87:) and two other rangers, along with a police sergeant, while the county sheriff and his deputies guarded the courtroom and the hallways leading to it. A large crowd had gathered outside and began filling the corridors; officers cleared part of the courthouse during jury selection and the start of the trial. Soon, still in the morning, the crowd began to throw rocks at the courthouse, with one man waving an American flag and inciting the crowd. A jury was sworn in at noon, and Hughes pleaded guilty to the indictment. While the first witness was testifying, the crowd broke through the doors of the corridor leading to the courtroom, and Texas Rangers fired warning shots, after which the jury was sent away, and while the Rangers fired tear gas, Hughes was led to the vault of the courthouse. People in the courtroom were evacuated with ladders, but the district judge could not decide on a change of venue; Hamer said he thought the trial would end violently if it was held in Sherman.
242:, in 2016, lauded Texas Ranger Hamer as follows: "It was clear that he displayed great courage defending George Hughes, for in a time and place where racial hatred ran rampant, Hamer stood unbowed before the mob. On the other hand, his failure to act while the mob destroyed the Black neighborhood was no more defensible than Sherman police directing traffic while the lynchers blew open the vault."
213:"served the county until it burned in 1930". The marker is one of several on the lawn and is only a few feet away from a Confederate monument that was erected in 1897. A proposal submitted in 2020 to erect a marker (commemorating the lynching and riot) was approved by the manager of the historical marker program, but was blocked in December 2020 by Bill Magers, the Grayson
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court of inquiry was installed, and orders were given to shoot whoever attempted to burn or destroy Black-owned properties. By May 13, thirty-nine arrests had been made. A justice of the peace charged nine of them, but immediately dismissed a number of them. Troops remained stationed at the Black school, which reopened on May 14, though some
Guardsmen were sent home.
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On the morning of May 10, 225 extra
National Guard members arrived in Sherman, and two extra Rangers. Eleven men were arrested but six were soon released. Governor Moody finally declared martial law that evening, after local community leaders urged him to do so, and more arrests were made. A military
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had sent the
National Guard, but the mob engaged in a "pitched battle" with them around 6:30 pm; a rumor had spread that Hamer was ordered not to shoot, and the Guard was pushed back. By midnight, members of the mob, using dynamite and acetylene torches, had opened the jail. Hughes was dead, and
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led to a lynching and a violent riot at the courthouse, and then in the city's Black neighborhood. Hughes allegedly assaulted the wife of his employer at their farm, five miles southeast of
Sherman, and shot at deputies after being tracked down by a deputy sheriff. He surrendered and was taken to the
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was set on fire by a White mob, who subsequently burned and looted local Black-owned businesses. Martial law was declared on May 10, but by that time many of
Sherman's Black-owned businesses had been burnt to the ground. Thirty-nine people were arrested, eight of whom were charged, and later, a grand
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George
Washington Skinner; 1899–1960), husband of the accuser, plunged a knife into Argo's chest. Authorities took Argo to a nearby hospital where, reportedly, medical attendants refused aid. Argo, then unconscious and thought by the mob to be dead, was returned to the jail. He then was transferred
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resulted in a power display that included the death of the accused man, the total destruction of
Sherman’s Black business district, the obliteration of a large courthouse, mobilization of the National Guard, and the eventual declaration of martial law. All the while, law enforcement – including the
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could not be rescued by
Rangers because of the fire, and outside, the mob cut the water hoses and prevented the firemen from acting. The mob drove a small militia away to get to the fireproof vault, which was, by 4 pm, the only thing left standing, besides the walls of the courthouse. Governor
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A confession was quickly obtained, and George Hughes was indicted for criminal assault on Monday, May 5. A speedy trial was set for Friday, May 9. In the days preceding the trial, rumors spread about the case, among them that Hughes had allegedly mutilated the (unidentified) woman, who was supposed
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Two youths set the building on fire by throwing gasoline into an office, around 2:30 pm; it quickly spread and the officials were evacuated with ladders. Hughes, it was reported, asked the deputies that guarded him to leave him in the vault ("a huge two-story vault of steel and concrete"); he
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jail while awaiting trial when, on May 31, 1930, a member of a White mob stormed the jail and fought
National Guardsmen. Another unidentified member of the mob managed to shoot through the jail window, critically injuring Argo with a bullet through his skull. The shooter was said to have been Jud
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The mob then started burning other businesses besides the drugstore, all the while preventing firemen from doing their job. A White man saved a block of Black-owned buildings by claiming they were his; a number of Black citizens defended their property, including a local doctor armed with no more
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owned by
Columbus's father, Robert Henry Seale (1860–1943). One of Roan's arms was "almost torn off by buckshot" and he had "a gaping wound in his chest." Roan was slain, reportedly, by a posse of a dozen White men who hunted him down. Deputy Sheriff Baker, on Tuesday, June 17, 1930, had been
292:. White men then fastened the body's feet to the back of a truck, face down. In this position the corpse was dragged five miles through the business section of town, then into the then-called "Negro section of Honey Grove," then they publicly burned his remains. Honey Grove is 50 miles east of
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Black citizens of Sherman had fled the town, seeking shelter in the brush, in sewers, or among sympathetic White people. When they returned, they found that Black properties destroyed included a hotel, a movie house, a restaurant, and a barbershop, besides the drugstore and the two undertaker
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printed an editorial criticizing the riots and property damage, but not the lynching. Before the lynching and riot, McCasland had been sentenced to three years for two chicken theft charges and also sentenced for another burglary charge – he was serving a total of thirteen years. Governor
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Twenty-eight years ago, in her doctoral dissertation, Donna Kumler stated, "Sixty-five years later, in 1995, some in this North Texas community still recall the riot, although unwillingly, and many residents, both Black and White, would rather the incident not be discussed at all."
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The town was under armed guard for a few more weeks, and while some Whites tried to help their Black fellow citizens, others threatened employers if they did not fire their Black employees, and put up notices telling Black people to get out of town or see their homes destroyed.
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to be dying—these rumors were proven false, but Hughes was taken from the jail and housed elsewhere to prevent a lynching. While some were shown the inside of the jail to prove Hughes was not there, a mob still gathered outside every night, refusing to believe the truth.
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Graham Gordon Landrum, PhD (1922–1995), in 1960, wrote, "Some people are still sensitive about it. The names of persons who were indicted in the weeks that followed the violence, for example, have been carefully excised from the newspaper files in the public library."
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the mob pulled his body from the vault and, behind a car, they dragged him to the Black business section of Sherman, where they hung him from a tree in front of a drugstore, and lit a fire under him, using material looted from the store. The crowd numbered over 5,000.
104:), and one residential building, had been burned. The militia returned and cut down Hughes's body, but the town's two Black undertakers' businesses had been burned. A White undertaker buried Hughes's body that same morning, in an unmarked grave at the county farm.
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J.B. McCasland; 1912–1997) – on a change of venue, tried in Austin – was convicted June 4, 1931, for arson and July 1, 1931, for participating in a riot. He was sentenced to the penitentiary, two years for each conviction. No one was charged for the lynching.
2870:, Standard Certificate of Death (Form D), Registrar's No. 2674, re: "Henry H. Vaughan," date of death: September 12, 1932, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas; citing certificate number 37090, Texas – Bureau of Vital Statistics, Office of the State Registrar,
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May 16, 1930: George Johnson (1900–1930), a Black man accused of slaying his White landlord, George Forrest Fortenberry (1879–1930), after an altercation over a debt, was shot to death by a sheriff's posse after he had barricaded himself in a cabin in
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Hollie A. Teague, in 2018, published a treatise criticizing Texas law enforcement's long history of (paraphrasing) "brutality and wanton dereliction of duty" towards Blacks. In the article, Teague summarized the lynching of George Hughes as follows:
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Yes sir, White folks, I'm going to die. And, I'm asking all of you not to hold any malice against me in your hearts. The Lord has forgiven me all my sins and I am ready to go. I didn't kill the White lady, and if I had, I would tell you that I did.
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parlors. They were a total loss, and the small print on insurance policies stated that no damage that resulted from a riot would be compensated: "it marked the end of Black business in Sherman", according to Edward Hake Phillips, a local historian.
1698:"Sherman Riot: In Texas, a Struggle to Memorialize a Brutal Lynching as Resistance Grows to Teaching Historical Racism – The Battle to Approve a Historical Marker in Sherman Comes Amid the State's Efforts to Limit the Teaching of Racism in Schools"
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jury indicted 14 men, none for lynching. By October 1931, one man received a short prison term for arson and inciting a riot. The outbreak of violence was followed by two more lynchings in Texas, one in Oklahoma, and several lynching attempts.
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Joseph Price Cox; 1885–1970), District Attorney at Sherman who assisted in the prosecution, said that McCasland's conviction was the first in Texas growing out of mob violence against a Black man for attacking a White woman.
1632:"Shoot Negro in Jail, Attack Guardsmen – Oklahoma Rioters Fire Building and Defy Machine Gun Volleys of Militia – Victim Dies in Hospital – Husband of Woman Accusing Prisoner Stabs Him as He Lies Unconscious – Four Arrested"
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Henry Monroe Bowman; 1888–1972) beat Roan for being "sassy" with his wife. Bowman allegedly took Roan to his barn, stripped him, and brutally whipped him with a wet rope. The next day, Monday, Bowman's wife, Helen Bowman
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472:. On May 21, 2021, Rev. Dr. Raushan Paul Ashanti-Alexander proposed that the City of Chickasha pass a resolution condemning the actions that led to Argo's death. Mayor Chris Mosley agreed to prepare the resolution.
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Pearl Inice Atnip; 1901–1943) – who, on November 15, 1921, married William Wylie Farlow (1899–1971) – was the accuser. She was a niece of Bevie V. Atnip (1894–1981), a law enforcement officer in Sherman. (Teague;
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Sheriff Claude Elihu McKinney (1885–1972) thwarted a mob of 200 White men attempting to lynch Jesse Lee Washington (1909–1930), a Black farmhand accused of attacking and killing a White farm woman, Ruth Vaughan
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Ninety-four years, four months later – as of September 19, 2024 – there is no civic marker in Sherman that refers to the lynching and ensuing attack by Whites on the Black community.
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Stella Marie Baker; 1899–1993) – both white, Mr. Egger, a dairyman said to be Robertson's employer, reportedly the result of an argument over chickens, was lynched (fatally shot) at night in
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Charles Lorin Baker; 1869–1935), were apprised of the accusations, they did little to investigate. Wednesday morning, June 18, 1930, Roan was found dead by two White men, Columbus Seale (
554:; 1834–1870) (her second marriage), was a double second cousin, twice removed, of Henry Columbus Seale – double because her father, Joshua Seale (1805–1867) and mother, Elizabeth Seale (
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informed by a member of a posse of about a dozen White men that they were going to hunt for and kill Roan. Baker simply told them to "go home." After Roan's body was found, Brazos and
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3294:(this video is a collection of interviews, actual photographs, and live representations of the 1930 lynching of George Hughes and ensuing riot by Whites against Blacks in Sherman.)
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548:(1935–2011). They were third cousins, once removed. Henry Columbus Seale was also a distant relative of Henry Bowman. Bowman's father's first wife, Samantha Ann Seale (
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Texas historian Melissa Thiel, a proponent of memorializing the lynching and riot, stated, "There are eight Texas historic markers at that courthouse – several
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Teague, Hollie A., PhD (July 5, 2018). "Black and Blue in North Texas: The Long Neglected History of Anti-Black Police Violence in North Texas, 1880–1930".
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Mabel Ruth Tackitt; 1905–1930), wife of Henry Hugh Vaughan (1906–1932). Washington was convicted of murder and sentenced to death, which was carried out by
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against thirty-two defendants, which eventually shrank to seventy indictments against fourteen mob members. Maury Hughes (1894–1955) and Ted Monroe (
1226:"Opinion: Grayson County Is Struggling to Reckon With a Century-Old Lynching – The County Courthouse Honors a Lot of People but Leaves Out This One"
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and racist history atonement. Shortly thereafter, in Sherman, a petition to remove the Confederate monument on the courthouse lawn was initiated. (
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than a shotgun. The following morning, May 10, the majority of the Black-owned businesses in Sherman (including the office of Civil Rights lawyer
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Theodore Fuller Monroe; 1890–1952), both of Dallas, were retained to represent 13 of the indicted men. Hughes had been a member of the Dallas
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On May 21, 1930, a Sherman grand jury – reporting to Grayson County District Judge Roger Mills Carter, Sr. (1887–1954) – returned ninety-six
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The Texas Guard During Martial Law and a State of Emergency: A Select Study Focusing on Galveston, Sherman, Beaumont and Texas City
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1200:"McCasland Gets Two-Year Term in First of Sherman Riot Trials – Is Convicted of Arson of Burning Courthouse – Lynching Ignored"
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Texas Far & Wide: "The Tornado With Eyes" – "Gettysburgs Last Casualty" – "The Celestial Skipping Stone" – and Other Tales
173:, on December 28, 1934, granted McCasland a conditional pardon, in part, because of the illness of his mother, Mae McCasland (
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Ruby Helen Peyton; 1898–1979), accused Roan of attempting to assault her. Local law enforcement officers, including
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2435:, Social Studies Series, presented by the Southern Commission on the Study of Lynching, sponsored, in part, by the
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The lynching of George Hughes was one of five lynching attacks by Whites on Black men within nine weeks in Texas.
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560:; 1813–1893) were first cousins (they had the same grandparents). Note that Texas-born civil rights activist
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442:(1924–1995), about 165 miles north-northwest of Sherman. Argo was accused of attacking Mrs. Angie Skinner (
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2107:'They Have Gone From Sherman': The Courthouse Riot of 1930 and Its Impact on the Black Professional Class
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Caldwell, Clifford Raymond; DeLord, Ronald Glenn (2015). "Cases Occurring After 1923 – Hughes, George".
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authorities, including Deputy Sheriff Baker, reportedly claimed to not know any members of the posse.
56:. When George Hughes, a Black man, was accused of having raped a White woman at gunpoint, the fear of
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Lynching of George Hughes § Other lynchings of Black men in Texas during the following few weeks
31:, in 1930. An African-American man accused of rape and who was tried in court died on May 9 when the
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Robert Lee Egger; 1896–1973), blinding him, and also accused of shooting his wife, Stella Egger (
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Eternity at the End of a Rope: Executions, Lynchings and Vigilante Justice in Texas, 1819–1923
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1588:"What Has Happened – How Barbarianism Reigned When Impatient Justice Boiled Over in the South"
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Texas farmers have found that it is cheaper to lynch a Negro than to pay him his honest wage.
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The Man Who Walked Backward: An American Dreamer's Search for Meaning in the Great Depression
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1932:"CRRJ Docket 2019: Texas – William (Bill) Roan – Benchley, Brazos County, TX (June 19, 1930)"
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cast aluminum, commemorating the courthouses of Grayson County. It merely mentions the fire,
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events didn't even happen at the courthouse, but this did." "Our courthouse burned down."
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historical marker on the courthouse lawn, erected in 2001, bearing about 257 words in
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Kumler, Donna; Elliott, William Ralph (1913–1998) (interviewee) (November 14, 1986).
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2015:
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1509:"Awaiting Approval, Local Historians Push for Historical Marker of 1930 Sherman Riot"
1420:
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1212:
1181:
1173:
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544:
Henry Columbus Seale was a distant relative of convicted KKK kidnapper and murderer,
417:
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387:
239:
101:
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William Roan), a Black man, worked for Mr. and Mrs. Henry Bowman on their farm near
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Although McCasland's conviction was for arson and rioting, not lynching, Joe Cox (
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3469:(original airdate: February 10, 2019). Texoma Black History Month (Part 2 of 3).
2900:
2896:
2503:
2418:
1852:
1727:
1572:
1001:
394:
323:
3496:
3195:
1801:
Texas Ranger – The Epic Life of Frank Hamer, The Man Who Killed Bonnie and Clyde
8535:
8352:
8305:
8218:
8054:
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1461:"Sherman Attorney Calls for Removal of Confederate Statue From Courthouse Lawn"
1441:
1404:
1377:
1326:
1168:
565:
409:
293:
61:
49:
28:
3464:
2559:
Chapter 18: "Death in Cell by Gun and Knife, Chickasha Grady County, Oklahoma"
1661:
1587:
1291:
1082:
671:
669:
8582:
8545:
8482:
8242:
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6378:
6351:
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1592:
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340:
57:
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2939:
1256:
230:
by Pearl Farlow, the niece of a powerful law enforcement officer in Sherman
192:
8674:
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
8530:
6467:
6158:
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6140:
6122:
6096:
5851:
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5378:
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2650:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2031:
1921:
1817:
1670:
1648:
1537:
666:
374:
June 28, 1930: Jack Robertson, a Black man accused of shooting R.L. Egger (
146:
3112:
3068:
3038:
2966:
2723:
2711:
2546:
Chapter 16: "Burning Down the Courthouse – Sherman, Grayson County, Texas"
1917:
1913:
7369:
7347:
6324:
6116:
5646:
5511:
4951:
4789:
4757:
4717:
3607:
2892:
2409:
2027:
1424:
916:
561:
457:
Brown. While Argo was laying wounded on a cot in the jail, G.W. Skinner (
421:
235:
notoriously brutal Texas Ranger Frank Hamer – stood by and did nothing."
78:
77:
Hughes was led to the county courthouse on May 9 by Texas Ranger Captain
2948:
2719:
1742:: James Henry Waggoner (1884–1950) (editor and publisher). pp. 1, 7
8550:
6799:
6779:
6612:
6134:
5824:
5274:
5027:
4813:
4685:
4426:
4394:
3735:
3623:
3001:
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2448:
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206:
136:
3245:
3165:
3076:
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1826:
1564:
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1055:
6390:
6302:
5176:
5080:
5015:
4218:
1655:
1268:
1264:(streaming archive of a radio broadcast → 36 minutes; and transcript)
814:
92:
2999:
Bate, Alexander Ben (1905–1995) (interviewee) (September 19, 1986).
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2193:
2046:
Trayce Leann Darter) (May 2001). "Chapter 3: Sherman, Texas, 1930".
362:
John Albert O'Connor; 1897–1960), in a pasture of a cattle ranch in
257:
Other lynchings of Black men in Texas during the following few weeks
6434:
6363:
6319:
6290:
6285:
6241:
5417:
2572:
Chapter 22: "Foiling the Mob". "Collingsworth and Wheeler Counties"
1937:
Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project – Year End Report 2019
1484:"Petitions, Protests Continue Over Confederate Monument in Sherman"
3074:
1159:. Vol. 43, no. 2. pp. 1 & 2 (columns 1 & 3)
724:
7087:
6263:
6204:
3539:
3489:
2576:. The University of North Carolina press. 1933. pp. 450–453.
2563:. The University of North Carolina press. 1933. pp. 369–383.
2550:. The University of North Carolina press. 1933. pp. 319–355.
2537:. The University of North Carolina press. 1933. pp. 125–138.
1736:"Mob Burns Courthouse at Sherman." "Treason, Mob's Action Called"
1331:"Council Member Requests City Condemn 1930 Lynching in Chickasha"
1283:
1019:
2998:
2642:
1255:
Douglas Jules Swanson; born 1953) (interviewee) (June 8, 2020).
654:
152:
In the end, only one man was convicted. J.B. "Screw" McCasland (
5924:
2587:
Cult of Glory: The Bold and Brutal History of the Texas Rangers
2533:
Red Boned Nigger From Louisiana' – Bryan, Brazos County, Texas"
2150:
Grayson County; An Illustrated History of Grayson County, Texas
1384:
799:
7299:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History
6757:
Tennessee implements poll tax (state constitution 1870) (1889)
3044:
2285:
Legacies: A History Journal for Dallas and North Central Texas
892:
6422:
5517:
1248:
922:
835:
499:
5486:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
3462:
1219:
1193:
904:
853:
784:
607:
179:
Hanna Mae Waddle; 1892–1982), who, in 1928, became a widow.
52:, the county seat and economic and administrative center of
8568:
Category:History of racial segregation in the United States
3474:
3450:. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. 2007/170-53.
3440:"Body of George Hughes hanging from a tree, Sherman, Texas"
2868:
Texas State Board of Health, Department of Vital Statistics
2832:
2780:
2756:
2732:
2157:: University Supply & Equipment Company. pp. 92–94
1757:
1578:
1504:
1432:
1410:
1247:
Albert Ernest Davies III; born 1953) (host / interviewer);
868:
7190:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
6773:
Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railroad v. Mississippi
2856:
1930:
Earsy, Nancy; Rothbaum, Victoria; Baum, Ann, eds. (2019).
1808:. pp. 355–356, 358, 361, 363, 366, 370, 374, 376, 495
1631:
1149:
1061:
977:
3437:
3275:
2325:
Phillips, Edward Hake, PhD (1918–2009) (September 1987).
1787:
1546:. Vol. 43, no. 42. p. 1 (column 7, bottom)
1478:
1455:
1368:). Vol. 50, no. 224 (Home ed.). p. 15
1279:
1112:
1043:
928:
883:
714:
712:
710:
708:
644:
642:
193:
Community resistance to memorialize the lynching and riot
8047:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
1733:
1691:
1585:; Levins, Peter Thomas "Bud" (1896–1950) (May 3, 1931).
1203:. Vol. 46, no. 248. pp. 1, 12 (section 1)
1031:
742:
630:
448:
Clara Angeline Orlds; 1910–1968), a White woman, at her
7811:
Alston v. School Board of the City of Norfolk, Virginia
7407:
Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States 1889-1918
5703:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
3045:
Kumler, Donna; Hill, William Henry (October 13, 1986).
2949:"May 1930: White Man's Justice for a Black Man's Crime"
1625:
1103:
763:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
72:
3448:"Proclamation of Martial Law in Sherman, May 10, 1930"
1639:. Vol. 79, no. 26426. p. 23 (section 1)
1536:
1438:"Donna Hunt: Grayson's Statue Honors Confederate Dead"
992:
956:
705:
693:
639:
434:
May 30, 1930: Henry Argo, a Black man, was lynched in
8659:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
2924:
The Killing of a Black Man: The Case of George Hughes
2821:
1929:
1503:
1325:
1130:
1025:
946:
751:
660:
2946:
580:
468:
in Oklahoma City, where he died May 31, 1930; 12:40
8011:
Levi Pearson v. Clarendon County Board of Education
1543:"Third Texas Negro is Lynched by Mob in Past Month"
823:
681:
149:, but resigned and became an opponent of the Klan.
7770:Mills v. Board of Education of Anne Arundel County
3390:Far-Right Revisionism and the End of History – Alt
3197:Eliza Calvert Hall: Kentucky Author and Suffragist
3000:
2857:
1696:
1662:"Man Convicted of Sherman Riot Is Freed of Prison"
1660:
1630:
1586:
1541:
1386:
1355:
1224:
1198:
1154:
3526:
3456:Sherman Riot of 1930 Historical Marker Initiative
2779:
2235:"When Dallas Was the Most Racist City in America"
1010:
538:
126:
8580:
5147:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
3442:. International Center of Photography. 586.1990.
3386:
3121:Montgomery, Benjamin Andrew (born 1978) (2018).
2143:Landrum, Graham Gordon, PhD (1922–1995) (1960).
2103:
841:
8699:Race-related controversies in the United States
6545:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era
2606:
1979:
1873:Chapman, David Lynn (born 1948) (August 1973).
1872:
1850:
898:
730:
675:
613:
452:, about a mile from Chickasha. Argo was in the
8299:The Disfranchisement of the Negro in the South
7011:Booker T. Washington dinner at the White House
3278:; 30 minutes). White Crane Video Productions.
3194:Niedermeier, Lynn Eleanor (born 1956) (2007).
2755:
2209:
1857:. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press. pp. 585–593.
1591:. Vol. 12, no. 265 (Main ed.).
1261:Reveals the Dark History of the Texas Rangers"
1088:
428:
8468:Judicial aspects of race in the United States
6949:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
5940:
3541:List of lynching victims in the United States
3512:
2731:
2568:
2555:
2542:
1794:
1357:"One Taken and the Other Left by Death Chair"
1118:
1073:
1049:
934:
910:
483:List of lynching victims in the United States
300:is the next county over from Grayson County.
44:Widespread economic difficulty caused by the
8071:Rosana Aubert v. Orleans Parish School Board
7909:Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education
3421:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3193:
2671:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2525:
2362:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2263:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2179:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2081:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1957:Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project
1311:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1037:
522:
220:
5577:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
3270:Stevenson, Bob (producer/director) (1995).
3231:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3155:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3120:
3102:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3028:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2961:(1–2). University of Chicago Press: 29–40.
2813:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2461:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2399:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2232:
1903:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1617:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1528:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
769:
326:. June 15, 1930 – a Sunday – Henry Bowman (
274:, June 20, 1930 (re: Lynching of Bill Roan)
16:Lynching of an African-American man in 1930
7726:New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co.
5947:
5933:
5548:
5393:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
5123:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
3519:
3505:
3003:Oral History Interview With Alexander Bate
2378:"A Sociological Study of a Texas Lynching"
2366:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2183:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2085:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1315:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
438:– the birthplace of civil rights activist
8664:White American riots in the United States
6993:Alabama Constitutional Convention of 1901
5869:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
5329:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
4107:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
3438:Unidentified photographer (May 3, 1930).
3387:Valencia-García, Louie Dean, PhD (2020).
2878:Digital Folder No. 5145182, Image No. 93.
2679:
2324:
2039:
757:
718:
699:
648:
601:
511:international protests for racial justice
7563:Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3078:Oral History Interview With Ralph Elliot
3048:Oral History Interview With William Hill
2583:
2142:
1385:Fredericksburg Standard (July 3, 1931).
962:
687:
162:Martial law was lifted on May 24, 1930.
7688:Garner v. Mississippi Light & Power
7546:Jessie De Priest tea at the White House
7250:Universal Negro Improvement Association
5698:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
3374:Carl Ray Adams; 1914–2000) (journalist)
3363:Jack Henry Hannah; 1911–2000) (florist)
2374:
829:
8581:
8458:Voter suppression in the United States
8428:List of Jim Crow law examples by state
6691:Ohio Public Accommodations Law of 1884
3341:Judge William Ralph Elliot (1913–1998)
2921:
2891:
2417:
2210:Murphy, Thomas Michael (August 1931).
1788:Books, journals, magazines, and papers
1701:(Retropolis – the history blog of the
8629:Deaths from fire in the United States
8609:Lynching victims in the United States
8513:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
8312:Southern Politics in State and Nation
7952:President's Committee on Civil Rights
6964:Little River County race riot of 1899
5928:
5335:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
5241:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
4932:
3538:
3500:
3322:
3321:
2327:"The Sherman Courthouse Riot of 1930"
1942:Northeastern University School of Law
1730:(U.S. Newsstream database) (article).
416:. Henry Vaughan committed suicide by
8287:The Three Phases of Colored Suffrage
8005:Southern Conference Educational Fund
6560:Tennessee State Constitution of 1870
5910:Lynching deaths in the United States
5040:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
4933:
2850:Government and genealogical archives
2828:Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum
2375:Pruden, Durward (1905–1998) (1935).
2104:Kumler, Donna Jean (December 1995).
310:(last words of Jesse Lee Washington)
73:The trial, the lynching, the looting
8325:Origins of the New South, 1877-1913
7511:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
5571:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
5347:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
5129:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
3352:William Clifford DeWitt; 1913–1999)
3336:Rev. Hulen Leon Jackson (1913–1997)
2823:"Francis Augustus Hamer, 1884–1955"
13:
7834:Fair Employment Practice Committee
7569:Sainte Genevieve race riot of 1930
6920:Ohio Anti-Mob Violence Act of 1896
6180:Fair Employment Practice Committee
3331:Roland Carlisle Vaughn; 1915–2010)
2947:Crabb, Beth (Winter–Spring 1990).
2884:
2692:Texas State Historical Association
2590:. Viking Press. pp. 299–307.
2433:University of North Carolina Press
2419:Raper, Arthur Franklin (1899–1979)
1999:Texas State Historical Association
923:Davies & Swanson, June 8, 2020
23:, which led to what is called the
14:
8710:
8684:African-American history of Texas
8669:Riots and civil disorder in Texas
8599:1930 murders in the United States
8412:Sproule v. Fredericks (Tennessee)
8167:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
7718:Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
7626:Costigan-Wagner antilynching bill
7063:Streetcar Segregation Act of 1903
6709:Illinois Civil Rights Act of 1885
6583:Arkansas Civil Rights Act of 1873
6555:Arkansas Civil Rights Act of 1868
6540:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
5471:American Crusade Against Lynching
5117:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
3431:
3081:(Transcript: Oral History 0687).
3051:(Transcript: Oral History 0685).
3007:(Transcript: Oral History 0684).
2274:→ This article first appeared as
1990:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1507:; Quatrino, Nina (May 24, 2021).
1436:; Hunt, Donna (August 19, 2017).
8619:Murdered African-American people
8518:Stereotypes of African Americans
8346:The Shaping of Southern Politics
7788:Wagner-Gavagan antilynching bill
6728:Assassination of John M. Clayton
6550:Nadir of American race relations
6062:African-American representatives
5954:
5683:America's Black Holocaust Museum
5466:American anti-lynching activists
5438:Nadir of American race relations
5028:Steve Long and two half-brothers
4964:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
2233:Payne, Darwin, PhD (June 2017).
1985:"The Rise of the NAACP in Texas"
1734:Whitewright Sun (May 15, 1930).
1695:; Trent, Sydney (June 3, 2021).
1388:"Sherman Rioter Given Two Years"
1223:; Sanders, Ryan (May 21, 2021).
1156:"Texas Records Another Lynching"
432:
281:
8083:Virginia referendum on poll tax
7741:Arkansas referendum on poll tax
7644:National Council of Negro Women
7533:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927
7446:North Carolina repeals poll tax
7213:Jack Johnson race riots of 1910
6943:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
6930:Nevada County race riot of 1897
5889:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
5523:National Conference on Lynching
5081:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
4958:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
4299:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
2761:"Races: Lynching No. 7 (cont.)"
2680:Thompson, Nolan Herman (1995).
2584:Swanson, Douglas Jules (2020).
488:
466:University of Oklahoma Hospital
354:Henry Columbus Seale; 1891–1961
8333:The Strange Career of Jim Crow
7638:National Labor Relations Board
7337:Philadelphia race riot of 1918
7278:Walnut Ridge race riot of 1912
7082:Mississippi State Penitentiary
6573:Chicot County massacre of 1871
6175:National Labor Relations Board
5005:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
2997:Donna Jean Capps; born 1950);
2922:Crabb, Myra Elizabeth (1987).
1669:). Vol. 57, no. 40.
1062:Texas Deaths: Henry H. Vaughan
678:, p. 589, Hughes, George.
493:
127:Legal consequences for the mob
1:
8634:Prisoners murdered in custody
7615:Home Owners' Loan Corporation
7395:Washington, D.C. riot of 1919
7312:The Passing of the Great Race
7177:Springfield race riot of 1908
7135:Springfield race riot of 1906
7094:Springfield race riot of 1904
6915:Polk County race riot of 1896
6859:Ohio Civil Rights Act of 1894
6696:Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1884
6508:Union Labor Party of Arkansas
6170:Home Owners' Loan Corporation
5905:Lynching in the United States
5206:Springfield race riot of 1908
3624:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
3528:Lynching in the United States
3262:1058643253 (all editions)
3186:1019634559 (all editions)
3125:Chapter 7: "Rubble and Race".
2991:Kumler, Donna (interviewer) (
2387:Southern Methodist University
2331:East Texas Historical Journal
2202:1144576893 (all editions)
2145:"Things We Have Talked About"
1843:1112255061 (all editions)
1738:. Vol. 51, no. 41.
1391:. Vol. 21, no. 41.
1142:
39:
8089:Texas referendum on poll tax
7621:National Housing Act of 1934
7580:Federal Home Loan Bank Board
7489:Racial Integrity Act of 1924
7360:Charleston race riot of 1919
7305:Lynching of Jesse Washington
7145:Greensburg race riot of 1906
7056:Brownfield v. South Carolina
7017:Louisiana State Penitentiary
6988:Robert Charles riots of 1900
6588:Illinois School Laws of 1874
6578:Illinois School Laws of 1872
5799:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
5730:And you are lynching Negroes
5582:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
5317:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
5223:Harris County, GA, lynchings
5165:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
5011:New Orleans massacre of 1866
3269:
3209:University Press of Kentucky
2954:The Journal of Negro History
2318:759620677 (all editions)
1186:175312023 (all editions)
107:
7:
8128:Counterculture of the 1960s
7859:Congress of Racial Equality
7332:East St. Louis riot of 1917
7231:El Dorado race riot of 1910
5708:Southern Poverty Law Center
5353:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
4981:? Lachenais and four others
4419:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
3736:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
2932:East Texas State University
2795:. Vol. 16, no. 17
2767:. Vol. 15, no. 25
2743:. Vol. 15, no. 23
2708:54906271 (all editions)
2225:35242502 (all editions)
2212:History of the Sherman Riot
2167:The Portal to Texas History
2135:35446823 (all editions)
2096:79885466 (all editions)
1780:17542521 (all editions)
676:Caldwell & DeLord, 2015
476:
429:Nearby lynching in Oklahoma
343:Deputy Sheriff C.L. Baker (
203:Texas Historical Commission
10:
8715:
8694:People from Sherman, Texas
8679:Anti-black racism in Texas
7964:Columbia race riot of 1946
7864:Beaumont race riot of 1943
7632:Louisiana repeals poll tax
7375:Longview race riot of 1919
7224:Franklin v. South Carolina
7150:1906 Atlanta race massacre
7069:Bonanza race riot of 1904
6910:Canfield race riot of 1896
6812:Separate Coach Law of 1891
6593:Vagrancy Law (Mississippi)
5189:1906 Atlanta race massacre
5159:Phoenix, SC, election riot
5135:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
5087:Benjamin and Mollie French
3379:Arthur Hickson (1904–1997)
3304:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2785:White, Walter (1893–1955)
2504:2018078 (all editions)
1969:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1573:9274417 (all editions)
316:June 18, 1930: Bill Roan (
119:
8604:Deaths by person in Texas
8563:
8403:
8382:
8369:
8268:
8159:
8152:
8120:
7977:Journey of Reconciliation
7869:Detroit race riot of 1943
7780:
7747:Alexandria Library sit-in
7555:
7476:Catcher race riot of 1923
7471:Rosewood massacre of 1923
7459:Newberry v. United States
7417:
7380:Chicago race riot of 1919
7342:Chester race riot of 1918
7257:United States v. Reynolds
7199:
7170:Berea College v. Kentucky
6972:
6872:Atlanta Exposition Speech
6826:Hampton race riot of 1892
6764:
6630:Strauder v. West Virginia
6621:
6527:
6520:
6455:
6190:
6057:African-American senators
5969:
5962:
5897:
5716:
5675:
5594:
5496:William O'Connell Bradley
5456:
5410:
5406:
5235:East St. Louis, IL, riots
4987:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
4970:New York City draft riots
4939:
4928:
4677:
3946:
3551:
3547:
3534:
3235:) CS1 maint: postscript (
3083:University of North Texas
3053:University of North Texas
3009:University of North Texas
2859:"Texas Deaths, 1890–1976"
2759:; White (June 23, 1930).
2737:"National Affairs: No. 7"
2267:) CS1 maint: postscript (
2119:University of North Texas
2055:(Master of Arts thesis).
1026:Earsy, Rothbaum, and Baum
661:Texas Ranger Hall of Fame
568:) bears the same surname.
420:, September 12, 1932, in
221:Reflections by historians
33:Grayson County Courthouse
21:lynching of George Hughes
8624:People murdered in Texas
8614:Lynching deaths in Texas
8463:Historical race concepts
8276:Bibliography of Jim Crow
7958:Airport Homes race riots
7916:Georgia repeals poll tax
7827:United States v. Classic
7711:Florida repeals poll tax
7390:Elaine race riot of 1919
7140:Chattanooga riot of 1906
6925:Atkins race riot of 1897
5760:Deaths in police custody
5247:Jenkins County, GA, riot
5058:Chinese massacre of 1871
4976:Detroit race riot (1863)
4611:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
4403:Dick Rowland (attempted)
3466:The Sherman Riot of 1930
2866:(database with images).
2735:; White (June 9, 1930).
2627:10.1177/0021934718785631
2610:Journal of Black Studies
2061:Texas Woman's University
1352:Fort Worth Star-Telegram
1221:Dallas Morning News, The
1195:Dallas Morning News, The
816:Tyler Morning Telegraph,
574:
509:May 25, 2020, triggered
8493:Residential segregation
8423:Anti-miscegenation laws
8293:William Alexander Mabry
8260:Moving polling stations
8209:Property qualifications
8078:Peekskill riots of 1949
7983:Fernwood Park race riot
7879:Agana race riot of 1944
7611:(1933) (North Carolina)
7466:Tulsa race riot of 1921
7452:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
7365:Omaha race riot of 1919
7218:Slocum massacre of 1910
7162:Hodges v. United States
7120:Clyatt v. United States
7040:The Souls of Black Folk
7006:Omaha race riot of 1901
6936:Williams v. Mississippi
6832:Baltimore Afro-American
6670:United States v. Harris
5741:Battle of Liberty Place
5736:Attack on John Shillady
5724:James Allen (collector)
5557:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
5341:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
5265:Omaha race riot of 1919
5253:Longview, TX, race riot
5229:Newberry, FL, lynchings
5171:Julia and Frazier Baker
5153:Porter and Spencer (MS)
5105:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
5063:Meridian, MS, race riot
5046:Opelousas, LA, massacre
4019:Paul Reed and Will Cato
3704:Big Nose George Parrott
2424:The Tragedy of Lynching
2301:Portal to Texas History
2291:(1): 16–27. Spring 1997
2279:The Dallas Morning News
2011:Portal to Texas History
1752:Portal to Texas History
1657:Tyler Morning Telegraph
1627:The New York Times, The
801:Fredricksburg Standard,
8019:To Secure These Rights
7602:Highlander Folk School
7435:Ocoee massacre of 1920
7385:Knoxville riot of 1919
7292:Guinn v. United States
6806:Tillman Act (Arkansas)
6752:Dortch Law (Tennessee)
6566:Blyew v. United States
6445:Allen Caperton Braxton
6257:Ambrose H. Sevier, Jr.
6200:Southern United States
5875:United States v. Shipp
5627:Rebecca Latimer Felton
5458:Anti-lynching movement
5375:Freedom Summer Murders
5305:Rosewood, FL, massacre
5270:Knoxville riot of 1919
4139:Laura and L. D. Nelson
3479:Gray Media Group, Inc.
3463:Jeremy Thomas (host).
3346:W.C. ("Jack") DeWitt (
2905:. Arcadia Publishing.
2682:"Sherman Riot of 1930"
1673:. p. 6 (column 4)
1354:(September 13, 1930).
507:murder of George Floyd
440:Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher
307:
265:
8689:Grayson County, Texas
8649:1930s crimes in Texas
8133:Civil Rights Movement
8104:State of Iowa v. Katz
7990:Patton v. Mississippi
7970:Mendez v. Westminster
7947:1946 Georgia lynching
7928:Civil Rights Congress
7430:1920 Duluth lynchings
7400:"If We Must Die" poem
7284:The Birth of a Nation
7264:National Urban League
7183:Twining v. New Jersey
7099:Watkinsville lynching
6895:Gibson v. Mississippi
6786:Sevier Law (Arkansas)
6740:Myers Law (Tennessee)
6599:Pig Law (Mississippi)
6027:Franklin D. Roosevelt
5846:Summer in Mississippi
5793:Mississippi Cold Case
5747:The Birth of a Nation
5688:Civil Rights Memorial
5617:Sidney Johnston Catts
5595:Defenders of lynching
5281:Duluth, MN, lynchings
5259:Elaine, AR, race riot
5217:Laura and L.D. Nelson
5183:Watkinsville lynching
5141:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
5099:Hamburg, SC, massacre
5075:Election riot of 1874
5022:Camilla, GA, massacre
4944:Death of Joseph Smith
3568:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
2967:10.1086/JNHv75n1-2p29
2281:and the Ku Klux Klan"
2040:Hudy, Trayce Darter (
1884:Texas Tech University
1659:(December 29, 1934).
842:Kumler, December 1995
356:) and John O'Connor (
302:
261:
201:There is, however, a
8488:Military segregation
8359:Struggle for Mastery
8187:Understanding clause
8138:Black Power movement
8032:Executive Order 9981
8026:Executive Order 9980
7922:Executive Order 9908
7840:Executive Order 8802
7704:Breedlove v. Suttles
7696:University v. Murray
7680:Brown v. Mississippi
7667:Patterson v. Alabama
7440:Nineteenth Amendment
7327:Houston riot of 1917
7128:The Chicago Defender
6903:Smith v. Mississippi
6734:Paragould race riots
6428:Alexander W. Terrell
6166:Federal bureaucracy
6037:Dwight D. Eisenhower
5564:Costigan-Wagner Bill
5501:Ella Barksdale Brown
5299:Perry, FL, race riot
5211:Slocum, TX, massacre
5111:Mart and Tom Horrell
5069:Colfax, LA, massacre
5052:Bear River City riot
4902:James Craig Anderson
4702:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
4307:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
2787:(October 27, 1930).
2113:(PhD dissertation).
1981:Gillette, Michael L.
1693:Washington Post, The
1480:Herald Democrat, The
1457:Herald Democrat, The
1434:Herald Democrat, The
1393:Fredricksburg, Texas
899:Teague, July 5, 2018
855:Dallas Morning News,
731:Gillette, April 1978
614:Chapman, August 1973
399:Collingsworth County
397:, a posse headed by
290:Fannin County, Texas
215:County Commissioners
8503:Housing segregation
8231:Multiple box ballot
8204:Cumulative poll tax
8111:Englewood race riot
7901:An American Dilemma
7893:Pollock v. Williams
7874:Harlem riot of 1943
7854:"Double V" campaign
7795:Chambers v. Florida
7674:Harlem riot of 1935
7518:Corrigan v. Buckley
7370:Bisbee riot of 1919
7048:Tarrance v. Florida
7024:The Leopard's Spots
6957:Imperium in Imperio
6845:Lea Law (Tennessee)
6839:Sayre Law (Alabama)
6746:Lea Law (Tennessee)
6313:Ernest Kruttschnitt
6072:William E. Chandler
6002:William Howard Taft
5806:The Ox-Bow Incident
5786:Mississippi Burning
5637:John Trotwood Moore
5293:Tulsa race massacre
5287:Ocoee, FL, massacre
4782:Mack Charles Parker
4710:Willie James Howard
3325:Judge R.C. Vaughn (
3221:(note 13 on p. 261)
3132:Little, Brown Spark
3130:(limited preview).
2214:(Master's thesis).
786:Dallas Morning News
733:, pp. 403–404.
436:Chickasha, Oklahoma
165:The Herald Democrat
8498:School segregation
8478:Racial segregation
8395:Harlem Renaissance
8182:Grandfather clause
8039:Shelley v. Kraemer
7935:Morgan v. Virginia
7885:Smith v. Allwright
7762:Gone with the Wind
7651:Grovey v. Townsend
7425:Harlem Renaissance
7320:Buchanan v. Warley
7237:Pittsburgh Courier
7155:Brownsville Affair
7088:Day Law (Kentucky)
6887:Plessy v. Ferguson
6855:(1894) (Arkansas)
6722:Thibodaux massacre
6715:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
6702:Ex parte Yarbrough
6662:Civil Rights Cases
6535:Reconstruction Era
6503:Agricultural Wheel
6396:Robert Love Taylor
6340:Horatio F. Simrall
6230:George P. Harrison
6210:Joseph F. Johnston
5997:Theodore Roosevelt
5971:Federal government
5820:Reconstruction era
5632:John Temple Graves
5476:Jessie Daniel Ames
5423:Indiana White Caps
5093:Ellenton, SC, riot
5016:Reno Brothers Gang
4766:Judge Edward Aaron
3963:Ballie Crutchfield
3290:Special Collection
2439:. pp. 125–138
1806:St. Martin's Press
1796:Boessenecker, John
1740:Whitewright, Texas
1637:The New York Times
1014:, October 27, 1930
911:Boessenecker, 2016
412:July 12, 1930, in
171:Miriam A. Ferguson
8576:
8575:
8559:
8558:
8340:J. Morgan Kousser
8148:
8147:
7942:Boswell Amendment
7819:Hasqett v. Werner
7699:(1936) (Maryland)
7659:Norris v. Alabama
7595:Powell v. Alabama
7271:Bailey v. Alabama
7075:Rogers v. Alabama
6796:(1890) (Michigan)
6677:Danville Massacre
6646:Ex parte Virginia
6638:Virginia v. Rives
6516:
6515:
6483:Farmers' Alliance
6463:African Americans
6357:Furnifold Simmons
6335:James K. Vardaman
6192:State governments
6113:US Supreme Court
6107:Joseph B. Foraker
6092:Benjamin Harrison
6067:Henry Cabot Lodge
6047:Lyndon B. Johnson
6012:Warren G. Harding
5987:Benjamin Harrison
5922:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5863:They Won't Forget
5780:Lynching postcard
5693:The Legacy Museum
5662:James K. Vardaman
5602:Theodore G. Bilbo
5590:
5589:
5481:Martin C. Ansorge
5402:
5401:
5387:Michael Schwerner
5194:Kemper County, MS
5034:Pulaski, TN, riot
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4627:Shedrick Thompson
4507:Bernice Raspberry
4227:Name unknown (MS)
4131:Name unknown (TX)
3752:Joseph Vermillion
3720:John Wesley Heath
3473:: News 12 Forum (
3408:978-0-3674-6008-2
3254:978-0-8131-2470-4
3178:978-0-3164-3806-3
2912:978-1-4396-6305-9
2897:"9. Sherman Riot"
2687:Handbook of Texas
2619:SAGE Publications
2597:978-1-1019-7988-4
2196:(2nd ed.; 1967);
2155:Fort Worth, Texas
2063:. pp. 76–116
1876:Lynching in Texas
1864:978-1-6329-3088-0
1835:978-1-4668-7986-7
1540:(June 28, 1930).
1482:(June 18, 2020).
1459:(June 16, 2020).
1327:Express-Star, The
1284:WHYY Public Media
1282:; co-produced by
1213:GenealogyBank.com
1153:(June 20, 1930).
1119:Raper, Chapter 18
1050:Raper, Chapter 22
935:Raper, Chapter 16
818:December 29, 1934
418:Cyanide poisoning
388:Round Rock, Texas
240:John Boessenecker
102:William J. Durham
8706:
8524:The New Jim Crow
8453:Disfranchisement
8438:Social Darwinism
8319:C. Vann Woodward
8177:Character clause
8172:Loophole clauses
8157:
8156:
8096:Davis v. Schnell
7734:Hale v. Kentucky
7608:Hocutt v. Wilson
7526:Nixon v. Herndon
7504:Chandler v. Neff
7496:Love v. Griffith
7482:Moore v. Dempsey
7105:Niagara Movement
6819:Southern Horrors
6793:Ferguson v. Gies
6654:Neal v. Delaware
6606:Ex parte Siebold
6525:
6524:
6493:Bourbon Democrat
6478:Republican Party
6473:Democratic Party
6406:Josiah H. Dortch
6374:Benjamin Tillman
6308:Murphy J. Foster
6274:Thomas E. Watson
6225:William C. Oates
5992:William McKinley
5982:Grover Cleveland
5967:
5966:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5926:
5925:
5717:Related articles
5667:Thomas E. Watson
5657:Benjamin Tillman
5622:Thomas Dixon Jr.
5546:
5545:
5408:
5407:
5311:Jim and Mark Fox
4999:Memphis massacre
4934:Multiple victims
4930:
4929:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4830:Wharlest Jackson
4825:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4726:John Cecil Jones
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4619:Matthew Williams
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4379:Berry Washington
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4243:Anthony Crawford
4238:
4235:Jesse Washington
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4155:Zachariah Walker
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4115:Grant Richardson
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4059:Earnest Williams
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3912:John Henry James
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3864:Stephen Williams
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3816:Ephraim Grizzard
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3776:Brown Washington
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3680:Arthur St. Clair
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3640:John W. Stephens
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3560:Francis McIntosh
3549:
3548:
3536:
3535:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3426:
3420:
3412:
3397:
3393:
3373:
3362:
3351:
3330:
3309:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3240:
3230:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3202:
3160:
3154:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3107:
3101:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3033:
3027:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2943:
2916:
2879:
2861:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2818:
2812:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2601:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2538:
2532:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2404:
2398:
2390:
2371:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2272:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2219:
2188:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2153:(1st ed.).
2129:
2127:
2125:
2112:
2090:
2080:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2054:
2045:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1940:. Vol. 10.
1908:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1868:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1664:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1634:
1629:(June 1, 1930).
1622:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1362:The New York Age
1359:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1329:(May 18, 2021).
1320:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1277:
1265:
1254:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1197:(June 5, 1931).
1172:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1151:California Eagle
1137:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1038:Raper, Chapter 8
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
984:
979:California Eagle
975:
966:
960:
954:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
885:Herald Democrat,
881:
875:
870:Herald Democrat,
866:
860:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
812:
806:
797:
791:
782:
773:
770:Payne, June 2017
767:
761:
755:
749:
748:, pp. 1, 7.
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
664:
658:
652:
646:
637:
632:Washington Post,
628:
617:
611:
605:
599:
569:
559:
553:
546:James Ford Seale
542:
536:
533:
526:
520:
519:; June 18, 2020)
518:
503:
471:
462:
447:
407:
385:
379:
369:Robertson County
361:
355:
348:
338:
331:
321:
311:
275:
271:California Eagle
248:
233:
229:
187:
178:
157:
144:
86:
46:Great Depression
27:, took place in
8714:
8713:
8709:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8644:May 1930 events
8579:
8578:
8577:
8572:
8555:
8443:White supremacy
8399:
8390:Great Migration
8378:
8365:
8264:
8250:At-large voting
8224:White primaries
8215:Voting devices
8144:
8116:
7776:
7587:Nixon v. Condon
7574:Scottsboro Boys
7551:
7539:Rope and Faggot
7413:
7244:Crumpacker Bill
7207:Great Migration
7195:
7032:Giles v. Harris
6999:Up from Slavery
6981:Carter v. Texas
6968:
6852:Dodson v. State
6760:
6684:Pace v. Alabama
6617:
6512:
6488:Greenback Party
6451:
6411:Benjamin J. Lea
6401:Thomas R. Myers
6330:James Z. George
6252:John N. Tillman
6220:Stouten H. Dent
6193:
6186:
6102:James G. Blaine
6082:John J. Ingalls
6042:John F. Kennedy
6032:Harry S. Truman
6017:Calvin Coolidge
5972:
5958:
5953:
5923:
5914:
5893:
5830:Scottsboro Boys
5712:
5671:
5586:
5544:
5452:
5398:
5363:Harriette Moore
5323:Tate County, MS
4935:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4870:Arthur McDuffie
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4673:
4667:Elbert Williams
4665:
4659:Austin Callaway
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4563:Thomas Williams
4561:
4553:
4547:Thomas Bradshaw
4545:
4539:Albert Williams
4537:
4529:
4523:Joseph Upchurch
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4179:George Saunders
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4027:Bunk Richardson
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3942:
3936:Benjamin Thomas
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3896:Joseph H. McCoy
3894:
3888:William Andrews
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3856:Richard Puryear
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3712:Charles Thurber
3710:
3702:
3696:Joseph Standing
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3616:Clubfoot George
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3543:
3530:
3525:
3483:
3481:
3454:
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3395:
3391:
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3326:
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3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3200:
3148:
3147:
3136:
3134:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3057:
3055:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3011:
2992:
2928:master's thesis
2913:
2887:
2885:Other resources
2882:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2770:
2768:
2746:
2744:
2696:
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2598:
2580:
2579:
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2565:
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2539:
2530:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2440:
2392:
2391:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2321:
2294:
2292:
2275:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2158:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2052:
2041:
2022:(publication);
2004:
2002:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1882:(M.A. thesis).
1879:
1865:
1811:
1809:
1790:
1785:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1743:
1722:(publication);
1708:
1706:
1703:Washington Post
1676:
1674:
1642:
1640:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1596:
1549:
1547:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1492:
1490:
1469:
1467:
1446:
1444:
1413:
1409:
1398:
1396:
1371:
1369:
1339:
1337:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1273:
1263:
1250:
1249:Swanson, Doug (
1242:
1241:Davies, David (
1231:
1229:
1206:
1204:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1140:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1105:New York Times,
1102:
1098:
1092:, June 23, 1930
1087:
1083:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1002:
996:, June 28, 1930
991:
987:
981:, June 20, 1930
976:
969:
961:
957:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
882:
878:
872:August 19, 2017
867:
863:
852:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
813:
809:
798:
794:
783:
776:
768:
764:
756:
752:
744:Whitewright Sun
741:
737:
729:
725:
717:
706:
698:
694:
686:
682:
674:
667:
659:
655:
647:
640:
629:
620:
612:
608:
600:
581:
577:
572:
555:
549:
543:
539:
529:
527:
523:
516:Herald Democrat
514:
504:
500:
496:
491:
479:
469:
458:
443:
431:
403:
395:Shamrock, Texas
393:July 12, 1930,
381:
375:
357:
350:
344:
334:
327:
317:
313:
309:
277:
267:
259:
246:
231:
228:... accusations
227:
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195:
183:
174:
153:
140:
129:
124:
110:
82:
75:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8712:
8702:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8654:Arson in Texas
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8574:
8573:
8571:
8570:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8536:All-white jury
8533:
8528:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8508:Public housing
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8386:
8384:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8363:
8355:
8353:Michael Perman
8350:
8342:
8337:
8329:
8321:
8316:
8308:
8306:V. O. Key, Jr.
8303:
8295:
8290:
8283:
8281:Walter C. Hamm
8278:
8272:
8270:
8269:Historiography
8266:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8257:
8255:Gerrymandering
8252:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8239:
8238:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8219:Direct primary
8213:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8196:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8169:
8163:
8161:
8154:
8150:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8135:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8114:
8108:
8100:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8075:
8067:
8063:Elmore v. Rice
8059:
8055:Perez v. Sharp
8051:
8043:
8035:
8029:
8023:
8015:
8007:
8002:
7998:Elmore v. Rice
7994:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7966:
7961:
7955:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7931:
7925:
7919:
7913:
7905:
7897:
7889:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7823:
7815:
7807:
7803:Smith v. Texas
7799:
7791:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7766:
7758:
7754:Lane v. Wilson
7750:
7744:
7738:
7730:
7722:
7714:
7708:
7700:
7692:
7684:
7676:
7671:
7663:
7655:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7618:
7612:
7604:
7599:
7591:
7583:
7577:
7571:
7566:
7559:
7557:
7553:
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7550:
7549:
7543:
7535:
7530:
7522:
7514:
7508:
7500:
7492:
7486:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7455:
7449:
7443:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7403:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7316:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7288:
7280:
7275:
7267:
7261:
7253:
7247:
7241:
7233:
7228:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7203:
7201:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7187:
7179:
7174:
7166:
7158:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7124:
7116:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7091:
7085:
7079:
7071:
7066:
7060:
7052:
7044:
7036:
7028:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7003:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6953:
6945:
6940:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6899:
6891:
6883:
6879:The Red Record
6875:
6869:
6865:Mills v. Green
6861:
6856:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6828:
6823:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6797:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6711:
6706:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6680:
6674:
6666:
6658:
6650:
6642:
6634:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6440:Alfred P. Thom
6432:
6431:
6430:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6384:Coleman Blease
6381:
6376:
6369:South Carolina
6366:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6347:North Carolina
6344:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6266:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6235:Frank S. White
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6202:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6087:Henry W. Blair
6084:
6079:
6077:George F. Hoar
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6022:Herbert Hoover
6019:
6014:
6009:
6007:Woodrow Wilson
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5952:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5929:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5878:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5849:
5842:
5840:Stone Mountain
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5809:
5802:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5777:
5770:
5762:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5652:Goodloe Sutton
5649:
5644:
5642:John T. Morgan
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5612:Julian S. Carr
5609:
5607:Cole L. Blease
5604:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5552:
5550:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5491:Flossie Bailey
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5390:
5383:Andrew Goodman
5372:
5366:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5177:Pana, IL, riot
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4894:James Byrd Jr.
4890:
4882:
4878:Michael Donald
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4774:Willie Edwards
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4694:Johannes Kunze
4690:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4635:George Armwood
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4555:Winston Pounds
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4447:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4375:
4367:
4363:John Hartfield
4359:
4355:Wesley Everest
4351:
4343:
4339:Wallace Baynes
4335:
4331:Olli Kinkkonen
4327:
4323:Jim McIlherron
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4203:Charles Fisher
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4011:Marie Thompson
4007:
3999:
3991:
3987:J. D. Mayfield
3983:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3824:Samuel J. Bush
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3760:George Meadows
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3648:Alexander Boyd
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3576:Josefa Segovia
3572:
3564:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3471:Sherman, Texas
3460:
3452:
3444:
3433:
3432:External links
3430:
3428:
3427:
3407:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3354:
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3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3288:Austin College
3266:
3265:
3190:
3189:
3117:
3116:
3072:
3042:
2988:
2987:
2944:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2853:
2846:
2845:
2819:
2777:
2753:
2728:
2727:
2677:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2437:Rosenwald Fund
2414:
2413:
2383:Master of Arts
2372:
2322:
2273:
2229:
2228:
2216:Austin College
2206:
2205:
2139:
2138:
2100:
2099:
2036:
2035:
1983:(April 1978).
1976:
1975:
1955:(see article:
1926:
1925:
1870:
1863:
1847:
1846:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1731:
1688:
1687:
1683:Newspapers.com
1653:
1623:
1605:Newspapers.com
1576:
1556:Newspapers.com
1534:
1500:
1499:
1488:Sherman, Texas
1476:
1465:Sherman, Texas
1453:
1442:Sherman, Texas
1429:
1428:
1405:Newspapers.com
1382:
1378:Newspapers.com
1347:
1346:
1322:
1321:
1272:(book review:
1239:
1217:
1190:
1189:
1169:Newspapers.com
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:, May 18, 2021
1123:
1111:
1096:
1081:
1077:, June 9, 1930
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1000:
985:
967:
955:
939:
927:
915:
913:, p. 376.
903:
901:, p. 765.
891:
876:
861:
846:
834:
822:
807:
792:
788:, June 5, 1931
774:
762:
758:Hudy, May 2001
750:
746:, May 15, 1930
735:
723:
719:Phillips, 1987
704:
700:Phillips, 1987
692:
680:
665:
653:
649:Phillips, 1987
638:
618:
606:
602:Thompson, 1995
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:
566:Liberty, Texas
537:
528:Pearl Farlow (
521:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
478:
475:
474:
473:
430:
427:
426:
425:
410:electric chair
391:
390:, by a posse.
372:
314:
301:
260:
258:
255:
222:
219:
194:
191:
128:
125:
109:
106:
74:
71:
62:sensationalism
54:Grayson County
50:Sherman, Texas
41:
38:
29:Sherman, Texas
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8711:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8639:1930 in Texas
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8562:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8546:Convict lease
8544:
8542:
8541:Sharecropping
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8483:Miscegenation
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8330:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8267:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8244:
8243:Secret ballot
8241:
8237:
8236:Eight-box law
8234:
8233:
8232:
8229:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8194:Literacy test
8192:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8151:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8119:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8090:
8087:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8036:
8033:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7847:Hill v. Texas
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7772:
7771:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7198:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Robert Smalls
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6352:Marion Butler
6350:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6279:M. Hoke Smith
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6247:J.E. Williams
6245:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6189:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5945:
5943:
5938:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:Silent Parade
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5774:Hang 'Em High
5771:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5534:Strange Fruit
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5506:Father Divine
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5428:Jim Crow laws
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5200:Walker family
5198:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4931:
4927:
4911:
4910:Ahmaud Arbery
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4886:Yusef Hawkins
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4862:Betty Gardner
4859:
4855:
4854:Marian Pyszko
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4838:Carol Jenkins
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4822:Vernon Dahmer
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4750:George W. Lee
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4603:James Cameron
4600:
4596:
4595:George Hughes
4592:
4588:
4587:J. C. Collins
4584:
4580:
4579:Leonard Woods
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4515:Owen Flemming
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4467:Fred N. Selak
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4315:George Taylor
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4291:Robert Prager
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4275:Charles Jones
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
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4208:
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4180:
4176:
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4164:
4160:
4156:
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4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4091:"Mose" Creole
4088:
4084:
4083:Matthew Chase
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4051:William Burns
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3955:Fred Rochelle
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3920:F. W. Stewart
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3904:John Anderson
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:Alfred Blount
3837:
3833:
3832:John Peterson
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:Michael Green
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3600:Henry Plummer
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:Pancho Daniel
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
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3499:
3491:
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3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3424:
3418:
3410:
3404:
3401:. Routledge.
3400:
3399:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3361:
3357:Jack Hannah (
3355:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3316:Interviewees:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:0-3164-3806-5
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3010:
3005:
3004:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2984:
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2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2930:). Commerce:
2929:
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2908:
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2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2877:
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2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2809:cite magazine
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
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2713:
2709:
2705:
2693:
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2411:
2407:
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2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1595:. p. 36C
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1275:Cult of Glory
1271:
1270:
1262:
1260:
1259:Cult of Glory
1253:
1245:
1240:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1005:
997:
995:
989:
982:
980:
974:
972:
965:, p. 94.
964:
963:Landrum, 1960
959:
952:
950:
943:
936:
931:
924:
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
888:
887:June 16, 2020
886:
880:
873:
871:
865:
858:
856:
850:
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
817:
811:
804:
802:
796:
789:
787:
781:
779:
771:
766:
759:
754:
747:
745:
739:
732:
727:
721:, p. 15.
720:
715:
713:
711:
709:
702:, p. 13.
701:
696:
689:
688:Swanson, 2020
684:
677:
672:
670:
662:
657:
651:, p. 12.
650:
645:
643:
635:
633:
627:
625:
623:
616:, p. 35.
615:
610:
603:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
579:
567:
563:
558:
552:
547:
541:
532:
525:
517:
512:
508:
502:
498:
484:
481:
480:
467:
461:
455:
451:
446:
441:
437:
433:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
400:
396:
392:
389:
384:
378:
373:
370:
365:
364:Brazos County
360:
353:
347:
342:
341:Brazos County
337:
330:
325:
320:
315:
312:
306:
299:
298:Fannin County
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
273:
272:
264:
254:
250:
243:
241:
238:By contrast,
236:
218:
217:Court Judge.
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
190:
186:
180:
177:
172:
167:
166:
160:
156:
150:
148:
143:
138:
133:
123:
118:
114:
105:
103:
97:
94:
88:
85:
80:
70:
66:
65:county jail.
63:
59:
58:miscegenation
55:
51:
47:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
8531:Sundown town
8522:
8410:
8404:Other topics
8357:
8344:
8331:
8323:
8310:
8297:
8102:
8094:
8069:
8061:
8053:
8045:
8037:
8017:
8009:
7996:
7988:
7968:
7933:
7907:
7899:
7891:
7883:
7845:
7825:
7817:
7809:
7801:
7793:
7768:
7760:
7752:
7732:
7724:
7716:
7702:
7694:
7686:
7678:
7665:
7657:
7649:
7606:
7593:
7585:
7537:
7524:
7516:
7502:
7494:
7480:
7457:
7405:
7346:
7318:
7310:
7290:
7282:
7269:
7255:
7235:
7222:
7181:
7168:
7160:
7126:
7118:
7112:The Clansman
7110:
7073:
7054:
7046:
7038:
7030:
7022:
6997:
6979:
6955:
6947:
6934:
6901:
6893:
6885:
6877:
6863:
6850:
6830:
6817:
6791:
6771:
6713:
6700:
6682:
6668:
6660:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6628:
6604:
6564:
6468:Ku Klux Klan
6296:James Hargis
6215:John B. Knox
6159:Warren Court
6153:Vinson Court
6141:Hughes Court
6123:Fuller Court
6097:John Sherman
5963:Participants
5956:Jim Crow Era
5881:
5873:
5861:
5852:Sundown town
5844:
5812:
5804:
5791:
5784:
5772:
5765:
5754:The Clansman
5752:
5745:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5540:Ida B. Wells
5528:Paul Robeson
5433:Ku Klux Klan
5379:James Chaney
5369:Anniston, AL
4993:Plummer Gang
4948:Joseph Smith
4846:Henry Marrow
4806:Frank Morris
4734:Willie Earle
4643:Cordie Cheek
4571:Henry Choate
4491:Dan Anderson
4451:Raymond Byrd
4435:Samuel Smith
4387:Willie Baird
4267:Frank Little
4259:Paulo Boleta
4187:Robert Perry
4163:Mary Jackson
4123:King Johnson
4075:James Hodges
3995:George White
3979:Walker Davis
3880:Jacob Henson
3808:Robert Lewis
3768:Ellen Watson
3656:Jim Williams
3632:Wyatt Outlaw
3488:– via
3465:
3389:
3370:
3368:Carl Adams (
3359:
3348:
3327:
3286:– via
3271:
3212:. Retrieved
3196:
3143:Google Books
3141:– via
3135:. Retrieved
3126:
3123:
3086:. Retrieved
3077:
3056:. Retrieved
3047:
3012:. Retrieved
3002:
2993:
2958:
2952:
2923:
2901:
2864:FamilySearch
2849:
2848:
2837:. Retrieved
2826:
2797:. Retrieved
2792:
2769:. Retrieved
2764:
2745:. Retrieved
2740:
2695:. Retrieved
2685:
2667:cite journal
2614:
2608:
2586:
2573:
2570:
2560:
2557:
2547:
2544:
2534:
2529:Chapter 8: "
2527:
2447:– via
2441:. Retrieved
2423:
2379:
2376:
2358:cite journal
2346:. Retrieved
2337:(2): 12–19.
2334:
2330:
2299:– via
2293:. Retrieved
2288:
2284:
2278:
2259:cite journal
2244:. Retrieved
2238:
2211:
2165:– via
2159:. Retrieved
2149:
2122:. Retrieved
2106:
2065:. Retrieved
2048:
2042:
2009:– via
2003:. Retrieved
1994:
1988:
1946:. Retrieved
1944:. p. 15
1936:
1887:. Retrieved
1875:
1853:
1818:Google Books
1816:– via
1810:. Retrieved
1800:
1750:– via
1744:. Retrieved
1707:. Retrieved
1702:
1681:– via
1675:. Retrieved
1671:Tyler, Texas
1649:TimesMachine
1647:– via
1641:. Retrieved
1636:
1603:– via
1597:. Retrieved
1581:
1554:– via
1548:. Retrieved
1538:New York Age
1512:. Retrieved
1491:. Retrieved
1468:. Retrieved
1445:. Retrieved
1403:– via
1397:. Retrieved
1376:– via
1370:. Retrieved
1361:
1338:. Retrieved
1295:. Retrieved
1274:
1267:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1230:. Retrieved
1211:– via
1205:. Retrieved
1167:– via
1161:. Retrieved
1132:Express-Star
1131:
1126:
1114:
1107:June 1, 1930
1104:
1099:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1011:
994:New York Age
993:
988:
978:
958:
951:May 24, 2021
948:
942:
930:
918:
906:
894:
884:
879:
869:
864:
857:May 21, 2021
854:
849:
844:, p. 9.
837:
830:Pruden, 1935
825:
815:
810:
803:July 3, 1931
800:
795:
785:
765:
753:
743:
738:
726:
695:
683:
656:
634:June 3, 2021
631:
609:
564:(born 1936,
556:
550:
540:
530:
524:
515:
501:
489:Bibliography
459:
454:Grady County
444:
404:
382:
376:
358:
351:
345:
335:
328:
318:
308:
303:
278:
269:
266:
262:
251:
244:
237:
224:
210:
200:
196:
184:
181:
175:
163:
161:
154:
151:
147:Ku Klux Klan
141:
134:
130:
115:
111:
98:
89:
83:
81:(pronounced
76:
67:
43:
25:Sherman Riot
24:
20:
18:
8589:1930 deaths
8473:Segregation
7348:Negro World
6736:(1888–1908)
6325:Mississippi
6161:(1953-1969)
6147:Stone Court
6129:White Court
6125:(1888–1910)
6117:Waite Court
5978:Presidents
5884:(1999 film)
5768:(1936 film)
5647:James Rolph
5549:Legislation
5512:Flag Salute
4952:Hyrum Smith
4798:Lemuel Penn
4790:Louis Allen
4758:Emmett Till
4742:Lamar Smith
4718:Recy Taylor
4651:Claude Neal
4499:Will Sherod
4483:John Carter
4459:James Clark
4411:Henry Lowry
4283:Ell Persons
4171:Rob Edwards
4147:Will Porter
4003:David Wyatt
3971:George Ward
3848:Henry Smith
3744:Amos Miller
3728:Eliza Woods
3664:David Jones
3608:Bill Sketoe
3592:Joshua Boyd
3552:Before 1900
3166:2018-948994
2893:Bills, E.R.
2621:: 756–781.
2429:Chapel Hill
1899:cite thesis
1395:. p. 6
562:Bobby Seale
494:Annotations
450:dugout home
422:San Antonio
286:Honey Grove
137:indictments
79:Frank Hamer
60:and racist
8594:1930 riots
8583:Categories
8551:Chain gang
8448:Color line
7491:(Virginia)
7355:Red Summer
7065:(Arkansas)
6814:(Arkansas)
6800:Lodge Bill
6780:Lodge Bill
6613:Exodusters
6416:J.C. Myers
6135:Taft Court
5898:Categories
5825:Red Summer
5518:N.A.A.C.P.
5443:Red Shirts
5275:Red Summer
4814:James Reeb
4686:Felix Hall
4678:After 1940
4427:Joe Pullen
4395:Roy Belton
4347:Will Brown
4251:Jeff Brown
4211:John Evans
4195:? Anderson
4099:"Pie" Hill
4067:Jim Miller
4043:Slab Pitts
4035:Ed Johnson
3872:Amos Hicks
3792:Dick Lundy
3784:Jim Taylor
3482:Retrieved
3246:2007-16756
2716:1048555490
2710:(online),
2516:1068181841
2512:1081157881
2508:1081157881
2449:HathiTrust
2240:D Magazine
2034:(article).
2032:5542919727
1922:1004206874
1837:(e-book);
1827:2015-48659
1762:sn88083331
1728:2536670723
1582:Daily News
1565:sn83-30005
1415:sn86089412
1333:(online).
1297:August 28,
1292:1161980345
1178:sn82-16196
1143:News media
414:Huntsville
207:bas-relief
120:See also:
40:Background
8121:Aftermath
7781:1940–1949
7556:1930–1939
7418:1920–1929
7200:1910–1919
6973:1900–1909
6765:1890–1899
6622:1880–1889
6391:Tennessee
6303:Louisiana
6155:(1946–53)
6149:(1941–46)
6143:(1930–41)
6137:(1921–30)
6131:(1910–21)
6119:(1874–88)
6053:Congress
5815:(musical)
4531:Joe Smith
4475:Tom Payne
4443:L. Q. Ivy
4371:Jay Lynch
4219:Leo Frank
3947:1900–1940
3484:April 18,
3417:cite book
3398:Histories
3300:cite book
3227:cite book
3205:Lexington
3151:cite book
3137:April 18,
3113:192073062
3098:cite book
3069:192072887
3039:192073232
3024:cite book
2983:149464408
2839:April 18,
2789:"Letters"
2724:560142789
2712:259977569
2659:149506941
2635:1552-4566
2457:cite book
2395:cite book
2385:thesis).
2343:0424-1444
2310:1071-0426
2175:cite book
2161:April 18,
2077:cite book
2020:0038-478X
2001:: 393–416
1965:cite book
1918:797961552
1914:466141758
1772:0886-4322
1720:2641-9599
1613:cite news
1580:New York
1524:cite news
1335:Chickasha
1269:Fresh Air
108:Aftermath
93:Dan Moody
8418:Lynching
8289:" (1899)
8199:Poll tax
6521:Timeline
6435:Virginia
6364:Oklahoma
6320:Maryland
6291:Carl Day
6286:Kentucky
6242:Arkansas
5882:Vendetta
5418:Lynching
5389:) (1964)
4954:) (1844)
3928:Sam Hose
3284:37399251
3214:June 28,
2940:17486299
2895:(2007).
2643:77022565
2498:(1960),
2496:69-16568
2490:(1969),
2488:72-90191
2482:(1969);
2480:69-14943
2474:(1933),
2443:June 28,
2421:(1933).
2410:14987653
2028:38528646
2005:June 14,
1889:July 23,
1812:June 22,
1798:(2016).
1746:June 14,
1724:ProQuest
1593:New York
1514:June 28,
1425:14279865
1372:June 28,
1307:cite web
949:News 12,
477:See also
324:Benchley
8160:General
8153:Aspects
6528:Prelude
6269:Georgia
6264:Florida
6205:Alabama
5411:General
3800:Joe Coe
3672:Jo Reed
3490:YouTube
3459:website
3272:Sherman
3088:June 9,
3058:June 9,
3014:June 9,
2975:2717687
2799:July 6,
2771:July 6,
2747:July 6,
2720:3095662
2651:1799971
2472:33-9073
2295:June 9,
2246:June 9,
2194:67-9213
2124:June 7,
2067:June 8,
1948:July 6,
1709:June 4,
1677:June 9,
1643:June 6,
1599:June 7,
1550:July 6,
1505:News 12
1493:June 9,
1470:June 8,
1447:June 8,
1399:June 9,
1340:July 6,
1232:June 7,
1207:June 8,
1163:July 6,
464:to the
294:Sherman
211:to wit:
84:HAY-mer
8527:(2010)
8433:Racism
8383:Legacy
8370:Memory
8362:(2001)
8349:(1974)
8336:(1955)
8328:(1951)
8315:(1949)
8302:(1933)
8113:(1949)
8107:(1949)
8099:(1949)
8091:(1949)
8085:(1949)
8074:(1948)
8066:(1948)
8058:(1948)
8050:(1948)
8042:(1948)
8034:(1948)
8028:(1948)
8022:(1947)
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8001:(1947)
7993:(1947)
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7973:(1947)
7960:(1946)
7954:(1946)
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7930:(1946)
7924:(1946)
7918:(1945)
7912:(1944)
7904:(1944)
7896:(1944)
7888:(1944)
7850:(1942)
7842:(1942)
7836:(1941)
7830:(1941)
7822:(1941)
7814:(1940)
7806:(1940)
7798:(1940)
7790:(1940)
7773:(1939)
7765:(1939)
7757:(1939)
7749:(1939)
7743:(1938)
7737:(1938)
7729:(1938)
7721:(1938)
7713:(1937)
7707:(1937)
7691:(1937)
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7670:(1935)
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7646:(1935)
7640:(1935)
7634:(1934)
7628:(1934)
7617:(1933)
7598:(1932)
7590:(1932)
7582:(1932)
7576:(1931)
7565:(1930)
7548:(1929)
7542:(1929)
7529:(1927)
7521:(1926)
7513:(1925)
7507:(1924)
7499:(1924)
7485:(1923)
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7448:(1920)
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7410:(1919)
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7315:(1916)
7307:(1916)
7301:(1915)
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7287:(1915)
7274:(1911)
7266:(1911)
7260:(1914)
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6633:(1880)
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6601:(1876)
6595:(1876)
6569:(1871)
6498:Grange
6456:Others
5813:Parade
5801:(1965)
5676:Memory
5395:(1964)
5371:(1961)
5365:(1952)
5355:(1946)
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5343:(1943)
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5325:(1932)
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4904:(2011)
4896:(1998)
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4872:(1979)
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4840:(1968)
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