50:
494:
467:
49:
840:
304:
735:, and others. Thucydides, however, raises as many questions as he answers. Hammond says, "The extraordinary thing about this account is that Thucydides does not tell us where the Macedones started from on their career of conquest." If extraordinary to modern historians, it may have been well known to Thucidides' target audience. From wherever it was, there must have been a relatively major movement of people from there into Emathia. One might infer that it was not very far away. At the beginning of the passage Thucydides already hints that there are Macedonians in upper Macedonia., practically within sight of the lowland villages.
1275:. The Persian policy toward these satrapies was very liberal at the time. After a token submission, the rendering of earth and water, they were left to self-rule. The advantage to them was membership in the Persian economic sphere, but they had to cooperate with the demands of the Great King, beginning with the initial submission, about which the king would be very patient, but ultimately very insistent. He had compelled the Ionian Greeks to submit, but had left them alone until their revolt spurred him to action reluctantly. They had saved his army from total disaster against the Scythians and therefore had some credibility.
390:
some of the better known historical artifacts were concerned. It was time to move on, but fortunately the discovery that the discrepancies were mainly a matter of calibration restored confidence in C-14 dating. It was possible in many cases to offset the raw, or uncalibrated dates, in such a way as to produce accurate calibrated dates. A favored method of calibration of wood samples is to compare a run of C-14 dates with dates from tree rings. The calibration curve soon made its appearance. It is a plot of uncalibrated dates on the y-axis with calibrated dates on the x-axis.
1326:). His army was so large it required the whole coast from Therma around to the Haliakmon, about 112 km (70 mi). Supply was no problem, as they could continue to utilize the fleet. Herodotus says that all the rivers were used for water, and that one of them was drunk dry. In this part of the account the term Macedonia does not appear; instead, Herodotus uses the Emathian kingdom names, even though they were now populated by Macedonian speakers. For some reason he singles out the Axios as the border between Mygdonia and Bottiaea. Emathia is no longer mentioned.
381:
1246:
160:
1308:, entering Macedonian country, which he celebrated by burning and burying alive a number of children of the village of Nine Ways in Macedonian Edonia (114). Herodotus tries to lessen the horror of this event by pointing out that the custom was intended as an offering to the gods. They were, so to speak, purchasing propitiousness for the expedition. Of course none of the Greeks viewed this as anything but a barbaric act, inflaming them against submission still further and creating solidarity where there had been none.
987:
363:
377:, which it passes on to living biomasses through regular chemical interchange and reaction, which ceases on the death of the biomass. Due to regular radioactive decay the amount of the now isolated isotope depends on the time since the cessation of interchange. Laboratories that do C-14 dates first determine the amount of the isotope left in the sample, expressed as a percentage of atoms, then look up the date on a chart such as that shown in the figure. The purity of the sample is of the greatest concern.
330:, revealed a physically similar white clay layer, believed to be of the same surface. This white layer occupied the 13th meter of the core, with a nominal depth of 12.52 m, a top surface of 12.39 m, and a bottom surface of 12.65 m, which was the very last of the core. It is described as consisting of "light-grey, marly clay." A meter of the core should not be confused with a meter of sea level. In this case the core began at 1 m asl, so its 13th m of the core was 12 m bsl (below sea level).
214:; that is a line on the basin wall every part of which has the same date, obviously depends on the configuration of the surface between the location of the foot of the core and the concurrent shoreline. The more core samples that are available, the better the geologist can detail the surface. All models retain an element of speculation. In the case of the C. Macedonian Plain, Bintliff combines geological data with historical sources to develop a brief history of shorelines there.
1176:"the tall men" or "the thin men." To the Romans they seemed special indeed because they would not accept Roman rule; consequently the Romans cleared them out to resettle the land with more tractable populations. The question of where the stalwart race of conquerors had actually lived went on into modern times until modern scholarship took a hand in locating them. Before then the Slavs invading Greece laid claim to the name creating a country called Macedonia, and then another,
399:
439:
1315:. The ambivalent Greek communities there attempted to side with the king (115-117). They were forced to pay a heavy tribute in cash and goods by a suspicious king,(119) who did not offer any such terms to the Macedonians. Implicitly he was making a distinction between Thracians, Greeks, and Macedonians. He continued to offer the option of submission to the Greeks even though the southern Greeks not only refused but mistreated the envoys.
422:. In cores and other columns of sedimentaty layers points of known date are few and far between. The core only gives a sequence of layers associated with depths. The rates of sedimentation and the times of the layers remain to be determined. Radiocarbon dating of suitable materials in the core is still the common method of determining test points of the core. These are expensive, and must therefore be carefully selected.
55:
became the capital city of
Macedonia. Pella was situated on an extension of the Thermaic Gulf, which filled in during classical and Hellenistic times to form first a lake and then the plain. The plain is almost entirely modern, currently being part of the Axios Delta National Park. Ancient Pella in ancient Emathia are bronze-age in date. Original Emathia extended up the right bank of the Axios through the highlands of
2104:
218:
673:. The Macedonians could not, as some modern authors suggest they might have done, follow any modern routes across the plain. There was no plain, only the Thermaic Gulf, to which access was impeded by swampland. This was a natural set-up for a victory, as only one tribal state at a time appeared before them, and there was no place where a group of them could concentrate. The
692:, an ancient Balkan state on the Axios. All they managed to take from them was a strip of land on the right bank of the Axios, and the north shore of the gulf, including Pella. Thucydides says the purloined land extended "from the interior to Pella and the seas," which is used now to demonstrate Pella was on the gulf. On the opposite bank of the Axios was
1237:. The Macedonians were left "around ... Olympus," the one starting point for the conquest of Emathia not mentioned by Thucydides. If the places of the Iliad are a reasonably accurate representation of Bronze Age Greece, as they are currently believed to be, then the Macedonians date to at least as early as the Late Bronze Age.
1137:. Strabo relates that "what is now called Macedonia was in earlier times called Emathia" but since Homer, the earliest source considers Emathia only a region next to Pieria, Strabo's reference should be interpreted in the Roman era context of Emathia's name reviving. The same stands for Latin writers who name
334:
greater part of the bottom, which then alluviated. The edges, such as NN, having been found at the surface, can be presumed not to have dropped. The difference in altitude between the exposed settlement layer at NN and the bottom of the core is calculated at 7.5 m asl + 12 m bsl = 19.5 m (64 ft).
1175:
Probably because of its use as the name of the most powerful and most influential state of ancient Greek history, Macedon is one of the most commonly folk-etymologized and mythologized names of ancient Greek. One hears of this or that ancient hero assigning the name to a new race of warriors, perhaps
429:
The 6.525 m date was 6590 ± 110 BP, which falls into the 6th millennium within the layer 6.58-6.8 m, described as "blue-grey clay," with an average depth of 6.69 m. The 9.950 m date was 7.27 ± 70 BP, which falls into the 8th millennium within the layer 9.74-10.91, described as "grey or blue-grey clay
410:
There is dating available on NN. The earliest settlement there, termed "the Early
Neolithic" (EN), is dated 5500-5300 BC based on C-14 dates, which, allowing 1950 for the AD time, would be 7450-7250 BP, the 8th millennium BP. A subsequent layer of detritus suggests an abandonment followed by a "Late
389:
The first C-14 dates were welcomed enthusiastically. The inventor received a Nobel Prize for his work. Subsequently, more careful comparison of C-14 dates with known historical events turned up some major discrepancies. A conflict ensued over the validity of C-14 dates, especially where the dates of
333:
Subsequently, the white layer began to turn up in other cores and at other locations around the
Macedonian Plain. It was clear that at some geologic time prior to the Neolithic the white layer had been deposited at the bottom of a lake and that it was continuous. Subsequently, subsidence dropped the
1486:
is calibrated before present, bc is the calendar form of bp, BC is the calendar form of BP. In these archaeological sources, BC is almost never simple Before Christ and is therefore not replaceable by Before the
Christian Era. Before present also is not that, but is before 1950, which for technical
591:
is by definition a time of agricultural settlement. Such a settlement built permanent villages in which persons lived who tilled fields they considered theirs on a permanent basis, whether privately or collectively. They also reared farm animals. The fact that they were able to grind stone tools is
337:
The marker layer can be used to determine dates and depths as well as the general type of terrain. Typically the data is presented in a graph of sea level depth in m on the y-axis and numbers of millennia on the x-axis. Thus the slope at any point is a rate, m/mill., called the rate of aggradation.
1192:
Because the
Macedonian Empire was the last one of ancient Greece before the Roman Empire, Macedonia has the reputation of being late in the catalog of ancient Greek ascendencies. To the contrary, the name of Makedonis is among the earliest of Greek literature. It appears as a place in the works of
425:
Having perceived the contradiction, and realizing the need to calibrate the plot of core meters versus BP dates; that is, to associate points within the plot with known data, Bottema acquired two carbon dates from material in the core, one from 6.525 m, and one from 9.950 m. Very likely, both were
384:
An example of a calibration curve, of which there are many types. On this one, an investigator can look up an uncalibrated date of 10,000 bp to discover the calbrated date of 11,400 BP. The uncalibrated date is 14% off, not a very precise date, but on the other hand not so different as to be of no
358:
being measured. However, due to accidental factors not understood the readings may differ from the true values by logically consistent amounts. The application of consistent corrections is the calibration. To determine the amount of the correction the calibrator arbitrarily adjusts the readings to
127:
confirm that 19th and early 20th century literary analyses often had not taken into consideration changes in the terrain and the latest available archaeological data. Pella was not a late classical or
Hellenistic settlement, although rendered into a legitimate polis by Philip II. Mycenaean surface
462:
In short the plain serves as a sink for the drainage of the surrounding highlands. Fortuitously it is roughly wheel-shaped with the rivers as spokes. The human settlements are where the spokes join the hub. They are some of the first settlements in Greece, dating from the Early
Neolithic. A brief
414:
There is a problem with applying the general rate of subsidence to specific instances of subsidence, such as the white floor of the plain of
Emathia. According to the general rate of 1, the whole layer should be dated to the 13 millennium BP. At NN, it is dated to the 8th. Obviously, the standard
54:
The map shows modern Greek
Macedonia, which closely approximates the last independent Kingdom of Macedon, and also approximates Strabo's Emathia at its greatest extent. It was renamed to Macedonia by its kings. What is different today is the "Central Macedonian Plain." It did not exist when Pella
767:
Settlements in
Emathia are mainly towns of prehistoric antiquity placed around the edge of the plain, except for Nea Nikomedeia, which extended out into the plain. It was Bintliff's hypothesis that at the time ancient NN was founded, the western plain was dry. As wetlands occupied the plain from
406:
The worldwide graph of sea level versus millennia bp shows a slope approximating a straight line at a steep angle until about 8000 bp, when it breaks, becomes shallow, and at about 6000 bp ceases to show subsidence, except for a dampened sinusoidal curve excursing cyclically above and below sea
206:
Core studies in the C. Macedonian Plain compared with core studies from the whole Mediterranean have established that throughout the Aegean the rate of subsidence is on the average a little less than a metre per thousand years, which expresses itself as a rise in sea level to an observer at the
458:
that became river valleys. They led from the high country of the Balkans down into a region of sub-ridges next to the Thermaic Gulf that were beginning to subside along with the rest of the floor of the Aegean. They became notches from which alluvium was eroded to be deposited into the valleys
1249:
Telescopic photograph of the Macedonian Mountains from Dion in Pieria. The center peaks are the Pierian Mountains. The main peak of Olympus is to be seen in the left background. This part of the plain was perhaps extant as such in the 5th century BC. It diminishes to the left as the mountains
1419:
The core is so named because Bottema selected it to be from the bed of filled Lake Giannitsa, or Lake Loudas, agricultural land when he took the core. It was published by him in 1976, so it is referenced in the literature as Giannitsa 1976, or Giannitsa Pollen Core, as Bottema was primarily
1396:
This is a mere convention. Sea level is a global constant, except to geologists who are taking changes in the water content of the oceans into consideration. These types of water content change play a part in the storage of water in or release from global ice; otherwise, the masses changing
563:
Two m of alluvium at the core, however, indicate a contemporaneous slope of the layer between NN and there. The sea level was 6–9 m bp. At the C-14 date of 7270 bp the plain would have appeared as a dry, bright surface with a mound at the future NN. There were none yet to settle it.
1365:
amathos’= sandy soil, opp. to sea-sand (psámathos = ψάμαθος); in plural the links or dunes by the sea, [compare êmathóeis = ἠμαθόεις/ἠμᾰθόεις (masc.), ēmathóessa = ἠμαθόεσσα (fem.), ēmathóen = ἠμαθόεν (neut.) epic for amathóeis/ámathos = ἀμᾰθόεις
311:
The mound of NN rose to a height of 3.5 m (11 ft) over an undisturbed subsoil layer of "white carbonate silt," with a disturbed layer over the undisturbed layer of 0.5 m (1.6 ft). The silt was classified by the excavators as
1509:
A core does not distinguish between subsidence rate and aggradation rate. Bintliff uses just sedimentation rate. In periods of high subsidence this will be the subsidence rate, and in periods of high aggradation, this will be the aggradation
202:
Over any period, an aggraded shoreline is the result of an equilibrium between subsidence and aggradation. Subsidence pushed the coastline inland; aggradation brings it out. The equilibrium may be cyclical, or it may trend in one direction.
140:
Today most of the C. Macedonian Plain is occupied by the Axios Delta National Park, mainly a collection of wetlands. Modern Imathia, etymologically from the same ancient word, is a new creation of modern Greece, as is modern Macedonia.
136:
River as a remnant. Consequently, the courses of modern rivers there, as well as the alluvial area, now called "the Central Macedonian Plain," are modern and cannot be used to elucidate the details presented by the literary sources.
407:
level. This fluctuation explains why the white layer appears above sea level. Currently there is no subsidence, explaining why aggradation has the upper hand. The flood basins are all full of silt, extending the shorelines outward.
493:
742:
is known to have existed, whether a dialect of Greek (current theory) or a distinct language close to Greek. It is known from onomastic and epigraphic evidence of the 1st millennium BC. Subsequently, it disappeared in favor of
751:
of the region. Since there was a Macedonian language, Thucydides' passage implies that the change in population was also a change in language; otherwise, the displaced indigenes would have been thought Macedonian also.
131:
Moreover, Pella until quite late in the classical period had been a port city of the Thermaic Gulf. Subsequently, its estuary became a lake until it was dispensed with by agriculturalists of the 20th century, with the
415:
rate cannot apply to the core if the layer at both places really is the same. Further, the total displacement of 19.5 m would seem to require a time of 19.5 millennia, not 13. Obviously, no standard rates can apply.
592:
only incidental. They could perform a large variety of domestic arts, such as weaving, and pottery-making, that required fixed facilities. Stone, mud, wood, and thatch were the first durable materials employed.
1254:
Herodotus has something more to say about Macedonia of the late 6th and following 5th centuries BC, when it makes its first major debut in history, thanks to the Persian invasion. The story begins in Book V.
466:
1281:
had resolved to invade Greece in 480 BC. He resolved to lead an army overland around the north of Greece, shadowed by and supported by a fleet keeping pace along the shore. The story is told in Book VII.
555:), the lake dried up, exposing the white layer, from which weathering removed the pollen. This is the time when the white layer was probably continuous and simultaneous, with no detritus over it, at NN.
249:, or a lake in a marsh, from prehistoric times to nearly the present. Ancient Emathia can only have been further north, but of course at the time when the name was changed, Emathia was all of Macedonia.
221:
Imathia, but not Emathia. In the time before Emathia became Macedonia, the area shown was part of the Thermaic Gulf. The Loudias River shown here did not exist. Emathia was elsewhere, undoubtedly north.
646:. It was not only near the sea, it was around it, on a strip of shoreline between the sea and the mountains. They were apparently independent as no one came to their aid, and they fell piecemeal.
1372:'sandy', i. e. the coastal, sandy/swampy land around Axius river, in contrast to mountainous Macedonia, probably also intended as 'laying large land' (cf. PIE *mē-2, *m-e-t- 'to mow, to reap').
486:, where it is dammed in a few places to impound reservoirs. The last, Haliakmon Dam, creates an artificial lake. From there it crosses the plain to the NE, being joined by its tributary, the
338:
It is also the rate of subsidence, as aggradation cannot occur without subsidence. The meters do not distinguish between the two. A high slope is a rapid rate; a low slope is a low rate.
1201:. Hesiod represents ethna by mythological ancestors. Ethnic history then becomes the personal narrative of the figures. Most of his works now only survive in fragments. In Fragment 5 of
100:, although no doubt based on a type of terrain prevalent in the region at the time. The toponym comprised different territories at different times, expanding from a base in the lower
755:
As to the many tribes displaced, they must have taken their languages with them. Attempts to define these languages from epigraphy and onomastics have created a new field of study,
1387:"an overall average of rather less than a metre per millennium eustatic rise over the last 7000 years (C14). This agrees with a smoothed average from Butzer's worldwide plot (5b)."
1209:
And she conceived and bare to Zeus, the hurler of the thunderbolt, two sons, even Magnes and Makedon, rejoicing in horses, who had their dwellings around Pieria and Olympos.
979:. Originally on the stony islet of Fakos at the edge of the Thermaic Gulf. Modern faki means "lentil", meaning the shape of the islet. The ancient name, Pella, means "stony."
316:. It was pollen-free. Although it had accumulated under a lake, it was high and dry at least at that location when the first Neolithic settlers built their village upon it.
1487:
reasons replaces the calendar Anno Domini time. No matter what the current year, 1950 must be used in the conversion calculation from bp to BC. In that year, the amount of
257:
Geologists of the 19th and 20th centuries formulated a number of geologic models of the central Macedonian plain, but few were as useful those based on the excavation of
459:
between the smaller ridges until a smooth surface covered both valleys and sub-ridges. Bintliff uses such language as "the Almopias Furrow" and "the Axios Trench."
326:
In 1965 a core, subsequently named GIANNITB, taken by Sytze Bottema from the central area of the alluvium 7.5 km (4.7 mi) to the NW along a line to
411:
Neolithic" reoccupation during which the ditch was dug. The EN, being directly on the white layer, places the layer at settlement in the 8th millennium BP.
1888:
359:
conform to test points known to be true. Of course, the more test points in calibration, the more confidence one can have that the readings are accurate.
828:. A hilly settlement overlooking the junction of the current NW Thermaic Gulf with the then wetlands to the north. Modern Methoni is just to the south.
532:). The white, calcareous layer crystallized out of solution and was deposited over the bottom in a layer about 1 m thick. The phase lasted through the
470:
View of the Haliakmon River from a cabin in the Pierian Mountains. The size of the river reflects its impoundment there. The river flows to the right.
319:
This same layer was found at the bottom of an excavated drainage ditch 100 m to the SW, the layer's top surface being at 6 m above current sea level (
2010:
1946:"Chapter 20. Geoarchaeological study of the Thessaloniki Plain (Greece): An adaptation of human societies to rapid Holocene shoreline displacements"
951:
1500:
Dates taken at the NN site are not to be confused with dates taken at the core, even though they might all reference the same Neolithic events.
1410:
Nea Nikomedeia village is not actually in urban Veria, nor is the site actually in urban Nea Nikomedeia, as enlargement of the maps will show.
245:. The latter country, however, is distinguished from the ancient by not having been there. In its place was either a shallow estuary of the
2086:
800:
418:
In radiocarbon calibration curves a large number of points are usually available, often enabling the application of techniques such as
2048:
1790:
623:, his father, "and his forefathers" had conquered Emathia earlier and had renamed it to Macedonia. These are the events described by
1857:
199:. The deltas eventually combine to form alluvuial shelves and valleys, which, in the Aegean, typically became agricultural areas.
2160:
839:
642:
formed a new "country by the sea" by defeating tribal states arranged in a near-circle around the shores of what was then the
463:
review follows, starting from the SW of the wheel, moving CW, and ending on the SE, with the Thermaic Gulf as the exit notch.
2175:
2155:
1934:
1073:
darted down and left the peak of Olympus; on Pieria she stepped and lovely Emathia, and sped over the snowy mountains of the
373:, or C-14 dating. It is based on the fact that the atmosphere contains a certain proportion of the radioactive isotope of C,
1779:
2073:
1469:"... in the post-orogenic subsidences the sub-furrows experienced most depression relative to their surrounding landscape."
1293:, marching inland of the coastal states that had been planted by peoples ejected by the Macedonians from Emathia, notably
1180:, despite Greek protests that Macedonia had never had a north in that location. The issue is a contentious one today (see
225:
On the map, the Plain is the green area at the mouth of the Axios River. Stretching across the Axios, it extends E-W from
1318:
Seeing a major obstacle ahead, the Olympus-Pieria massifs, the king assembled his troops in Emathia with headquarters at
759:, which is not a single language group. These are believed remnants of previous successive immigrations down the Axios.
1824:
517:
River. Various smaller streams drain the Vermio Mountains from west to east, becoming tributaries of the Moglenitsas.
2037:
1957:
1905:
355:
446:
Bintliff's reconstruction of the early Plain of Central Macedonia is as follows. It was not originally a plain. The
402:
A sample sedimentary core from Antarctica showing the same sorts of sedimentary events as might be seem in GIANNITB.
1423:
669:
beyond the Strymon to the east, leaving Pieria to become the first district of Lower Macedonia. Next in order was
268:
2165:
323:). NN seems to have been constructed on a mound of it. The layer in the ditch, however, represents ground level.
2116:
1268:
1607:
354:. The device is designed to generate a number that is quantitatively proportional to a value of the natural
768:
ancient to modern times, and was only recently turned to agricultural uses, there are now no cities in it.
1301:. Evidently the Macedonian conquest had long been over. Most of Thrace therefore sided with the Persians.
856:
2023:
Lilibaki-Akamati, Maria (2011). "Pella, Capital of the Macedonians: Historical and Archaeological Data".
739:
320:
303:
1289:
was already "tributary to the king" (108). Thessaly was on the south side of the range. Xerxes crossed
1142:
533:
119:. In portraying these poleis moderns often based and still base their conclusions upon the modern map.
2024:
2170:
1922:
1671:
1250:
approach the Thermaic Gulf. Xerxes looked for some way to get over this mass into Thessaly behind it.
482:
on the southern border of Macedonia. At points closer to the plain it flows to the north side of the
112:
19:
This article is about the ancient geopolitical region. For the modern Greek administrative unit, see
307:
Early Neolithic house at Nea Nikomedeia. Note the white traces of the subsoil level showing through.
187:
is a classic example of drowned terrain: islands fronted by steep cliffs formed from mountain-tops,
2108:
1181:
715:
There are more tribes displaced over the Axios leaving their former districts to the Macedonians:
627:(Book II.99), considered their most credible narrator, because his account corresponds to that of
442:
A topographic map of Macedonia. This one shows the mountains and rivers described in this section.
1398:
612:
603:
By the time Emathia appears in history, it is already gone. In its place stands kato Makedonia, "
1086:
1062:
1035:
756:
654:
620:
509:
form a wall of hills trending NNE. They extend from the W bank of the Haliakmon northward into
94:
1077:
horsemen, even over their topmost peaks, nor grazed she the ground with her feet; and from
595:
Before the Neolithic but few sources are willing to consider any country as being settled.
191:
with long estuaries formed by flooding from the sea. Acting contrary to the submergence is
188:
8:
1234:
1213:
Homer does not mention Macedon, nor is there any word that might be interpreted as it in
1126:
831:
Material has been found from every period from the Neolithic to the Ottoman Middle Ages.
1826:
Hesiod: The Poems and Fragments Done into English Prose with Introduction and Appendices
1672:"Bottema, Sytze (2010): Age determination of sediment core GIANNITB, Giannitsa, Greece"
1488:
1218:
639:
370:
124:
159:
2033:
1988:
1953:
1930:
1031:
658:
483:
380:
1460:
Bintliff uses " 11-12 m below sea level," meaning the top surface of the 12th m bsl.
1245:
241:, about 34.53 km (21.46 mi). This is approximately the location of modern
1980:
1256:
1043:
918:
791:
540:
506:
498:
490:, which ends there. The Haliakmon flows from there to the gulf at Delta Aliakmona.
451:
168:
24:
1945:
635:(epanothen) as Macedonian also, but the original Macedon, he says, was the lower.
1177:
893:
705:
632:
604:
362:
300:(Beroia), ancient capital of the Macedonian League, at the SW edge of the Plain.
230:
1608:"Bottema, Sytze (2010): Lithology of sediment core GIANNITB, Giannitsa, Greece"
1483:
1479:
1305:
697:
398:
258:
176:
86:
2009:
Hatzopoulos, M.B. (2004). "Makedonia". In Hansen, M.H.; Nielsen, T.H. (eds.).
59:. Today's Imathia revitalizes the geopolitical concept, but does not match it.
2149:
2131:
2118:
1992:
1438:
1425:
1360:
1146:
1109:
986:
966:
953:
871:
858:
815:
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283:
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1451:. Actually, this location is more nearly 8 km from the archaeological site.
1323:
1116:
say: "we grant Emathia's plains, to where uprise Paeonia's peaks of snow".
548:
226:
180:
350:
devices must undergo a finalization procedure in their manufacture called
1906:"The Plain of Western Macedonia and the Neolithic Site of Nea Nikomedeia"
1130:
1078:
744:
704:. They obliged the Macedonians by escaping across the river and founding
514:
487:
455:
351:
347:
196:
192:
120:
101:
56:
1104:
having stripped the mountains of Emathia, he cast the rocky missiles at
1061:, who makes no mention of Macedonia, places Emathia as a region next to
2049:
Annual Report: Ancient Methone Archaeological Project 2014 Field School
2004:. A History of Macedonia. Vol. I. London: Oxford University Press.
1340:
1312:
1230:
1047:
682:
674:
624:
529:
521:
433:
313:
195:. Drowned rivers dump their sediment into their new estuaries creating
184:
172:
1968:
1264:
1074:
1039:
728:
689:
628:
588:
475:
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374:
234:
1984:
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1154:
1138:
1105:
1027:
732:
724:
693:
670:
608:
525:
327:
2059:
Rodden, Robert J. (1965). "An Early Neolithic Village in Greece".
233:, a distance of about 73.42 km (45.62 mi), and N-S from
128:
sherds support at least a Bronze-age provenience, or close to it.
1875:
1348:
1294:
1150:
1093:
720:
716:
678:
666:
616:
510:
447:
369:
In archaeology a suitable biomass (such as wood) can be dated by
242:
238:
133:
97:
20:
2103:
1319:
1290:
1272:
1260:
1194:
1158:
1113:
1101:
1097:
1082:
709:
650:
598:
479:
116:
558:
1869:
1810:
1776:
1298:
1222:
1198:
1058:
1046:, the references are related to Bronze Age period before the
942:
847:
832:
701:
297:
108:
393:
107:
Emathia initially was the region of the Macedonian capital,
1070:
544:
154:
582:
217:
1854:
104:
valley to include all of what was renamed to Macedonia.
1092:
The Homeric name was renewed mainly in Roman times and
552:
430:+ shell fragments," with an average depth of 10.325 m.
261:(NN), 1961, 1963–64, under the direction of Rodden and
163:
Aggradation, Axios Delta National Park. Note the sand.
2088:
The Pottery from Nea Nikomedeia in its Balkan Context
1187:
1030:(23.10.4) mentions that Emathia was earliest called
982:
Early Bronze Age settlement from the 3rd millennium.
434:
Geologic history of the terrain over the white layer
1034:and Strabo (frg 7.38) that Paeonia was extended to
677:also were driven out. They formed the new state of
567:
1081:she stepped upon the billowy sea, and so came to
1022:
631:, their first author. Thucydides describes also
607:," as it was when it was about to be attacked by
34:
2147:
2022:
1755:
638:According to Thucydides, The Temenid Dynasty of
207:surface. Bintliff calls this a "eustatic rise."
1285:The entire north as far as, but not including,
762:
513:, being paralleled the entire distance by the
252:
1229:had moved away from Pieria (B756) before the
1149:, an Emathian named Halesus is killed by the
1125:is a frequently used name by Latin poets for
2032:. Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
2012:An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
1053:
611:, Thracian king of the late 5th century BC.
599:The appearance of Macdonia proper in history
2008:
1950:La géoarchéologie française au xxie siècle
1832:. Oxford: University of Oxford. p. 86.
1478:In the coded terminology of carbon dating,
1162:
1120:
1017:
559:The prototype of the northern Thermaic Gulf
1920:
1551:
1549:
1420:interested in its pollen. The location is
1401:in detail (by rising or falling) are rock.
1354:
1170:
341:
1654:
1652:
1578:
1576:
394:The controversial calibration of GIANNITB
149:
1943:
1903:
1896:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1658:
1643:
1631:
1594:
1582:
1567:
1555:
1528:
1244:
492:
465:
437:
397:
379:
361:
302:
216:
158:
155:Subsidence and aggradation in the region
2078:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
2054:(Report). Institute for Field Research.
1999:
1966:
1842:
1731:
1546:
688:Inevitably the Macedonians reached the
649:The Macedonians began by attacking the
583:Original settlement of Macedonia proper
2148:
2084:
2058:
2046:
1910:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
1743:
1649:
1573:
1540:
524:lake in a subsiding region during the
478:River drains the east slopes of Mount
23:. For the town of ancient Thrace, see
2071:
1664:
520:The region derives ultimately from a
1822:
1791:The nine Muses and the nine Magpipes
1767:Prehistory of Macedonia, i. 418 n. 2
1600:
1271:with orders to reduce the region to
1096:mentions some cities of Emathia. In
450:of the NW-SE trending ridges of the
2091:(PhD thesis). University of London.
2002:Historical Geography and Prehistory
1334:
1304:Subsequently, the king crossed the
13:
2026:The Archaeological Museum of Pella
2018:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1141:as Emathia; the Roman province of
385:use if no other data is available.
16:Ancient region of northern Greece.
14:
2187:
2097:
1188:Homer, Hesiod, and the Bronze Age
619:Dynasty was the Macedonian king.
2102:
1359:The etymology of the name is of
1145:included Thessaly. In 12.462 of
985:
838:
568:History of the Iron-Age wetlands
48:
1973:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1881:
1862:
1848:
1836:
1816:
1804:
1795:
1784:
1770:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1637:
1625:
1503:
1494:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1413:
572:
144:
2161:Geography of ancient Macedonia
1588:
1561:
1534:
1522:
1404:
1390:
1381:
1023:Earliest known name of Paeonia
1:
1921:Finkelberg, Margalit (2012).
577:
505:On the west of the plain the
426:done in the same year, 1965.
111:, also of the capital of the
2176:Historical regions in Greece
2156:Locations in Greek mythology
2072:Smith, William, ed. (1854).
1516:
1339:Emathia was named after the
1329:
1240:
763:The ancient towns of Emathia
265:. NN is a Neolithic site at
7:
1944:Ghilardi, Matthieu (2015).
1269:Scythian campaign of 513 BC
740:ancient Macedonian language
665:. They escaped by founding
253:The white clay marker layer
10:
2192:
2085:Yiouni, Paraskevi (1992).
1491:in the atmosphere changed.
661:between the Haliakmon and
35:
18:
1054:Under the name of Emathia
93:) in ancient times was a
90:
72:
64:
47:
32:
1969:"The location of Aegeae"
1952:. Paris: CNRS Éditions.
1646:, p. 246, Figure 5b
1531:, p. 246, Figure 5a
1375:
1347:and not after the local
1182:Macedonia naming dispute
1018:Testimony of the sources
708:on the other side. Thus
501:eastward over the plain.
296:, within the borders of
1904:Bintliff, John (1976).
1558:, p. 244, Figure 3
1439:40.666667°N 22.316667°E
1399:gravitational potential
1355:Greek terrain etymology
1171:The change to Macedonia
1112:5.313 the daughters of
967:40.754669°N 22.521050°E
816:40.467444°N 22.583649°E
772:Settlements of Emathia
613:Perdiccas II of Macedon
342:The calibration problem
284:40.604156°N 22.264982°E
2166:Locations in the Iliad
2080:. London: John Murray.
2047:Morris, Sarah (2014).
1927:The Homer Encyclopedia
1813:(1. 1, 6. 360, 7. 166)
1370:êmathoessa (see above)
1251:
1211:
1163:
1135:the Emathian conqueror
1121:
1090:
1085:, the city of godlike
757:Paleo-Balkan languages
621:Alexander I of Macedon
502:
471:
443:
403:
386:
366:
308:
222:
164:
150:History of the terrain
2111:at Wikimedia Commons
2000:Hammond, NGL (1972).
1967:Hammond, NGL (1997).
1897:Citation bibliography
1756:Lilibaki-Akamati 2011
1311:The Persians crossed
1248:
1207:
1067:
700:. It was held by the
496:
469:
441:
401:
383:
365:
306:
220:
210:The shoreline at any
189:submergent coastlines
162:
1889:Pokorny's dictionary
1444:40.666667; 22.316667
1259:had left an army in
1197:, a contemporary of
972:40.754669; 22.521050
835:was in the vicinity.
821:40.467444; 22.583649
474:On the SW the upper
289:40.604156; 22.264982
2132:40.7373°N 22.4731°E
2128: /
2061:Scientific American
1855:Liddell–Scott–Jones
1823:Mair, A.W. (1908).
1482:is before present,
1435: /
1233:and were living in
1127:Alexander the Great
963: /
868: /
812: /
773:
712:became Macedonian.
280: /
1489:radioactive carbon
1252:
1225:mentions that the
1219:Catalogue of Ships
1100:, Dionysiaca 48.6
771:
503:
472:
444:
404:
387:
371:radiocarbon dating
367:
309:
223:
177:back-arc extension
165:
125:radiocarbon dating
68:ancient Macedonian
2107:Media related to
1936:978-1-4051-7768-9
1267:after his failed
1263:under his cousin
1015:
1014:
872:40.517°N 22.200°E
659:Pierian Mountains
484:Pierian Mountains
113:Macedonian League
80:
79:
76:Absolute monarchy
2183:
2171:Plains of Greece
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:40.7373; 22.4731
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2106:
2092:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2017:
2005:
1996:
1963:
1940:
1917:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1758:, pp. 17–21
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1335:Folk-etymologies
1257:Darius the Great
1166:
1164:Emathiae tutamen
1124:
1119:The Emathian or
1044:N. G. L. Hammond
989:
978:
977:
975:
974:
973:
968:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
883:
882:
880:
879:
878:
873:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
842:
827:
826:
824:
823:
822:
817:
813:
810:
809:
808:
805:
774:
770:
541:Late Pleistocene
536:(1.25-0.7 Myr).
507:Vermio Mountains
499:Vermio Mountains
452:Hellenic Orogeny
295:
294:
292:
291:
290:
285:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
169:Aegean Sea Plate
92:
52:
38:
37:
30:
29:
25:Emathia (Thrace)
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2100:
2095:
2051:
2040:
2029:
2015:
1960:
1937:
1899:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:Strab.Frag.7.11
1800:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1357:
1337:
1332:
1243:
1190:
1178:North Macedonia
1173:
1153:Latreus and in
1056:
1042:. According to
1025:
1020:
971:
969:
965:
962:
957:
954:
952:
950:
949:
945:
892:Kition (modern
876:
874:
870:
867:
862:
859:
857:
855:
854:
850:
820:
818:
814:
811:
806:
803:
801:
799:
798:
794:
765:
633:Upper Macedonia
605:Lower Macedonia
601:
585:
580:
575:
570:
561:
543:(129,000-11700
534:mid-Pleistocene
436:
396:
344:
288:
286:
282:
279:
274:
271:
269:
267:
266:
255:
157:
152:
147:
65:Native language
60:
43:
42:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2099:
2098:External links
2096:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2069:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2020:
2006:
1997:
1985:10.2307/632555
1964:
1958:
1941:
1935:
1918:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1880:
1861:
1847:
1835:
1815:
1803:
1794:
1783:
1769:
1760:
1748:
1746:, pp. 1–2
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1663:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1599:
1587:
1572:
1560:
1545:
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1471:
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1328:
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1239:
1189:
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1169:
1055:
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1021:
1019:
1016:
1013:
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914:
912:
910:
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904:
903:
901:
899:
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889:
888:
886:
884:
877:40.517; 22.200
852:
844:
843:
836:
829:
796:
788:
787:
784:
781:
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764:
761:
600:
597:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
560:
557:
549:Early Holocene
547:) through the
497:View from the
435:
432:
395:
392:
343:
340:
259:Nea Nikomedeia
254:
251:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
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2057:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2039:9789609590006
2035:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1959:9782271129932
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:. Blackwell.
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1845:, p. 430
1844:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1734:, p. 431
1733:
1728:
1721:
1720:Ghilardi 2015
1716:
1710:, p. 255
1709:
1708:Bintliff 1976
1704:
1698:, p. 243
1697:
1696:Bintliff 1976
1692:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1661:, p. 241
1660:
1659:Bintliff 1976
1655:
1653:
1645:
1644:Bintliff 1976
1640:
1634:, p. 242
1633:
1632:Bintliff 1976
1628:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1597:, p. 247
1596:
1595:Bintliff 1976
1591:
1585:, p. 245
1584:
1583:Bintliff 1976
1579:
1577:
1570:, p. 246
1569:
1568:Bintliff 1976
1564:
1557:
1556:Bintliff 1976
1552:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1529:Bintliff 1976
1525:
1521:
1506:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1416:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1361:Homeric Greek
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
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1274:
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1266:
1262:
1258:
1247:
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1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1168:
1167:(protector).
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:Metamorphoses
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:Metamorphoses
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1051:
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1037:
1033:
1029:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
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996:
993:
992:
988:
984:
981:
976:
948:
944:
941:
940:
937:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
924:
922:
920:
917:
916:
913:
911:
909:
906:
905:
902:
900:
898:
895:
891:
890:
887:
885:
881:
853:
849:
846:
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
825:
797:
793:
790:
789:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:
769:
760:
758:
753:
750:
749:lingua franca
746:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:Mount Olympus
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
644:Thermaic Gulf
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
593:
590:
565:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
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508:
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491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
468:
464:
460:
457:
453:
449:
440:
431:
427:
423:
421:
420:curve fitting
416:
412:
408:
400:
391:
382:
378:
376:
372:
364:
360:
357:
353:
349:
339:
335:
331:
329:
324:
322:
317:
315:
305:
301:
299:
293:
264:
263:Grahame Clark
260:
250:
248:
247:Thermaic Gulf
244:
240:
236:
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2011:
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1949:
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1843:Hammond 1972
1838:
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1732:Hammond 1972
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1639:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:
1602:
1590:
1563:
1543:, p. 83
1536:
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1496:
1474:
1465:
1456:
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1406:
1392:
1383:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1341:Samothracian
1338:
1324:Thessalonika
1317:
1310:
1303:
1284:
1277:
1253:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1191:
1174:
1134:
1122:Emathius dux
1118:
1091:
1068:
1057:
1026:
766:
754:
737:
714:
696:east to the
687:
648:
637:
602:
594:
586:
573:Lake Loudias
562:
551:(11650-8200
538:
519:
504:
473:
461:
456:geosynclines
445:
428:
424:
417:
413:
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388:
368:
345:
336:
332:
325:
318:
310:
256:
227:Thessaloniki
224:
209:
205:
201:
197:river deltas
181:Hellenic arc
166:
145:Localization
139:
130:
121:Core samples
106:
95:geopolitical
82:
81:
2135: /
2067:(4): 82–93.
1979:: 177–179.
1744:Morris 2014
1681:14 November
1617:11 November
1541:Rodden 1965
1442: /
1108:. In Ovid,
970: /
875: /
819: /
783:Provenience
745:koine Greek
729:Crestonians
528:(5.33-2.58
515:Moglenitsas
488:Moglenitsas
352:calibration
348:measurement
287: /
193:aggradation
179:behind the
175:because of
171:undergoing
102:Axios River
57:Mount Paiko
2150:Categories
2123:22°28′23″E
2120:40°44′14″N
1916:: 241–262.
1872:êmathoenta
1722:, Figure 1
1430:22°19′00″E
1427:40°40′00″N
1363:origin - ‘
1313:Chalkidike
1231:Trojan War
1217:, but the
1203:Catalogues
1048:Trojan War
958:22°31′16″E
955:40°45′17″N
807:22°35′01″E
804:40°28′03″N
733:Bisaltians
725:Anthemians
683:Chalcidice
675:Bottiaeans
625:Thucydides
578:Demography
448:orogenesis
314:lacustrine
275:22°15′54″E
272:40°36′15″N
185:Aegean Sea
173:subsidence
2074:"Emathia"
1993:0075-4269
1923:"Emathia"
1517:Citations
1330:Etymology
1273:satrapies
1265:Megabazus
1241:Herodotus
1205:he says:
1157:64. 324,
1143:Macedonia
1040:Pelagonia
721:Almopians
717:Eordaeans
690:Paeonians
629:Herodotus
589:Neolithic
476:Haliacmon
375:Carbon-14
235:Giannitsa
212:isochrone
1887:Pokorny
1345:Emathion
1287:Thessaly
1279:Xerxes I
1235:Magnesia
1227:Magnetes
1215:Linear B
1155:Catullus
1139:Thessaly
1129:, as in
1106:Dionysus
1102:Typhoeus
1075:Thracian
1028:Polybius
786:Picture
780:Location
702:Edonians
694:Mygdonia
671:Bottiaea
651:Pierians
609:Sitalces
526:Pliocene
454:created
356:variable
328:Gianitsa
2109:Emathia
1876:Odyssey
1858:amathos
1676:PANGAEA
1612:PANGAEA
1349:Emathus
1322:(early
1306:Strymon
1295:Piereis
1221:in the
1151:centaur
1094:Ptolemy
1032:Paeonia
931:Kyrrhos
894:Naoussa
863:22°12′E
860:40°31′N
851:Βέρροια
792:Methone
698:Strymon
679:Bottike
667:Piereis
657:in the
617:Temenid
615:of the
539:In the
511:Almopia
243:Imathia
239:Vergina
231:Naoussa
134:Loudias
98:toponym
83:Emathia
41:Emathia
21:Imathia
2036:
1991:
1956:
1933:
1780:14.226
1366:ἄμαθος
1320:Therma
1291:Thrace
1261:Thrace
1195:Hesiod
1159:Peleus
1131:Milton
1114:Pierus
1098:Nonnus
1083:Lemnos
1063:Pieria
1036:Pieria
1005:Therma
994:Ichnai
907:Kydrai
848:Veroia
795:Μεθώνη
747:, the
710:Thrace
706:Edonis
655:Pieria
522:calcic
480:Pindus
183:, the
117:Beroia
91:Ἠμαθία
36:Ἠμαθία
2052:(PDF)
2030:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
1870:Pulon
1830:(PDF)
1811:Lucan
1777:Iliad
1510:rate.
1376:Notes
1343:king
1299:Edoni
1223:Iliad
1199:Homer
1087:Thoas
1079:Athos
1059:Homer
946:Πέλλα
943:Pella
919:Aigai
833:Pydna
640:Argos
298:Veria
109:Pella
87:Greek
2034:ISBN
1989:ISSN
1954:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1878:1.93
1683:2023
1619:2023
1368:and
1297:and
1071:Hera
1069:but
1038:and
777:Name
587:The
346:All
167:The
123:and
73:Type
2065:212
1981:doi
1977:117
1184:).
1161:is
738:An
681:on
653:of
530:Mya
321:asl
237:to
229:to
2152::
2076:.
2063:.
1987:.
1975:.
1971:.
1948:.
1925:.
1914:42
1912:.
1908:.
1874:–
1674:.
1651:^
1610:.
1575:^
1548:^
1484:BP
1480:bp
1351:.
1133:,
1065:.
1050:.
731:,
727:,
723:,
719:,
685:.
553:bp
545:ya
115:,
89::
2042:.
1995:.
1983::
1962:.
1939:.
1685:.
1621:.
896:)
85:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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