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Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941, the
Macanese population, escaping the occupation, made its way to Macau as refugees. These Macanese, including many skilled workers and civil servants, were fluent in English and Portuguese and brought valuable commercial and technical skills to the colony. Another distinct group within the Macanese community is the 上海葡僑; the descendants of Portuguese settlers from Shanghai that acted as middlemen between other foreigners and the Chinese in the "Paris of the Orient". They emigrated from Shanghai to Macau in 1949 with the coming of the communist forces. Many spoke little Portuguese and were several generations removed from Portugal, speaking primarily English and Shanghainese, and/or Mandarin. The Shanghai Macanese carved a niche by teaching English in Macau. Only the children and grandchildren of Shanghainese settlers who were born and raised in Macau have the ability to speak Portuguese.
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many children – including those of pure
Chinese descent – switched from Portuguese- to English-medium high school education, particularly as many of parents recognised the diminishing value of Portuguese schooling. Many Macanese people of mixed ancestry since Portuguese time never speak Portuguese and speak only Cantonese as their first language; if other Macanese people of mixed ancestry speak Portuguese, they speak it as a second language, affected by a Cantonese accent. At the same time, Macanese of pure Portuguese descent are also learning Cantonese and Mandarin to be able to communicate to non-Portuguese-speaking Chinese. Today, most Macanese – if they are still young enough – would go back to study to read and write Chinese. Many see a niche role for fluent speakers of
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interpreted for the first diplomatic meeting between Cochin-China and a Dutch delegation. She served as an interpreter for three decades in the Cochin-China court with an old woman who had been married to three husbands, one
Vietnamese and two Portuguese. The cosmopolitan exchange was facilitated by the marriage of Vietnamese women to Portuguese merchants. Those Vietnamese women were married to Portuguese men and lived in Macao which is how they became fluent in Malay and Portuguese.
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notions (these criteria shift with each emerging generation). As Turner and later Bhabka suggest, identity is a layering of experiences unraveled through contact with others and is only decipherable within the social sphere. There are limits to a
Macanese identity, and Pina-Cabral and Lourenço (op. cit.), offer a broad-based definition delineated by family and community acceptance as two basic denominators for a tentative definition of the Macanese.
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blood on their maternal side. A visit to the St
Michael the Archangel Cemetery (Cemitério São Miguel Arcanjo), the main Catholic cemetery near the St. Lazarus Parish, would reveal gravestones with a whole spectrum of Chinese and Portuguese heritage: Chinese with Portuguese baptised names with or without Portuguese surnames, Portuguese married with Chinese Catholics, and so on.
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this historically legitimated group. As a general rule, it is not a point of reference, however for ethnic
Chinese living and raised in Macau; they often identify themselves as Chinese or Chinese from Macau; "Macanese" is applied to those people who have been acculturated through Western education and religion and are recognized by the Macanese community as being Macanese.
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care for their children. It is in these early encounters that
Macanese children are first introduced to the Cantonese language and culture. Families are known to keep long-standing friendships with their amahs and in the past, young brides would sometimes bring them along with them to their new home. Nowadays Filipinas fill the role. c.f. Soares, José Caetano (1950),
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Portuguese-language school-system". Often, due to the close proximity to the
Portuguese, the Macanese closely identify themselves with Portuguese nationals as opposed to Chinese in the bi-cultural and bi-racial equation. In practice, however, being Macanese is left up to how individuals categorize themselves.
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Macanese. Along these lines, knowledge of
Portuguese is preferably – but not absolutely necessary – for a Macanese identity. It should be mentioned, however, that Portuguese language use is only one of several criteria that are used by other Macaense to determine other Macanese, not the sole determinant.
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Of interest is the role that the amah plays in
Macanese society. It is well known that local Cantonese women were often hired by the Catholic Church in Macau to act as wet-nurses for orphans in the Church's charge. These women were also hired by Macanese families to clean their houses, cook meals and
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Beginning with the post-1974 independence of other Portuguese colonies and hastened by Macau's return to China, the Macanese community began to lose its Portuguese heritage. Many Portuguese, Eurasians and Chinese who were loyal to the Portuguese left after its return to China. Of those that remained,
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Chinese surnames and adopting Portuguese surnames. In the collective Macanese folk memory, there is a little ditty about the parish of St. Lazarus Parish, called 進教圍, where these Chinese converts lived: 進教圍, 割辮仔, 唔係姓念珠 (Rosário) 就係姓玫瑰 (Rosa). Hence, it is surmised that many Macanese with surnames of
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Shifting, not in the sense of deconstruction of the identity definition, but a re-formulation of the definition as each rising generation dictates. The current generation is looking toward the transition and finding themselves deciding upon their cultural/identity alignments. However, as Pina-Cabral
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In the mid-1990s, there had been attempts by the Macau government to redefine the Macanese to be everyone born in Macau regardless of ethnicity, language or nationality. Since the re-integration of Macau with the People's Republic of China in late 1999, the traditional definitions are in a state of
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Her slave-like submissiveness is her only attraction to him. A-Chan thus becomes his slave/mistress, an outlet for suppressed sexual urges. The story is an archetypical tragedy of miscegenation. Just as the Tanka community despises A-Chan's cohabitation with a foreign barbarian, Manuel's colleagues
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Henrique de Senna Fernandes, another Macanese author, wrote a short story about a tanka girl who has an affair with a Portuguese sailor. In the end, the man returns to his native country and takes their little girl with him, leaving the mother abandoned and broken-hearted. As her sailorman picks up
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There is some dispute around the exact meaning of "Macanese". An essay by Marreiros offers a broad spectrum of "Macanese types", ranging from Chinese Christian converts who live among the Portuguese to the descendants of old-established families of Portuguese lineage; all groups are integrated into
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probably were of Chinese ancestry. Because of this, there are many Eurasians carrying Portuguese surnames Rosario, Rosa, and others that are not Portuguese-blooded may be mistaken by others as Portuguese-blooded, and Eurasians of Portuguese blood carrying Portuguese surnames trace their Portuguese
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origin, who were considered the lowest class of people in China and had relations with Portuguese settlers and sailors. Western men like the Portuguese were refused by high class Chinese women, who did not marry foreigners. Literature in Macau was written about love affairs and marriage between the
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Macau was founded circa 1557 by Portuguese merchants with permission of the Chinese Canton governor and later the emperor. Since its beginning, Macau has not been conquered and until the attacks of the Dutch in 1604, it didn't have a military garrison. Portuguese culture dominates the Macanese, but
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To be a Macanese is fundamentally to be from Macao with Portuguese ancestors, but not necessarily to be of Sino-Portuguese descent. The local community was born from Portuguese men. ... but in the beginning the woman was Goanese, Siamese, Indo-Chinese, Malay – they came to Macao in our boats.
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Much of the business conducted with foreign men in Vietnam was done by the local Vietnamese women, who engaged in both sexual and mercantile intercourse with foreign male traders. A Portuguese and Malay-speaking Vietnamese woman who lived in Macao for an extensive period of time was the person who
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government – Portuguese who knew little about the Chinese – and the Chinese majority (90% of population) who knew equally little about the Portuguese. Some were Portuguese men stationed in Macau as part of their military service. Many stayed in Macau after the expiration of their military service,
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There are many pretenders who have claimed to be Macanese. Although one's ethnic identity is a personal project, ultimately, any claim to a Macanese identity is either accepted or refuted by the already existing Macanese community on criteria dependent upon shared cultural heritage and collective
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Since Portuguese settlement in Macau – dating from 1557 – included a strong Catholic presence, a number of Chinese converted to Catholicism. A large number of Macanese can trace their roots to these New Christians. Many of these Chinese were assimilated into the Macanese community, dropping their
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in 1638, about 400 Japanese Christians were officially deported to Macau or to the Spanish Philippines, and thousands more were pressured into voluntary exile. Among those Japanese Catholic refugees, many were fluent in Portuguese, even intermarried with Portuguese settlers & already existing
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Pina-Cabral and Lourenço (1993). Tentatively, language is not so much a key determinant to Macanese identity, but rather the alliance with the Portuguese cultural system that knowing Portuguese entails. A great number of Macanese families of Hong Kong only speak English but are still considered
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The mid-twentieth century, with the outbreak of the Second World War in the Pacific and the retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan, saw the Macanese population surge through the re-integration of two disparate Macanese communities: the Hong Kong Macanese and the Shanghai Macanese. With the
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to receive an influx of Timorese women. Many Chinese became Macanese simply by converting to Catholicism, and they had no ancestry from the Portuguese, having assimilated into the Macanese people since they were rejected by non-Christian Chinese. The majority of marriages between Portuguese and
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Traditionally, the basis for Macanese ethnic affiliation has been the use of the Portuguese language at home or some alliances with Portuguese cultural patterns and not solely determined along hereditary lines. Pina-Cabral and Lourenço suggest that this goal is reached "namely through the
2398:
We can trace this fleeting and shallow relationship in Henrique de Senna Fernandes' short story, A-Chan, A Tancareira, (Ah Chan, the Tanka Girl) (1978). Senna Fernandes (1923-), a Macanese, had written a series of novels set against the context of Macau and some of which were made into
896:
of Macau, but it instead refers to a specific minority ethnic group comprising approximately 1.2% of Macau's population. Due to the rise of localism among Macau people, following the 1999 handover "Macanese" is properly used to refer to people that were born in or live in Macau.
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As such, the Tanka girl is nonchalantly reified and dehumanized as a thing ( coisa). Manuel reduces human relations to mere consumption not even of her physical beauty (which has been denied in the description of A-Chan), but her 'Orientalness' of being slave-like and
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Tanka women and Portuguese men, like "A-Chan, A Tancareira", by Henrique de Senna Fernandes. More of the stories of Christianized Chinese who adopted Portuguese customs will be narrated on the 3rd paragraph. Furthermore, in the midst of the
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regime, the upbringing of most Macanese fell along the lines of the continental Portuguese – attending Portuguese schools, participating in mandatory military service (some fought in Africa) and practising the
888:, or as referring to anyone born in Macau regardless of ethnicity in accordance with Cantonese usage in, this did not succeed. Consequently, the term "Macanese" is neither a term referring to the indigenous
1433:, jurist, Counselor of the Portuguese Communities, President of New Hope a pro-democracy party in Macau, President of Macau Civil Servants Association and Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Macau
2009:
1040:), and Japanese women were the wives of the Portuguese men in Macau. Slave women of Indian, Indonesian, Malay, and Japanese origin were used as partners by Portuguese men. Japanese girls would be
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who made their way to Asia (mainly the Philippines) in the 16th century, the Latin-Americans who were sent to the Philippines and Macau from the Spanish colonies in America were often made up of
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the child, A-Chan's words are: 'Cuidadinho ... cuidadinho' ('Careful ... careful'). She resigns herself to her fate, much as she may never have recovered from the blow (1978).
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between Portuguese, Cantonese, and Mandarin among native speakers is common. In the 1980s, Macanese or Portuguese women began to marry men who identified themselves as Chinese.
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and Macau's handover to the People's Republic of China, respectively. Most potential emigrants looked to Brazil, Portugal's African territories, and Australia.
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2780:
2428:. Vol. 1 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680 (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 165.
1060:. From 1555 onwards, Macau received slave women of Timorese origin as well as women of African origin, and from Malacca and India. Macau was permitted by
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1749:, Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau, for three varying, yet converging discussions on the definition of the term Macanese. Also particularly helpful is
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faith. As recently as the 1980s, most Macanese had not received formal Chinese schooling and, hence, could speak but not read or write Chinese. Spoken
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2462:. Vol. 30 of An Expanding World, the European Impact on World History, 1450–1800, Vol 30 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Ashgate. p. 636.
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re-formulation. Given the shifting political climate of Macau, some Macanese are coming to recognize and identify closer with a Chinese heritage.
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Guilhermina Pedruco, Isabela Pedruco and Guiomar Pedruco are the Youtuber of Former 1st Winner of Miss Macao in 1989, 1993 and 1996.
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Chinese cultural patterns are also significant. The community acted as the interface between Portuguese merchant settlers or ruling
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was largely familiar, and some spoke the language with a regional accent (鄉下話) – acquired largely from their mothers or amahs.
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2269:. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 164.
2236:. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 165.
2203:. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 164.
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2170:. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 39.
1881:. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 39.
1086:; they intermarried with the Portuguese settlers and various Asian settlers; the first Latin American Asians were mostly
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852:. Today Macanese families are dispersed all over the globe and their history and culture are in danger of being lost.
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Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts
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Modern Macanese culture can be best described as a Sino-Latin culture. Historically, many ethnic Macanese spoke
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1948:. Vol. 1 of Echoes: Classics of Hong Kong Culture and History. Hong Kong University Press. p. 44.
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mock his 'bad taste' ('gosto degenerado') (Senna Fernandes, 1978: 15) in having a tryst with a boat girl.
1745:, Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau, pp. 4–7; and Pina-Cabral, João de and Nelson Lourenço (1993),
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2496:. Vol. 1 of Sources and studies in world history (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 219.
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Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620.(From the Spanish Archives of the Indies)
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2720:. New York and London: Berg (Continuum Books) – London School Monographs in Social Antrhropology 74.
2562:, Lisbon, Agência Geral das Colónias Divisão de Publicações e Biblioteca, and Jorge, Edith de (1993),
1494:
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2530:. Andreas Reinecke, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (illustrated ed.). Asia Society. p. 249.
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No. 20 July/September (English Edition) 1994, which is devoted to the ethnography of the Macanese.
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European Intruders and Changes in Behaviour and Customs in Africa, America, and Asia Before 1800
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1590:– na entrevista filmada, ir ao minuto 8, ondo José Cordeiro, fundador da associação macaense
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in Indonesia which were secondary connecting trade nodes to the primary trade-route between
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2014:. Vol. 1 of Echoes: Classics of Hong Kong Culture and History. The Center. p. 29
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by Portuguese men. Macau received an influx of African slaves, Japanese slaves as well as
8:
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2008:
Camões Center (Columbia University. Research Institute on International Change) (1989).
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Watts, Ian (1997). "Neither Meat nor Fish: Three Macanse Women in the Transition" in
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government during the mid-1990s to redefine the term "Macanese" as simply meaning a
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Setting Off from Macau: Essays on Jesuit History during the Ming and Qing Dynasties
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trade, a small number of Latinos settled in the ports of Macau in China and
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Dicks, Anthony R. (1984). "Macao: Legal Fiction and Gunboat Diplomacy" in
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Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: The lands below the winds
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and the Macanese people, respectively. Although there were attempts by the
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1559:"Encontro para não esquecer – Comunidades macaenses reunidas até domingo"
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1306:(actual name: Jose Maria Rodrigues Jr.) – veteran singer & TV actor
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207:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Macau, the imaginary city: culture and society, 1557 to the present
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and Lourenço explain, this is the nature of the Macanese community.
1975:
Stephen A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tryon, eds. (1996).
1694:
Macau, the imaginary city: culture and society, 1557 to the present
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O Traje da Mulher Macaense, Da Saraca ao Do das Nhonhonha de Macau
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InteBetween China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao
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2380:(illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 170.
2343:(illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 173.
2306:(illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 173.
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After World War II, the migration became a flood – the so-called
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in the 16th century, consisting of people of predominantly mixed
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2699:, Goran Aijmer (editor), London: Curzon Press, pp. 101–102.
2632:
Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness
1806:
Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness
1594:, fez uma estimativa da população macaense residente em Toronto.
1345:, a commander of a group of 36 Portuguese soldiers, who won the
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1848:(illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. x.
1661:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
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393:
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2718:
Between China and Europe: Person, Culture and Emotion in Macao
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Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao
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Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao
2200:
Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao
2167:
Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao
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Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao
1416:. Also a member of one of pre-WWII Macau's wealthiest families
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3908:
1029:
1028:
Rarely did Chinese women marry Portuguese; initially, mostly
810:
295:
1769:, No. 20 July/September (English Edition), pp. 162–172.
1374:, writer, translator, teacher, civil servant and politician.
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During the late-nineteenth century, and increasingly during
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2794:
2709:
Marreiros, Carlos (1994). "Alliances for the Future" in
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MacLeod, Murdo J.; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida, eds. (1998).
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This ambiguity might be reduced by the further adjective
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and Cantonese. The Macanese have preserved a distinctive
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Women in World History: Readings from prehistory to 1500
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The Discourse of Race in Modern China: Hong Kong Memoirs
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Marreiros, Carlos (1994), "Alliances for the Future" in
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in 1934 and 1938 and the first Portuguese member of the
1911:
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and former president of the Club Lusitano de Hong Kong.
2527:
Arts of Ancient Viet Nam: From River Plain to Open Sea
2130:
1845:
Taste of Macau: Portuguese Cuisine on the China Coast
1741:, Macau: Imprensa Nacional; Amaro, Ana Maria (1988),
1136:
in her traditional attire, the dó, early 20th century
2725:
Em Terra de Tufões: Dinâmicas da Etnicidade Macaense
2704:
As seitas: histôrias do crime e da política em Macau
1747:
Em Terra de Tufões: Dinâmicas da Etnicidade Macaense
876:('native-born Portuguese') refer to the
2723:Pina Cabral, João de, and Nelson Lourenço (1993).
2524:Tingley, Nancy (2009). Asia Society. Museum (ed.).
2262:
2229:
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2163:
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Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century
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1627:"Uma comunidade cheia de vida e tradição no Brasil"
1584:Entrevista a José Cordeiro, no programa televisivo
1353:, against 400 Chinese soldiers, on August 25, 1849.
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3446:For immigrants and expatriates in Hong Kong, see:
1918:(2 ed.). Kelly & Walsh, Limited. p.
1333:
2713:No. 20 July/September (English Edition), 162–172.
1065:natives were between Portuguese men and women of
4301:
2787:
2779:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2564:The Wind Amongst the Ruins: A childhood in Macao
1368:member, from the well known Macau's Lobo family.
983:and now nearly extinct. Many are fluent in both
2746:Macau and Its Neighbors toward the 21st Century
1841:
1244:Category:Hong Kong people of Portuguese descent
1177:A number of Macanese also emigrated during the
304:
2560:Macau e a Assistência (Panorama médico-social)
2490:Hughes, Sarah S.; Hughes, Brady, eds. (1995).
2097:
2064:
794:
3868:
3472:
3171:
2818:
2758:
2455:
1941:
1597:
1311:Luísa Isabella Nolasco da Silva Leong Lok-yau
999:
708:
630:
538:
2489:
2031:
1553:
1551:
1313:– Hong Kong-based actress, singer, and model
1209:
720:Cantonese Homophonic Translation of Macanese
19:This article is about the ethnic group. For
16:Mixed race ethnic group originating in Macau
4247:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories
2769:. Archived from the original on 2001-01-28.
2137:. Princeton University Press. p. 209.
1577:
1268:
939:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
364:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3875:
3861:
3479:
3465:
3178:
3164:
2825:
2811:
2104:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 17.
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1052:after they were taken prisoner during the
1050:bought by the Portuguese from the Japanese
344:
2832:
1761:
1759:
1548:
1487:"Famous People From Macau Famous Natives"
1036:(from Sri Lanka), Indochina, Malay (from
959:Learn how and when to remove this message
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
3185:
1442:Secretary for Transport and Public Works
1425:Secretary for Administration and Justice
1412:黎婉華 Clementina Leitão, deceased wife of
1127:
1003:
384:
324:
3486:
2790:"Macao: Mediterranean life in the East"
2692:. Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau.
2628:
2523:
2071:. Oxford University Press. p. 11.
1802:
1658:
1645:
1184:
1009:The Macanese, Miguel António de Cortela
286:
4302:
3882:
2727:. Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau.
2685:. Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau.
1756:
1690:
1586:RCP Rescaldos da Comunidade Portuguesa
1540:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
762:
684:
606:
3856:
3460:
3159:
2806:
2068:The Discourse of Race in Modern China
1731:
1322:黄冠亨 Wong Kunhang Hendery - rapper of
1233:
1120:Women in Vietnam § European rule
1054:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)
3431:Under-occupied developments in China
2421:
1900:Sporadically it was a Chinese woman.
1686:
1684:
1509:
1381:, former member and chairman of the
1299:former member and now a solo artist.
937:adding citations to reliable sources
904:
281:Regions with significant populations
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
1401:between 1902 and 1910, chairman of
1248:
13:
1981:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 323.
14:
4351:
2752:
2576:Gary João de Pina-Cabral (2002).
2374:Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999).
2337:Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999).
2300:Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999).
2011:Camões Center Quarterly, Volume 1
1681:
1561:. Jornal O Clarim. Archived from
45:This article has multiple issues.
3533:
3273:
2582:. Berg Publishers. p. 165.
1912:C. A. Montalto de Jesus (1902).
1607:. Revista Macau. 2 December 2006
1407:Legislative Council of Hong Kong
909:
386:
366:
346:
326:
306:
288:
177:
75:
34:
4330:Portuguese colonisation in Asia
2788:McGivering, Jill (1999-02-13).
2748:. Macau: University of Macau.
2675:
2661:
2622:
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2569:
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2517:
2483:
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2415:
2404:
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2256:
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2157:
2124:
2091:
2058:
2025:
2001:
1968:
1935:
1905:
1868:
1835:
1796:
1772:
1334:Politics, military and business
1317:Isabelle Eleanor Chih Ming Wong
761:
747:
698:Second alternative Chinese name
683:
669:
605:
591:
577:
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
21:any permanent resident of Macau
4232:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
2716:Pina Cabral, João de (2002).
2131:Francisco Bethencourt (2014).
1619:
1605:"Lusitano abre as suas portas"
1479:
1387:Olympic Committee of Hong Kong
709:
631:
539:
1:
4190:Cherokee freedmen controversy
2697:Leadership on the China Coast
1633:(in Portuguese). 16 June 2013
1472:
1403:China Light and Power Company
1362:Hong Kong Legislative Council
1319:- British-Macanese Cricketer.
872:('Macanese') and
550:Native-born Portuguese people
271:
3412:History of the Jews in China
2759:Crowell, Todd (1999-12-24).
2741:. Macau: Imprensa Nacional.
2629:Clayton, Cathryn H. (2010).
2263:João de Pina-Cabral (2002).
2230:João de Pina-Cabral (2002).
2197:João de Pina-Cabral (2002).
2164:João de Pina-Cabral (2002).
1875:João de Pina-Cabral (2002).
1803:Clayton, Cathryn H. (2010).
1349:, which was fought near the
1015:, early to mid-19th century.
7:
4335:Portuguese diaspora in Asia
4320:Multiracial affairs in Asia
2734:. Boulder: Westview Press.
2706:. Macau: Livros do Oriente.
1588:Canadá, 10 de Março de 2012
1450:
1421:Florinda da Rosa Silva Chan
1343:Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita
1282:1988, socialite and actress
1262:Henrique de Senna Fernandes
203:the claims made and adding
10:
4356:
4325:European diaspora in China
4263:Contemporary ethnic groups
2737:Teixeira, Manuel (1965).
2688:Amaro, Ana Maria (1993).
2566:, New York: Vantage Press.
1438:Raimundo Arrais do Rosário
1385:, former president of the
1237:
1117:
1000:Portuguese colonial period
994:
900:
18:
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3531:
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3271:
3193:
2843:
2730:Porter, Jonathan (1996).
2681:Amaro, Ana Maria (1989).
1691:Porter, Jonathan (1996).
1659:Minahan, James B (2014).
1379:Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales
1210:Macanese identity dispute
1025:marrying Macanese women.
892:of Macau, nor simply the
873:
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670:tou2 saang1 ou3 mun2 jan4
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3402:Immigration to Hong Kong
2637:Harvard University Press
1842:Annabel Jackson (2003).
1811:Harvard University Press
1737:Teixeira, Manuel (1965),
1409:, between 1929 and 1937.
1360:, a businessman, former
1269:Entertainment and sports
1255:José dos Santos Ferreira
1240:Category:Macanese people
1090:and to a lesser extent,
642:Native-born Macau people
620:Alternative Chinese name
2377:Macau: a cultural Janus
2340:Macau: a cultural Janus
2303:Macau: a cultural Janus
2098:Frank Dikotter (1992).
2065:Frank Dikötter (2015).
1784:www.macaneselibrary.org
1046:Christian Korean slaves
855:
795:
4340:Ethnic groups in China
2702:Guedes, João (1991).
2422:Reid, Anthony (1990).
1942:Austin Coates (2009).
1697:. Avalon. p. 78.
1372:Pedro Nolasco da Silva
1137:
1016:
790:
3397:Demographics of China
2038:. BRILL. p. 93.
2032:Kaijian Tang (2015).
1930:macao Japanese women.
1431:José Pereira Coutinho
1276:Michelle Monique Reis
1131:
1007:
592:tou2 saang1 pou4 jan4
444:Related ethnic groups
4210:Interracial marriage
4205:Interethnic marriage
3987:Eurasian Singaporean
3407:Immigration to Macau
3187:Immigration to China
1326:'s Chinese sub-unit
1185:Post-colonial period
1179:Carnation Revolution
933:improve this section
868:of Macau, the terms
95:improve this article
3587:Trinidad and Tobago
3436:Illegal immigration
1565:on 3 September 2014
1347:battle of Passaleão
1115:Macanese settlers.
1112:Shimabara Rebellion
1080:Manila, Philippines
1034:Ceylonese/Sinhalese
809:that originated in
578:tóu-saāng pòuh-yàhn
450:Portuguese diaspora
262:
4289:Race of the future
4273:luk khrueng people
1398:Hongkong Telegraph
1364:member and former
1234:Prominent Macanese
1138:
1042:purchased in Japan
1017:
886:permanent resident
256:
188:possibly contains
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4296:
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3849:
3454:
3453:
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3382:
3374:
3367:
3356:
3153:
3152:
3089:Teochew Taiwanese
2978:Teochew Taiwanese
2711:Review of Culture
2537:978-0-300-14696-7
2503:978-1-56324-311-0
2469:978-0-86078-522-4
2435:978-0-300-04750-9
1955:978-962-209-077-4
1945:A Macao Narrative
1767:Review of Culture
1751:Review of Culture
1674:978-1-61069-017-1
1497:on 18 August 2018
1395:– manager of the
1110:). Following the
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572:Yale Romanization
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438:Roman Catholicism
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190:original research
171:
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110:"Macanese people"
68:
4347:
4315:Society of Macau
3992:Filipino Mestizo
3877:
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3448:Hong Kong people
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2770:
2761:"A Proud People"
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1529:
1528:
1519:. Archived from
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1493:. Archived from
1483:
1393:José Pedro Braga
1289:– singer/actress
1249:Arts and letters
1084:Acapulco, Mexico
1011:. Attributed to
989:Macanese cuisine
964:
957:
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490:Sinhalese people
466:Hong Kong people
458:Cantonese people
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266:Total population
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4310:Macanese people
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4178:
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3091:
3079:
3062:
3060:Hakka Taiwanese
2980:
2956:Hoklo Taiwanese
2839:
2831:
2772:
2771:
2755:
2690:Filhos da Terra
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2015:
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1743:Filhos da Terra
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1667:. p. 169.
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1517:"Archived copy"
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1475:
1467:Indian diaspora
1457:Kristang people
1453:
1351:Portas do Cerco
1336:
1271:
1264:– lawyer/writer
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1212:
1187:
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997:
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930:
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783:Macanese people
717:Literal meaning
639:Literal meaning
547:Literal meaning
524:Macanese people
514:Indian diaspora
498:Japanese people
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3921:Cape Coloureds
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3904:Amazonian Jews
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3742:Czech Republic
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4195:Ethnogenesis
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3113:Fuzhou Tanka
2999:Shanghainese
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2863:Macau people
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2739:Os Macaenses
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2593:. Retrieved
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1739:Os Macaenses
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1635:. Retrieved
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1563:the original
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1521:the original
1511:
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1495:the original
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4127:Mixed-blood
4016:Luso-Asians
4010:Luk khrueng
3884:Multiracial
3842:New Zealand
3782:Netherlands
3698:Middle East
3625:Luso-Asians
3365:Albazinians
3349:Portuguese
3316:Australians
3101:Waishengren
3092: [
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3016:Gaoshan Han
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2880:Ngái people
2858:Hongkongers
2834:Han Chinese
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2543:10 December
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2475:10 December
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2362:submissive.
1813:. pp.
1721:|work=
1146:Estado Novo
1144:'s fascist
1108:Amerindians
821:as well as
801:multiracial
4304:Categories
3982:Dutch Indo
3949:Eurasians
3899:Afro-Asian
3777:Luxembourg
3677:Sri Lanka
3602:New Jersey
3520:Mozambique
3488:Portuguese
3265:Vietnamese
3260:Pakistanis
3134:Yunnanese
3026:Minh Hương
2941:Fuzhounese
2912:Sichuanese
2853:Taishanese
2595:2010-07-14
2393:2012-03-01
2356:2012-03-01
2319:2012-03-01
2282:2012-03-01
2249:2012-03-01
2216:2012-03-01
2183:2012-03-01
2150:2014-02-02
2117:2014-02-02
2111:9622093043
2084:2014-02-02
2051:2014-02-02
2018:2014-02-02
1994:2014-02-02
1988:3110819724
1961:2014-02-02
1925:2014-02-02
1894:2012-03-01
1861:2014-02-02
1789:2024-02-13
1527:2016-10-07
1473:References
1440:, current
1423:, current
1414:Stanley Ho
1358:Roger Lobo
1304:Joe Junior
1238:See also:
1192:Portuguese
1092:Colombians
985:Portuguese
977:Portuguese
845:ancestry.
819:Portuguese
804:East Asian
787:Portuguese
410:Portuguese
213:March 2024
197:improve it
151:March 2024
121:newspapers
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4268:Diasporas
4075:Melungeon
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3646:Indonesia
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3327:Hong Kong
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2891:Mandarin
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2837:subgroups
2766:Asia Week
1723:ignored (
1713:cite book
1501:17 August
1196:Cantonese
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1132:Macanese
1100:Mulattoes
1096:Peruvians
1058:Hideyoshi
1048:who were
949:July 2022
920:does not
862:Cantonese
839:Sinhalese
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418:Cantonese
404:Languages
374:Hong Kong
201:verifying
56:talk page
4282:See also
4162:Quadroon
4154:mameluco
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3686:Mestiços
3681:Burghers
3673:Pakistan
3668:Malaysia
3582:Suriname
3543:Americas
3490:diaspora
3390:See also
3379:Shanghai
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3236:Shanghai
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3221:Israelis
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1665:ABC-CLIO
1536:cite web
1451:See also
1200:Mandarin
1151:Catholic
1104:Mestizos
1088:Mexicans
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882:colonial
850:diaspora
827:Japanese
799:) are a
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664:Jyutping
586:Jyutping
432:Religion
426:Macanese
354:Portugal
261:Maquista
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4200:Exogamy
4183:History
4167:Sacatra
4147:caboclo
4133:mulatos
4100:castizo
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1780:"Macau"
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1038:Malacca
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995:History
979:-based
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926:sources
901:Culture
894:demonym
831:English
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