1438:
1727:
137:
524:
88:
821:
1430:
101:
242:
58:
230:
1533:
120:
1735:
kills by allied aces, gives a total of a little under 5,000 German aircraft destroyed, as well a 600 observation balloons to just 3,000 allied planes and 370 observation balloons. According to other sources, the
Luftstreitkräfte shot down 7,783 allied aircraft (7,425 Western Front, 358 Eastern Front) and 614 captive balloons. In addition, 1,588 allied aircraft and 2 airships were shot down by German anti-aircraft guns.
1263:
1621:, the highest decoration for gallantry for officers in the German Empire: simultaneously, on 12 January 1916, after shooting down eight Allied aeroplanes each). The award to Immelmann may have caused the decoration to acquire its popular nickname, the "Blue Max". With more and more pilots reaching this mark the required air victories were steadily increased to about 30 in 1918. In total 76 airmen were awarded the
1648:
254:
1290:
The "E" class of armed monoplane was also introduced in 1915 – the other classes were added later as new aircraft types were introduced. For most of the war 'D' was only used for biplane fighters, 'E' for monoplane fighters and 'Dr' for triplane fighters, however by the end of the war the 'D' designation was used for all single-seat fighters, including monoplanes (and, in theory at least, triplanes).
1157:
573:
1289:
The designation system evolved during the war. Initially, all military aircraft were classed as "A" (monoplanes) or "B" (biplanes). The new "C" class of armed (two seat) biplane began to replace the "B" class aircraft as reconnaissance machines in 1915, the Bs continuing to be built, but as trainers.
1709:
Between
January and September 1918 German pilots shot down 3,732 Allied planes while losing 1,099 aircraft. By the end of the war, the German Army Air Service possessed a total of 2,709 frontline aircraft, 56 airships, 186 balloon detachments and about 4,500 flying personnel. After the war ended in
441:
organization changed substantially as the war progressed, to accommodate new types of aircraft, doctrine, tactics and the needs of the ground troops, in particular the artillery. During this time the system of organisation and unit designations evolved that would form the basis of those used in the
1734:
German casualties totalled 4,579 aircrew and 299 ground personnel killed, 1,372 missing/prisoner and 5,123 wounded, along with 1,962 men killed in flying accidents in
Germany. Material losses by enemy action were 3,126 aircraft, 546 balloons and 26 airships. Although adding up all of the confirmed
1445:
Most manufacturers also had their own numbering systems quite separate from the official military designations for their products. These sometimes cause confusion – for instance the military "J" series of armored aircraft designs was quite distinct from the
656:(hunting squadrons), established by the reorganization that started in the late summer of 1916 were fielded by four kingdoms of the German Empire. Individually – each of these units was often known by the abbreviation
1553:(the Red Air Fighter) and in English as The Red Baron. With 80 confirmed kills he is considered the most successful fighter pilot of the war. The first "confirmed" German aerial fighter victory of the war credited to a
733:, Germany's top fighter tactician had been lost in a mid-air collision in October 1916, following the "Red Baron's" death in action in late April 1918, JG I was renamed to honor von Richthofen by order of the Kaiser.
624:
E-series monoplanes, that were being detached from their former FFA units during the winter of 1915–1916 and brought together in pairs and quartets at particularly strategic locations, as KEK units were formed at
1275:
During the First World War, German aircraft officially adopted for military service were allocated a designation that included (1) the name of the manufacturer, (2) a function or "class" letter, and (3) a
342:, with varying forms of organisation from 1884 to 1901 until a Balloon Battalion was finally formed. The rapid development of aeronautics led to trials of airships and the choice of rigid types built by
620:(single-seat battle unit, abbreviated as KEK) formations by Inspektor-Major Friedrich Stempel in February 1916. These were based around Eindeckers and other new fighter designs emerging, like the
1454:
armored, all-metal sesquiplane, for example, was the
Junkers J.4. The "M" (for "Militär" or military) and "V" (for "Versuchs" or experimental, according to some source initially meant a
2394:, comprising 263 photographs mounted on 48 pages, is a photo-documentary of the German occupation and military advances through the southern Ukraine in the spring and summer of 1918.
2744:
1491:
system described above. For example, the landplane Gotha bombers were numbered in an "LD" (for "land biplane") series by their manufacturer, but in the "G" series in the
435:
aircraft apiece. Each "FFA" unit was assigned to an army unit in their local area and usually numbered with the same number as the army they were assigned to serve. The
2739:
354:
to be acquired by the German Army entered service in 1910 and the first five aviation battalions were established on 1 October 1913. The
Imperial German Air Service (
1405:– Fuel tanks, pilot, and (usually) the engine protected by armour plate, reducing vulnerability to ground fire. Used for low-level work, especially ground attack.
777:
432:
2527:
1375:– armed monoplane – initially included monoplane two-seaters. New monoplane types at the end of the war designated as "D" (single seat) or "CL" (two seat).
1280:. The three-part designation was needed for a unique designation to simplify logistics support of the many types of aircraft in operation – especially as
1662:
1411:– "C" type aircraft adapted for night bombing – apart from night flying equipment they were fitted with wings of greater span to increase bomb load.
803:
2575:
1437:
607:
production examples of the Fokker E.I following the deliveries of the M.5K/MG airframes late in the summer of 1915, with early E.Is going to aces like
2424:
2724:
1639:, the highest scoring air gunner of the war (12 victories). About 391 German pilots are credited with shooting down at least five Allied aircraft.
2397:
2085:
Richard
Suchenwirth: The Development of the German Air Force, 1919–1939. In: USAF Historical Studies. No. 160. Arno Press, New York 1970, p. 2
338:
The
Imperial German Army created an experimental balloon company inspired by the American balloon corps they had seen while observing the
2694:
2462:
1749:
1572:
2734:
2200:
2679:
2490:
2235:
Deutschlands Krieg in der Luft: Ein Rückblick auf die
Entwicklung und die Leistungen unserer Heeres-Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege
1460:
or "unbraced" airframe) designations of the Fokker firm were also internal. The latter has no direct connection with the official
2729:
2387:
288:(The Imperial German Air Service, lit. "The flying troops of the German Kaiser’s Reich") – was the air arm of the
192:
1164:
During the war, the
Imperial Army Air Service used many types of aircraft, ranging from fighters (such as those manufactured by
2719:
2749:
2709:
2417:
2366:
2340:
2267:
2189:
2151:
2132:
1543:
Fighter pilots received the most attention in the annals of military aviation, since it produced high-scoring "aces" such as
360:) and other branches concerned with air matters such as anti-aircraft, home defence and air intelligence were unified in the
2163:
Above the Lines: The Aces and
Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914–1918
1554:
2714:
2704:
2507:
2485:
2457:
2052:
Bruno Fischer, Ehrenbuch des Orden vom Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz e.V. und die Geschichte der Ordens-Gemeinschaft, 1960, p. 16
31:
2316:
German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945
1257:
523:
2623:
2618:
2570:
2398:
Die deütschen Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege edited by Georg Paul Neumann 1920 [German][Books google].
2684:
2246:
2241:] (in German). Translated by Larned, J. Hawley (hbk. facs. repr. Battery Press ed.). Leipzig: K. F. Koehle.
2170:
1441:
Destroyed German Aircraft on the Western Front-possibly a Rumpler C.IV' the Balkenkreuz shows this is a 1918 aircraft
2699:
2648:
2452:
2410:
17:
614:
The first step towards specialist fighter-only aviation units within the German military was the establishment of
347:
2658:
2239:
Germany's War in the Air: A Review of the Development and the Achievements of our Army Air Force in the World War
1693:
on white, replaced the earlier marking from late March 1918 (especially in early April — Richthofen's last Dr.I,
1527:
2595:
2502:
1632:
1497:– while the Gotha seaplanes used by the navy were (and continue to be) known by their manufacturer's "WD" (for
700:
1324:
1203:
2689:
2447:
1726:
1711:
1697:, was changed over just before he was killed), although the last order on the subject, standardising the new
398:
209:
2580:
2294:] (in German). Translated by Gurdon, J. E. (Hodder & Stoughton, London ed.). Berlin: Mittler.
630:
1480:
303:
1504:
597:
production prototypes of the Eindecker, bearing serial numbers E.1/15 through E.5/15. The buildup of the
289:
2653:
2608:
2585:
2262:. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press.
809:
464:
by creating specialist fighter, bomber and reconnaissance units such as single-seat fighter squadrons (
124:
1718:(Article 198), which demanded that its aeroplanes be completely handed over to the Allies (Art. 202).
1635:), the highest Prussian bravery award for non-commissioned officers and enlisted men. Among them were
1328:
1207:
749:
382:
1503:, or "seaplane biplane") designation. Similarly, the sizable number of German seaplane designs from
675:
378:
276:
2391:
1080:: the Tactical Bomber Wings under direct control by the German Army's High Command in World War I.
2565:
2553:
2433:
1193:
1561:
1544:
1536:
1167:
716:
343:
2259:
The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force
1450:
aviation firm's own "J" factory type designations – the factory designation of the (military)
1596:
1075:
912:
883:
694:
453:
426:
2211:
2043:
S. T. Previtera, Prussian Blue – A History of the Order Pour le Merite, Winidore Press, 2005
2034:
S. T. Previtera, Prussian Blue – A History of the Order Pour le Merite, Winidore Press, 2005
1715:
1425:– "Giant" aircraft – at least three, up to four to six engines – all serviceable in flight.
1213:
797:
373:
and artillery spotting in support of the armies, just as balloons had been used during the
309:
142:
1510:
Army and navy airships were individually numbered, in the same way as contemporary German
8:
2285:
888:: the Bomber Wings under direct control by the German Army's High Command in World War I.
621:
374:
323:
1584:
2603:
2590:
2548:
2517:
2230:
2144:
The Rise and Fall of the French Air Force: French Air Operations and Strategy 1900–1940
1471:
820:
785:
667:
663:
626:
539:
406:
339:
213:
2467:
1575:– this fortnight of unprecedented German aerial victories initiated the period of the
1485:
maritime aviation service used manufacturers' designations rather than the systematic
1317:– Armed two-seat biplane, with the observer (usually) seated to the rear of the pilot.
2362:
2336:
2319:
2295:
2263:
2257:
2242:
2185:
2166:
2147:
2128:
1568:
1565:
1331:), initially intended as escort fighters – by 1917–18, mainly used for ground attack.
1183:
917:: Field Flier Detachment, the initial flight formations of the German Army in 1914–15
671:
583:
The initial deployment of fighter aircraft in the summer of 1915 occurred within the
450:
of Nazi Germany, when it was revealed in 1935. During 1916, the German High Command (
431:(Field Flier Detachments) and had an official establishment of six unarmed, two-seat
351:
1623:
1617:
1604:
2495:
2382:
1744:
1698:
1636:
1227:
1714:), the service was dissolved completely on 8 May 1920 under the conditions of the
2558:
402:
319:
106:
1667:
1429:
64:
2512:
1612:
1600:
1576:
1420:
730:
706:
604:
370:
297:
162:
666:
was predominant, with a fighter force eventually comprising 67 squadrons. The
2673:
2323:
1608:
1298:
1277:
1233:
771:
608:
93:
2299:
2201:"Verdun: The First Air Battle for the Fighter: Part I – Prelude and Opening"
2522:
1592:
1311:– Unarmed two-seat biplane, with the observer seated in front of the pilot.
567:
409:(RFC), with a military wing and a naval wing, was formed in February 1912.
2402:
1286:
squadrons more often than not were equipped with several different types.
572:
280:, German Air Combat Forces) – known before October 1916 as
241:
1684:
1653:
1588:
1532:
1461:
1451:
467:
188:
229:
57:
1678:
1657:
national insignia, adopted by German aviation units in early April 1918
1580:
1579:. Other notable German pilots from the Fokker Scourge onwards included
1515:
1511:
1360:
1344:
1302:
590:
1507:, were all known in naval service by their "FF" factory designations.
1343:– single-seat, armed biplane but later any fighter – for instance the
705:, incorporating Jastas 4, 6, 10 and 11, and set the pattern for using
478:, hunting squadrons) to counter the Royal Flying Corps and the French
2125:
Blueprint for Victory: Britain's First World War Blitzkrieg Air Force
1757:
445:
152:
1393:– Lighter, faster twin-engined bombers, intended for use by day.
296:, although that is not a literal translation of either name. German
1142:
1131:
1965:
1447:
1359:– triplane fighter (twin service test Fokker triplanes initially
1262:
1199:
1187:
720:
641:
and other strategic locations along the Western Front, to act as
327:
1982:
1980:
1173:
719:
was moved up from command of Jasta 11 to command JG I. Much as
650:
Following the era of the KEK units through the summer of 1916,
634:
292:. In English-language sources it is usually referred to as the
1647:
253:
1690:
1297:– Unarmed reconnaissance monoplane aircraft (for example the
1210:
and heavy bombers, largely the twin-engined designs from the
1004:
638:
611:, who received IdFlieg serial number E.13/15 in August 1915.
2016:
1977:
1224:) and the enormous, multi-engined heavy bombers produced by
405:, with two companies, was established in November 1911. The
2359:
Ace High: The War in the Air over the Western Front 1914–18
1992:
1953:
1797:
1387:– Large twin-engined types, mainly bombers (initially "K")
369:
The duties of such aircraft were initially intended to be
2390:(The advance of Flight Squadron 27 in the Ukraine). This
647:(aerial guard force) units, consisting only of fighters.
2335:. Osprey Aircraft of the Aces (No. 73). Oxford: Osprey.
2067:
1905:
1869:
1821:
1571:
to the victim on 15 July, one each on 1 and 4 July that
1156:
576:
Leutnant Max Immelmann with his first Fokker Eindecker,
2318:. New York City: Doubleday & Company. p. 112.
2100:
2004:
1917:
808:
on 3 October 1918, from Jastas 23, 32, 34 and 35 under
593:
fighter aircraft for each unit, starting with the five
589:, which were being equipped with one or two of the new
2088:
1893:
1809:
1248:
as well as various types of airship from other firms.
391:(army air service) was created in 1909 and became the
2388:
Der Vormarsch der Flieger Abteilung 27 in der Ukraine
2055:
1777:
In 1915, twin-engined aircraft were renamed G types (
1518:, and were outside any system of "type" designation.
2745:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1920
1941:
1857:
1845:
2649:
Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops
2161:Franks, N. L. R.; Bailey, F. W.; Guest, R. (1993).
1929:
1881:
1833:
774:. Finally, on 2 September 1918, the Royal Prussian
2210:. The Great War Society. p. 9. Archived from
1615:(the latter pair were the first to be awarded the
1048:: Combat Single-Seater Squadron, a predecessor to
2740:Military units and formations established in 1916
1033:: Combat Single-Seater Command, a predecessor to
752:in command. On the same day, JG III consolidated
2671:
2383:http://www.spartacus-educational.com/FWWgaas.htm
1730:Captured aircraft being paraded in London, 1918
1018:: Fighter Squadron School (also referred to as
1251:
603:fighter force rapidly progressed with regular
357:Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches
284:Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches
2418:
2313:
1986:
1470:, for prototype aircraft, promulgated by the
1464:-era German "V" designation, also signifying
2287:Die deutschen Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege
2179:
1998:
1803:
1778:
1682:
1672:
1671:insignia, most often known in German as the
1548:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1481:Kaiserliche Marine's Marine-Fliegerabteilung
1478:
1465:
1455:
1418:
1400:
1382:
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1354:
1338:
1281:
1267:
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1211:
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1140:
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1120:
1111:
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1058:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1028:
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993:
984:
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966:
957:
948:
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921:
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866:
857:
848:
839:
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791:
783:
775:
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753:
743:
737:
724:
710:
698:
688:
682:
657:
651:
642:
615:
598:
584:
561:
503:Kommandierender General der Luftstreitkräfte
479:
473:
465:
459:
451:
443:
436:
424:
418:
392:
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361:
355:
313:
301:
282:
47:
2432:
1564:on 15 July 1915, after downing two similar
433:"A" (monoplane), and/or "B"-class (biplane)
2425:
2411:
1009:: Hunting Squadron, i.e., Fighter Squadron
423:, dedicated to observation, were known as
2330:
2010:
800:. Bavaria established the Royal Bavarian
2229:
2106:
1827:
1815:
1725:
1646:
1531:
1436:
1428:
1261:
1155:
819:
742:. On 2 February 1918, JG II formed from
571:
68:used on German military aircraft in 1915
2725:Military of the German Empire by branch
2283:
2198:
2141:
2122:
2094:
1935:
1911:
1875:
1863:
1851:
14:
2672:
2182:German Aircraft of the First World War
2160:
2073:
2061:
2022:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1923:
1899:
1887:
2406:
2356:
2292:The German Air Force in the Great War
2255:
1839:
736:The Prussians established three more
693:squadrons together to form its first
494:
275:
2314:Wagner, Ray; Nowarra, Heinz (1971).
1665:military aircraft at first used the
815:
796:I through V and placed in charge of
715:in the titles of such larger units.
2180:Grey, P. L.; Thetford, O. (1970) .
1323:– Light two-seater (primarily from
1258:Idflieg aircraft designation system
508:
505:
377:(1870–1871) and as far back as the
277:[ˈdɔʏtʃəˈlʊftˌʃtʁaɪtkʁɛftə]
193:Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)
27:Air arm of the Imperial German Army
24:
2695:Army aviation units and formations
2624:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
2619:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
2350:
998:: Hunting Wing, i.e., Fighter Wing
25:
2761:
2735:1920 disestablishments in Germany
2376:
1347:monoplane was renamed the D.VIII.
32:Luftstreitkräfte (disambiguation)
2680:Imperial German Army Air Service
2659:Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section
2333:Early German Aces of World War 1
2184:(2nd ed.). London: Putnam.
1629:Goldenes Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz
1611:and the master aerial tactician
522:
252:
240:
228:
135:
118:
99:
86:
56:
2079:
2046:
2037:
2028:
1771:
1528:List of World War I flying aces
670:formed ten of these units, the
412:
2730:1916 establishments in Germany
2596:United States Army Air Service
2571:Canadian Air Force (1918–1920)
2463:Aircraft of the Central Powers
2458:Aircraft of the Entente Powers
953:: Flier Detachment (Artillery)
950:Flieger-Abteilung (Artillerie)
495:
13:
1:
2720:Military of the German Empire
1790:
1721:
1712:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1704:
487:
308:were an integral part of the
210:Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen
2750:20th-century German aviation
2710:German Empire in World War I
2581:Imperial Russian Air Service
2331:Wyngarden, Greg van (2006).
2199:Guttman, Jon (Summer 2009).
1974:, pp. 18–20, 29–30, 34.
1186:), reconnaissance aircraft (
1116:: Aerial Photography Platoon
835:: Artillery Flier Detachment
7:
2715:Military history of Germany
2705:German Army (German Empire)
2644:Imperial German Air Service
1738:
1642:
1557:-equipped aircraft went to
1505:Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen
1500:Wasserflugzeug-Doppeldecker
1252:Aircraft designation system
1242:(the Zeppelin Company) and
1204:Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke
1151:
1125:: Giant Aircraft Detachment
935:: Fortress Flier Detachment
832:Artillerieflieger-Abteilung
555:2 years, 3 months
333:
294:Imperial German Air Service
10:
2766:
2654:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
2146:. Stroud: Fonthill Media.
2127:. Stroud: Fonthill Media.
2116:
1701:, was dated 25 June 1918.
1627:. 69 airmen received the "
1525:
1255:
1202:), two-seat fighters from
1160:Allbatros C.VII# C.1283/16
1089:: Tactical Bomber Squadron
926:: Field Airship Detachment
923:Feldluftschiffer-Abteilung
810:Eduard Ritter von Schleich
565:
29:
2634:
2536:
2476:
2440:
1987:Wagner & Nowarra 1971
1521:
1266:Fokker D.VII used by the
1208:Hannoversche Waggonfabrik
932:Festungsflieger-Abteilung
750:Adolf Ritter von Tutschek
562:Fighter unit organization
417:The initial units of the
383:French Revolutionary Wars
268:Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte
248:
236:
224:
219:
203:
198:
184:
174:2,709 front line aircraft
168:
158:
148:
130:
113:
81:
73:
55:
49:Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte
46:
41:
2685:German military aviation
1999:Grey & Thetford 1970
1804:Grey & Thetford 1970
1764:
1751:Luftstreitkräfte der NVA
1539:, known as The Red Baron
1122:Riesenflugzeug-Abteilung
980:: Replacement Detachment
971:: Aerial Observer School
968:Fliegerbeobachter-Schule
844:; Artillery Flier School
841:Artillerieflieger-Schule
748:12, 13, 15 and 19, with
379:Battle of Fleurus (1794)
42:German Air Combat Forces
2700:Aviation in World War I
2586:Royal Italian Air Corps
2566:Australian Flying Corps
2554:Royal Naval Air Service
2434:Aviation in World War I
2284:Neumann, G. P. (1920).
2165:. London: Grub Street.
1679:Prussian military medal
1194:Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke
977:Fliegerersatz-Abteilung
729:in December 1916 after
617:Kampfeinsitzer Kommando
427:Feldflieger Abteilungen
304:Marine-Fliegerabteilung
249:March/April 1918 – 1919
178:186 balloon detachments
77:1 May 1910 – 8 May 1920
2615:Japanese air services
2256:Jones, H. A. (2002) .
2025:, pp. 14, 58–236.
1783:) and used as bombers.
1779:
1731:
1683:
1673:
1658:
1549:
1545:Manfred von Richthofen
1540:
1537:Manfred von Richthofen
1499:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1466:
1456:
1442:
1434:
1419:
1401:
1383:
1371:
1355:
1339:
1282:
1272:
1268:
1244:
1239:Luftschiffbau Zeppelin
1238:
1226:
1220:
1212:
1192:
1178:
1168:Albatros-Flugzeugwerke
1166:
1161:
1141:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1104:Luftschiffer-Bataillon
1103:
1094:
1085:
1073:
1067:
1063:: Tactical Bomber Wing
1059:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1030:Kampfeinsitzerkommando
1029:
1020:
1014:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
967:
958:
949:
940:
931:
922:
911:
902:
893:
881:
875:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
825:
802:
792:
784:
776:
766:
760:
754:
744:
738:
725:
717:Manfred von Richthofen
711:
699:
689:
683:
676:Kingdom of Württemberg
658:
652:
643:
616:
605:lMG 08 "Spandau"-armed
599:
585:
580:
535:General der Kavallerie
480:
474:
466:
460:
452:
444:
437:
425:
419:
394:Aéronautique Militaire
393:
387:
362:
356:
314:
302:
283:
48:
2545:British air services
2508:Aerial reconnaissance
2142:Baughen, G. (2019) .
1962:, pp. 14, 29–56.
1729:
1650:
1597:Lothar von Richthofen
1550:der Rote Kampfflieger
1547:, known in German as
1535:
1440:
1432:
1265:
1159:
1147:: Protection Squadron
1076:Oberste Heeresleitung
1045:Kampfeinsitzerstaffel
913:Feldflieger Abteilung
884:Oberste Heeresleitung
882:Bombengeschwader der
823:
778:Marine Jagdgeschwader
687:brought a quartet of
681:On 24 June 1917, the
674:formed seven and the
586:Feldflieger Abteilung
575:
454:Oberste Heeresleitung
322:operated aeroplanes,
2690:Disbanded air forces
2357:Clark, Alan (1973).
2123:Baughen, G. (2014).
1716:Treaty of Versailles
1633:Military Merit Cross
1573:remained unconfirmed
1214:Gothaer Waggonfabrik
1074:Kampfgeschwader der
798:Gotthard Sachsenberg
782:was formed from the
770:26, 27 and 36 under
723:had been renamed as
324:observation balloons
310:Imperial German Navy
290:Imperial German Army
143:Imperial German Army
30:For other uses, see
2600:Greek air services
2441:People and aircraft
2231:Hoeppner, E. W. von
1433:Rumpler C.VII G.117
1179:Pfalz Flugzeugwerke
1107:: Airship Battalion
458:, OHL) reorganised
375:Franco-Prussian War
366:on 8 October 1916.
180:About 4,500 aircrew
2591:Romanian Air Corps
2576:French Air Service
2549:Royal Flying Corps
2518:Flight over Vienna
2361:. London: Putnam.
2076:, pp. 58–236.
1878:, pp. 18, 24.
1732:
1659:
1569:parasol monoplanes
1541:
1443:
1435:
1273:
1162:
1015:Jagdstaffel-Schule
944:: Flier Detachment
853:: Army Flight Park
826:
793:Marine Feld Jastas
786:Kaiserliche Marine
668:Kingdom of Bavaria
664:Kingdom of Prussia
581:
540:Ernst von Hoeppner
481:Aviation Militaire
461:Die Fliegertruppen
407:Royal Flying Corps
388:Aviation Militaire
340:American Civil War
315:Kaiserliche Marine
214:Ernst von Hoeppner
2667:
2666:
2609:Naval Air Service
2503:Bombing of cities
2486:Strategic bombing
2368:978-0-399-11103-7
2342:978-1-84176-997-4
2269:978-1-84342-413-0
2191:978-0-370-00103-6
2153:978-1-78155-644-3
2134:978-1-78155-392-3
1926:, pp. 12–13.
1914:, pp. 24–25.
1902:, pp. 15–17.
1830:, pp. 80–81.
1710:German defeat (→
1566:Morane-Saulnier L
1184:Siemens-Schuckert
1136:: Battle Squadron
1095:Luftschiff-Truppe
962:: Flier Battalion
959:Flieger-Bataillon
941:Flieger-Abteilung
897:: Bomber Squadron
862:: Balloon Platoon
816:Unit designations
804:Jagdgeschwader IV
697:, Royal Prussian
672:Kingdom of Saxony
559:
558:
546:
352:military aircraft
320:military branches
260:
259:
237:1916 – March 1918
125:Kaiser Wilhelm II
16:(Redirected from
2757:
2604:Army Air Service
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2372:
2346:
2327:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2280:
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2195:
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2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
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1879:
1873:
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1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1784:
1782:
1775:
1745:German Air Force
1699:national marking
1688:
1676:
1663:Austro-Hungarian
1637:Gottfried Ehmann
1585:Erich Löwenhardt
1555:synchronized-gun
1552:
1502:
1496:
1494:Luftstreitkräfte
1490:
1488:Luftstreitkräfte
1484:
1469:
1459:
1424:
1404:
1386:
1374:
1358:
1342:
1285:
1283:Luftstreitkräfte
1271:
1269:Luftstreitkräfte
1247:
1241:
1231:
1228:Zeppelin-Staaken
1223:
1217:
1197:
1181:
1171:
1146:
1135:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
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1062:
1053:
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1032:
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1017:
1008:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
925:
916:
905:
896:
887:
878:
870:
868:Bombengeschwader
861:
852:
843:
834:
807:
795:
789:
781:
769:
763:
757:
747:
741:
728:
714:
712:Luftstreitkräfte
704:
701:Jagdgeschwader I
692:
686:
684:Luftstreitkräfte
661:
655:
646:
619:
602:
591:Fokker Eindecker
588:
544:
533:
526:
497:
492:
491:
483:
477:
471:
463:
457:
449:
440:
438:Luftstreitkräfte
430:
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420:Luftstreitkräfte
396:
390:
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363:Luftstreitkräfte
359:
317:
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286:
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274:
256:
244:
232:
141:
139:
138:
123:
122:
121:
105:
103:
102:
92:
90:
89:
60:
51:
39:
38:
21:
18:Luftstreitkrafte
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2636:
2630:
2559:Royal Air Force
2538:
2532:
2478:
2472:
2436:
2431:
2379:
2369:
2353:
2351:Further reading
2343:
2304:
2302:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2249:
2220:
2218:
2217:on June 3, 2016
2214:
2203:
2192:
2173:
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2135:
2119:
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2105:
2101:
2093:
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2072:
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2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
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2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
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1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1818:, pp. 1–3.
1814:
1810:
1806:, p. xxix.
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1741:
1724:
1707:
1645:
1530:
1524:
1457:Verspannungslos
1260:
1254:
1154:
1132:Schlachtstaffel
1098:: Airship Force
1060:Kampfgeschwader
989:: Flight School
850:Armee-Flug-Park
818:
644:Luftwachtdienst
570:
564:
552:21 January 1919
543:
537:
532:Hoeppner, Ernst
531:
528:
527:
512:Time in office
490:
415:
403:Royal Engineers
336:
272:
263:
212:
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191:
179:
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136:
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119:
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107:Weimar Republic
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2635:Central Powers
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2561:
2556:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2537:Entente Powers
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:Fokker Scourge
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
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2474:
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2470:
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2378:
2377:External links
2375:
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2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:, p. 170.
2099:
2097:, p. 588.
2087:
2078:
2066:
2064:, p. 103.
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2015:
2011:Wyngarden 2006
2003:
2001:, p. 154.
1991:
1989:, p. 112.
1976:
1964:
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1904:
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1674:Eisernes Kreuz
1644:
1641:
1624:Pour le Mérite
1618:Pour le Mérite
1613:Oswald Boelcke
1605:Hermann Göring
1601:Wilhelm Frankl
1577:Fokker Scourge
1523:
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1426:
1421:Riesenflugzeug
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1256:Main article:
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1234:rigid airships
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814:
739:Jagdgeschwader
731:Oswald Boelcke
707:Roman numerals
595:Fokker M.5K/MG
566:Main article:
563:
560:
557:
556:
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549:8 October 1916
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2126:
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2120:
2108:
2107:Hoeppner 1994
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2096:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2013:, p. 12.
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1950:, p. 14.
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1890:, p. 12.
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1866:, p. 13.
1865:
1860:
1854:, p. 11.
1853:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1828:Hoeppner 1994
1824:
1817:
1816:Hoeppner 1994
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1780:Grossflugzeug
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1625:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:Max Immelmann
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
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1562:Kurt Wintgens
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1304:
1300:
1299:Rumpler Taube
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1278:Roman numeral
1270:
1264:
1259:
1249:
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1240:
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1222:
1216:
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1195:
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1143:Schutzstaffel
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1113:Reihenbildzug
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1041:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
986:Fliegerschule
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894:Bomberstaffel
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886:
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871:: Bomber Wing
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772:Bruno Loerzer
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726:Jasta Boelcke
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609:Max Immelmann
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399:Air Battalion
397:in 1912. The
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33:
19:
2643:
2637:air services
2539:air services
2523:Bloody April
2358:
2332:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2291:
2286:
2273:. Retrieved
2258:
2238:
2234:
2219:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2207:
2181:
2162:
2143:
2124:
2102:
2095:Neumann 1920
2090:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1936:Guttman 2009
1931:
1919:
1912:Baughen 2019
1907:
1895:
1883:
1876:Baughen 2014
1871:
1864:Baughen 2019
1859:
1852:Baughen 2019
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
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1733:
1708:
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1668:cross pattée
1666:
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1593:Josef Jacobs
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1366:
1350:
1340:Doppeldecker
1334:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1294:
1288:
1274:
1245:Schütte-Lanz
1163:
1086:Kampfstaffel
735:
695:fighter wing
680:
653:Jagdstaffeln
649:
613:
594:
582:
577:
568:Jagdstaffeln
538:
534:
468:Jagdstaffeln
416:
413:Organization
368:
350:. The first
348:Schutte-Lanz
337:
293:
281:
267:
266:
264:
63:
62:Form of the
36:
2479:and battles
2074:Franks 1993
2062:Franks 1993
2023:Franks 1993
1972:Franks 1993
1960:Franks 1993
1948:Franks 1993
1924:Franks 1993
1900:Franks 1993
1888:Franks 1993
1691:Greek cross
1685:Balkenkreuz
1661:German and
1654:Balkenkreuz
1589:Werner Voss
1474:from 1935.
1462:Third Reich
1452:Junkers J.I
1325:Halberstadt
1128:Schlasta –
1021:Jastaschule
1012:JastaSch –
1005:Jagdstaffel
545:(1860–1922)
509:Left office
506:Took office
381:during the
189:World War I
185:Engagements
176:56 airships
109:(1918–1920)
96:(1910–1918)
65:Tatzenkreuz
2674:Categories
2448:Commanders
1840:Jones 2002
1791:References
1722:Statistics
1705:Final year
1689:, a black
1677:, for the
1651:The basic
1581:Ernst Udet
1526:See also:
1516:submarines
1512:destroyers
1467:"versuchs"
1402:Schlachten
1356:Dreidecker
1345:Fokker E.V
1303:Fokker M.5
1198:(DFW) and
1139:Schusta –
488:Commanders
206:commanders
199:Commanders
114:Allegiance
2477:Campaigns
2468:Zeppelins
2392:portfolio
2324:491279937
2233:(1994) .
1758:Luftwaffe
1372:Eindecker
956:FlgBtl –
929:FestFA –
859:Ballonzug
824:Gotha G.V
600:Eindecker
500:Portrait
446:Luftwaffe
225:1914–1915
153:Air force
2496:Cuxhaven
2300:39823845
1739:See also
1643:Insignia
1559:Leutnant
1329:Hannover
1152:Aircraft
1101:LsBtl –
1083:Kasta –
1001:Jasta –
947:FA(A) –
891:Bosta –
631:Avillers
344:Zeppelin
334:Founding
328:airships
318:). Both
220:Insignia
2528:Battles
2305:30 July
2275:30 July
2221:May 26,
2117:Sources
1448:Junkers
1200:Rumpler
1188:Aviatik
1092:Luft –
1042:Kest –
761:Boelcke
721:Jasta 2
709:in the
659:"Jasta"
578:E.13/15
401:of the
300:of the
273:German:
204:Notable
82:Country
74:Founded
2491:German
2365:
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2298:
2266:
2245:
2188:
2169:
2150:
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1695:425/17
1681:. The
1522:Pilots
1174:Fokker
1119:Rfa –
1110:RBZ –
1068:Kagohl
1027:KEK –
974:FEA –
965:FBS –
920:FLA –
909:FFA –
906:: Post
903:Etappe
900:etc –
876:Bogohl
847:AFP –
838:(AFS)
829:(AFA)
767:Jastas
745:Jastas
678:four.
662:. The
635:Jametz
475:Jastas
140:
131:Branch
104:
91:
2290:[
2237:[
2215:(PDF)
2204:(PDF)
1765:Notes
1236:from
1221:Gotha
1057:KG –
1054:units
1051:Jasta
1039:units
1036:Jasta
992:JG –
983:FS –
938:FA –
865:BG –
856:BZ –
755:Jasta
690:Jasta
639:Cunel
622:Pfalz
172:1918:
2453:Aces
2363:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2320:OCLC
2307:2019
2296:OCLC
2277:2019
2264:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2223:2014
2186:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2129:ISBN
1514:and
1477:The
1327:and
1301:and
1232:and
1206:and
1182:and
764:and
627:Vaux
346:and
326:and
265:The
169:Size
159:Role
149:Type
1631:" (
1472:RLM
1361:"F"
790:'s
496:No.
2676::
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1979:^
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1603:,
1599:,
1595:,
1591:,
1587:,
1583:,
1417:–
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1391:GL
1381:–
1369:–
1353:–
1351:Dr
1337:–
1321:CL
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1176:,
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879:–
812:.
758:2
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2225:.
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1295:A
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517:1
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