384:
1175:
3581:
3591:
3090:
407:) is practically limited to the municipal borders, with the exception of some places within the Maastrichtian municipality where the spoken dialects are in fact not Maastrichtian. These exceptions are previously separate villages and/or municipalities that have merged with the municipality of Maastricht namely
490:
celebrations and incites people to learn
Maastrichtian. As from the 19th century there are more written texts in Maastrichtian, again mostly oriented towards these carnival celebrations. Nowadays however, many other sources display written Maastrichtian, including song texts not written for carnival
778:
As many other
Limburgish dialects, the Maastrichtian dialect features a distinction between Accent 1 and Accent 2, limited to stressed syllables. The former can be analyzed as lexically toneless, whereas the latter as an underlying high tone. Phonetically, syllables with Accent 2 are considerably
370:
Whilst
Maastrichtian is still widely spoken, regardless of social level, research has shown that it is suffering from a degree of dialect loss amongst younger generations. That is the case in dwindling of speakers but also in development of the dialect
749:. Since there are only standardised 'variants' of Limburgish but no widely accepted/recognised standardised Limburgish itself, each article is tagged as being written in a certain variant of the language. All articles in Maastrichtian can be found
1910:
Maastrichtian contains many specific words ample or not used in other
Limburgish dialects some being creolisations/"limburgisations" of Dutch, French and German words while others cannot be directly subscribed to one of these languages.
469:
A particular feature of
Maastrichtian is that it gives its speakers a certain prestige. Research of the dialect showed that people talking the "purest" form of Maastrichtian, i.e. the Short Maastrichtian
3029:
1497:
The long mid monophthongs are monophthongal when combined with Accent 2. When combined with Accent 1, they are all diphthongal: . Phonologically, the first three are close-mid monophthongs
1947:
but also because of French being the predominant spoken language of the
Maastrichtian cultural elite and the higher secondary educational system of the region in the past. Some examples:
3388:
3249:
3214:
3204:
3308:
3338:
355:
The French influence can additionally be attributed to the historical importance of French with the cultural elite and educational systems as well as the historical
212:
3343:
3353:
3259:
2423:
Literally "Not broad but long". Commonly used to indicate the characteristic of the
Maastrichtian dialect to "stretch" vowels (in speech and writing). The word
3333:
3209:
2084:
1956:
4174:
3378:
1770:
2535:
536:
195:
3403:
3278:
3318:
1765:
1750:
3445:
3348:
589:(1865–1923) as finishing stanza of the Maastrichtian opera "Trijn de Begijn" of 1910. There are claims that the anthem actually originates from "
504:
150:
3298:
3244:
2458:
1815:
1780:
1755:
3413:
3323:
2835:
500:
4549:
3627:
3363:
3358:
4347:
3398:
3273:
3269:
1775:
5577:
3283:
3264:
750:
383:
1904:
760:
3373:
3293:
3254:
328:(with which it is not mutually intelligible). In terms of speakers, it is the most widespread variant of Limburgish, and it is a
5587:
1870:
1840:
1163:⟩, following the recommendations of Carlos Gussenhoven regarding transcribing the corresponding Standard Dutch phone.
5572:
4164:
2916:
1505:. Elsewhere in the article, the diphthongality of the first three is ignored and they are always transcribed with ⟨
3558:
3013:
1154:
1070:
262:
5076:
5592:
3116:
3055:
2610:
1935:). However, what sets Maastrichtian apart from other variants of Limburgish is its relatively strong influences from
3620:
3563:
3553:
994:
903:
590:
3018:
2994:
1441:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
979:
773:
252:
5582:
2961:
1560:
1515:
1408:
1393:
20:
5443:
3003:
2539:
1081:
1037:
759:: For an overview of some Maastrichtian dialect specific words, their English translations and their origins
530:
1572:
The open-mid contrast not only with the close-mid but also with the open in (near)-minimal pairs such as
5473:
4643:
4605:
4590:
3440:
1372:
1365:
1022:
986:
3917:
1587:
1566:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1167:
1160:
1140:
1130:
1122:
784:
780:
5453:
5313:
4663:
4622:
4612:
3613:
3023:
1426:
1418:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1146:
1097:
360:
207:
3829:
3548:
3065:
3060:
3045:
2973:
2951:
1461:
1106:
895:
888:
2655:
5597:
5170:
3535:
3530:
2633:
1558:
1513:
1468:
1386:
1152:
1144:
1029:
1002:
787:'to play'. The difference is not marked in the orthography, so that both of those words are spelled
5448:
5402:
5397:
5321:
4931:
4915:
4794:
4653:
4544:
4539:
2909:
1314:
1307:
1054:
130:
2828:
482:
The oldest known and preserved text in
Maastrichtian dates from the 18th century. This text named
5387:
5331:
5326:
5246:
4919:
4869:
4169:
3987:
3743:
3671:
3659:
3224:
2864:
1475:
1452:
1400:
945:
938:
911:
484:
Sermoen euver de Weurd Inter omnes
Linguas nulla Mosa Trajestensi prastantior gehauwe in Mastreeg
337:
120:
110:
5509:
5229:
4627:
3089:
5392:
4874:
4840:
4458:
4274:
4134:
3974:
3869:
3514:
3393:
3152:
1045:
2585:
499:
In 1999, the municipal government recognised a standardised spelling of
Maastrichtian made by
5550:
5514:
4782:
4775:
4727:
4497:
4468:
4437:
4400:
4325:
4082:
3995:
3856:
3818:
3584:
3219:
3050:
2999:
2989:
2600:
1174:
1134:
1091:
847:
840:
364:
191:
5015:
3890:
5519:
5499:
5468:
5341:
5201:
4947:
4765:
4357:
4184:
4146:
4141:
4015:
3962:
3720:
3508:
3075:
954:
855:
746:
125:
5175:
8:
5458:
4694:
4648:
4582:
4335:
3982:
3895:
3693:
3494:
3488:
3239:
2902:
1919:
Maastrichtian vocabulary, as the language family it belongs to suggests, is based on the
966:
313:
283:
199:
140:
5005:
4850:
4097:
3070:
5504:
5428:
5356:
5346:
5301:
5063:
4990:
4887:
4732:
4707:
4702:
4595:
4423:
4308:
4129:
3907:
3902:
3881:
3842:
3646:
3636:
2946:
2816:
2793:
2299:
1920:
1520:
is diphthongized to in words with Accent 2 when it is a realization of the underlying
1126:
863:
807:
594:
586:
416:
145:
115:
4658:
5478:
5277:
5193:
5186:
5141:
5085:
4845:
4835:
4818:
4813:
4717:
4479:
4279:
4240:
4220:
4058:
3950:
3932:
3784:
3498:
3464:
3408:
3288:
3136:
3131:
2820:
2744:
2606:
2572:
1356:
1015:
931:
827:
812:
408:
372:
333:
523:
Brounts P., Chambille G., Kurris J., Minis T., Paulissen H. & Simais M. (2004).
258:
5433:
5224:
5158:
5114:
5109:
5069:
5058:
5050:
4855:
4823:
4770:
4759:
4672:
4381:
4320:
4110:
4092:
3927:
3688:
3680:
3484:
3199:
2808:
1939:. This is not only because of geographic closeness of a Francophone region (namely
1932:
1062:
822:
802:
363:
to the city. Despite being a specific variant of Limburgish, Maastrichtian remains
345:
5270:
5463:
5423:
5256:
5163:
5146:
5131:
5126:
5119:
4828:
4737:
4722:
4677:
4529:
4492:
4484:
4463:
4450:
4430:
4416:
4179:
4156:
4087:
4077:
4069:
3849:
3009:
2732:
1936:
1322:
1212:
834:
817:
540:
341:
317:
102:
73:
3580:
2894:
585:) composed by lyrics in Maastrichtian. The theme had originally been written by
367:
with other Limburgish variants, especially those of surrounding municipalities.
5544:
5438:
5418:
5370:
5262:
5136:
4806:
4573:
4512:
4291:
4248:
4205:
4122:
4117:
4006:
3956:
3807:
3758:
3713:
3706:
3504:
2534:
Brounts P.; Chambille G.; Kurris J.; Minis T.; Paulissen H.; Simais M. (2004).
1928:
1380:
875:
392:
329:
325:
2812:
2083:
For an extended list of German-derived (Maastrichtian-) Limburgish words, see
1955:
For an extended list of French-derived (Maastrichtian-) Limburgish words, see
5566:
5494:
5336:
5092:
5043:
4860:
4799:
4712:
4617:
4555:
4502:
4386:
4313:
3313:
3157:
3111:
1927:
this also includes varying degrees of influence from both archaic and modern
1219:
1199:
972:
881:
463:
135:
2720:
5363:
4787:
4751:
4684:
4507:
4330:
4303:
4286:
4230:
4189:
3771:
3750:
2967:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1835:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1790:
1785:
1760:
1745:
1691:
1671:
1636:
1616:
921:
459:
5010:
1914:
556:
Mestreechs. Eus Moojertoal: 'ne Besjrijving vaan 't dialek vaan Meestreech
5180:
5153:
4971:
4879:
4561:
4522:
4105:
3800:
3764:
3699:
3595:
3590:
3383:
2427:(long) is the example in this case whereas it would be written as either
1728:
1269:
1194:
455:
426:
The social status of Maastrichtian speakers is determined by the type of
356:
5025:
378:
5020:
5000:
4365:
4035:
3736:
3234:
2925:
2533:
1944:
1924:
1732:
1603:
1483:
1435:
1204:
349:
321:
83:
5206:
4954:
4600:
4517:
4298:
4253:
4225:
4051:
3605:
3229:
581:
In 2002, the municipal government officially adopted a local anthem (
427:
412:
375:) towards Standard Dutch (like the loss of local words and grammar).
237:
225:
5030:
474:) sociolect, were perceived by others to be the well-educated ones.
403:
Maatrichtian being a city dialect, the terminology "Maastrichtian" (
4995:
4343:
3368:
2807:(2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166,
2756:
1940:
487:
454:). Short Maastrichtian is generally considered to be spoken by the
304:
291:
270:
62:
2886:
2698:
2696:
5036:
4632:
4534:
3303:
3166:
3162:
2683:
2681:
420:
332:
one. Like many of the Limburgish dialects spoken in neighbouring
309:
266:
3182:
2567:
Aarts, F. (2009). "t Verhaol vaan eus Taol". Stichting Onderweg.
1159:
in the coda. In this article, both are transcribed with ⟨
4339:
3541:
3328:
3172:
2768:
2693:
1723:
2708:
2678:
2666:
462:, whilst Long Maastrichtian is considered to be spoken by the
4257:
3176:
3126:
2206:
520:. (2nd ed.). Maastricht, the Netherlands: Stichting Onderweg.
2452:
From Eastern Walloon "nondidju", meaning "(in) name of God"
1721:
1601:
570:
Liergaank Mestreechs: 'ne Cursus euver de Mestreechter Taol
2631:
1855:
1850:
1800:
1528:
does not participate in tonal distinction, and neither do
269:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2625:
2592:
2085:
Wiktionary:Category:Limburgish terms derived from German
1957:
Wiktionary:Category:Limburgish terms derived from French
527:. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Veldeke-Krink Mestreech.
494:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2536:"Veldeke Krink Mestreech: Nuie Mestreechsen Dictionair"
2464:
Name of an annual culinary festival held in Maastricht
1915:(Historical) Vocabulary influences from other languages
2449:
A minor swear word and /or an expression of surprise
1903:
For an extended overview of Maastrichtian words, see
1880:
1845:
1830:
1795:
1740:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1611:
531:
Online Dutch to Maastrichtian translation version of
379:
Geographic distribution, social status and sociolects
2870:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
2553:
2211:
Some examples of specific Maastrichtian vocabulary:
548:
430:
spoken by a certain person, with a division between
2829:"Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands?"
2634:"Municipality of Maastricht: Maastrichts Volkslied"
1546:under the influence of Standard Dutch. A phonemic
565:. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Stichting Onderweg.
2924:
2862:
2801:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
5564:
2791:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2702:
2687:
2672:
2598:
2497:
1179:
1178:Monophthongs of the Maastrichtian dialect, from
3621:
2910:
558:. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Veldeke-Krink.
2401:Some examples of Maastrichtian expressions:
1905:Wiktionary:Category:Maastrichtian Limburgish
3071:Département de Meuse-Inférieure (1795-1814)
2826:
2714:
491:as well as books, poems, street signs etc.
3628:
3614:
2917:
2903:
2834:(in Dutch). Nijmegen: Radboud University.
2207:Other examples of Maastrichtian vocabulary
2792:Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999),
2538:. Veldeke-Krink Mestreech. Archived from
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2467:A contraction of the Maastrichtian words
2396:
2078:
507:as the official spelling of the dialect.
1950:
1501:, whereas the latter two are diphthongs
1173:
779:longer. An example of a minimal pair is
649:En dee vaan diech 't sjoens wèlt prijze,
477:
382:
2511:Taal in stad en land: Belgisch-Limburgs
2493:
2491:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
263:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5565:
3635:
2874:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 233–249
2516:
1143:is realized as a bilabial approximant
728:Daan beidt veur us het aajd Mestreech.
670:Daan zong ze e leedsje vaan Mestreech.
486:was presumably written for one of the
5299:
4913:
3657:
3609:
3030:Maastricht School of Hotel Management
2898:
2753:, pp. 158–159, 161–162, 164–165.
2566:
1203:
1198:
681:Gegreujd op 't graaf vaan Sintervaos,
620:Jao diech höbs us aon 't hart gelege,
495:Standardisation and official spelling
387:Bilingual street sign in Maastricht:
303:
290:
61:
2656:"Pe-al vostru steag e scris Unire!?"
2653:
2488:
2435:in other variants of Limburgish and
1590:occurs only in unstressed syllables.
1557:'brawn'. Most phonetic instances of
1550:appears in French loanwords such as
716:Door euze band vaan trouw aon diech.
693:Besjijnt diech mèt häör straole zach
4190:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
3559:Maastricht Randwyck railway station
3014:Maastricht Academy of Dramatic Arts
3010:Zuyd University of Applied Sciences
2632:Municipality of Maastricht (2008).
1565:in the dialect are monophthongized
761:proceed to this Wiktionary category
745:: Maastrichtian is included in the
710:Mèh heels dien kroen toch opgeriech
678:Doe, blom vaan Nederlands landouwe,
658:Zien aajd Mestreech mèt us bezingk.
13:
5549:Languages between parentheses are
4914:
2974:The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF)
2855:
2841:from the original on 25 March 2017
707:Wie dèks woorste neet priesgegeve,
699:'nen Ingel hèlt bij diech de wach.
690:'n Staar, De witste oet de klaore,
638:Ues ouge blónke bij dien glories ·
14:
5609:
3056:History of the Jews in Maastricht
2880:
2741:, pp. 158–159, 161–162, 165.
2509:Rob Belemans & Benny Keulen,
1474:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1440:
1425:
1417:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1313:
1306:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1105:
1096:
1080:
1069:
1053:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1001:
993:
985:
978:
953:
944:
937:
920:
910:
902:
894:
887:
862:
854:
846:
839:
725:En weur dat oug daan ins gebroke,
661:Me zong vaan diech ten alle tije,
655:Dat dee op nui Mestreechter wijze
635:Te peerd op grampeer ziene sjoet.
632:Veer huurde nao dien aw histories
549:Other literature on Maastrichtian
5578:Culture of Limburg (Netherlands)
3589:
3579:
3554:Maastricht Noord railway station
3088:
2654:Roca, George (28 January 2016).
1151:in the onset and as labio-velar
722:'t Oug geriech op 't stareleech;
652:In taol, die al wie zinge klink,
623:Mestreech, door alle ieuwe heer.
591:Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire
3019:Maastricht Academy of Fine Arts
2995:Maastricht School of Management
2863:van der Wijngaard, Ton (1999),
2784:
774:Maastrichtian dialect phonology
684:Bis weerdig dobbel te besjouwe,
629:En deilde dreufheid en plezeer.
603:Maastrichtian municipal anthem
576:
533:De Nuie Mestreechsen Dictionair
525:De Nuie Mestreechsen Dictionair
518:Dictionairke vaan 't Mestreechs
510:
5553:of the language on their left.
2775:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
2763:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
2751:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
2739:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
2727:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
2703:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
2688:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
2673:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
2647:
2503:
1594:
696:En, um diech zuver te bewaore,
667:En voolte veer us rech tevreie
626:Veer bleve diech altied genege
572:. Maastricht, the Netherlands.
336:, Maastrichtian retained many
305:[məˌstʀeːxsˈlimbœʀəxs]
21:Maastrichtian (disambiguation)
1:
5444:Germanic substrate hypothesis
5300:
3004:University College Maastricht
2926:Maastricht and related topics
2887:Veldeke Krink Mestreech site
2498:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999
2481:
2306:frame (of doors and windows)
1898:
1180:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999
719:Daorum de hand us tòwgestoke,
687:Gespiegeld in de blanke Maos.
664:Eus mojers zonge bij de weeg,
389:Achter de Oude Minderbroeders
5588:Languages of the Netherlands
5474:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
4165:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
3564:Hasselt – Maastricht tramway
3051:Capture of Maastricht (1632)
2827:Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007).
2729:, pp. 158–159, 161–162.
1481:
1433:
1378:
1320:
1267:
767:
736:
448:Long/Stretched Maastrichtian
7:
5573:Central Limburgish dialects
5454:High German consonant shift
3076:Battle of Maastricht (1940)
3024:Maastricht Academy of Music
2794:"The dialect of Maastricht"
713:En ongeknak bis te gebleve,
593:" by the Romanian composer
397:Achter d'n Awwe Minnebreure
16:Limburgish language dialect
10:
5614:
3992:Westlauwers–Terschellings
3645:According to contemporary
3549:Maastricht railway station
2602:Dialect loss in Maastricht
2325:grandmother / grandfather
2245:appoximativement, environ
2082:
1954:
1925:Limburgish language family
1902:
771:
641:Of perelde bij diene noet.
617:Hoera! Vivat! Mestreech!!!
95:(undated figure of 60,000)
18:
5536:
5487:
5411:
5380:
5312:
5308:
5295:
5244:
5217:
5171:Southern Schleswig Danish
5102:
4983:
4939:
4930:
4926:
4909:
4750:
4693:
4581:
4572:
4477:
4449:
4408:
4399:
4374:
4356:
4267:
4239:
4213:
4204:
4155:
4068:
4043:
4034:
3973:
3868:
3817:
3792:
3783:
3679:
3670:
3666:
3653:
3643:
3575:
3536:Maastricht Aachen Airport
3523:
3477:
3457:
3433:
3426:
3192:
3145:
3104:
3097:
3086:
3038:
2982:
2939:
2932:
2813:10.1017/S0025100300006526
2599:Muenstermann, H. (1989).
2407:Maastrichtian Expression
2328:grootmoeder / grootvader
2298:(historically) Common in
1487:
1354:
1217:
1210:
1193:
1191:
1090:
1061:
965:
874:
833:
799:
795:Maastrichtian consonants
249:
235:
223:
218:
206:
187:Official language in
185:
180:
99:
89:
79:
69:
57:
33:
28:
5593:Low Franconian languages
5449:West Germanic gemination
5403:Ancient Belgian language
5398:Germanic parent language
5342:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
4464:Austrian Standard German
3658:
3465:Maastricht Treaty (1992)
2331:grand-mère / grand-père
297:Maastrichtian Limburgish
3105:Geology & Hydrology
2334:Großmutter / Großvater
2239:approximately, roughly
1542:has mostly merged with
563:t Verhaol vaan eus Taol
213:Veldeke-Krink Mestreech
5510:Preterite-present verb
5393:Proto-Germanic grammar
5347:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
4459:German Standard German
4135:East Frisian Low Saxon
3458:International politics
3153:Meuse-Rhine Euroregion
2872:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
2397:Expressions and Titles
2312:cadre (or chambranle)
2079:Germanophone influence
1183:
605:(Mestreechs Volksleed)
436:Standard Maastrichtian
400:
300:
287:
251:This article contains
5583:Culture in Maastricht
5515:Grammatischer Wechsel
4498:Namibian Black German
4469:Swiss Standard German
4438:Early New High German
3996:Mainland West Frisian
3857:Harlingerland Frisian
3000:Maastricht University
2990:Jan van Eyck Academie
2962:Museums in Maastricht
2957:Maastrichtian dialect
2605:. Walter de Gruyter.
2189:swing (for children)
1951:Francophone influence
1187:Maastrichtian vowels
1177:
478:Written Maastrichtian
386:
365:mutually intelligible
5520:Indo-European ablaut
5500:Germanic strong verb
5469:Germanic spirant law
4606:Southeast Limburgish
4102:Gelders-Overijssels
3731:Irish Middle English
3721:Early Modern English
2660:Gândacul de Colorado
2419:Neet breid meh laank
747:Limburgish Knowledge
583:Mestreechs Volksleed
348:) influences in its
292:[məˈstʀeːxs]
192:Limburg, Netherlands
63:[məˈstʀeːxs]
19:For other uses, see
5488:Synchronic features
5459:Germanic a-mutation
5412:Diachronic features
4762:in the broad sense
4695:East Central German
4649:Lorraine Franconian
4623:Transylvanian Saxon
4583:West Central German
4358:East Low Franconian
4268:West Low Franconian
3585:Province of Limburg
3495:Maastricht Wildcats
3240:Boschstraatkwartier
3146:Region / Urban area
3061:Second Siege (1673)
2765:, pp. 161–162.
2717:, pp. 336–337.
2365:(sometimes written
1512:The open-mid front
1188:
1166:can be analysed as
796:
561:Aarts, F. (2009). '
444:Standaardmestreechs
432:Short Maastrichtian
301:Mestreechs-Limbörgs
42:Mestreechs-Limbörgs
5505:Germanic weak verb
5314:Language subgroups
4664:Pennsylvania Dutch
4613:Moselle Franconian
4591:Central Franconian
4424:Middle High German
4175:Central Pomeranian
4130:Northern Low Saxon
3843:Wangerooge Frisian
3637:Germanic languages
3379:Sint Maartenspoort
3066:Third Siege (1748)
3046:First Siege (1579)
2715:Gussenhoven (2007)
2410:Meaning (Approx.)
2300:Germanic languages
2048:(zich) herinneren
1921:Germanic languages
1489:ɛj œj ɔw
1186:
1184:
794:
595:Ciprian Porumbescu
587:Alfons Olterdissen
568:Aarts, F. (2019).
554:Aarts, F. (2001).
539:2013-06-11 at the
516:Aarts, F. (2005).
401:
146:Central Limburgish
84:City of Maastricht
5560:
5559:
5545:extinct languages
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5479:Great Vowel Shift
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5240:
5239:
5086:Greenlandic Norse
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4836:Southern Bavarian
4819:Northern Bavarian
4795:Highest Alemannic
4746:
4745:
4480:standard variants
4395:
4394:
4241:Standard variants
4200:
4199:
4059:Middle Low German
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
3830:Saterland Frisian
3603:
3602:
3568:
3499:American football
3473:
3472:
3450:
3441:Historical mayors
3422:
3421:
3137:Zuid-Willemsvaart
3132:Mount Saint Peter
3121:geological period
3084:
3083:
2636:. N.A. Maastricht
2580:Missing or empty
2479:
2478:
2394:
2393:
2204:
2203:
2076:
2075:
2055:(ziech) rappelere
1896:
1895:
1717:
1716:
1524:. The underlying
1494:
1493:
1119:
1118:
734:
733:
399:is Maastrichtian.
373:dialect levelling
361:Walloon labourers
277:
276:
259:rendering support
255:phonetic symbols.
208:Regulated by
196:regional language
52:
5605:
5598:City colloquials
5337:Elbe (Irminonic)
5310:
5309:
5297:
5296:
5225:Mainland Gutnish
5115:Swedish dialects
5077:Middle Icelandic
5051:Middle Norwegian
4940:Historical forms
4937:
4936:
4928:
4927:
4911:
4910:
4870:South Franconian
4856:Hutterite German
4824:Central Bavarian
4644:Rhine Franconian
4579:
4578:
4409:Historical forms
4406:
4405:
4321:Surinamese Dutch
4214:Historical forms
4211:
4210:
4044:Historical forms
4041:
4040:
3793:Historical forms
3790:
3789:
3677:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3654:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3566:
3485:Amstel Gold Race
3448:
3431:
3430:
3404:Wittevrouwenveld
3102:
3101:
3092:
2937:
2936:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2889:in Maastrichtian
2875:
2869:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2823:
2798:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2531:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2404:
2403:
2214:
2213:
2141:liquorice candy
2090:
2089:
1962:
1961:
1923:(apart from the
1719:
1718:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1444:
1429:
1421:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1317:
1310:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1189:
1185:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1132:
1124:
1109:
1100:
1084:
1073:
1057:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1005:
997:
989:
982:
975:
957:
948:
941:
934:
924:
914:
906:
898:
891:
884:
866:
858:
850:
843:
797:
793:
786:
782:
600:
599:
452:Laank Mestreechs
307:
294:
228:
198:as a variant of
194:: Recognised as
105:
65:
44:or colloquially
39:
26:
25:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5524:
5483:
5464:Germanic umlaut
5429:Holtzmann's law
5407:
5376:
5304:
5283:
5236:
5213:
5147:South Jutlandic
5132:Danish dialects
5098:
4979:
4922:
4893:
4875:East Franconian
4829:Viennese German
4742:
4723:Silesian German
4689:
4678:Central Hessian
4568:
4493:Namibian German
4482:
4473:
4451:Standard German
4445:
4431:New High German
4417:Old High German
4391:
4370:
4352:
4263:
4235:
4196:
4180:East Pomeranian
4170:Brandenburgisch
4157:East Low German
4151:
4078:Dutch Low Saxon
4070:West Low German
4064:
4022:
3988:Schiermonnikoog
3969:
3864:
3850:Wursten Frisian
3813:
3779:
3662:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3604:
3599:
3588:
3578:capital of the
3571:
3542:Aachen, Germany
3519:
3469:
3453:
3449:(current mayor)
3418:
3279:Frontenkwartier
3188:
3141:
3093:
3080:
3034:
2978:
2928:
2923:
2883:
2878:
2867:
2858:
2856:Further reading
2853:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2796:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2597:
2593:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2532:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2471:(to taste) and
2399:
2284:helemaal, gans
2209:
2088:
2081:
1960:
1953:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1597:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1014:
971:
930:
880:
783:'to rinse' vs.
776:
770:
739:
579:
551:
541:Wayback Machine
513:
497:
480:
472:Kort Mestreechs
440:Kort Mestreechs
381:
334:Belgian Limburg
312:and variant of
257:Without proper
224:
188:
181:Official status
176:
106:
103:Language family
101:
92:
91:Native speakers
74:the Netherlands
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5611:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5388:Proto-Germanic
5384:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5306:
5305:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5263:Crimean Gothic
5252:
5250:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5139:
5137:Insular Danish
5134:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5120:Rinkebysvenska
5117:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4966:Old East Norse
4963:
4961:Old West Norse
4951:
4943:
4941:
4934:
4924:
4923:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4841:South Tyrolean
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4783:High Alemannic
4780:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4756:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4625:
4620:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4587:
4585:
4576:
4574:Central German
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4515:
4513:Barossa German
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4410:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4292:French Flemish
4284:
4283:
4282:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4208:
4206:Low Franconian
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4045:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4007:Westereendersk
4001:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3808:Middle Frisian
3804:
3796:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3714:Modern English
3710:
3707:Middle English
3703:
3696:
3685:
3683:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3524:Transportation
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3434:Local politics
3428:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3409:Wyck-Céramique
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Statenkwartier
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Kommelkwartier
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3250:Brusselsepoort
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3193:Neighbourhoods
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2881:External links
2879:
2877:
2876:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2824:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:, p. 158.
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2705:, p. 156.
2692:
2690:, p. 155.
2677:
2675:, p. 162.
2665:
2662:(in Romanian).
2646:
2624:
2611:
2591:
2552:
2515:
2502:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2465:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1952:
1949:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1570:
1537:
1510:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1138:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
999:
990:
983:
976:
969:
963:
962:
960:
958:
951:
949:
942:
935:
927:
926:
917:
915:
908:
899:
892:
885:
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
860:
851:
844:
837:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
772:Main article:
769:
766:
765:
764:
754:
738:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
672:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
643:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
609:
608:
578:
575:
574:
573:
566:
559:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
543:
521:
512:
509:
496:
493:
479:
476:
460:middle classes
380:
377:
326:Dutch language
324:alongside the
316:spoken in the
275:
274:
261:, you may see
247:
246:
241:
233:
232:
229:
221:
220:
219:Language codes
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
189:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
131:Low Franconian
109:
107:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
70:Native to
67:
66:
59:
55:
54:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5610:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5495:Germanic verb
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:Sievers's law
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:Reconstructed
5379:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5194:Middle Danish
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5070:Old Icelandic
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5044:Old Norwegian
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4862:
4861:Gottscheerish
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4800:Walser German
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:Low Alemannic
4764:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:High Prussian
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Erzgebirgisch
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Luxembourgish
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4556:Klezmer-loshn
4553:
4551:
4550:Scots Yiddish
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4387:Meuse-Rhenish
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4314:Kleverlandish
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:Central Dutch
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Stellingwarfs
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:Wood Frisian
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3870:North Frisian
3867:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Anglo-Frisian
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3446:Wim Hillenaar
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Meerssenhoven
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:Jekerkwartier
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:South Limburg
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:Maastrichtian
3115:
3113:
3112:Juliana Canal
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2635:
2628:
2614:
2612:9789067652704
2608:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2574:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2542:on 2013-06-11
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2499:
2494:
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2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
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2442:
2438:
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2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2390:
2387:
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2381:
2378:
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2374:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2268:
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2230:Maastrichtian
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505:Phil Dumoulin
502:
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464:working class
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338:Gallo-Romance
335:
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299:(Limburgish:
298:
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156:Maastrichtian
154:
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151:Trichterlands
149:
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136:Meuse-Rhenish
134:
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121:West Germanic
119:
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108:
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78:
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68:
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58:Pronunciation
56:
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47:
43:
36:
32:
29:Maastrichtian
27:
22:
5540:
5424:Verner's law
5369:
5364:Gotho-Nordic
5362:
5355:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5255:
5245:
5230:Fårö Gutnish
5192:
5185:
5091:
5084:
5075:
5068:
5049:
5042:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4886:
4788:Swiss German
4752:Upper German
4685:Amana German
4659:Volga German
4628:Hunsrückisch
4554:
4508:Unserdeutsch
4503:Berlinerisch
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4375:Cover groups
4331:Mohawk Dutch
4326:Jersey Dutch
4304:East Flemish
4287:West Flemish
4231:Middle Dutch
4185:Low Prussian
4057:
4050:
4016:Terschelling
4000:Clay Frisian
3975:West Frisian
3963:Wiedingharde
3955:
3943:
3903:Heligolandic
3880:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3819:East Frisian
3806:
3799:
3772:Middle Scots
3770:
3763:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3577:
3540:shared with
3539:
3299:Heugemerveld
3245:Bosscherveld
3205:Beatrixhaven
3120:
2966:
2956:
2952:Coat of arms
2888:
2871:
2865:"Maastricht"
2843:. Retrieved
2804:
2800:
2785:Bibliography
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2668:
2659:
2649:
2638:. Retrieved
2627:
2616:. Retrieved
2601:
2594:
2544:. Retrieved
2540:the original
2510:
2505:
2472:
2468:
2459:Preuvenemint
2457:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2400:
2388:
2366:
2362:
2341:
2337:
2318:
2293:
2287:tout à fait
2272:
2251:
2229:
2210:
2198:
2182:
2173:ready, done
2166:
2150:
2134:
2118:
2102:
2070:
2054:
2051:se rappeler
2045:to remember
2038:
2022:
2006:
1990:
1974:
1918:
1909:
1729:monophthongs
1722:
1602:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1551:
788:
777:
756:
742:
604:
582:
580:
577:Local anthem
569:
562:
555:
532:
524:
517:
511:Dictionaries
498:
483:
481:
471:
468:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
425:
404:
402:
396:
388:
369:
354:
296:
279:
278:
250:
243:
236:
155:
49:
45:
41:
34:
5439:Kluge's law
5419:Grimm's law
5202:Dalecarlian
5181:Perkerdansk
5154:East Danish
4972:Old Gutnish
4948:Proto-Norse
4888:Langobardic
4880:Vogtlandian
4708:Upper Saxon
4562:Lachoudisch
4523:Lotegorisch
4401:High German
4147:Westphalian
4142:Eastphalian
4106:Achterhooks
3983:Hindeloopen
3918:Bökingharde
3887:Föhr–Amrum
3801:Old Frisian
3765:Early Scots
3700:Old English
3596:Netherlands
3567:(cancelled)
3531:A2 motorway
3515:Ridderronde
3414:Wyckerpoort
3384:Sint Pieter
3324:Lanakerveld
2281:completely
2252:naoventrint
2019:commission
1981:to advance
1595:Orthography
1576:'ours' vs.
1135:labiodental
1092:Approximant
501:Pol Brounts
357:immigration
265:instead of
5567:Categories
5271:Burgundian
5187:Old Danish
5176:Gøtudanskt
5159:Bornholmsk
5021:Vestlandsk
5001:Kebabnorsk
4738:Halcnovian
4703:Thuringian
4366:Limburgish
4336:Stadsfries
4309:Brabantian
4036:Low German
3882:Eiderstedt
3737:Fingallian
3364:Pottenberg
3359:Oud-Caberg
3339:Malpertuis
3235:Boschpoort
3225:Binnenstad
2640:2009-08-05
2618:2009-07-12
2582:|url=
2546:2008-12-25
2482:References
2439:in Dutch.
2061:washbasin
2016:boodschap
1945:Maastricht
1899:Vocabulary
1733:diphthongs
1604:Consonants
1507:eː, øː, oː
1499:/eː,øː,oː/
1484:Diphthongs
1129:, whereas
785:/ˈspøː˦lə/
757:Wiktionary
405:Mestreechs
350:vocabulary
322:Maastricht
314:Limburgish
288:Mestreechs
284:Limburgish
200:Limburgish
141:Limburgish
126:Istvaeonic
40:sometimes
35:Mestreechs
5551:varieties
5543:indicate
5357:Northwest
5302:Philology
5207:Elfdalian
5142:Jutlandic
5064:Icelandic
5039:(written)
5033:(written)
5011:Trøndersk
4991:Norwegian
4955:Old Norse
4776:Coloniero
4760:Alemannic
4733:Wymysorys
4601:Colognian
4596:Ripuarian
4518:Rotwelsch
4348:Midslands
4299:Zeelandic
4280:Hollandic
4254:Afrikaans
4226:Old Dutch
4052:Old Saxon
3951:Karrharde
3933:Goesharde
3914:Mainland
3647:philology
3399:Vroendaal
3394:Villapark
3344:Mariaberg
3274:Hazendans
3230:Borgharen
3215:Belvédère
3098:Geography
2983:Education
2821:145782045
2473:evenemint
2445:Noondezju
2356:passoire
2342:bompa(pa)
2338:bomma(ma)
2248:ungefähr
2242:ongeveer
2195:Schaukel
2192:schommel
2147:Lakritze
2131:Schinken
2112:zak, tas
2064:wastafel
2007:brazzelèt
2003:bracelet
1997:bracelet
1991:avvencere
1584:'choice'.
1509:⟩.
1323:Close-mid
1213:unrounded
973:voiceless
967:Fricative
882:voiceless
781:/ˈspøːlə/
768:Phonology
743:Knowledge
737:Wikimedia
428:sociolect
413:Borgharen
308:) is the
238:Glottolog
226:ISO 639-3
5278:Vandalic
5221:Gutnish
5026:Vikværsk
5006:Sognamål
4996:Bergensk
4846:Cimbrian
4814:Bavarian
4771:Alsatian
4718:Lusatian
4654:Palatine
4344:Amelands
4221:Frankish
4111:Sallaans
4093:Gronings
3944:Southern
3937:Northern
3928:Halligen
3877:Insular
3694:dialects
3509:football
3427:Politics
3369:Randwyck
3354:Nazareth
3309:Jekerdal
3270:Dousberg
3260:Campagne
3220:Biesland
2836:Archived
2573:cite web
2475:(event)
2367:zeijboar
2353:vergiet
2319:sjabrang
2217:English
2093:English
2032:jaloers
2029:jealous
2023:kemissie
2000:armband
1987:avancer
1965:English
1941:Wallonia
1381:Open-mid
1127:bilabial
808:Alveolar
537:Archived
488:carnival
320:city of
271:Help:IPA
116:Germanic
5541:Italics
5164:Scanian
5110:Swedish
5059:Faroese
5037:Nynorsk
5016:Valdris
4851:Mòcheno
4807:Swabian
4673:Hessian
4633:Hunsrik
4545:Western
4540:Eastern
4535:Yiddish
4485:creoles
4382:Bergish
4098:Drèents
4088:Tweants
3940:Central
3922:Mooring
3785:Frisian
3744:Kildare
3689:English
3489:cycling
3334:Malberg
3304:Itteren
3284:De Heeg
3265:Daalhof
3210:Belfort
3163:Lanaken
3039:History
3012:(incl.
3002:(incl.
2940:General
2933:Culture
2845:22 July
2413:Notes
2376:where?
2363:zeiboar
2315:Rahmen
2269:Tasche
2226:German
2223:French
2199:sjógkel
2183:veerdeg
2179:fertig
2163:Teller
2151:krissie
2099:German
2071:lavvabo
2067:lavabo
2039:zjelous
2035:jaloux
2013:errand
1971:French
1503:/œj,ɔw/
1220:rounded
1200:Central
1123:/m,p,b/
876:Plosive
828:Glottal
813:Palatal
607:(2002)
421:Itteren
346:Walloon
310:dialect
267:Unicode
5257:Gothic
5127:Danish
5031:Bokmål
4530:Yenish
4340:Bildts
4123:Veluws
4118:Urkers
3957:Strand
3681:Anglic
3478:Sports
3374:Scharn
3329:Limmel
3294:Heugem
3255:Caberg
3173:Riemst
2819:
2609:
2513:, 2004
2469:preuve
2379:waar?
2350:sieve
2309:lijst
2273:kalbas
2234:Notes
2220:Dutch
2176:klaar
2167:teleur
2157:plate
2096:Dutch
1968:Dutch
1937:French
1933:German
1727:(both
1724:Vowels
1578:struis
1555:/tɛːt/
1063:Liquid
1016:voiced
932:voiced
823:Uvular
803:Labial
789:speule
446:) and
342:French
80:Region
46:Dialek
5371:South
5322:North
4932:North
4916:North
4258:Kaaps
4249:Dutch
3896:Amrum
3837:Weser
3759:Scots
3177:Kanne
3175:(B) (
3127:Meuse
2968:Sjeng
2868:(PDF)
2839:(PDF)
2832:(PDF)
2817:S2CID
2797:(PDF)
2500::155)
2425:laank
2359:Sieb
2290:ganz
2160:bord
2144:drop
2135:sjink
2115:Tüte
1943:) to
1929:Dutch
1563:]
1559:[
1518:]
1514:[
1270:Close
1258:short
1248:short
1238:short
1228:short
1195:Front
1182::159)
1157:]
1153:[
1149:]
1145:[
1131:/f,v/
835:Nasal
818:Velar
456:upper
393:Dutch
330:tonal
318:Dutch
295:) or
5332:West
5327:East
5247:East
5103:East
5093:Norn
4984:West
4920:East
4918:and
4483:and
4478:Non-
3908:Sylt
3891:Föhr
3826:Ems
3751:Yola
3660:West
3289:Heer
3200:Amby
3183:Visé
2947:Flag
2847:2022
2607:ISBN
2586:help
2437:lang
2433:lang
2429:lank
2389:boe?
2385:wo?
2382:où?
2294:gans
2266:sac
2263:tas
2260:bag
2128:ham
2125:ham
2119:tuut
2109:bag
1931:and
1731:and
1582:käös
1580:vs.
1567:/ɛj/
1552:tête
1548:/ɛː/
1544:/eː/
1540:/ɛː/
1534:/ɒː/
1532:and
1530:/ɶː/
1526:/ɛː/
1522:/ɛj/
1436:Open
1263:long
1253:long
1243:long
1233:long
1205:Back
1133:are
1125:are
751:here
503:and
458:and
419:and
417:Heer
409:Amby
344:and
244:None
50:Plat
3505:MVV
3185:(B)
2809:doi
2431:or
1871:ooj
1841:iew
1776:äöj
1766:aoj
1751:aaj
1588:/ə/
1574:eus
1141:/w/
434:or
391:is
359:of
253:IPA
5569::
3587:,
2815:,
2805:29
2803:,
2799:,
2695:^
2680:^
2658:.
2577::
2575:}}
2571:{{
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2490:^
2369:)
2340:/
1891:uu
1886:ui
1876:ou
1866:oo
1861:oe
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1826:ew
1821:eu
1816:ej
1811:ei
1806:ee
1791:aw
1786:au
1781:aj
1771:äö
1761:ao
1756:aj
1746:aa
1735:)
1692:sj
1672:ng
1637:gk
1617:ch
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1453:ɶː
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1427:ɔː
1412:)
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1394:ɛː
1373:oː
1350:øː
1336:eː
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1297:yː
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