402:
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410:"Slabbing" the core into a 2/3 and a 1/3 set is common. It is also common for one set to be retained by the main customer while the second set goes to the government (who often impose a condition for such donation as a condition of exploration/ exploitation licensing). "Slabbing" also has the benefit of preparing a flat, smooth surface for examination and testing of profile permeability, which is very much easier to work with than the typically rough, curved surface of core samples when they're fresh from the coring equipment. Photography of raw and "slabbed" core surfaces is routine, often under both natural and ultra-violet light.
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to believe then becomes a matter of policy for the client (in an industrial setting) or of great controversy (in a context without an overriding authority). Recording that there are discrepancies, for whatever reason, retains the possibility of correcting an incorrect decision at a later date ; destroying the "incorrect" depth data makes it impossible to correct a mistake later. Any system for retaining and archiving data and core samples needs to be designed so that dissenting opinion like this can be retained.
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208:. The range of equipment and techniques applied to the task is correspondingly great. Core samples are most often taken with their long axis oriented roughly parallel to the axis of a borehole, or parallel to the gravity field for the gravity-driven tools. However it is also possible to take core samples from the wall of an existing borehole. Taking samples from an exposure, be it an overhanging rock face or on a different planet, is almost trivial. (The Mars Exploration Rovers carry a
2411:
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2312:
315:
2423:
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230:, in which the core sampler is dropped into the sample, usually the bed of a water body, but essentially the same technique can also be done on soft materials on land. The penetration forces, if recorded, give information about the strength of different depths in the material, which may be the only information required, with samples as an incidental benefit. This technique is common in both civil engineering site investigations (where the technique shades into
2200:
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32:
2500:
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164:. The hole made for the core sample is called the "core hole". A variety of core samplers exist to sample different media under different conditions; there is continuing development in the technology. In the coring process, the sample is pushed more or less intact into the tube. Removed from the tube in the laboratory, it is inspected and analyzed by different techniques and equipment depending on the type of data desired.
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field to the laboratory in as long a length as it comes out of the ground; other times it is cut into standard lengths (5m or 1m or 3 ft) for shipping, then reassembled in the laboratory. Some of the "inner barrel" systems are capable of being reversed on the core sample, so that in the laboratory the sample goes "wrong way up" when the core is reassembled. This can complicate interpretation.
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red one on the right when the core is being retrieved and marked at surface. Cores cut for mineral mining may have their own, different, conventions. Civil engineering or soil studies may have their own, different, conventions as their materials are often not competent enough to make permanent marks on.
397:
measurements made of the wall rocks, and these measurements are repeated along the length of the core then the two data sets correlated, one will almost universally find that the depth "of record" for a particular piece of core differs between the two methods of measurement. Which set of measurements
385:
Different disciplines have different local conventions of recording these data, and the user should familiarize themselves with their area's conventions. For example, in the oil industry, orientation of the core is typically recorded by marking the core with two longitudinal colour streaks, with the
373:
Equally, a core sample which cannot be related to its context (where it was before it became a core sample) has lost much of its benefit. The identification of the borehole, and the position and orientation ("way up") of the core in the borehole is critical, even if the borehole is in a tree trunk –
253:
where a rotating annular tool backed up by a cylindrical core sample storage device is pressed against the subject materials to cut out a cylinder of the subject material. A mechanism is normally needed to retain the cylindrical sample in the coring tool. Depending on circumstances, particularly the
549:
is a method in which rock cuttings are continuously extracted through the hollow drill rod and can be sampled for analysis. The method may be faster and use less water than core drilling, but does not produce cores of relatively undisturbed material, so less information on the rock structure can be
409:
If core samples from a campaign are competent, it is common practice to "slab" them – cut the sample into two or more samples longitudinally – quite early in laboratory processing so that one set of samples can be archived early in the analysis sequence as a protection against errors in processing.
381:
If these data become separated from core samples, it is generally impossible to regain that data. The cost of a coring operation can vary from a few currency units (for a hand-caught core from a soft soil section) to tens of millions of currency units (for sidewall cores from a remote-area offshore
304:
where a miniaturized automated rotary drilling tool is applied to the side of the borehole to cut a sample similar in size to a percussion sidewall core (described above). These tend to suffer less deformation than percussion cores. However, the core-cutting process takes longer and jams are common
258:
and the core sample, to reduce changes from the coring process. The mechanical forces imposed on the core sample by the tool frequently lead to fracture of the core and loss of less-competent intervals, which can greatly complicate the interpretation of the core. Cores can routinely be cut as small
297:
study. Many samples can be attempted in a single run of the tools, which are typically configured with 20 to 30 "bullets" and propulsive charges along the length of a tool. Several tools can often be ganged together for a single run. The success rates for firing a particular bullet, it penetrating
389:
It is becoming increasingly common to retain core samples in cylindrical packaging which forms part of the core-cutting equipment, and to make the marks of record on these "inner barrels" in the field prior to further processing and analysis in the laboratory. Sometimes core is shipped from the
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Coring has come to be recognized as an important source of data, and more attention and care is being put on preventing damage to the core during various stages of it transportation and analysis. The usual way to do this is to freeze the core completely using liquid nitrogen, which is cheaply
298:
the borehole wall, the retention system recovering the bullet from the borehole wall, and the sample is retained in the bullet are all relatively low, so it is not uncommon for only half the samples attempted to be successful. This is an important consideration in planning sample programs.
339:) but such expensive subtlety is likely wasted on a core that has been shaken on an unsprung lorry for 300 km of dirt road. What happens to cores between the retrieval equipment and the final laboratory (or archive) is an often neglected part of record keeping and core management.
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The composition of the subject materials can vary from almost liquid to the strongest materials found in nature or technology, and the location of the subject materials can vary from on the laboratory bench to over 10 km from the surface of the Earth in a
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consistency and composition of the subject materials, different arrangements may be needed within the core tools to support and protect the sample on its way to the surface; it is often also necessary to control or reduce the contact between the
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Although often neglected, core samples always degrade to some degree in the process of cutting the core, handling it, and studying it. Non-destructive techniques are increasingly common, e.g., the use of
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soon became apparent. Core sampling by many scientific and exploratory organizations expanded rapidly. To date hundreds of thousands of core samples have been collected from floors of all the planet's
183:
and alloys, especially the softer ones. Core samples can also be taken of living things, including human beings, especially of a person's bones for microscopic examination to help diagnose diseases.
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derived from analysis. If compressed air is used for cutting extraction the sample remains uncontaminated, is available almost immediately, and the method has a low environmental impact.
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uses robust cylindrical "bullets" explosively propelled into the wall of a borehole to retrieve a (relatively) small, short core sample. These tend to be heavily shattered, rendering
1425:
271:). The lengths of samples can range from less than a meter (again, in wood, for dendrochronology) up to around 200 meters in one run, though 27 to 54 meters is more usual (in
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composition during geologic history. The dynamic phenomena of the Earth's surface are for the most part cyclical in a number of ways, especially
2390:
234:) and geological studies of recent aquatic deposits. The low strength of the materials penetrated means that cores have to be relatively small.
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always try to include a bark surface in their samples so that the date of most-recent growth of the tree can be unambiguously determined.
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275:), and many runs can be made in succession if "quick look" analysis in the field suggests that the zone of interest is continuing.
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910:
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2014:
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borehole many kilometres deep). Inadequate recording of such basic data has ruined the utility of both types of core.
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are used to measure angles of fractures and other features in a core sample relative to its standard orientation.
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media. Again, the physical strength of the subject material limits the size of the core that can be retrieved.
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in the ancillary equipment which retrieves the sample from the drill bit and stores it within the tool body.
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534:. For example, cores in the ocean floor, soil and ice have altered the view of the geologic history of the
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There are many ways to date a core. Once dated, it gives valuable information about changes of climate and
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Coring began as a method of sampling surroundings of ore deposits and oil exploration. It soon expanded to
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sourced. In some cases, special polymers are also used to preserve and seat/cushion the core from damage.
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is a cylindrical section of (usually) a naturally-occurring substance. Most core samples are obtained by
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8:
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2800:
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2075:
1203:
1178:
981:
966:
294:
212:, which is logically equivalent to the "rotary sidewall core" tool described below.)
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1972:
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1997:
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20:
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1992:
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1033:
1016:
796:
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535:
520:
290:
241:
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2299:
413:
A unit of length occasionally used in the literature on seabed cores is
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2626:
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2291:
2120:
1987:
1977:
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give information about their growth rings without destroying the tree.
358:
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161:
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3180:
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2115:
1846:
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1173:
801:
728:
686:
450:
31:
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2961:
2936:
2863:
2780:
2446:
2110:
2090:
2085:
2065:
2060:
1836:
1826:
1748:
1683:
1455:
1183:
1139:
1134:
998:
564:
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485:
332:
282:
205:
172:
153:
149:
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2523:
1778:
1768:
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1643:
1558:
531:
512:
508:
433:
The technique of coring long predates attempts to drill into the
176:
168:
2434:
215:
128:
16:
Cylindrical section of (usually) a naturally-occurring substance
3266:
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3251:
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3173:
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2894:
2704:
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2463:
2386:
2095:
1982:
1967:
1957:
1917:
1831:
2287:
425:
2719:
1877:
1851:
1821:
1783:
1723:
1718:
1713:
477:
454:
434:
240:, in which the sampler is vibrated to allow penetration into
180:
157:
2535:
2335:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2694:
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2674:
2105:
2045:
1798:
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501:
493:
481:
331:
scanning to characterize grains, pore fluids, pore spaces (
1937:
1803:
1576:
489:
328:
1566:
471:
464:
Access to many of these samples is facilitated by the
19:"Marine core" redirects here. Not to be confused with
267:) up to over 150 millimeters in diameter (routine in
2167:
167:
Core samples can be taken to test the properties of
466:
417:, an abbreviation for centimeters below sea floor.
289:measurements dubious, but are often sufficient for
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
621:"An Introduction to Reverse Circulation Drilling"
3359:
219:Core sampling by hand in a bog in Estonia (2023)
152:with special drills into the substance, such as
369:Pulling the Bakken Core out of the core barrell
335:) and their interactions (constituting part of
309:
2230:
702:
2244:
2237:
2223:
709:
695:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
424:
400:
364:
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313:
214:
190:
127:
1629:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
595:"What is Reverse Circulation drilling?"
449:of obtaining cores over a wide area of
3360:
1503:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
1262:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
716:
2218:
690:
1634:China National Petroleum Corporation
679:John Branner Newsom's boring machine
420:
132:Rock core samples, the product of a
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
472:Informational value of core samples
13:
1694:National Iranian South Oil Company
1410:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
14:
3409:
2255:Offshore geotechnical engineering
2162:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
2051:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
1704:Oil & Gas Development Company
643:
570:Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
445:. The value to oceanic and other
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2510:
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2409:
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2310:
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2199:
2198:
223:Some common techniques include:
30:
1709:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
541:
41:needs additional citations for
2177:Society of Petroleum Engineers
1948:Port Harcourt Refining Company
1614:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
613:
587:
199:, Montana (from a spoil pile).
1:
2905:Mechanically stabilized earth
1123:Production sharing agreements
580:
507:Cores indicate variations of
2657:Hydraulic conductivity tests
2157:Canadian petroleum companies
2152:American Petroleum Institute
1689:National Iranian Oil Company
1674:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
547:Reverse circulation drilling
310:Management of cores and data
251:exploration diamond drilling
7:
3218:Stress distribution in soil
2172:International Energy Agency
1157:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
553:
10:
3414:
2368:Pore pressure measurement
1759:PTT Public Company Limited
1360:East Midlands Oil Province
1345:List of natural gas fields
945:Integrated asset modelling
279:percussion sidewall coring
263:in diameter (in wood, for
197:Stillwater igneous complex
186:
18:
3275:
3230:
3129:
3121:Preconsolidation pressure
3093:
3084:
3057:
2877:
2826:
2813:
2728:
2682:
2673:
2596:
2516:Standard penetration test
2274:
2261:
2252:
2194:
2144:
2131:Weatherford International
2010:
1860:
1812:
1664:Iraq National Oil Company
1600:
1557:
1542:
1533:
1418:
1335:
1217:
1103:
997:
925:
868:
827:
820:
742:
724:
599:www.rangerdrilling.com.au
443:Deep Sea Drilling Program
2617:California bearing ratio
2415:Rotary-pressure sounding
2246:Geotechnical engineering
195:Granitic rock core from
3037:Geosynthetic clay liner
3012:Expanded clay aggregate
2632:Proctor compaction test
2573:Crosshole sonic logging
2559:Nuclear densometer test
2316:Geo-electrical sounding
2182:World Petroleum Council
2056:China Oilfield Services
1113:Petroleum fiscal regime
812:Western Canadian Select
807:West Texas Intermediate
156:or rock, with a hollow
3300:Earthquake engineering
3111:Lateral earth pressure
2736:Hydraulic conductivity
2587:Wave equation analysis
2566:Exploration geophysics
2458:Deformation monitoring
2427:Rotary weight sounding
1659:Indian Oil Corporation
1145:Submersible pump (ESP)
1090:Underbalanced drilling
911:of gasoline and diesel
430:
406:
370:
362:
347:
323:
302:rotary sidewall coring
220:
200:
141:
3383:Environmental science
3373:Geological techniques
2478:Settlement recordings
2403:Rock control drilling
2304:Cone penetration test
2036:Cameron International
1478:Petrodollar recycling
1461:fossil fuel phase-out
1024:Differential sticking
977:Reflection seismology
950:Petroleum engineering
792:OPEC Reference Basket
662:Core from Walden Pond
428:
404:
368:
357:
345:
317:
295:micropalaeontological
218:
194:
131:
3340:Agricultural science
3042:Cellular confinement
1933:Occidental Petroleum
1247:1990 oil price shock
1073:Shale oil extraction
1046:Drilling engineering
1029:Directional drilling
955:Reservoir simulation
500:. Cores on very old
393:If the borehole has
50:improve this article
3232:Numerical analysis
3116:Overburden pressure
3106:Pore water pressure
2886:Shoring structures
2761:Reynolds' dilatancy
2662:Water content tests
2647:Triaxial shear test
2607:Soil classification
2580:Pile integrity test
2081:Naftiran Intertrade
2026:Amec Foster Wheeler
1953:Reliance Industries
1842:Naftiran Intertrade
1654:Hindustan Petroleum
1252:2000s energy crisis
575:Scientific drilling
376:dendrochronologists
171:materials, such as
3207:Slab stabilisation
3187:Stability analysis
1928:Marathon Petroleum
1350:List of oil fields
960:Reservoir modeling
718:Petroleum industry
667:2019-04-18 at the
655:2015-07-18 at the
431:
407:
371:
363:
348:
324:
221:
210:Rock Abrasion Tool
201:
142:
3355:
3354:
3226:
3225:
3202:Sliding criterion
3164:Response spectrum
3080:
3079:
2910:Pressure grouting
2809:
2808:
2669:
2668:
2622:Direct shear test
2328:Permeability test
2212:
2211:
2190:
2189:
2076:Nabors Industries
2006:
2005:
1204:Well intervention
1179:Petroleum product
1078:Ljungström method
982:Seismic inversion
967:Petroleum geology
921:
920:
421:History of coring
126:
125:
118:
100:
3405:
3214:Bearing capacity
3101:Effective stress
3091:
3090:
2992:Land reclamation
2932:Land development
2827:Natural features
2824:
2823:
2791:Specific storage
2680:
2679:
2612:Atterberg limits
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2476:
2466:
2451:Screw plate test
2449:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2367:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2272:
2271:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2202:
2201:
1903:Hess Corporation
1624:Bharat Petroleum
1555:
1554:
1540:
1539:
1227:1967 Oil Embargo
1063:Lost circulation
901:Posted oil price
825:
824:
782:Isthmus-34 Light
711:
704:
697:
688:
687:
637:
636:
634:
632:
617:
611:
610:
608:
606:
591:
457:and many of its
447:geologic history
265:dendrochronology
138:pied butcherbird
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3330:Earth materials
3271:
3233:
3222:
3131:
3125:
3076:
3053:
3007:Earth structure
3002:Erosion control
2900:Ground freezing
2890:Retaining walls
2873:
2815:
2805:
2766:Angle of repose
2724:
2665:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2552:Visible bedrock
2504:Simple sounding
2492:Shear vane test
2268:instrumentation
2267:
2265:
2257:
2248:
2243:
2213:
2208:
2186:
2140:
2136:John Wood Group
2126:Valaris Limited
2019:
2016:
2013:
2002:
1868:APA Corporation
1856:
1808:
1607:
1604:
1596:
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1535:
1529:
1430:Classification
1414:
1337:
1331:
1267:Nationalization
1237:1979 oil crisis
1232:1973 oil crisis
1213:
1199:Water injection
1167:Steam injection
1162:Gas reinjection
1130:Artificial lift
1099:
1041:Drill stem test
993:
917:
864:
816:
738:
720:
715:
684:
674:Ice Core Dating
669:Wayback Machine
657:Wayback Machine
650:Defining Coring
646:
641:
640:
630:
628:
627:. 14 March 2016
625:castledrill.com
619:
618:
614:
604:
602:
601:. 9 August 2022
593:
592:
588:
583:
556:
544:
474:
423:
312:
273:oil exploration
269:oil exploration
189:
160:tube, called a
140:perches nearby.
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3277:Related fields
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Classification
3194:
3189:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3169:Seismic hazard
3166:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:Shear strength
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:Friction angle
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:Oedometer test
2649:
2644:
2642:Sieve analysis
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2528:Total sounding
2519:
2518:
2507:
2506:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2393:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2331:
2330:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2306:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Surgutneftegas
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:Eneos Holdings
1890:
1885:
1883:ConocoPhillips
1880:
1875:
1873:Cenovus Energy
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1814:Energy trading
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1500:
1498:Swing producer
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:Gulf of Mexico
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1257:2010s oil glut
1254:
1249:
1244:
1242:1980s oil glut
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1051:Drilling fluid
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1009:
1003:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
991:
989:Seismic source
986:
985:
984:
974:
969:
964:
963:
962:
957:
947:
942:
937:
931:
929:
923:
922:
919:
918:
916:
915:
914:
913:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
872:
870:
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
829:
822:
818:
817:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Japan Cocktail
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
748:
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
734:Primary energy
731:
725:
722:
721:
714:
713:
706:
699:
691:
682:
681:
676:
671:
659:
645:
644:External links
642:
639:
638:
612:
585:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
555:
552:
543:
540:
473:
470:
422:
419:
405:Core box label
311:
308:
307:
306:
299:
276:
256:drilling fluid
245:
235:
228:gravity coring
188:
185:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3410:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Geomorphology
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Consolidation
3147:
3145:
3144:Frost heaving
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:Geosynthetics
3020:
3018:
3017:Crushed stone
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Cut-and-cover
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2812:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Water content
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:Sample series
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2263:Investigation
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2009:
1999:
1998:Valero Energy
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Suncor Energy
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:TotalEnergies
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1541:
1538:
1536:organisations
1534:Companies and
1532:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Petrocurrency
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Oil shale gas
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1426:Abbreviations
1424:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Permian Basin
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:United States
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Seven Sisters
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
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67: –
66:
65:"Core sample"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3398:Stratigraphy
3378:Well logging
3325:Biogeography
3320:Hydrogeology
3310:Soil science
3290:Geochemistry
3049:Infiltration
2977:Cut and fill
2920:Soil nailing
2786:Permeability
2751:Bulk density
2468:Inclinometer
2391:Ram sounding
2276:
2101:Schlumberger
2031:Baker Hughes
1923:Marathon Oil
1913:Imperial Oil
1908:Husky Energy
1898:Galp Energia
1888:Devon Energy
1774:Saudi Aramco
1754:Petrovietnam
1699:NNPC Limited
1603:National oil
1483:Petrofiction
1451:Orphan wells
1419:Other topics
1390:Persian Gulf
1317:Saudi Arabia
1287:Standard Oil
1095:Well logging
972:Petrophysics
934:
683:
629:. Retrieved
624:
615:
603:. Retrieved
598:
589:
545:
542:Alternatives
529:
506:
475:
463:
432:
414:
412:
408:
392:
388:
384:
380:
372:
349:
346:Core samples
337:permeability
325:
322:Core samples
301:
291:lithological
287:permeability
278:
247:
237:
232:pile driving
227:
222:
202:
166:
145:
143:
112:
106:January 2023
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
21:Marine corps
3335:Archaeology
3059:Foundations
3032:Geomembrane
2915:Slurry wall
2854:Water table
2818:Interaction
2814:Structures
2801:Sensitivity
2598:Laboratory
2071:Halliburton
1943:Phillips 66
1764:QatarEnergy
1734:Petrobangla
1669:KazMunayGas
1559:Supermajors
1508:heavy crude
1395:Prudhoe Bay
1375:Niger Delta
1355:Caspian Sea
1118:Concessions
1068:Measurement
1034:Geosteering
1017:Squeeze job
927:Exploration
876:Consumption
835:Consumption
828:Natural gas
757:Bonny Light
536:Pleistocene
521:temperature
517:sedimentary
429:Bakken Core
359:Goniometers
261:millimeters
242:thixotropic
146:core sample
134:diamond rig
3388:Geophysics
3368:Glaciology
3362:Categories
3192:Mitigation
3174:Shear wave
3159:Earthquake
3154:Compaction
3139:Permafrost
3130:Phenomena/
3027:Geotextile
2952:Embankment
2942:Excavation
2879:Earthworks
2839:Vegetation
2834:Topography
2756:Thixotropy
2746:Void ratio
2729:Properties
2627:Hydrometer
2372:Piezometer
2292:Core drill
2121:Transocean
1988:Tullow Oil
1978:TechnipFMC
1744:PetroChina
1582:ExxonMobil
1488:Shale band
1365:East Texas
1338:and fields
1152:Downstream
1105:Production
1012:Completion
940:Geophysics
881:Production
840:Production
777:Indonesian
752:Argus Sour
744:Benchmarks
631:15 January
605:15 January
581:References
560:Core drill
538:entirely.
451:sea floors
162:core drill
76:newspapers
3393:Petrology
3315:Hydrology
3295:Petrology
3183:analysis
3181:Landslide
3086:Mechanics
2997:Track bed
2982:Fill dirt
2967:Terracing
2540:Trial pit
2355:Statnamic
2340:Load test
2116:TC Energy
2017:companies
1847:Trafigura
1794:Sonatrach
1739:Petrobras
1729:Pertamina
1639:Ecopetrol
1605:companies
1549:companies
1547:petroleum
1523:tight oil
1518:oil shale
1513:oil sands
1493:Shale gas
1434:sweet oil
1405:Venezuela
1380:North Sea
1336:Provinces
1327:Venezuela
1174:Midstream
869:Petroleum
729:Petroleum
259:as a few
238:vibrating
3345:Agrology
3234:software
3132:problems
2962:Causeway
2937:Landfill
2864:Subgrade
2781:Porosity
2776:Cohesion
2204:Category
2111:Subsea 7
2091:Petrofac
2086:NOV Inc.
2066:GE Power
2061:Enbridge
2015:services
1837:Mercuria
1827:Glencore
1789:Sonangol
1749:Petronas
1684:Naftogaz
1456:Peak oil
1439:sour oil
1194:Upstream
1189:Refining
1184:Pipeline
1140:Pumpjack
1135:Gas lift
1056:invasion
999:Drilling
886:Reserves
845:Reserves
665:Archived
653:Archived
565:Ice core
554:See also
525:rainfall
333:porosity
283:porosity
248:drilling
206:borehole
177:ceramics
173:concrete
154:sediment
150:drilling
3285:Geology
3257:SVSlope
3067:Shallow
2987:Grading
2925:Tieback
2869:Subsoil
2859:Bedrock
2849:Topsoil
2844:Terrain
2637:R-value
2600:testing
2350:Dynamic
2277:in situ
2275:Field (
1779:Sinopec
1769:Rosneft
1649:Gazprom
1644:Equinor
1572:Chevron
1219:History
1085:Tracers
1007:Blowout
896:Exports
891:Imports
855:Exports
850:Imports
532:terrain
513:species
509:climate
441:by the
187:Methods
179:, some
169:manmade
90:scholar
3267:Plaxis
3262:UTEXAS
3252:SVFlux
3242:SEEP2D
3094:Forces
2947:Trench
2895:Gabion
2705:Gravel
2345:Static
2145:Others
2096:Saipem
1993:Tüpraş
1983:TNK-BP
1968:Sunoco
1958:Repsol
1918:Lukoil
1861:Others
1832:Gunvor
1466:timing
1400:Russia
1312:Norway
1297:France
1292:Canada
478:oceans
455:oceans
439:mantle
320:Bakken
181:metals
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3247:STABL
2720:Loess
2683:Types
2012:Major
1878:Cepsa
1852:Vitol
1822:Enron
1784:SOCAR
1724:Pemex
1719:PDVSA
1714:Orlen
1679:Lotos
1619:ANCAP
1587:Shell
1544:Major
1302:India
906:Price
860:Price
802:Urals
797:Tapis
767:Dubai
762:Brent
502:trees
482:lakes
435:Earth
415:cmbsf
158:steel
97:JSTOR
83:books
3072:Deep
2715:Loam
2710:Peat
2700:Sand
2695:Silt
2690:Clay
2675:Soil
2377:Well
2106:Snam
2046:CH2M
1799:TPAO
1307:Iraq
1277:OPEC
1272:GECF
821:Data
633:2023
607:2023
523:and
515:and
498:wood
496:and
494:soil
318:Cut
293:and
136:. A
69:news
2957:Cut
2266:and
2041:CGG
1938:OMV
1804:YPF
1577:Eni
490:mud
486:ice
437:’s
329:MRI
52:by
3364::
3216:*
1567:BP
1209:XT
623:.
597:.
527:.
511:,
492:,
488:,
484:,
480:,
468:.
461:.
285:/
175:,
144:A
2820:)
2816:(
2279:)
2238:e
2231:t
2224:v
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703:t
696:v
635:.
609:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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