199:, and appeared to be admirably prepared for the job for which they were appointed, due to their conciliatory manner and their understanding of the country , which one man had acquired through the course of his diplomatic career, while the other through the course of his military career." Lord Eliot was described as "a person of graceful demeanor, of gentle and elegant proportions, thirty-four years old, and of modest dress, without any adornment. Colonel Gurwood accompanied him as secretary, and wore a uniform."
247:
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188:. One historian has written that "the reciprocal massacre of prisoners had several times occurred, and the deadliest hatred and revenge was manifestly encouraged by both parties; in short, so savagely was the Spanish contest carried on, that the Duke of Wellington, from motives of humanity, sent Lord Eliot and Colonel Gurwood on a mission to Spain, to endeavour to put a stop to the cruelties practiced by the belligerents, and render the war less bloody and revengeful."
308:. Valdés was not happy with the text that had been signed by Zumalacárregui, and made changes that he considered prudent. He signed the agreement at Logroño on April 27, 1835. A Carlist colonel who had accompanied the British commissioners to Logroño brought back the new text to Zumalacárregui, who signed the newly worded agreement on April 28, 1835 at Eulate.
223:, and requested that Isabeline forces not stop him from doing so. Espoz y Mina had a British observer for the Isabeline army, a man named Wilde, escort Eliot and Gurwood across the border into Spain. On the way to escort the two men, Wilde met with Zumalacárregui and had dinner with the Carlist general on April 20, 1835 at
20:
171:
about the barbaric executions of the war, stating that it was prudent for the government to regulate the treatment of prisoners between the two opposing sides, in accordance with practices enacted between two opposing countries, "according to the general laws concerning the rights of men and of war."
280:
Lord Eliot wished to have an autograph of
Zumalacárregui; the Carlist general, meanwhile, wrote that "at Asarta, located in the valley of Berrueza, celebrated for the various battles that have occurred there during this century, I had the honor to receive Lord Eliot on April 25, 1835, Lord Eliot -
355:
During the present contest, no person, whoever he may be, civil or military, shall be deprived of life on account of his
Political Opinions, without having been previously tried and condemned in conformity with the Laws, Decrees, and Ordinances in force in Spain. This is only to be understood in
133:
The
Carlists inevitably reacted from their position of weakness by executing their prisoners in this way, not only as acts of reprisal but also due to limited facilities with which to house their prisoners. Not being able to take their prisoners with them on mountain campaigns, for example, the
377:
who fell into their hands , were mercilessly put to death, sometimes by means of tortures worthy of the North
American Indians; but the Spanish troops of the line were saved by virtue, I believe, of the Eliot treaty, and after being kept for some time in prison, where they were treated with
296:
The
British commissioners traveled with Zumalacárregui from Asarta to Estella in search of the Isabeline general Gerónimo Valdés, in charge of the operations in the north of Spain after the resignation of Espoz y Mina, to sign the agreement. On the way there, they stopped at the
389:, to Lord Eliot, whom he described as "one of the very few who have in any way interfered in the civil strife now desolating Spain, whose name will not be a curse to her people, but on whose head the blessings of all ranks of Spaniards will be showered."
392:
However, though “it was mutually agreed upon to treat the prisoners taken on either side according to the ordinary rules of war, a few months only elapsed before similar barbarities were practiced with all their former remorselessness.”
125:
requested, on
December 6, 1833, that in future prisoners be given twenty-four hours to prepare for death. Quesada responded to this with: "...it would be pointless one way or another how much time we give before executing them"
234:
on April 20, 1835 and met with Don Carlos. Don Carlos sent them to the quarters of
Zumalacárregui, who would negotiate the convention. Eliot and Gurwood left Segura on April 23 and reached
102:
139:
356:
reference to those who are not in reality
Prisoners of War; for as regards them, the stipulations contained in the preceding Articles shall be binding.
184:, which sent a commission to ensure that both sides reach an agreement to suppress indiscriminate executions, under Lord Eliot and Colonel
270:
286:
681:
365:
The treatment of prisoners of the First
Carlist War was thus regulated. The positive effects were immediate. A soldier of the
410:
60:
138:(October 27, 1834), were not taken prisoner but shot or bayoneted on sight, and the Liberal commander during that battle,
301:; Zumalacárregui reported that at Irache "there were some very beautiful nuns who made an excellent chocolate."
220:
135:
134:
Carlists executed them before moving to a new location. Liberal soldiers found hiding in the aftermath of the
71:. It had as its aim not to end the war itself but to end the indiscriminate executions of prisoners of war by
273:
and met Lord Eliot there. Zumalacárregui agreed fairly quickly to the accord which he signed on April 24 at
638:
382:
158:
290:
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sufficient harshness, were frequently exchanged for an equal number of prisoners made by the
Christinos.
227:. This gave Wilde an opportunity to tell Zumalacárregui about Eliot and Gurwood and their mission.
686:
656:
110:
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During the First Carlist War, which began in 1833, Carlist prisoners who did not accept the Liberal
661:
433:
676:
666:
212:
366:
231:
617:
Campaña de doce meses en Navarra y las Provincias Vascongadas con el general Zumalacárregui
259:
122:
95:
8:
671:
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215:, commanding general of the Isabeline forces and based at Pamplona. Lord Eliot informed
164:
277:, thereby sparing the lives of 27 Isabeline prisoners who were about to be executed.
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263:
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A notorious incident was the execution of 118 Isabeline prisoners by the Carlists at
68:
28:
255:
196:
52:
612:
519:
192:
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32:
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258:(April 20–22, 1835) had resulted in the defeat of the Isabeline troops under
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311:
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24:
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114:
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The Most Striking Events of a Twelvemonth's Campaign with Zumalacarregui
550:
Twelve months in the British legion, by an officer of the Ninth regiment
121:. The prisoners were given four hours to prepare for death, though the
293:; the telescope is conserved today at the Museo Militar in Madrid.
281:
Tomás de Zumalacárregui." As a gift, Lord Eliot gave Zumalacárregui a
593:
Papers Relating to Lord Eliot's Mission to Spain in the Spring of 1835
305:
282:
23:
The Lord Eliot Convention sought to end indiscriminate executions by
128:...será inútil la menor o mayor concesión de tiempo para ejecutarlos
106:
235:
208:
344:
8. Stipulations to be binding in all Provinces of the Monarchy.
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6. Political Prisoners to be tried in conformity with the Laws.
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Eliot did not find Valdés at Estella, but found him instead at
224:
168:
118:
79:
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5. Towns selected for detention of Prisoners to be respected.
202:
150:
64:
319:
The Convention contained the following nine stipulations:
385:, who had served with the Carlists, dedicated his book,
438:
The Revolutions of Spain, from 1808 to the End of 1836
142:, was executed by firing squad on October 28, 1834.
98:as their sovereign were executed by firing squad.
269:Zumalacárregui stationed himself at the valley of
78:Edward Eliot had become Secretary of Legation at
648:
411:father succeeded as second Earl of St Germans
329:3. Number of Prisoners exchanged to be equal.
238:; they were escorted by Colonel Serradilla.
117:, executed five Carlists by firing squad at
387:Twelve Months' Campaign with Zumalacárregui
101:Early Isabeline executions include that of
59:), was an April 1835 agreement brokered by
203:Arrival of Lord Eliot and Gurwood at Spain
310:
245:
219:that he wished to communicate also with
75:that had been committed by both sides.
18:
607:Madrid, domingo 15 de diciembre de 1833
207:Lord Eliot arrived on April 5, 1835 at
175:
649:
565:(E. L. Carey & A. Hart, 1836), 3.
323:1. Preservation of Lives of Prisoners
599:
591:Edward Granville Eliot St. Germans,
61:Edward Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans
16:1835 treaty in the First Carlist War
347:9. Strict observance of Convention.
341:7. Sick and Wounded to be respected
326:2. Periodical exchange of Prisoners
82:on 21 November 1821 and was styled
13:
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63:between the two opposing sides of
14:
698:
409:With the death of his uncle, his
351:Article Six specifically stated:
241:
568:
555:
552:(Oxford University, 1836), 129.
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529:
513:
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180:The issue was discussed by the
682:Treaties of the Spanish Empire
561:Charles Frederick Henningsen,
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486:
477:
468:
455:
443:
427:
416:
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1:
396:
332:4. Exchange according to Rank
230:Eliot and Gurwood arrived at
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31:, such as those committed at
623:Panorama Español. - Tomo II.
539:(Butterworths: 1875), 957-8.
526:(Butterworths: 1875), 957-8.
383:Charles Frederick Henningsen
7:
630:Historia de la Guerra Civil
537:The Map of Europe by Treaty
524:The Map of Europe by Treaty
291:War of Spanish Independence
10:
703:
548:Charles William Thompson,
136:Battle of Alegría de Álava
635:J. Antonio Zaratiegui. –
360:
111:Vicente Genaro de Quesada
576:The History of the World
463:The History of the World
211:, and got in touch with
155:Fusilamientos de Heredia
109:. On December 4, 1833,
639:Tomás de Zumalacárregui
605:La Aurora de España. -
535:Edward Hertslet (ed.),
440:(R. Bentley, 1837), 309
250:Tomás de Zumalacárregui
159:Tomás de Zumalacárregui
105:on October 14, 1833 at
103:Santos Ladrón de Cegama
380:
358:
316:
251:
213:Francisco Espoz y Mina
56:
36:
619:. Buenos Aires, 1947.
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353:
314:
262:, who took refuge at
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113:, captain-general of
41:Lord Eliot Convention
22:
637:Vida y hechos de D.
289:had used during the
191:"They spoke perfect
176:British intervention
123:archbishop of Burgos
643:San Sebastián, 1946
510:Henningsen, p. 233.
483:Zaratiegui, p. 319.
423:La Aurora de España
299:Monastery of Irache
57:Convenio Lord Eliot
628:Antonio Pirala. -
501:Zaratiegui, p.321.
492:Henningsen, p.232.
317:
252:
182:British government
157:) by the order of
37:
687:April 1835 events
657:First Carlist War
600:Secondary sources
474:Henningsen, p.232
69:First Carlist War
29:First Carlist War
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595:(Bickers, 1871).
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256:battle of Artaza
45:Eliot Convention
43:, or simply the
35:, pictured here.
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632:. Madrid, 1984.
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586:Primary sources
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260:Gerónimo Valdés
254:Meanwhile, the
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140:Manuel O'Doyle
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667:1835 in Spain
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578:(1854), 142.
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574:Henry Bill,
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536:
531:
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465:(1854), 142.
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461:Henry Bill,
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375:Chapelgorris
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217:Espoz y Mina
206:
190:
186:John Gurwood
179:
163:
154:
144:
132:
127:
100:
93:
83:
77:
73:firing squad
49:Eliot Treaty
48:
44:
40:
38:
25:firing squad
115:Old Castile
27:during the
672:Law of war
651:Categories
397:References
287:Wellington
221:Don Carlos
90:Executions
84:Lord Eliot
452:, p. 145.
283:telescope
165:Espartero
153:, called
96:Isabel II
86:in 1826.
450:Panorama
271:Berrueza
107:Pamplona
522:(ed.),
306:Logroño
264:Estella
236:Alsasua
209:Bayonne
197:Spanish
147:Heredia
53:Spanish
33:Heredia
361:Legacy
275:Asarta
232:Segura
225:Eulate
193:French
169:Bilbao
119:Burgos
80:Madrid
285:that
151:Spain
130:").
65:Spain
615:. –
266:.
195:and
149:(in
39:The
161:.
67:'s
47:or
653::
436:,
126:("
55::
641:.
609:.
413:.
51:(
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