611:
31:
523:
wings are fairly long, extending to half-way along the tail when folded. Its plumage is almost wholly black and white, with very little difference between the sexes. It has a black head, nape and throat, giving it the appearance of a black hood, which is bounded by a white neck collar, which is around 3.2 cm (1.2 in) wide. The black hood is slightly glossy in bright light, can fade a little with age, and is slightly duller and more brownish in the adult female. The neck collar in the female is slightly narrower at around 2.5 cm (1 in) and is a grey-white rather than white. Several stiff black bristles up to 1.5 cm (0.5 in) long arise from the lower
258:
507:
75:
50:
556:
197:
711:, with some mated pairs being assisted by up to several other helper birds. These individuals help feed young and defend the nest. These pairs or small groups defend their territory from intruders, mobbing and chasing raptors and other birds, and occasionally dogs or people. They may attack animals (and people) that venture too close to the nest, with one bird coming front-on while the other may approach from behind.
727:
836:) duckling. It has been looked upon favourably by farmers as it hunts such pests as grasshoppers and rodents. Some individuals look for scraps around houses and picnic sites, and can become tame enough to be fed by people, either by hand or by tossing food in the air. The pied butcherbird also eats fruit, such as those of sandpaper figs (
351:
is found in the
Northern Territory, Western Australia and northern South Australia. The latter subspecies has a broader (3.7 cm (1.5 in) wide) white collar and a more whitish rump, with specimens becoming smaller in the more northern parts of the range. The border between the two subspecies
546:
The juvenile pied butcherbird has dark brown instead of black plumage, lacks the pale collar and has a cream to buff lores, chin, and upper throat, becoming more brown on the lower throat and breast. Its underparts are off-white to cream. The bill is dark brown. In its first year, it moults into its
522:
Like other butcherbirds, the pied butcherbird is stockily built with short legs and a relatively large head. It ranges from 28 to 32 cm (11 to 12.5 in) long, averaging around 31 cm (12 in), with a 51 cm (20 in) wingspan and weight of around 120 g (4 oz). The
927:, the main central solo was accompanied by the call of a pied butcherbird and this same sound provided inspiration to much of the dance, including the improvisational aspects. Composer and researcher Hollis Taylor has studied pied butcherbird song for 12 years, and has released a double CD called
563:
The pied butcherbird has been considered the most accomplished songbird in
Australia, its song described as a "magic flute" by one writer, richer and clearer than the Australian magpie. Song melodies vary across the continent and no single song is sung by the whole population. There is no clear
739:
Across most of its range, the pied butcherbird can generally be found breeding from winter to summer; eggs are laid anywhere from July to
December, but mostly from September to November, and young can be present in the nest from August till February. There are reports of breeding outside these
236:
Within its range, the pied butcherbird is generally sedentary. Common in woodlands and in urban environments, it is carnivorous, eating insects and small vertebrates including birds. A tame and inquisitive bird, the pied butcherbird has been known to accept food from humans. It nests in trees,
232:
and much of the tail and wings are also black. The neck, underparts and outer wing feathers are white. The juvenile and immature birds are predominantly brown and white. As they mature their brown feathers are replaced by black feathers. There are two recognised subspecies of pied butcherbird.
583:
is sung more commonly in wet or windy weather, the singer sitting in a tree warbling soft and complex harmonies for up to 45 minutes, often mimicking many other bird species as well as dogs barking, lambs bleating or even people whistling. In the breeding season, pied butcherbirds sing the
869:
The pied butcherbird often perches on a fencepost, stump or branch while foraging for prey. It generally pounces on victims on the ground and eats them there. At times, it may hop or run along hunting ground-based food, and occasionally seize flying insects. It generally forages alone, or
731:
729:
771:—they are born naked or sparsely covered in down and blind. They spend anywhere from 25 to 33 days in the nest before fledging, though may leave the nest early if disturbed. They are fed by parents and helper birds. Brood parasites recorded include the
795:
The pied butcherbird is carnivorous, and eats insects such as beetles, bugs, ants, caterpillars, and cockroaches, as well as spiders and worms. It preys on vertebrates up to the size of such animals as frogs, skinks, mice, and small birds such as the
882:
disturbed by the larger hobby, or flushing out small birds from bushes, which the larger bird then hunts. The pied butcherbird sometimes stores food items by impaling them on a stick or on barbed wire, or shoving them in a nook or crevice.
588:
at night until dawn, when they switch to the day song. This song is longer and more complex than the day song. In response to threats, pied butcherbirds may chatter or make a harmonic alarm call composed of short, loud descending notes.
730:
543:, which are black in colour. The tail tip and outer wing feathers are white. The underparts are white. The eyes are a dark brown, the legs grey and the bill a pale bluish grey tipped with black, with a prominent hook at the end.
356:
and is known as the
Carpentarian Barrier. Although there is a demarcation in physical characters, this is not borne out genetically, and birds from northwestern Australia have affinities with the eastern subspecies. Analysis of
564:
demarcation between simple calls and elaborate songs: duets, and even larger choirs, are common. The species improvises extensively in creating new and complex melodies. One of its calls has been likened to the opening bars of
597:
The black hood helps distinguish the pied butcherbird from other butcherbirds, the
Australian magpie and much smaller magpie-lark, the latter of which also has a much smaller beak. It has a higher-pitched call than the
931:
based on fifty-plus pied butcherbird nocturnal solo songs. Taylor's 'Is
Birdsong Music? Outback Encounters with an Australian Songbird' offers portraits of the remote locations where the species is found.
750:
consists of two to five (most commonly three or four) oval eggs blotched with brown over a base colour of various shades of pale greyish- or brownish-green. Larger clutches have been recorded, such as at
446:(IOC). Black-throated butcherbird is an alternative common name, as are Break o'day boy and organbird. Leach also called it the black-throated crow shrike, a name used by Gould for subspecies
763:
are around 31 mm long by 22 mm (1.2 by 0.85 in) wide. Incubation takes 19 to 21 days, with the eggs laid up to 48 hours apart and hatching at a similar interval. Like all
728:
228:
in 1837, it is a black and white bird 28 to 32 cm (11 to 12.5 in) long with a long hooked bill. Its head and throat are black, making a distinctive hood; the
1234:
Kearns, Anna M.; Joseph, Leo; Cook, Lyn G. (2010). "The impact of
Pleistocene changes of climate and landscape on Australian birds: A test using the Pied Butcherbird (
1290:
Kearns, Anna; Joseph, Leo; Cook, Lyn G. (2013). "A multilocus coalescent analysis of the speciational history of the
Australo-Papuan Butcherbirds and their allies".
547:
first immature plumage, which resembles that of the juvenile, but has a more extensive dark brown throat. Its bill is blue-grey with a dark brown or blackish tip.
602:
and inhabits more open habitat. The juvenile pied butcherbird resembles the grey butcherbird: it has a buff upper throat and dark brown instead of black plumage.
2214:
1549:
642:. In South Australia it is not found in the northeast of the state, nor on the Adelaide plain. It is found across Western Australia, though is absent from the
2065:
683:. It has become more common in southwest Western Australia with land clearing, though has become rare around Darwin on account of urban development.
891:
Several
Australian and international composers have been inspired by and written music incorporating the songs of the pied butcherbird, including
2426:
622:
The pied butcherbird is found across much of
Australia, excepting the far south of the mainland, and Tasmania. It is only rarely recorded in the
242:
532:
2465:
2532:
579:
duet, generally over the course of the day and while the birds are in flight. It appears to promote bonding and act as communication. The
241:, with a mated pair sometimes assisted by several helper birds. The troop is territorial, defending the nesting site from intruders. The
1659:
535:
are white, contrasting sharply with the black lower mantle and the rest of the scapulars. The rump is pale grey, and the upper tail
2400:
746:), bark and leaves forming a cup-shaped interior. It is located in the fork of a tree, often among foliage and inconspicuous. The
336:
from Kalgoorlie in 1912 on the basis of its longer bill than the nominate subspecies, but is regarded today as part of subspecies
2439:
1778:
443:
707:
The pied butcherbird is thought to be monogamous, though its breeding habits have not been much studied. There is evidence of
2224:
2179:
1562:
1413:
2444:
1212:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government
1145:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government
610:
2129:
2102:
2547:
332:
subspecies respectively. Both are now regarded as inseparable from the nominate subspecies. Mathews described subspecies
329:
2552:
1984:
1719:
1568:
1485:
1076:
568:. Singing often takes place at dawn, and rarely late in the day. Pied butcherbirds sometimes sing on moonlit nights.
296:
in 1848 from northern Australia, calling it "A miniature representative of, and nearly allied to, but distinct from,
2537:
2470:
2290:
740:
months, however. The nest is constructed of dry sticks with a finer material such as dried grass, black roly poly (
1592:
Giacon, Gianbattista (John) (2013). "Etymology of Yuwaalaraay Gamilaraay bird names". In Robert Mailhammer (ed.).
676:
237:
constructing a cup-shaped structure out of sticks and laying two to five eggs. The pied butcherbird engages in
362:
1942:
1201:
759:
are larger, at around 33 mm long by 24 mm (1.3 by 0.95 in) wide, while those of subspecies
2312:
2240:
718:
in June 1988 and recovered in August 2010–7 km away. The bird was injured and had to be euthanased.
2066:"Composers' appropriation of pied butcherbird song: Henry Tate's "undersong of Australia" comes of age"
1429:
1364:
879:
565:
467:
1134:
991:
74:
30:
2330:
1557:. South Hedland, Western Australia: Wanga Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre. 2008. p. 17.
1608:
920:
844:
699:, on account of its large range and stable population with no evidence of any significant decline.
912:
495:
1117:
A Complete Latin-English Dictionary for the Use of Colleges and Schools: Chiefly from the German
755:
in Queensland, where two pairs laid eggs and were sharing incubation duties. Eggs of subspecies
714:
The maximum age recorded from banding has been 22 years 1.7 months, for an individual banded in
2431:
2338:
2304:
2252:
870:
occasionally in pairs. The pied butcherbird has been observed hunting collaboratively with the
679:. In arid areas and northern Australia, it is more restricted to woodland alongside rivers and
395:). The three form a monophyletic group within the genus, having diverged from ancestors of the
2457:
2317:
1475:
1671:
1020:
Amadon, Dean (1951). "Taxonomic notes on the Australian butcher-birds (family Cracticidae)".
780:
246:
169:
2496:
328:
from Victoria and South Australia in 1912, on the basis of smaller and larger size than the
2343:
2299:
742:
708:
238:
277:
8:
1119:(4th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 492.
850:
813:
631:
540:
479:
428:
39:
2509:
968:
379:
known colloquially as butcherbirds. Within the genus, it is most closely related to the
2542:
2356:
2351:
1828:
1255:
862:
646:. It is generally sedentary across most of its range, with minimal seasonal movements.
643:
639:
388:
380:
257:
69:
2216:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 7: Boatbill to Starlings
539:
are white. The tail is rather long, with a rounded or wedge-shaped tip. It has twelve
2491:
2374:
2220:
2175:
2077:
1980:
1715:
1558:
1481:
1409:
1325:
1307:
1072:
892:
615:
459:
420:
404:
358:
1832:
1259:
1093:
1051:
2013:
1972:
1953:. Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
1820:
1759:
1530:
1505:
1477:
An Australian Bird Book: A Complete Guide to the Identification of Australian Birds
1379:
1345:
1299:
1247:
1180:
1168:
1029:
986:
904:
871:
599:
396:
2379:
2366:
1433:
528:
229:
2478:
896:
875:
659:
455:
317:
1940:
1303:
935:
In the now extinct Warray language spoken on the Adelaide River in Arnhem Land,
2275:
924:
856:
838:
821:
536:
524:
424:
2001:
506:
2526:
2452:
2081:
977:
908:
805:
772:
747:
692:
515:
59:
54:
1311:
916:
635:
623:
353:
1185:
308:
for "daubed with pitch", hence "black patches. This was reclassified as a
2483:
2413:
2284:
715:
653:
forests, eucalypt and acacia woodlands and scrublands, with sparse or no
650:
432:
400:
366:
1824:
1809:"Blowin' in Birdland: Improvisation and the Australian Pied Butcherbird"
361:
sequences indicates the pied butcherbird has expanded rapidly from many
2504:
2405:
1750:
Hartshorne, Charles (1953). "Musical values in Australian bird songs".
1047:
900:
654:
309:
269:
262:
225:
186:
1383:
634:
and south coast of New South Wales. In Victoria it is found along the
575:
is the most common, sung by birds alone or in pairs as a chorus or an
2017:
1763:
1534:
1365:"The phylogeny and classification of Australo-Papuan passerine birds"
1349:
1199:
1132:
1033:
899:(who described it as "a virtuoso of composition and improvisation"),
829:
797:
768:
764:
680:
671:
627:
555:
412:
374:
221:
196:
146:
136:
126:
86:
2418:
2392:
2246:
2213:
Higgins, Peter Jeffrey; Peter, John M.; Cowling, S.J., eds. (2006).
1329:
1251:
1071:(5th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Cassell. pp. 269, 392.
2269:
1808:
1551:
Ngarluma Dictionary:English-Ngarluma Wordlist and Topical Wordlists
1289:
752:
665:
576:
471:
372:
The pied butcherbird is one of six (or seven) members of the genus
106:
435:
and the butcherbirds in 1985, and combined them into a Cracticini
2325:
2172:
Is Birdsong Music? Outback Encounters with an Australian Songbird
2197:
Ngoni Waray Amungal-Yang: The Waray Language from Adelaide River
1056:. Vol. Part 1. London: self-published. Plate 3 Fig. 2 text.
442:"Pied butcherbird" has been designated the official name by the
423:
after he had studied their musculature. American ornithologists
249:
on account of its large range and apparently stable population.
2174:. Bloomington, Indiana: Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
454:
the pied crow-shrike. ‘Jackeroo’ is a colloquial name from the
96:
1779:"Decoding the song of the pied butcherbird: an initial survey"
1670:. Sydney, NSW: Australian Museum. 8 March 2008. Archived from
1053:
A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and the Adjacent Islands
962:
960:
268:
The pied butcherbird was first described by the ornithologist
2387:
1434:"Bristlehead, Butcherbirds, Woodswallows & Cuckooshrikes"
436:
343:
Two subspecies are recognised today. The nominate subspecies
305:
281:
957:
696:
116:
2130:"Birdsong has inspired humans for centuries: is it music?"
1200:
Australian Biological Resources Study (12 February 2010).
1162:
1160:
1133:
Australian Biological Resources Study (12 February 2010).
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
1941:
Australian Bird & Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS) (2017).
1924:
1922:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1880:
1878:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1733:
1731:
1686:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1480:. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing. p. 149.
1457:
1455:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1521:
McGilp, J. Neil (1934). "Birds of the Musgrave Ranges".
280:
was collected near Sydney. The species name is from the
1594:
Lexical and Structural Etymology: Beyond Word Histories
1157:
419:
spp.) were placed in the family Cracticidae in 1914 by
2036:
2024:
1919:
1902:
1890:
1875:
1856:
1839:
1728:
1626:
1596:. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 251–291 .
1452:
1266:
966:
245:(IUCN) has assessed the pied butcherbird as being of
347:is found across eastern Australia, and subspecies
1714:. Adelaide, South Australia: Rigby. p. 278.
992:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706282A94060232.en
2524:
2219:. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press.
1979:. Kenmore Hills, Queensland: self. p. 373.
1510:. London, United Kingdom: self. pp. 180–82.
1233:
486:. Names recorded from central Australia include
1403:
559:Immature bird - City Botanic Gardens - Brisbane
2199:. Australian National University. p. 299.
1362:
243:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1712:A Field Guide to Australian Birds: Passerines
1499:
1497:
1229:
1227:
1066:
571:Three types of song have been described: the
439:, which became the family Artamidae in 1994.
2241:Pied butcherbird videos, photos & sounds
1406:Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds
1169:"A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia"
1019:
16:Black and white songbird native to Australia
1705:
1703:
1701:
1473:
1428:
1408:. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 196.
605:
1749:
1494:
1224:
1094:"On seven new species of Australian birds"
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
691:The pied butcherbird is listed as being a
431:recognised the close relationship between
195:
48:
29:
1971:
1609:"Aboriginal bird names - South Australia"
1184:
990:
474:people of the western Pilbara knew it as
2155:Taylor, Hollis (2017). "Absolute Bird".
1698:
1356:
1283:
886:
860:), and nectar of the Darwin woollybutt (
725:
609:
554:
505:
256:
2212:
2051:
2030:
1999:
1928:
1913:
1896:
1884:
1869:
1850:
1737:
1692:
1639:
1461:
1422:
1277:
1166:
1006:
466:as a name used by indigenous people of
2525:
2194:
2169:
2154:
2127:
2103:"Sound makes sense in new dance drama"
2063:
1977:Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs
1806:
1776:
1709:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1606:
1591:
1520:
1128:
1126:
1114:
686:
444:International Ornithological Committee
2251:
2250:
1965:
1503:
1440:. International Ornithologists' Union
1363:Sibley, C.G.; Ahlquist, J.E. (1985).
1334:) and its position in classification"
1324:
1292:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1091:
1046:
2002:"Double clutch of Pied Butcher-bird"
1404:Christidis, L.; Boles, W.E. (2008).
1397:
478:. In the Yuwaaliyaay dialect of the
2533:IUCN Red List least concern species
1645:
1204:Cracticus nigrogularis nigrogularis
1123:
978:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
657:, or low cover with shrubs such as
399:around five million years ago. The
13:
1507:Handbook to The birds of Australia
1193:
592:
14:
2564:
2234:
1330:"The myology of the Bell-Magpie (
482:of southeastern Australia, it is
2070:Journal of Music Research Online
1783:TRANS-Transcultural Music Review
73:
2243:on the Internet Bird Collection
2188:
2163:
2148:
2128:Taylor, Hollis (26 July 2017).
2121:
2095:
2057:
1993:
1934:
1800:
1770:
1743:
1600:
1585:
1541:
1514:
1467:
1432:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017).
1318:
967:BirdLife International (2016).
324:from Queensland and subspecies
1137:Cracticus nigrogularis picatus
1115:Riddle, Joseph Esmond (1844).
1108:
1085:
1060:
1040:
923:. In the dance 'Bird Song' by
501:
1:
1951:Bird and bat banding database
946:
1167:Mathews, Gregory M. (1912).
702:
7:
1438:World Bird List Version 7.3
1304:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.020
1210:Australian Faunal Directory
1143:Australian Faunal Directory
880:rufous-throated honeyeaters
721:
252:
10:
2569:
2548:Endemic birds of Australia
2136:. Conversation Media Group
1069:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
790:
566:Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
292:(throat). Gould described
220:) is a songbird native to
2553:Birds of Victoria (state)
2259:
1022:American Museum Novitates
785:Scythrops novaehollandiae
735:Rush Creek, SE Queensland
450:while calling subspecies
203:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2000:Nielsen, Leslie (1964).
1943:"ABBBS Database Search:
985:: e.T22706282A94060232.
845:Exocarpos cupressiformis
693:species of least concern
606:Distribution and habitat
550:
2538:Birds described in 1837
2170:Taylor, Hollis (2017).
2064:Taylor, Hollis (2011).
1807:Taylor, Hollis (2010).
1777:Taylor, Hollis (2008).
675:. It is less common in
531:and a few of the front
496:Upper Arrernte language
2510:Cracticus-nigrogularis
2318:Cracticus_nigrogularis
2305:Cracticus_nigrogularis
2291:Cracticus nigrogularis
2261:Cracticus nigrogularis
2157:ReR MEGACORP - RER HT1
1945:Cracticus nigrogularis
1813:Leonardo Music Journal
1710:Slater, Peter (1974).
1662:Cracticus nigrogularis
1236:Cracticus nigrogularis
1067:Simpson, D.P. (1979).
971:Cracticus nigrogularis
937:Cracticus nigrogularis
818:Taeniopygia bichenovii
736:
626:, and absent from the
619:
560:
519:
298:Cracticus nigrogularis
265:
217:Cracticus nigrogularis
179:Cracticus nigrogularis
2195:Harvey, Mark (1986).
1607:Condon, H.T. (1955).
1186:10.5962/bhl.part.1694
887:Cultural significance
874:, either picking off
848:), African boxthorn (
781:channel-billed cuckoo
734:
649:It is a bird of open
613:
558:
509:
320:described subspecies
260:
1504:Gould, John (1865).
1474:Leach, J.A. (2005).
1173:Novitates Zoologicae
1098:Novitates Zoologicae
1092:Gould, John (1848).
826:Rhipidura leucophrys
743:Sclerolaena muricata
709:cooperative breeding
239:cooperative breeding
161:C. nigrogularis
1947:(Pied butcherbird)"
1825:10.1162/lmj_a_00016
1660:"Pied Butcherbird (
851:Lycium ferocissimum
814:double-barred finch
802:Zosterops lateralis
777:Cacomantis pallidus
687:Conservation status
632:Southern Tablelands
480:Gamilaraay language
40:Conservation status
2352:BirdLife-Australia
1674:on 9 December 2011
1668:Birds in Backyards
1616:S.A. Ornithologist
1326:Leach, John Albert
863:Eucalyptus miniata
842:), native cherry (
737:
644:Great Sandy Desert
620:
561:
520:
409:Gymnorhina tibicen
389:hooded butcherbird
381:Tagula butcherbird
274:Vanga nigrogularis
266:
2520:
2519:
2492:Open Tree of Life
2253:Taxon identifiers
2226:978-0-19-553996-7
2181:978-0-253-02620-0
1973:Beruldsen, Gordon
1695:, p. 524-25.
1564:978-1-921312-73-1
1415:978-0-643-06511-6
1384:10.1071/MU9850001
810:Passer domesticus
767:, the chicks are
732:
618:, New South Wales
616:North Wagga Wagga
462:. Gould recorded
460:Central Australia
421:John Albert Leach
405:Australian magpie
359:mitochondrial DNA
294:Cracticus picatus
208:
207:
63:
24:Pied butcherbird
2560:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2357:pied-butcherbird
2347:
2346:
2334:
2333:
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2134:The Conversation
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2018:10.1071/MU964113
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1567:. Archived from
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964:
905:Olivier Messiaen
876:common starlings
872:Australian hobby
733:
600:grey butcherbird
514:at Slate Range (
397:grey butcherbird
385:C. louisiadensis
212:pied butcherbird
199:
181:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
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2479:Observation.org
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2109:. 26 April 2004
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1252:10.1071/MU10020
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1198:
1194:
1179:(3): 171–455 .
1165:
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958:
949:
921:John Williamson
897:David Lumsdaine
889:
793:
726:
724:
705:
689:
608:
595:
593:Similar species
553:
504:
456:Musgrave Ranges
318:Gregory Mathews
314:C. nigrogularis
255:
224:. Described by
190:
183:
177:
164:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
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5:
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2235:External links
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2209:
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2203:
2202:
2187:
2180:
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2147:
2120:
2094:
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2035:
2033:, p. 524.
2023:
1992:
1985:
1964:
1933:
1931:, p. 521.
1918:
1916:, p. 519.
1901:
1899:, p. 518.
1889:
1887:, p. 517.
1874:
1872:, p. 523.
1855:
1853:, p. 522.
1838:
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1642:, p. 525.
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1451:
1421:
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1280:, p. 527.
1265:
1223:
1206:(Gould, 1837)"
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1107:
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888:
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857:Vitis vinifera
854:) and grapes (
839:Ficus coronata
822:willie wagtail
792:
789:
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720:
704:
701:
688:
685:
614:Bomen Lagoon,
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1761:
1758:(2): 109–28.
1757:
1753:
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1721:0-85179-813-6
1717:
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1595:
1588:
1574:on 2017-10-11
1570:
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1532:
1529:(3): 163–75.
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1298:(3): 941–52.
1297:
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1249:
1246:(4): 285–95.
1245:
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972:
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961:
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951:
950:
944:
942:
939:was known as
938:
933:
930:
929:Absolute Bird
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:Elaine Barkin
906:
902:
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852:
847:
846:
841:
840:
835:
834:Anas gracilis
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:house sparrow
803:
799:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:pallid cuckoo
770:
766:
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645:
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637:
636:Murray Valley
633:
629:
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603:
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587:
586:breeding song
582:
578:
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569:
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544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
517:
516:Gibson Desert
513:
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299:
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291:
288:(black), and
287:
283:
279:
278:type specimen
275:
271:
264:
259:
250:
248:
247:least concern
244:
240:
234:
231:
227:
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174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Passeriformes
125:
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118:
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112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2260:
2215:
2196:
2190:
2171:
2165:
2156:
2150:
2140:23 September
2138:. Retrieved
2133:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:The Scotsman
2106:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2073:
2069:
2059:
2052:Higgins 2006
2031:Higgins 2006
2026:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1976:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1950:
1944:
1936:
1929:Higgins 2006
1914:Higgins 2006
1897:Higgins 2006
1892:
1885:Higgins 2006
1870:Higgins 2006
1851:Higgins 2006
1816:
1812:
1802:
1792:23 September
1790:. Retrieved
1786:
1782:
1772:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1738:Higgins 2006
1711:
1693:Higgins 2006
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1667:
1661:
1640:Higgins 2006
1619:
1615:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1576:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1550:
1543:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1506:
1476:
1469:
1462:Higgins 2006
1442:. Retrieved
1437:
1424:
1405:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1375:
1371:
1358:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1320:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1278:Higgins 2006
1243:
1239:
1235:
1216:15 September
1214:. Retrieved
1209:
1203:
1202:"Subspecies
1195:
1176:
1172:
1147:. Retrieved
1142:
1139:Gould, 1848"
1136:
1135:"Subspecies
1116:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1068:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1025:
1021:
996:. Retrieved
982:
976:
970:
940:
936:
934:
928:
917:Ron Nagorcka
913:John Rodgers
890:
868:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
833:
825:
817:
809:
801:
794:
784:
776:
760:
757:nigrogularis
756:
741:
738:
713:
706:
690:
677:mallee scrub
670:
664:
658:
648:
638:and west of
624:Sydney Basin
621:
596:
585:
581:whisper song
580:
572:
570:
562:
545:
527:. The upper
521:
511:
491:
487:
483:
475:
463:
451:
448:nigrogularis
447:
441:
433:woodswallows
429:Jon Ahlquist
416:
408:
401:butcherbirds
392:
384:
373:
371:
354:Gulf Country
352:lies in the
348:
345:nigrogularis
344:
342:
337:
333:
325:
321:
313:
301:
300:." The word
297:
293:
289:
285:
273:
267:
261:Painting by
235:
216:
215:
211:
209:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
2414:iNaturalist
2285:Wikispecies
2087:18 December
1678:16 December
1444:5 September
1430:Gill, Frank
1378:(1): 1–14.
1344:(1): 2–38.
1149:4 September
1048:Gould, John
998:11 November
716:Rockhampton
651:sclerophyll
502:Description
393:C. cassicus
367:Pleistocene
365:during the
272:in 1837 as
2527:Categories
2505:Xeno-canto
2207:Cited text
2012:(2): 113.
1578:2017-09-05
947:References
901:Don Harper
893:Henry Tate
765:passerines
681:billabongs
655:understory
577:antiphonal
484:buubuurrbu
464:Ka-ra-a-ra
413:currawongs
310:subspecies
270:John Gould
263:John Gould
226:John Gould
2543:Cracticus
2082:1836-8336
1957:26 August
1819:: 79–83.
1034:2246/3960
830:grey teal
798:silvereye
769:altricial
703:Behaviour
672:Hibbertia
628:Illawarra
541:rectrices
533:scapulars
488:alpirtaka
375:Cracticus
334:kalgoorli
322:inkermani
222:Australia
155:Species:
148:Cracticus
137:Artamidae
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2458:22706282
2432:11403459
2344:22706282
2339:BirdLife
2276:Q1301153
2270:Wikidata
2076:: 1–28.
1975:(2003).
1833:55691878
1622:: 91–98.
1389:15 April
1332:Strepera
1328:(1914).
1312:23219707
1260:83505750
1104:: 38–40.
1050:(1837).
1028:: 1–33.
941:lopolopo
753:Jandowae
722:Breeding
666:Lomandra
640:Chiltern
573:day song
476:gurrbaru
472:Ngarluma
417:Strepera
330:nominate
253:Taxonomy
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2406:2489439
2393:piebut1
2367:piebut1
2326:Avibase
828:), and
791:Feeding
761:picatus
695:by the
660:Triodia
537:coverts
512:picatus
494:in the
452:picatus
363:refugia
349:picatus
338:picatus
326:mellori
302:picatus
189:, 1837)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2497:895518
2471:459955
2445:559555
2223:
2178:
2113:8 July
2080:
1983:
1831:
1718:
1561:
1484:
1412:
1310:
1258:
1075:
919:, and
779:) and
748:clutch
529:mantle
510:Subsp
492:urbura
470:. The
468:Darwin
411:) and
387:) and
284:words
276:. The
230:mantle
2484:75506
2427:IRMNG
2388:eBird
2364:BOW:
1829:S2CID
1612:(PDF)
1572:(PDF)
1555:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
1256:S2CID
952:Notes
551:Voice
525:lores
437:clade
306:Latin
286:niger
282:Latin
187:Gould
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