosovo Vilayet 3806: 3803: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730:4. M. Brancoff 3727: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3615:Greek Orthodox 3612: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3418:Greek Orthodox 3413: 3412: 3409: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3337:Greek Orthodox 3332: 3331: 3328: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3261: 3258: 3206:Central Powers 3138: 3135: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3052:The Aromanians 3044:Gustav Weigand 3038: 3037: 2996: 2994: 2987: 2958:Vidal-Lablache 2932: 2929: 2918:origin of the 2906: 2905: 2864: 2862: 2855: 2841: 2838: 2780:. In 1934 the 2692:Krste Misirkov 2657:a book called 2636:Constantinople 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2532: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2459: 2458: 2417: 2415: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2313: 2312: 2263: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2192: 2189: 2116: 2113: 2028:April uprising 1996:national unity 1956: 1955: 1914: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1789:Ambracian Gulf 1777:April Uprising 1761:Ottoman Empire 1596: 1595: 1502: 1500: 1493: 1487: 1486:Bulgarian idea 1484: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1396:Greek language 1354: 1353: 1312: 1310: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1215: 1214: 1173: 1171: 1164: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1146:Ottoman Empire 1126:Serbian Empire 1004:and by Turkic 966: 965: 924: 922: 915: 909: 906: 898:Sea of Marmara 855: 854: 849: 848: 844: 843: 839: 838: 827:Constantinople 813: 812: 763: 761: 754: 748: 745: 720:Roman Republic 701:Main article: 698: 695: 632:(150–148 BC). 622:Roman province 610:Roman Republic 524:, a figure of 498:Argead dynasty 464:Greek pantheon 404:alluvial plain 300: 299: 214: 212: 205: 196:Main article: 193: 190: 125: 122: 112:The region of 84: 83: 63:the key points 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9321: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9264: 9259: 9255: 9254: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9234: 9232:0-253-21359-2 9228: 9224: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9200: 9197: 9194: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9163:9781770892736 9159: 9155: 9154: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9116: 9110: 9106: 9105: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9085: 9084: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9063: 9057: 9053: 9051:0-87661-519-1 9047: 9043: 9042: 9036: 9032: 9030:0-7486-1515-6 9026: 9022: 9021: 9015: 9011: 9009:9780192152565 9005: 9001: 9000: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8973: 8969: 8967:0-19-506628-6 8963: 8959: 8958: 8952: 8948: 8946:0-415-31717-7 8942: 8938: 8937: 8936:Greek History 8931: 8927: 8925:0-415-10617-6 8921: 8917: 8916: 8910: 8906: 8904:0-85270-076-8 8900: 8896: 8895: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8862:0-252-06966-8 8858: 8854: 8853: 8847: 8843: 8841:0-521-27389-7 8837: 8833: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8820:0-19-814883-6 8816: 8812: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8799:9789025610500 8795: 8791: 8790: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8773: 8769: 8767:0-8229-6084-2 8763: 8759: 8758: 8752: 8748: 8746:0-521-78999-0 8742: 8738: 8737: 8731: 8727: 8725:0-520-06319-8 8721: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8678:0-631-22241-3 8674: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8659: 8655: 8653:0-571-10958-6 8649: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8625:0-7914-3042-1 8621: 8617: 8616: 8610: 8606: 8604:0-691-00880-9 8600: 8596: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8544:on 2010-12-02 8543: 8539: 8533: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8514: 8503: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8467: 8461: 8456: 8450: 8445: 8437: 8435:1-85065-663-0 8431: 8427: 8420: 8414: 8409: 8395:on 2009-03-25 8391: 8384: 8377: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8328: 8326: 8316: 8308: 8306:1-85065-534-0 8302: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8279: 8271: 8264: 8250:on 2007-09-24 8249: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8200: 8193: 8187: 8183: 8180: 8175: 8161:on 2012-02-18 8157: 8150: 8144: 8137: 8133: 8132:0-8153-4058-3 8129: 8123: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8093: 8079:on 2012-02-18 8075: 8068: 8062: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8023: 8017: 8012: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7994: 7988: 7985: 7980: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7952: 7947: 7941: 7936: 7927: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7898: 7897:1-86064-624-7 7894: 7890: 7889: 7883: 7876: 7871: 7869: 7857: 7856:954-528-366-1 7853: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7827: 7818: 7810: 7804: 7796: 7795: 7787: 7779: 7773: 7765: 7764: 7756: 7748: 7742: 7727: 7726: 7718: 7710: 7704: 7689: 7688: 7680: 7674: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7627: 7620: 7614: 7609: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7578: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7494: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7475: 7469: 7464: 7455: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7421: 7413: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7387: 7379: 7373: 7365: 7363:1-56432-132-0 7359: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7336: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7317: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7271: 7269:9781403914309 7265: 7261: 7260: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7205: 7203:9781442206632 7199: 7195: 7194: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7173: 7171:9781442230385 7167: 7163: 7162: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7139: 7137:9780191528729 7133: 7129: 7128: 7120: 7118: 7109: 7107:9781475947038 7103: 7099: 7098: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7074: 7066: 7059: 7057: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7036:3-486-56173-1 7033: 7029: 7023: 7015: 7008: 6997: 6990: 6982: 6975: 6961:on 2023-01-31 6957: 6950: 6943: 6935: 6933:9780313043413 6929: 6925: 6924: 6916: 6908: 6906:9780521291668 6902: 6898: 6897: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6870: 6869:975-263-490-7 6866: 6862: 6856: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6834: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6801:0-691-04356-6 6798: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6741: 6727:on 2011-06-13 6726: 6722: 6716: 6708: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6679:9780817948832 6675: 6671: 6664: 6656: 6654:9781850655343 6650: 6646: 6639: 6629: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6597: 6595:9780199299058 6591: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6566: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6476: 6469: 6468:1-85065-238-4 6465: 6461: 6460: 6454: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6427: 6425: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6328:2-213-60526-2 6325: 6319: 6310: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6269: 6260: 6253: 6241: 6239:9780472081493 6235: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6153:Trudgill 2002 6149: 6143:, p. 25. 6142: 6138: 6134: 6133:Hamilton 1974 6130: 6126: 6125:Cawkwell 1978 6123:, p. 8; 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6031: 6030:The Histories 6024: 6016: 6010: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5960: 5958:9780521086912 5954: 5950: 5949: 5941: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5874: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5774:Bulgarophiles 5771: 5766: 5758: 5749: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5669:Bulgarophobia 5666: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5389:Fascist Italy 5385: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5328: 5325: 5324:Joseph Stalin 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5245:Slav-speakers 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5210:, (including 5209: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5115:IMRO (United) 5112: 5111:Ivan Mihailov 5107: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5042: 5033: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5002:Ivan Mihailov 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4981:IMRO (United) 4977: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4865:Macedonians, 4864: 4860: 4856: 4847: 4843: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4761:"Slavophones" 4757: 4755: 4750: 4749:Rainbow Party 4745: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4640:Ivan Mihaylov 4637: 4633: 4629: 4628:Andon Kalchev 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4597:Bulgarisation 4594: 4590: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4550:Pontic Greeks 4547: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4485: 4483: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4439: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4255: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4133:All Muslims, 4132: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4074:All Muslims, 4073: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3963:All Muslims, 3962: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3904:All Muslims, 3903: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3754: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3593:Census 1906: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3380:1895 census: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3294:millet system 3280: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3257: 3255: 3254:IMRO (United) 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3087: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3034: 3031: 3023: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2997:This section 2995: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2902: 2899: 2891: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2865:This section 2863: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2786:IMRO (United) 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774:IMRO (United) 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653:published in 2652: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2574: 2543: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2455: 2452: 2444: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2418:This section 2416: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2351: 2347: 2346:Yordan Ivanov 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2324: 2323:Vasil Kanchov 2319: 2309: 2306: 2298: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2264:This section 2262: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2183:and linguist 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2137: 2129: 2121: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1968: 1963: 1952: 1949: 1941: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1915:This section 1913: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1655:Hellenisation 1651: 1647: 1646:Evliya Çelebi 1643: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1622: 1615: 1610: 1602: 1592: 1589: 1581: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1539: – 1538: 1534: 1533:Find sources: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1503:This section 1501: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1483: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1376: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1347: 1339: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1313:This section 1311: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1296:Hellenic idea 1293: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:Greek Muslims 1259: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1238: 1233: 1226: 1221: 1211: 1208: 1200: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1174:This section 1172: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1142:Ottoman Turks 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 997: 991: 983: 978: 973: 962: 959: 951: 941: 937: 931: 930: 925:This section 923: 919: 914: 913: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 882:Empress Irene 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 851: 850: 846: 845: 841: 840: 836: 835: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 809: 806: 798: 788: 784: 780: 774: 773: 769: 764:This section 762: 758: 753: 752: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 717: 709: 704: 694: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 584: 580: 576: 565: 561: 557: 553: 542: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 440:Ancient Greek 437: 433: 430:. They spoke 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 393: 384: 380: 377: 373: 370:word "Μάκος" 369: 365: 364:Dorian Greeks 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 333: 329: 321: 317: 311: 307: 296: 293: 285: 282:December 2023 274: 271: 267: 264: 260: 257: 253: 250: 246: 243: – 242: 238: 237:Find sources: 231: 227: 221: 220: 215:This article 213: 209: 204: 203: 199: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 156:and parts of 155: 151: 148:, as well as 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 121: 119: 115: 106: 98: 90: 80: 70: 64: 62: 57: 52: 48: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 9222: 9210: 9206: 9152: 9103: 9082: 9061: 9040: 9019: 8998: 8980: 8976: 8956: 8935: 8914: 8893: 8872: 8851: 8830: 8809: 8788: 8777: 8756: 8735: 8714: 8691: 8663: 8638: 8614: 8593: 8571:the original 8557: 8546:. Retrieved 8542:the original 8532: 8513: 8502: 8484: 8466: 8455: 8444: 8425: 8419: 8408: 8397:. Retrieved 8390:the original 8376: 8354: 8350: 8315: 8296: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8269: 8263: 8252:. 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Retrieved 6613: 6604: 6585: 6579: 6553:. Retrieved 6546:the original 6534:Balcanistica 6533: 6528: 6516: 6496: 6484: 6475: 6470:, pp. 63-64. 6458: 6453: 6433: 6411: 6400: 6389: 6378: 6367: 6355: 6346: 6334: 6318: 6309: 6298: 6268: 6259: 6250: 6245:23 September 6243:. Retrieved 6228: 6218: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6178: 6168: 6148: 6141:O'Brien 1994 6129:Perlman 1973 6121:Chamoux 2002 6113:Toynbee 1981 6105:Hammond 1993 6101:Hammond 1989 6097:Osborne 2004 6089:Hammond 2001 6056: 6029: 6023: 6000: 5994: 5988:, p. 7. 5979: 5967: 5947: 5940: 5920: 5883: 5873: 5863: 5817: 5809: 5796:, condemned 5763: 5725:South Slavic 5722: 5700: 5689: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649:Macedonistic 5645:Eastern Bloc 5629: 5605:nation-state 5600:Soviet Union 5537:ethnogenesis 5530: 5519: 5503: 5458:Nazi Germany 5451: 5419: 5411: 5380: 5355: 5350:World War II 5329: 5308:anti-fascist 5293: 5272:Bogdan Filov 5256:Soviet Union 5253: 5204: 5157: 5136: 5124: 5094: 5051: 5022: 5013: 4990:Pavel Shatev 4978: 4946: 4906: 4889: 4858: 4852: 4836: 4786: 4775: 4758: 4754:former names 4746: 4737:Eastern Bloc 4733: 4729: 4713: 4697: 4689: 4680: 4672: 4609: 4601: 4586: 4566: 4548:, including 4539: 4511: 4505: 4491: 4479: 4470: 4458: 4448: 4435: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4401: 4387: 4372: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4330: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4268: 4253: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4211: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4160: 4144: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4100: 4089: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4041: 4029: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3982: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3930: 3920:Philippopoli 3914: 3895: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3833:Nationality 3808: 3799: 3796: 3759: 3757: 3752: 3653:Nationality 3634: 3592: 3585: 3460: 3453: 3379: 3372: 3298: 3291: 3272: 3263: 3249: 3243: 3239:Soviet Union 3226: 3223:Soviet Union 3215: 3203: 3184: 3180:Macedonistic 3172: 3146: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3103: 3078: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3026: 3020:January 2018 3017: 3006:Please help 3001:verification 2998: 2962:Armand Colin 2960:, Librairie 2916:Thraco-Roman 2909: 2894: 2888:January 2018 2885: 2874:Please help 2869:verification 2866: 2823:. They made 2805:World War II 2802: 2788:published a 2763: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2735: 2720: 2700:South Slavic 2695: 2687: 2681: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2621: 2617: Vlachs 2593: Greeks 2447: 2441:January 2018 2438: 2427:Please help 2422:verification 2419: 2395: 2387: 2355: 2342:Benyo Tsonev 2301: 2295:January 2018 2292: 2277:Please help 2265: 2241: 2233:Pavlos Melas 2225: 2202: 2181:Jovan Cvijić 2178: 2173: 2154: 2142: 2089: 2061:Thessaloniki 2041:Great Powers 2026: 2024: 1995: 1984:nation state 1975: 1973: 1944: 1938:January 2018 1935: 1924:Please help 1919:verification 1916: 1883:Josef Müller 1845:in 1869 and 1833:in 1840 and 1820: 1806: 1765:Great Powers 1716: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1642:Hadji Khalfa 1631: 1584: 1575: 1565: 1558: 1551: 1544: 1532: 1516:Please help 1504: 1480: 1412: 1381: 1342: 1336:January 2018 1333: 1322:Please help 1317:verification 1314: 1251: 1242: 1203: 1197:January 2018 1194: 1183:Please help 1178:verification 1175: 1152:Ottoman rule 1111: 1103: 1089: 1070: 1017: 993: 987: 954: 948:January 2018 945: 934:Please help 929:verification 926: 875: 856: 831:Thessaloniki 823:Roman Empire 816: 801: 795:January 2018 792: 777:Please help 765: 713: 688: 657: 641:Perdiccas II 639:, father of 634: 575:the conquest 516:, while the 491: 460:other Greeks 399: 389: 371: 351: 339: 327: 313: 288: 279: 269: 262: 255: 248: 236: 224:Please help 219:verification 216: 127: 111: 74: 58: 56:lead section 8584:Works cited 8341:, Albanian 7026:Boeckh K., 6137:Bryant 1996 5806:citizenship 5729:Mala Prespa 5619:during the 5591:imperialist 5587:bourgeoisie 5465: [ 5409:districts. 5363:Gendarmerie 5359:citizenship 5332:Montenegrin 5139:Axis forces 5058:Balkan wars 4872:Departments 4805:, Vartash, 4778:Balkan Wars 4700:interbellum 4482:Balkan Wars 3842:Bulgarians 3659:Bulgarians 3510:Population 3463:Hilmi Pasha 3389:Population 3308:Population 3060:Balkan Wars 2821:Macedonians 2611: Turks 2605: Serbs 2493:Macedonians 1368:E. Stanford 1104:(See also: 1096:Vardariotes 1026:Sarakatsani 1014:Peloponnese 996:South Slavs 994:(see also: 908:Middle Ages 729:Hellenistic 637:Alexander I 530:Alexander I 506:Perdiccas I 456:Koine Greek 444:Doric Greek 368:Doric Greek 154:Axios River 118:Paleolithic 9273:Categories 9215:quoted in 8548:2010-11-24 8399:2008-02-06 8254:2011-11-20 8165:2008-08-09 8083:2008-08-09 8051:12 January 7732:2007-08-05 7694:2007-08-04 6965:2023-01-31 6777:Macedonism 6731:2009-03-07 6619:2023-12-04 6489:Thede Kahl 6109:Starr 1991 6093:Jones 2001 6048:1148868210 5972:Borza 1992 5903:References 5794:Strasbourg 5733:Golloborda 5314:, Skopje, 5260:resistance 5192:Pomoravlje 5168:Kyustendil 4913:Labor camp 4828:Macedonian 4776:After the 4632:autonomist 4506:After the 4460:Vallahades 4199:Old Serbia 3851:Albanians 3602:1,145,849 3574:and others 3528:Bulgarians 3521:1,508,507 3442:and others 3400:1,137,315 3361:and others 3319:1,083,130 3159:War Office 2825:Macedonian 2817:Macedonian 2772:and later 2502:Bulgarians 2463:See also: 2149:Shtokavian 2145:Yugoslavia 2065:Chalcidice 2049:Aegean sea 2014:of Sultan 2004:Bulgarians 1960:See also: 1793:Montenegro 1704:Bulgarians 1578:April 2023 1548:newspapers 1271:Vallahades 1120:, and the 1092:Asia Minor 1046:Macedonian 1024:(Vlachs), 1022:Aromanians 1018:Sclavinias 970:See also: 890:Adrianople 871:Hellenized 628:after the 410:and lower 346:historian 252:newspapers 130:Pelasgians 77:March 2018 9213:(3): 191. 7803:cite book 7772:cite book 7741:cite book 7703:cite book 7660:1522-211X 7372:cite book 6850:, p. 101. 6210:2204-3128 6085:Hall 2000 6081:Fine 1983 6009:cite book 5637:Bulgarian 5613:Cominform 5551:Militsiya 5437:of 1944, 5434:manifesto 5268:Wehrmacht 5164:Hungarian 5119:Comintern 5014:Sharlisti 4942:Torlakian 4917:Goli Otok 4803:Kavadarci 4787:Macedonia 4653:Partisans 4581:massacres 4560:from the 4535:Monastiri 4500:komitadji 4410:1,172,136 4402:1,438,084 4353:1,172,000 4345:1,437,000 4320:(Bitola) 4280:1,629,000 4234:1,166,070 4226:1,334,827 4169:1,200,000 4161:2,782,000 4101:1,576,000 4050:1,200,000 4042:2,275,000 4032:, Leipzig 3991:1,317,131 3983:1,949,043 3872:1,771,220 3854:Coverage 3739:1,172,136 3719:1,184,036 3682:2,048,320 3635:2,445,325 3586:2,911,700 3507:Religion 3454:2,505,503 3429:Catholics 3386:Religion 3373:2,476,141 3348:Catholics 3305:Religion 3218:Comintern 2920:Romanians 2782:Comintern 2542:Tsintsars 2538:Romanians 2511:Albanians 2266:does not 2221:Metsovian 2213:Aromanian 2016:Abdülaziz 1827:Bulgarian 1748:Aromanian 1505:does not 1447:Bulgarian 1276:Moscopole 1081:Arvanites 1062:Byzantium 1034:Bulgarian 1030:Albanians 1010:Byzantium 878:Macedonia 859:Visigoths 819:Byzantium 766:does not 716:Andriscus 664:Macedonia 645:Haliakmon 626:Macedonia 594:West Asia 541:Philip II 539:). Under 454:and then 408:Haliacmon 400:Makedónes 396:Μακεδόνες 348:Herodotus 340:Makedónes 336:Μακεδώνες 328:Makedonia 324:Μακεδονία 316:Macedonia 182:Dark Ages 166:Crestonia 150:Macedonia 138:Thracians 114:Macedonia 61:summarize 9219:"Greece" 8712:(1990). 8636:(1978). 8521:Archived 8492:Archived 8474:Archived 8368:, Greek 8362:Archived 8335:Archived 8268:Joseph. 8182:Archived 8111:Archived 8001:Archived 7916:Archived 7585:Archived 7550:Archived 7515:Archived 7482:Archived 7324:Archived 6828:(London) 6748:Archived 6633:228-229. 6565:cite web 6555:6 August 6509:Istanbul 5823:See also 5625:Titoists 5621:Cold War 5617:hegemony 5415:Strumica 5403:Kastoria 5372:Partisan 5270:and the 5229:Belgrade 5172:Yugoslav 5036:Bulgaria 5006:Belgrade 4877:Salonica 4840:Yugoslav 4799:Negotino 4684:Red Army 4616:Kastoria 4554:Anatolia 4465:Carnegie 4392:New York 4318:Monastir 4314:vilayets 4146:Le Temps 4143:Journal 3976:Croatian 3771:(called 3733:Bulgaria 3713:Bulgaria 3665:Remarks 3618:623,197 3610:626,715 3565:100,717 3543:307,000 3532:896,497 3471:Manastir 3422:603,242 3411:692,742 3341:534,396 3330:704,574 3081:, 1911). 2924:Romanian 2655:Belgrade 2649:In 1875 2379:Strumica 2371:Nevrokop 2239:(IMRO). 2069:Aliakmon 1873:in 1848 1831:Ami Boué 1769:vilayets 1686:heraldry 1650:Ottomans 1458:Romanian 1425:Language 1417:vilayets 1384:Hellenic 1370:in 1877. 1285:Krushevo 1225:Ami Boué 1118:Thessaly 1077:Basil II 1042:Romanian 1038:Albanian 982:Basil II 853:capital. 737:Thessaly 653:Bottiaia 583:diadochi 479:Thessaly 428:Illyrian 424:Thracian 360:Mακεδνοί 352:Makednoi 170:Bisaltia 162:Mygdonia 158:Mygdonia 136:and the 9207:Glasnik 8136:pg. 808 7290:.p. 73. 6297:(ed.). 5719:Albania 5577:in the 5399:Florina 5316:Kruševo 5281:Kruševo 5194:to the 5098:Petrich 4823:Pehčevo 4819:Serbian 4795:Tikvesh 4677:, 1918. 4620:Florina 4521:Macedon 4495:Metaxas 4420:(13.2%) 4417:190,047 4413:(81.5%) 4363:(13.2%) 4360:190,000 4356:(81.5%) 4305:(39.6%) 4302:646,000 4298:(39.4%) 4295:642,000 4291:(20.9%) 4288:341,000 4273:Italian 4237:(87.4%) 4193:(21.6%) 4190:600,000 4186:(14.7%) 4183:410,000 4176:270,000 4172:(43.1%) 4126:(46.3%) 4123:730,000 4119:(36.8%) 4116:580,000 4112:(16.8%) 4109:266,000 4067:(30.5%) 4064:695,000 4057:220,000 4053:(52.7%) 4008:(12.3%) 4005:240,264 4001:(11.4%) 3998:222,740 3994:(67.6%) 3956:(24.6%) 3953:185,535 3942:(66.4%) 3939:500,554 3931:754,353 3924:Turkish 3897:(29.1%) 3894:516,220 3887:124,250 3883:(49.3%) 3880:872,700 3865:Russian 3845:Greeks 3769:Muslims 3736:190,047 3716:225,152 3702:576,600 3699:656,300 3696:454,700 3676:201,140 3656:Greeks 3626:59,564 3599:Muslims 3577:99,997 3554:99,000 3517:Muslims 3495:Albania 3487:Sandžak 3467:Selanik 3445:68,432 3396:Muslims 3364:99,997 3315:Muslims 2974:Balkans 2766:leftist 2724:Bulgars 2287:removed 2272:sources 2166:Trieste 1708:Turkish 1628:(1861). 1562:scholar 1526:removed 1511:sources 1469:Serbian 1453:18,311 1442:59,640 1431:Pupils 1428:Schools 1364:Balkans 1140:by the 1134:Ottoman 1006:Bulgars 902:Macedon 867:Vandals 787:removed 772:sources 741:Illyria 608:by the 577:of the 558:. This 522:Makedon 510:Temenus 468:Archaic 266:scholar 186:Orestae 172:). The 142:Emathia 120:times. 9229: 9160: 9111: 9090: 9069: 9048: 9027: 9006: 8964: 8943: 8922: 8901: 8880: 8859: 8838: 8817: 8796: 8764: 8743: 8722: 8698: 8675: 8650: 8622: 8601: 8432: 8303: 8130: 7895: 7854: 7658: 7560: 7537:, 1984 7442: 7408: 7360: 7286: 7266: 7200: 7168: 7134: 7104: 7034: 6930: 6903: 6867: 6846: 6799: 6703: 6676: 6651: 6592: 6466: 6441: 6326: 6236: 6208: 6046: 6036: 5955: 5928: 5868:name). 5746:Muslim 5653:Greeks 5491:Serbia 5439:Ohrana 5407:Edessa 5384:Uhrana 5368:Allied 5312:Prilep 5296:Vardar 5277:Prilep 5200:Vranje 5188:Vardar 5184:Thrace 4815:Struga 4624:Edessa 4612:Ohrana 4516:Aegean 4512:modern 4488:Greece 4406:(100%) 4373:(0.2%) 4349:(100%) 4338:French 4284:(100%) 4254:(0.5%) 4244:(7.1%) 4241:95,005 4230:(100%) 4219:German 4179:(9.7%) 4165:(100%) 4154:French 4105:(100%) 4094:German 4060:(9.7%) 4046:(100%) 4035:German 4015:(4.0%) 4012:78,790 3987:(100%) 3949:(3.0%) 3946:22,892 3935:(100%) 3890:(7.0%) 3876:(100%) 3848:Turks 3839:Total 3773:Pomaks 3693:Greece 3679:57,600 3673:Serbia 3662:Serbs 3623:Others 3550:Vlachs 3539:Greeks 3499:Epirus 3491:Kosovo 3475:Kosovo 3433:3,315 3352:2,311 3210:Allies 3187:Cvijic 2712:Bitola 2708:Prilep 2667:Rečnik 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2536: 2534: 2529:Osmans 2527: 2525: 2520:Greeks 2518: 2516: 2509: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2489: 2482: 2480: 2367:Bitola 2063:, the 2045:Thrace 2012:firman 1992:racial 1988:ethnic 1980:Sultan 1887:Slavic 1732:Vardar 1728:Skopje 1691:Dojran 1564: 1557: 1550: 1543: 1535: 1475:1,674 1464:2,002 1290:Serres 1281:Bitola 1258:Kosovo 1138:Skopje 1100:Romani 886:Thrace 733:Epirus 680:Persia 672:Strabo 668:Nestus 598:Greece 556:Thrace 487:cattle 483:horses 475:Greece 350:, the 268: 261: 254: 247: 239: 146:Epirus 134:Bryges 132:, the 34:, see 8574:(PDF) 8567:(PDF) 8393:(PDF) 8386:(PDF) 8159:(PDF) 8152:(PDF) 8077:(PDF) 8070:(PDF) 7644:(PDF) 6999:(PDF) 6959:(PDF) 6952:(PDF) 6549:(PDF) 6542:(PDF) 6417:p.338 6340:p.169 6293:. 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Demographic history of Macedonia

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