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568:. Due to the widespread corruption of her husband's term, resulting in his impeachment, thousands of voters crossed party lines in the general election to vote for the Republican candidate. Republicans usually took between 11,000 and 30,000 votes for governor, but Butte won nearly 300,000 votes, many of them from women and suffragists. It was still primarily a Democratic state, and Ferguson received 422,563 votes (58.9 percent) to Butte's 294,920 (41.1 percent). Butte had been supported in the general election by former governor
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in 1932 by publicly supporting
Governor Ross Sterling in his re-election campaign over "Ma" Ferguson. Immediately after taking office in January 1933, she proceeded to discharge all serving Rangers. The force also saw its salaries and funds slashed by the Texas Legislature, and their numbers reduced further to 32 men. The result was that Texas became a safe hideout for the many Depression-era gangsters escaping from the law, such as
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conclusions, but the basic underlying facts were simple: the criminality levels in Texas were extremely high, and the state's means to fight them were underfunded, undermanned, loose, disorganized and obsolete. The consultants' recommendation, besides increasing funding, was to introduce a whole reorganization of state security agencies; especially, to merge the
Rangers with the Texas Highway Patrol under a new agency called the
606:, who had investigated her husband for embezzlement and recovered $ 1 million for Texas citizens, ran against her in a run-off election. He defeated her to become the next and then-youngest governor of Texas. Suffragist activism provided a major contribution to her defeat, as these women rallied behind Moody and campaigned for him.
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but also pushed for a state sales tax and corporate income tax. She is often credited with a quote allegedly referring to bilingualism in Texas schools: "If
English was good enough for Jesus Christ, it ought to be good enough for the children of Texas." Variations of this statement have been dated to
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were no exception. The number of commissioned officers in the law-enforcement agency was reduced to 45, and the only means of transportation afforded to
Rangers were free railroad passes, or using their personal horses. The situation worsened for the Rangers when they entangled themselves in politics
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published a pamphlet criticizing the former governor's numerous pardons of prisoners. Though never proven, rumors persisted that pardons were available in exchange for cash payments to the governor's husband. In 1936, voters passed an amendment to the state constitution stripping the governor of the
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The general disorganization of law enforcement in the state convinced the members of the
Legislature that a thorough revision of the public security system was in order, and with that purpose it hired the services of a consulting firm from Chicago. The resulting report yielded many worrying
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During her campaign, she said that voters would get "two governors for the price of one". Her speeches at rallies consisted of introducing him and letting him take the platform. A common campaign slogan was, "Me for Ma, and I Ain't Got a Durned Thing
Against Pa." Patricia Bernstein of the
683:(DPS). After deliberating, the Legislature agreed with the suggestion. The resolution that created the new state law enforcement agency was passed in 1935 under the next governor of Texas, James V. Allred, and with an initial budget of $ 450,000, the DPS became operational on August 10.
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A House committee investigated the rumors, but no charges were ever filed. The Great
Depression forced both the federal and state governments to cut down on personnel and funding of their organizations, and the
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Ferguson issued almost 4,000 pardons during her two nonconsecutive terms in office, many of them to free persons who had been convicted of violating prohibition laws. In 1930, between
Ferguson's terms, the
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Her nickname, "Ma", came from her initials, "M. A.", and the fact that her husband was known as "Pa" Ferguson. They had two daughters: Ouida
Wallace Ferguson, and Dorrace Watt Ferguson.
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Ferguson's second term as governor was less controversial than her first. It was rumored that state highway contracts went only to companies that advertised in the
Fergusons' newspaper, the
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of her late husband two weeks before Ferguson's inauguration, though Ross and Ferguson won their respective elections on the same day. Ferguson's campaign manager was Homer T. Brannon of
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nomination for governor and was successful, openly supported by her husband, whom she said she would consult for advice. She ran for office in the 1924 general election.
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527:(who would, incidentally, succeed her as Governor in 1927 after her first term) for actions that had been taken against the University of Texas. The Texas State Senate
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from Texas. He fared more strongly than most Texas Republican candidates did in that period, but did not match Butte's 1924 showing against Ferguson.
443:: from 1925 to 1927, and from 1933 to 1935. She was the first female governor of Texas, and the second woman to be governor of any U.S. state, after
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in 1940, the Fergusons remained retired from political life after 1935. In the 1940 campaign, Ma Ferguson trailed O'Daniel's principal rival,
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1881, and were often used to ridicule the claimed backwardness of various unnamed Christians. Ferguson did not originate the quote.
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Her husband served as Governor of Texas from 1915 to 1917. During his second term, he was investigated by State Attorney General
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was called, remains a controversial subject in Texas. As governor, she tackled some of the tougher issues of the day. Though a
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power to issue pardons and granting that power to a politically independent Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles (see
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stated "There was never a question in anyone’s mind as to who was really running things when Ma was governor."
59:
48:
2008:
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1226:"Do Such Acts of Fergusonism Assure Your Home, Your Sister and Your Friends Safety...? (Campaign pamphlet)"
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In October 1933, Ferguson signed into law Texas House Bill 194, which was instrumental in establishing the
675:. The hasty appointment of many unqualified Rangers to stop the increasing criminality proved ineffective.
664:
584:
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832:
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439:; June 13, 1875 – June 25, 1961) was an American politician who served two non-consecutive terms as the
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After her victory in the Democratic primary, Ferguson defeated George C. Butte, a prominent lawyer and
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him, convicted him on ten charges, and prohibited him from holding state office in Texas again.
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634:, 521,395 (61.6 percent) to 322,589 (38.1 percent). It was a year of Democratic successes as
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was elected as President of the United States. Bullington was a cousin of the first wife of
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In 1924, Ma Ferguson became the first elected female chief executive of Texas. She was the
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After her husband's impeachment and conviction, Ma Ferguson ran in the primary for the
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Ferguson ran again in 1932. She narrowly won the Democratic nomination over incumbent
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1260:(1954). "Ch. 7: Mr. and Mrs. Ferguson: 'Pa' & 'Ma' of the Lone Star State".
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in 1961 at the age of 86. She was buried in the Texas State Cemetery in Austin.
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Edwina Crockett Snider, Ferguson's social secretary (as First Lady of Texas)
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1070:"Opinion: Congress should learn from Texas' history of executive pardons"
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like her husband, she aligned herself with the "wets" in the battle over
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Her husband, James, died of a stroke in 1944. Miriam Ferguson died from
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907:"Mrs. Jane McCallum Still Fights for Old Ideals – Recognition of Women"
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Texas State Libraries and Archives Commission: "Pardons and Paroles"
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Coppedge, Clay (March 25, 2007). "'Ma' elected governor of Texas".
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501:
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833:"Portraits of Texas Governors: The Politics of Personality"
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1097:"Junior Chamber Honors Youngest Texan Governor (1936)"
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List of female state governors in the United States
780:Except for an unsuccessful bid to replace Governor
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1156:. Intercultural Development Research Association.
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577:second female state governor in the United States
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205:January 20, 1925 – January 18, 1927
160:January 17, 1933 – January 15, 1935
2211:Lucadia Christiana Niles Pease (1867–1869)
484:Miriam Amanda Wallace Ferguson was born in
257:January 19, 1915 – August 25, 1917
2543:Women state governors of the United States
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1504:
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1182:"Ma Ferguson, the apocryphal know-nothing"
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765:Monument to the Governors Ferguson at the
709:"Fergusonism," as the Fergusons' brand of
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111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1223:
1129:. UH Alumni Organization. Archived from
1068:Bernstein, Patricia (January 21, 2021).
1029:. Texas State Library | TSLAC. p. 2
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2553:20th-century American women politicians
2533:University of Mary Hardin–Baylor alumni
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1264:American Demagogues: Twentieth Century
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1154:All Pianos Have Keys and Other Stories
1127:"Discover UH's Heritage & History"
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1207:
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1006:. Texas State Historical Association.
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564:gubernatorial nominee in Texas since
2508:American political bosses from Texas
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998:John D. Huddleston (June 12, 2010).
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478:Daughters Ouida and Dorrace Ferguson
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2523:First ladies and gentlemen of Texas
2518:Democratic Party governors of Texas
1224:McCallum, Jane Y. (July 21, 1930).
626:, then soundly defeated Republican
13:
1268:. Beacon Press. pp. 153–181.
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1202:
984:
905:Bishop, Curtis (August 31, 1953).
853:
560:dean who emerged as the strongest
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2548:20th-century American politicians
2453:Rita Crocker Clements (1987–1991)
2241:Frances Wickliffe Edwards Roberts
1297:
1101:Texas Archive of the Moving Image
1010:
1000:"Ferguson, Miriam Amanda Wallace"
940:American Political Science Review
898:
732:Ferguson has been described as a
681:Texas Department of Public Safety
2166:Margaret Lea Houston (1859–1861)
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1778:
856:"Ma Ferguson, A Puppet Governor"
602:In 1926, state attorney general
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408:University of Mary Hardin-Baylor
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2513:Burials at Texas State Cemetery
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496:. When she was 24, she married
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36:needs additional citations for
16:American politician (1875–1961)
2528:People from Bell County, Texas
2374:Merle Estella Butcher O'Daniel
2360:James E. Ferguson (1933–1935)
2257:Elizabeth Dorothy Tinsley Ross
2159:Lucadia Christiana Niles Pease
1061:
1023:"Votes for Women! – Aftermath"
927:
873:
847:
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127:Miriam Amanda Wallace Ferguson
1:
610:1932 election and second term
450:
2430:Betty Jane Slaughter Briscoe
2217:Anne Elizabeth Britton Davis
1190:. University of Pennsylvania
690:as a four-year institution.
535:1924 election and first term
504:, at her father's farm near
7:
2406:Jean Houston Baldwin Daniel
1214:retrieved October 20, 2011.
806:
794:Texas Railroad Commissioner
751:Capital punishment in Texas
743:Secretary of State of Texas
10:
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2172:Martha Melissa Evans Clark
2143:Martha Evans Gindratt Wood
2081:First ladies and gentlemen
1152:Cárdenas, José A. (1994).
934:Stewart, Frank M. (1930).
665:George "Machine Gun" Kelly
2273:Sallie Harrison Culberson
2151:Laura A. Hooker Henderson
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2196:Mary Jane Bowen Hamilton
1351:Party political offices
1004:Handbook of Texas Online
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801:congestive heart failure
2538:Women in Texas politics
2398:Marialice Shary Shivers
2366:Joe Betsy Miller Allred
2289:Sarah Beona Meng Lanham
2249:Anna Maria Penn Ireland
2204:Ann Rattan Throckmorton
2188:Sue Ellen Taylor Murrah
782:W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel
2305:Alice Murrell Colquitt
2297:Fannie Bruner Campbell
2265:Sarah Ann Stinson Hogg
936:"Impeachment in Texas"
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519:Early political career
278:Alice Murrell Colquitt
2475:Cecilia Phalen Abbott
2438:Rita Crocker Clements
2390:Mable Buchanan Jester
2233:Janie Roberts Hubbard
2225:Mary Evans Horne Coke
2135:Frances Cox Henderson
1055:Temple Daily Telegram
835:. Texas State Library
764:
701:
688:University of Houston
636:Franklin D. Roosevelt
617:
583:had been sworn in as
498:James Edward Ferguson
494:Baylor Female College
309:Miriam Amanda Wallace
2382:Fay Wright Stevenson
2345:Mildred Paxton Moody
2281:Orline Walton Sayers
2108:Margaret Lea Houston
1517:lieutenant governors
914:The Austin Statesman
767:Texas State Cemetery
702:Bust of Ferguson by
380:; died
60:"Miriam A. Ferguson"
45:improve this article
2467:Anita Thigpen Perry
2321:Willie Cooper Hobby
2180:Adele Baron Lubbock
1964:T. W. Davidson
1939:A. B. Davidson
1854:J. W. Flanagan
1334:First Lady of Texas
1258:Luthin, Reinhard H.
734:fiscal conservative
558:University of Texas
290:Willie Cooper Hobby
245:First Lady of Texas
193:James Burr V Allred
2353:Maud Gage Sterling
2329:Myrtle Mainer Neff
2313:Miriam A. Ferguson
2100:Hannah Este Burnet
1422:Political offices
1180:(April 29, 2006).
786:Ernest O. Thompson
778:
721:. She opposed the
707:
694:Views and policies
628:Orville Bullington
620:
581:Nellie Tayloe Ross
510:Bell County, Texas
486:Bell County, Texas
445:Nellie Tayloe Ross
322:Bell County, Texas
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2337:James E. Ferguson
2092:Republic of Texas
2047:
2046:
1480:
1479:
1471:Succeeded by
1464:Governor of Texas
1444:Succeeded by
1437:Governor of Texas
1412:Succeeded by
1403:Governor of Texas
1379:Succeeded by
1370:Governor of Texas
1341:Succeeded by
1309:Handbook of Texas
1163:978-1-878550-53-8
1107:on March 31, 2019
1075:Houston Chronicle
1027:www.tsl.texas.gov
757:Post-governorship
704:Enrico Cerracchio
597:Fort Worth, Texas
550:Houston Chronicle
488:. She studied at
441:governor of Texas
417:
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362:James E. Ferguson
266:James E. Ferguson
148:Governor of Texas
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1989:J. L. Smith
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1454:Preceded by
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1324:Preceded by
1319:Honorary titles
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1178:Zimmer, Benjamin
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1103:. Archived from
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885:geni_family_tree
877:
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851:
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844:
842:
840:
829:
746:Jane Y. McCallum
727:D. C. Stephenson
673:Raymond Hamilton
669:Pretty Boy Floyd
661:Bonnie and Clyde
632:general election
624:Ross S. Sterling
570:William P. Hobby
472:
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335:
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300:Personal details
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181:Ross S. Sterling
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2414:Nellie Connally
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1550:J. W. Henderson
1535:J. P. Henderson
1523:
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1476:
1474:James V. Allred
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1417:
1415:James V. Allred
1406:
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1304:Miriam Ferguson
1300:
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1251:Further reading
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1133:on May 14, 2008
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953:10.2307/1946933
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881:"Miriam Amanda"
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854:Harris, Karen.
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651:Ferguson Forum.
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146:29th and 32nd
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2477:(2015–present)
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61:
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56:Find sources:
50:
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40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2384:(1941–1942)
2312:
1880:(ex officio)
1874:(ex officio)
1868:(ex officio)
1862:(ex officio)
1689:
1674:
1590:Throckmorton
1462:
1435:
1401:nominee for
1397:
1368:nominee for
1364:
1344:Willie Hobby
1332:
1307:
1263:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:
1219:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:Language Log
1185:
1172:
1153:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1100:
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913:
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884:
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865:December 26,
863:. Retrieved
859:
849:
837:. Retrieved
827:
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739:
731:
723:Ku Klux Klan
708:
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650:
648:
644:U.S. Senator
621:
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574:
555:
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538:
522:
514:
483:
447:of Wyoming.
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
418:
334:(1961-06-25)
285:Succeeded by
252:
233:Succeeded by
214:Barry Miller
200:
188:Succeeded by
155:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2503:1961 deaths
2498:1875 births
2461:(1995–2000)
2448:(1983–1987)
2440:(1979–1983)
2432:(1973–1979)
2424:(1969–1973)
2416:(1963–1969)
2408:(1957–1963)
2400:(1949–1957)
2392:(1947–1949)
2376:(1939–1941)
2368:(1935–1939)
2355:(1931–1933)
2347:(1927–1931)
2339:(1925–1927)
2331:(1921–1925)
2323:(1917–1921)
2315:(1915–1917)
2307:(1911–1915)
2299:(1907–1911)
2291:(1903–1907)
2283:(1899–1903)
2275:(1895–1899)
2267:(1891–1895)
2259:(1887–1891)
2251:(1883–1887)
2243:(1879–1883)
2235:(1876–1879)
2227:(1874–1876)
2219:(1870–1874)
2206:(1866–1867)
2198:(1865–1866)
2190:(1863–1865)
2182:(1861–1863)
2174:(1861–1861)
2161:(1853–1857)
2153:(1853–1853)
2145:(1847–1849)
2137:(1846–1847)
2118:(1844–1846)
2110:(1841–1844)
2102:(1836–1836)
1959:L. Davidson
1866:W. Flanagan
1690:M. Ferguson
1675:M. Ferguson
1660:J. Ferguson
1233:Dallas News
919:October 31,
719:prohibition
273:Preceded by
221:Preceded by
176:Preceded by
2492:Categories
2459:Laura Bush
1795:Lieutenant
1468:1933–1935
1441:1925–1927
1399:Democratic
1366:Democratic
1338:1915–1917
1274:B0007DN37C
792:, who was
715:teetotaler
562:Republican
541:Democratic
451:Early life
350:Democratic
315:1875-06-13
210:Lieutenant
165:Lieutenant
71:newspapers
2469:(2000–14)
2014:Hobby Jr.
1984:Stevenson
1949:Hobby Sr.
1914:Pendleton
1844:Stockdale
1814:Henderson
1797:governors
1705:Stevenson
1635:Culberson
1528:Governors
1513:Governors
1447:Dan Moody
1382:Dan Moody
1306:from the
1238:August 9,
1111:March 30,
1081:March 29,
1033:August 9,
978:147274001
962:0003-0554
839:April 13,
642:, future
604:Dan Moody
529:impeached
525:Dan Moody
400:Education
238:Dan Moody
201:In office
156:In office
2034:Dewhurst
2004:P. Smith
1929:Browning
1872:Fountain
1860:Campbell
1856:(acting)
1839:Crockett
1755:Richards
1750:Clements
1740:Clements
1725:Connally
1700:O'Daniel
1685:Sterling
1655:Colquitt
1650:Campbell
1585:Hamilton
1430:Pat Neff
1359:Pat Neff
890:April 1,
807:See also
790:Amarillo
711:populism
585:governor
428:Ferguson
392:Children
262:Governor
101:May 2023
2039:Patrick
2029:Ratliff
2019:Bullock
1994:Shivers
1954:Johnson
1909:Wheeler
1884:Hubbard
1878:Pickett
1829:Lubbock
1824:Runnels
1819:Dickson
1735:Briscoe
1715:Shivers
1620:Ireland
1615:Roberts
1610:Hubbard
1575:Lubbock
1565:Houston
1560:Runnels
1290:1098334
1282:54-8426
1137:May 29,
970:1946933
630:in the
589:Wyoming
437:Wallace
386:
370:
366:
253:In role
85:scholar
2009:Barnes
1999:Ramsey
1979:Woodul
1969:Miller
1924:Jester
1899:Martin
1894:Storey
1889:Sayers
1804:Horton
1770:Abbott
1720:Daniel
1710:Jester
1695:Allred
1645:Lanham
1640:Sayers
1580:Murrah
1311:Online
1288:
1280:
1272:
1160:
976:
968:
960:
771:Austin
506:Belton
502:lawyer
376:
356:Spouse
341:, U.S.
324:, U.S.
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2085:Texas
2024:Perry
1944:Mayes
1919:Crane
1904:Gibbs
1849:Jones
1834:Clark
1809:Greer
1765:Perry
1745:White
1730:Smith
1680:Moody
1665:Hobby
1600:Davis
1595:Pease
1570:Clark
1555:Pease
1521:Texas
1229:(PDF)
974:S2CID
966:JSTOR
910:(PDF)
819:Notes
775:Texas
384:)
372:(
368:
92:JSTOR
78:books
1974:Witt
1934:Neal
1760:Bush
1670:Neff
1630:Hogg
1625:Ross
1605:Coke
1545:Bell
1540:Wood
1515:and
1408:1932
1375:1924
1286:OCLC
1278:LCCN
1270:ASIN
1240:2018
1196:2007
1158:ISBN
1139:2008
1113:2019
1083:2021
1035:2018
958:ISSN
921:2017
892:2019
867:2019
841:2007
671:and
500:, a
492:and
382:1944
378:1899
329:Died
305:Born
64:news
2083:of
1519:of
948:doi
788:of
769:in
753:).
591:to
587:of
508:in
433:née
47:by
2494::
1284:.
1276:.
1231:.
1204:^
1184:.
1099:.
1072:.
1043:^
1025:.
1012:^
1002:.
986:^
972:.
964:.
956:.
944:24
942:.
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912:.
883:.
858:.
796:.
773:,
729:.
667:,
663:,
599:.
512:.
426:"
424:Ma
374:m.
2073:e
2066:t
2059:v
1505:e
1498:t
1491:v
1292:.
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1198:.
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1141:.
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430:(
422:"
395:2
317:)
313:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
