428:
33:
444:
404:
416:
392:
889:: "These funerary urns are decorated with two ‘animals of the four directions’, called 'siling 四靈' in Chinese. The White Tiger of the West is pursuing a dog and the Green Dragon of the East is chasing a flaming pearl. The birds on the covers may allude to the Red Bird of the South; but the symbol of the north, a tortoise with a snake, is not present. In China, artists decorated coffins and tombs with these creatures from the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) onwards. These jars stored provisions for the afterlife such as grain and are part of local southern burial practice."
120:
1391:
380:
575:
128:
1878:
668:, suggesting that pattern books were supplied from the centre by court artists. Shapes included large flat dishes that were very difficult to fire. By around the mid-15th century the court ceased its orders, and the decline of the kilns resumed. By the late Ming few kilns survived, and they mostly produced utilitarian wares such as tiles and water pots, as the area continues to do.
361:
dragons. Funerary vases, made in pairs, also often feature charmingly stylized animals, usually tigers and dragons, curled around the shoulders of the vessel. These were used in southern
Chinese burial custom to store provisions for the afterlife. Another distinct Longquan style was a dish with two or more fishes in low
641:, and this spectacular new ware gradually replaced Longquan celadon in many of its markets. Floods and war seem to have brought some kilns to an abrupt end; some excavated kilns lie deep under soil deposited in flooding. However, even the stoutly potted celadons of the Ming period have had their imitators at
629:
The
Southern Song period saw the finest quality, and a great range of colours, as well as a great expansion of production. A count in 1988 by a Chinese archaeologist of the starts of new kilns gave 39 from the Northern Song, 61 from the Southern Song, and over 70 from the Yuan. The percentage figures
621:
A story repeated in many sources from the Yuan onwards, with uncertain significance, tells of two brothers called Zhang, both
Longquan potters, perhaps in the Southern Song, though this is unclear. The elder brother developed a very special type of ware; rightly or wrongly the later sources say this
464:
shapes, which were considered appropriate to religious functions, though these lacked the complex surface decoration of the bronze originals. These were also exported in great numbers and, at least in South-East Asian countries such as Japan and Korea, these associations could also be appreciated by
308:
The glaze is made opaque by the presence of plant ash and tiny bubbles of gas, which give a lustrous effect. With the whiter body clays pieces may be translucent. The pronounced reddish colour of unglazed areas comes from the end of the firing, as the heated clay comes in contact with fresh air let
304:
were always used, and the longer kilns, with up to twelve chambers, might have been able to fire as many as 25,000 pieces at a time. The firing temperature was probably between 1,180 °C and 1,280 °C, with the range over 1,250 °C giving the best green or blue colours. In some cases at
261:
decoration is left unglazed (see below and illustration). This distinguishes
Longquan from Northern Celadons. However, this may not be the case in pieces made from the most whitish, porcellanous, material, where the fired body may also "be translucent if thin enough". In Western sources, individual
164:
Province. Overall a total of some 500 kilns have been discovered, making the
Longquan celadon production area one of the largest historical ceramic producing areas in China. "Longquan-type" is increasingly preferred as a term, in recognition of this diversity, or simply "southern celadon", as there
368:
In general, Longquan decoration tends to project from the body, and the effects that
Northern Celadon gets from glaze pooling over shallow carving into the body are less common. Earlier pieces are content with subtle glaze effects, often accentuated by the glaze thinning over small ridges or ribs,
238:
The
Longquan celadons were among the finest of a range of celadon wares produced in China, and led stylistic and technical developments. The celadons were produced in a range of shades of colour, centred on olive-green, but extending to greenish blues (regarded as desirable, but less common) and
671:
From the twentieth century native and foreign enthusiasts and scholars have visited the kiln sites and excavated there. Among modern
Chinese scholars, the main kiln sites were first systematically investigated by Chen Wanli in 1928 and 1934, after the sites had been excavated by speculators and
360:
Most shapes are simple but very elegant. The size and decoration of larger fine pieces increases from the Yuan onwards, with some very large vases and lidded wine jars being made by the 14th century. The "mallet" vase was a special favourite at
Longquan, often with handles formed as animals or
514:
A very few pieces reached Europe by trade or diplomatic gifts from
Islamic countries, and were sometimes given elaborate metalwork mounts, turning them into goblets. Only three surviving Chinese ceramic pieces can be documented as reaching Europe before 1500. Of these, the earliest is the
582:
In the Northern Song period the Dayao (大窯) kiln site near Longquan city alone produced wares at twenty-three separate kilns; with Jincun nearby, these appear to have been the largest kiln complexes, and produced the best wares. The era of greatest ceramic production was not until the
451:
Unlike Northern Celadon, Longquan ware does not seem to have been used by the imperial court under the Song, although Longquan kilns were used to make the "official" Guan ware, apparently when the Guan kilns could not cope with orders. An important market seems to have been the
243:
brown. The wares are hardly ever painted; decoration comes from the vessel shape and carved or incised designs in the body. Shapes were originally mostly simple, allowing the glaze colour to create the main effect of a piece, but in later periods raised decoration was common.
427:
657:, though not of the highest quality. These were probably bound for Japan; there was a single religious statuette. Sunk in 1323, the finds made it clear that Song types had continued to be produced later than was thought.
328:
Both Chinese and Japanese tradition have developed a range of terms to describe the glaze colours and qualities; some of the Japanese ones have the advantage of being anchored to specific pieces in Japan. The term
403:
443:
415:
698:
Krahl and Harrison-Hall, 13; Gompertz, 158 has "over 200 kiln sites" showing the pace of Chinese archaeology in recent decades, and perhaps counting groups rather than individual kilns; Medley, 147, on their
252:
The body of Longquan celadon, as seen in fragments under glaze, varies from "a heavy, compact grey stoneware to an almost white porcellaneous material", but where fired at the surface this turns to a typical
886:
235:, they count as porcelain. Compromise terms such as "porcellanous stoneware" may be used to describe the pieces, and some Western writers consider the wares should be "regarded as porcelains".
626:(meaning "elder brother ware") is supposed to be this type. The younger brother also developed a fine style of pottery, which is often taken to be the best quality early Longquan ware.
945:(d. 1435); Krahl and Harrison-Hall, 44 say (of the Southern Song) "The Longquan kilns were non-official kilns whose workers nevertheless made ceramics for the imperial household ...",
369:
while later pieces have more elaborate floral scrolls or animals in relief. Religious figurines and shrines were rare before the Yuan, and never a large part of production; as in
480:, thought to have been broken pieces dumped at the end of the voyage from China. Japan soon began to imitate Longquan wares, and has continued to do so, both in mass-produced and
664:, when it was an official kiln operated by and for the court. The floral decorative designs were very similar to those in contemporary Jingdezhen blue and white and also court
2791:
487:
There were also large quantities exported west to the Islamic world, and one of the most important collections today is the 1,300 pieces surviving from the collection of the
200:(1368–1644) periods. Longquan celadons were an important part of China's export economy for over five hundred years, and were widely imitated in other countries, especially
1038:
391:
333:(砧青瓷) meaning "mallet", probably after a particular mallet vase, represents the most admired blue-green colour from the Song period, and is often used in English, while
325:. A technique sometimes found before about 1400 was to add spots or splashes of a mixture rich in iron oxide with an appearance of randomness; these fired a dark brown.
300:, brick tunnels rising up a slope, with a series of chambers, and the best results came from the pots in the uppermost stages, which heated up more slowly and evenly.
32:
762:
Compare the text and captions at Clunas 284-285, fig. 250 is called "stoneware", fig. 251 (the Katzenelnbogen bowl) "porcelain". Both are Longquan celadon of 1400-50.
1909:
598:
A key event in the rise of Longquan celadon was the flight of the remaining Northern Song court to the south, after they lost control of the north in the disastrous
503:
and Europe that the pieces would break or change colour if poison was placed on them. Fragments have also been found along the East African coast, as far south as
173:
wares. These are similar in many respects, but with significant differences to Longquan-type celadon, and their production rose and declined somewhat earlier.
262:
pieces are normally classified as stoneware, but some may be called porcelain; material translated from the Chinese is likely to describe all as "porcelain".
630:
for those still producing in the 20th century were 23%, <10% and <5%, indicating a bubble of over-production, which only the strongest kilns survived.
460:
class. As well as wares for ordinary use, they were used on altars and sometimes in burials. Many shapes, especially in the early period, were based on
946:
687:
365:
swimming in the centre, either in biscuit or glazed; these sometimes have holes drilled for metal handles, as mentioned in a late 14th-century source.
1095:
929:
925:
2835:
349:
type is from the middle Ming, after the glaze became more transparent. As with other celadons, for the Chinese the similarity of the colour to
239:
browns. All these colours come from the glaze; the body beneath is sometimes left partly unglazed as part of the decoration, when it fires to a
1697:
2123:
610:, close to Longquan. The Northern Celadon kilns declined as Longquan greatly expanded production. Longquan wares were not from one of the
2727:
2451:
2390:
2282:
1897:
941:
Vainker, 110-111, though see Valenstein, 99, and Clunas, 97, 100, 229, where court patronage is said to have ended with the reign of the
2579:
1347:
753:
Medley, 147; Grove: "The body of Longquan celadon is a light grey stoneware, sometimes reaching the quality of a pure white porcelain".
2117:
288:
The glaze colours vary across a wide spectrum of greyish to blueish greens, with some yellowish browns as well. The colour comes from
192:(1127–1279), was probably important in the great expansion of both quality and production there. Both continued at high levels in the
633:
Quality declined during the 14th century, although initially production and exports continued to grow. By the middle of the century
1758:
2691:
223:, since the fired clay body is usually neither white nor translucent. In the traditional Chinese classification, which divides
296:, and the colour varies with the temperature and the strength and timing of the reduction. Longquan celadon was fired in long
2592:
1296:
2019:
2004:
1991:
1956:
1921:
1892:
273:
together. Templates were used, and sometimes moulds, including two-part moulds, and moulds including decoration. Unglazed
2024:
379:
1788:
1690:
1583:
1305:
1282:
1182:
139:
2666:
2014:
1904:
599:
421:
dish with sprigged fish in biscuit, and effects from glaze collecting in the incised decoration, Yuan, 14th century
409:
Pair of funerary lidded vases with animals; left, tiger chasing a dog, right, dragon chasing a pearl, Southern Song
614:
later grouped by Chinese connoisseurs, and are rarely mentioned in early writing on the subject, although in the
1746:
1340:
1265:
1247:
1232:
1211:
1196:
780:
47:
1118:
2552:
1850:
1741:
66:
305:
least there appear to have been layers of glaze and also multiple firings to achieve a deeper glaze effect.
2050:
1719:
1683:
201:
281:
the reliefs over a glazed area before firing, where the surface would be flat in the kiln, or by adding a
2511:
2042:
2038:
1964:
1936:
1715:
1877:
566:), is perhaps a little later, from around 1500, and was given elaborate mounts in gold once in England.
1926:
1736:
717:
Medley, 115-118; Gompertz, 159, 98-125; for some reason one is typically capitalized and the other not.
1798:
1475:
1333:
2830:
2374:
2129:
1783:
1751:
1564:
1521:
638:
559:
2636:
2405:
1980:
1813:
447:"Blueish green" celadon with applied peony scroll design, Southern Song dynasty, 13th century AD
2230:
1778:
1516:
209:
1251:
318:
2760:
1999:
784:
744:
Vainker, 108 (quoted); Clunas, 284-285 refers to celadons as porcelain, but not consistently.
524:
461:
357:, was an important factor in their appeal, and something the potters attempted to increase.
2646:
2135:
1855:
1380:
213:
8:
2685:
2525:
1914:
1860:
646:
551:
293:
278:
119:
2661:
2621:
1828:
1823:
123:
Vase with unglazed medallions, here using moulds and a resist technique, 14th century.
2700:
2540:
2535:
2472:
2009:
1833:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1763:
1301:
1278:
1261:
1243:
1228:
1217:
1207:
1192:
1178:
776:
735:
Gompertz, 22 quoted; Medley, 146 describes them as "stoneware and porcellanous ware".
274:
266:
184:(960–1127) period that large-scale production began, and the move of the capital to
2611:
2545:
2060:
1843:
1838:
1622:
1541:
1536:
1390:
1356:
611:
563:
457:
205:
170:
89:
373:, these sometimes mix biscuit, for the flesh or figure, with a glazed background.
2278:
1865:
1768:
1728:
1511:
1506:
1375:
642:
634:
535:
488:
476:, the capital during the height of Longquan production, had some 50,000 Longquan
310:
145:
57:
54:
2598:
2248:
1969:
1931:
1642:
1270:
942:
578:
Southern Song Dynasty, 13th Century, Nantoyōsō Collection, Japan, with crackle.
555:
492:
481:
538:. The Katzenelnbogen bowl was bought by an aristocratic German pilgrim in the
2824:
2806:
2793:
2677:
2671:
2656:
2478:
2466:
1946:
1941:
1635:
1628:
1370:
603:
584:
516:
189:
181:
660:
Longquan celadon enjoyed a final period of high achievement under the early
574:
2772:
2651:
2626:
2460:
2411:
2260:
2152:
2107:
2102:
1974:
1706:
1501:
1415:
1170:
661:
615:
592:
588:
342:
338:
197:
193:
166:
127:
96:
38:
653:
coast in 1976, whose cargo included over 9,600 pieces of celadon from the
285:
of wax or grease before glazing, when the sides of a vase were decorated.
2766:
2723:
2616:
2606:
2568:
2557:
2447:
2423:
2297:
2266:
2170:
2097:
2055:
1616:
1611:
1531:
1470:
1465:
1450:
1425:
665:
654:
500:
354:
297:
228:
152:
or greenware, produced from about 950 to 1550. The kilns were mostly in
2562:
2519:
2417:
2380:
2350:
2344:
2321:
2303:
2212:
2200:
2176:
1526:
397:"Mallet" vase with stylized animal handles, Southern Song, 12th century
289:
254:
240:
1675:
1220:, "China, §VIII, 3: Ceramics: Historical development", various authors
2587:
2496:
2441:
2435:
2356:
2224:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2112:
2075:
2065:
1588:
1496:
1491:
1445:
1440:
1430:
539:
322:
232:
220:
472:
Japan was a large-scale and enthusiastic importer, and the beach at
219:
In traditional Western terms, most celadons are strictly counted as
2748:
2736:
2717:
2641:
2530:
2490:
2362:
2338:
2315:
2272:
2254:
2080:
1455:
1405:
1325:
607:
508:
496:
473:
469:, and indeed clergy, as many of the best survivals are in temples.
185:
177:
157:
257:
reddish brown, seen at the unglazed foot of many pieces, and when
208:. Their demise came after they were overtaken in their markets by
2754:
2742:
2631:
2386:
2164:
2158:
2085:
2070:
1793:
1773:
1656:
1649:
1460:
1435:
1410:
1225:
Chinese Ceramics: Highlights of the Sir Percival David Collection
623:
543:
542:
in 1433/34, who on his return had it given a cover and mounts in
528:
520:
370:
314:
224:
149:
2368:
2309:
2291:
2242:
2236:
2182:
1663:
1594:
1577:
1558:
1189:
Maritime Sector, Institutions, and Sea Power of Premodern China
547:
532:
362:
301:
282:
270:
258:
161:
153:
2429:
2399:
1570:
650:
504:
477:
523:
porcelain, but the other two are Longquan celadon. In 1487
2484:
1258:
The Chinese Potter: A Practical History of Chinese Ceramics
350:
165:
was also a large number of kilns in north China producing
321:
in the glaze, but much less than in the closely related
337:
has a "a faint yellowish-green tone", and is from the
550:). The Longquan Warham Bowl, traditionally given to
140:
101:
247:
966:Vainker, 110-112; Gompertz, 148, 171; Rawson, 250
645:and in Japan. A sunken trade vessel was found in
160:Province in the south of China, and the north of
2822:
1238:Massing, Jean Michel, in Levinson, Jay A. (ed),
499:. Their worth was increased by a belief in the
269:, with large vases often thrown in sections and
438:
309:into the kiln, and the iron present turns into
1059:Rawson, 84; Vainker, 105; Grove; Gompertz, 156
1691:
1341:
71:
52:
2124:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
1320:Chinese Ceramics in the Topkapi Saray Museum
957:Gompertz, 173; Vainker, 110-111; Rawson, 250
188:, close to Longquan, after the start of the
180:and related sites, but it was not until the
1291:, 1991, British Museum Press, 9780714114705
775:, 45-47, 2011, Cambridge University Press,
1698:
1684:
1348:
1334:
1223:Krahl, Regina and Harrison-Hall, Jessica,
353:, always the most prestigious material in
31:
1242:, 1991, Yale UP/National Gallery of Art,
1240:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
622:was distinguished by crackled glaze, and
176:Celadon production had a long history at
2836:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
2710:
1300:, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
1277:, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press,
573:
442:
277:relief sections were achieved either by
126:
118:
1705:
2823:
2692:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
2617:Endless power transmitting chain drive
1275:The British Museum Book of Chinese Art
1206:, 1980 (2nd edn.), Faber & Faber,
1123:(in Korean). Internet Daily NewsHankuk
527:was presented with a Longquan dish by
196:(1271–1368) and the early part of the
1679:
1329:
1355:
1191:, 1999, Greenwood Publishing Group,
587:(1127–1279), then continuing in the
385:Vase with iron spot decoration, Yuan
265:The body was normally thrown on the
16:Type of green-glazed Chinese ceramic
1399:Earthenwares, stonewares and others
1116:
13:
1312:
887:says of the pair illustrated below
885:Gompertz, 156; The British Museum
14:
2847:
1584:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
1175:Ming: 50 years that changed China
1140:Clunas and Harrison-Hall, 97, 100
1876:
1389:
1322:, Istanbul, 3 vols, London, 1986
1050:Valenstein, 99; Vainker, 108-109
433:Dish with a dragon in the center
426:
414:
402:
390:
378:
248:Technical aspects and decoration
1152:
1143:
1134:
1109:
1100:
1089:
1080:
1077:Gompertz, 155-158; Vainker, 108
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
935:
930:this shrine with gilded figures
928:, 1991,0304.3; Clunas, 212 has
919:
910:
901:
892:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
765:
2118:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
1297:A handbook of Chinese ceramics
1260:, 3rd edition, 1989, Phaidon,
1177:, 2014, British Museum Press,
947:repeated by the British Museum
898:Medley, 148; Gompertz, 164-167
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
692:
681:
618:careful imitations were made.
102:
72:
53:
1:
2553:Southern Song dynasty coinage
1289:Chinese Pottery and Porcelain
1164:
131:Group of 13th-century vessels
1173:and Harrison-Hall, Jessica,
439:Markets and later collecting
144:) is a type of green-glazed
7:
1965:Department of State Affairs
562:by 1532 (now loaned to the
156:prefecture in southwestern
10:
2852:
1927:Bureau of Military Affairs
1011:Massing, 132; Gompertz, 26
600:Jin-Song wars of the 1120s
569:
2578:
2510:
2331:
2145:
2037:
1990:
1955:
1885:
1874:
1799:Alliance Conducted at Sea
1789:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
1714:
1604:
1550:
1507:Jingdezhen/Imperial wares
1484:
1398:
1387:
1363:
1029:Massing, 132; Clunas, 285
876:Gompertz, 156, 162; Grove
113:
95:
88:
83:
79:
65:
46:
30:
26:
21:
2130:Four Great Books of Song
1227:, 2009, British Museum,
1119:
771:For example Fang, Lili,
675:
672:art-dealers since 1916.
639:blue and white porcelain
560:Archbishop of Canterbury
210:blue and white porcelain
48:Traditional Chinese
1981:Secretariat-Chancellery
1294:Valenstein, S. (1998).
519:(now Dublin), which is
148:, known in the West as
67:Simplified Chinese
2807:28.07500°N 119.12083°E
2612:Early Bessemer process
2580:Science and technology
1779:Nong Zhigao rebellions
1318:Regina Krahl, et al.,
1039:Warham Bowl, Ashmolean
926:British Museum example
579:
448:
132:
124:
2000:Ministry of Personnel
1905:Imperial examinations
1204:Chinese Celadon Wares
1202:Gompertz, G.St.G.M.,
595:(1368–1644) periods.
577:
462:ancient ritual bronze
446:
130:
122:
2136:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
1910:Administrative units
1784:Song–Tibet relations
1759:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
1381:Green-glazed pottery
1120:중국보물선에 실린 용천청자(用天靑瓷)
313:. Many pieces have
2812:28.07500; 119.12083
2803: /
2686:Forensic entomology
2647:Watertight bulkhead
2526:Joint-stock company
2020:Ministry of Justice
2005:Ministry of Revenue
1915:Sixteen Prefectures
804:Valenstein, 101-102
688:British Museum page
606:court was based in
552:New College, Oxford
294:reducing atmosphere
2622:Astronomical clock
1829:Treaty of Shaoxing
1256:Medley, Margaret,
1117:어은영 (2007-04-14).
822:Valenstein, 99-100
637:was being made as
580:
525:Lorenzo de' Medici
491:, most now in the
449:
133:
125:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2701:Dream Pool Essays
2593:Gunpowder weapons
2506:
2505:
2033:
2032:
2025:Ministry of Works
2010:Ministry of Rites
1957:Three Departments
1794:Fang La rebellion
1774:Wang Ze rebellion
1673:
1672:
1476:Tang tomb figures
1218:Oxford Art Online
1158:Gompertz, 157-158
975:Gompertz, 170-171
858:Gompertz, 149-150
783:, 9780521186483,
458:scholar-gentleman
117:
116:
109:
108:
90:Standard Mandarin
2843:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2732:
2729:
2708:
2707:
2456:
2455: 1174–1189
2453:
2395:
2394: 1050–1080
2392:
2287:
2286: 1111–1117
2284:
2143:
2142:
2093:Longquan celadon
2061:Five Great Kilns
1953:
1952:
1880:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1623:Five Great Kilns
1421:Longquan celadon
1393:
1357:Chinese ceramics
1350:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:Gompetz, 188-194
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:Massing, 131-132
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
939:
933:
923:
917:
914:
908:
905:
899:
896:
890:
883:
877:
874:
868:
865:
859:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
820:
814:
811:
805:
802:
796:
793:
787:
773:Chinese Ceramics
769:
763:
760:
754:
751:
745:
742:
736:
733:
727:
724:
718:
715:
709:
706:
700:
696:
690:
685:
612:Five Great Kilns
591:(1271–1368) and
564:Ashmolean Museum
489:Ottoman Emperors
430:
418:
406:
394:
382:
171:Northern Celadon
136:Longquan celadon
105:
104:
81:
80:
75:
74:
61:
60:
35:
22:Longquan celadon
19:
18:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2831:Chinese pottery
2821:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2730:
2706:
2662:Horner's method
2574:
2502:
2454:
2406:Emperor Huizong
2393:
2327:
2285:
2141:
2029:
2015:Ministry of War
1986:
1951:
1881:
1872:
1851:Mongol conquest
1769:Chanyuan Treaty
1729:Chenqiao mutiny
1710:
1704:
1674:
1669:
1600:
1546:
1480:
1394:
1385:
1376:Terracotta Army
1364:Ancient pottery
1359:
1354:
1315:
1313:Further reading
1287:Vainker, S.J.,
1271:Rawson, Jessica
1235:, 9780714124544
1199:, 9780313307126
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1115:Gompertz, 201;
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
961:
956:
952:
940:
936:
924:
920:
916:Medley, 150-151
915:
911:
906:
902:
897:
893:
884:
880:
875:
871:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
835:
831:Medley, 147-148
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:Medley, 147-148
812:
808:
803:
799:
795:Medley, 148-152
794:
790:
770:
766:
761:
757:
752:
748:
743:
739:
734:
730:
725:
721:
716:
712:
707:
703:
697:
693:
686:
682:
678:
635:Jingdezhen ware
572:
536:Sultan of Egypt
441:
434:
431:
422:
419:
410:
407:
398:
395:
386:
383:
250:
231:and high-fired
227:into low-fired
146:Chinese ceramic
103:lóngquán qīngcí
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2731: 10th c.
2721:
2714:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:Wujing Zongyao
2595:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2249:Huang Tingjian
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1992:Six Ministries
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:Qingli Reforms
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:Gaoliang River
1749:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1565:Blue and white
1562:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:(fully online)
1292:
1285:
1268:
1254:
1236:
1221:
1214:
1200:
1185:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1108:
1099:
1096:British Museum
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1041:; Gompertz, 26
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
943:Xuande Emperor
934:
918:
909:
900:
891:
878:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
797:
788:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
701:
691:
679:
677:
674:
571:
568:
556:William Warham
493:Topkapi Palace
482:studio pottery
440:
437:
436:
435:
432:
425:
423:
420:
413:
411:
408:
401:
399:
396:
389:
387:
384:
377:
267:potter's wheel
249:
246:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
99:
93:
92:
86:
85:
84:Transcriptions
77:
76:
69:
63:
62:
50:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2848:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2678:Yingzao Fashi
2675:
2673:
2672:Liaodi Pagoda
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Tianchi basin
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:Zhao Mengjian
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:Wuzhun Shifan
2465:
2462:
2459:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1947:Three Bureaus
1945:
1943:
1942:Baojia system
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Huangtiandang
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:Jin–Song Wars
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Song–Xia wars
1762:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Southern Tang
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:Kilns, shapes
1603:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Proto-celadon
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1306:9780870995149
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:9780714124469
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:9780714124841
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:Clunas, Craig
1169:
1168:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1122:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1068:Gompertz, 125
1065:
1056:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
1002:Gompertz, 147
999:
990:
981:
972:
963:
954:
948:
944:
938:
931:
927:
922:
913:
907:Gompertz, 164
904:
895:
888:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
840:Gompertz, 164
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
786:
782:
778:
774:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
695:
689:
684:
680:
673:
669:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
625:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:Southern Song
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
585:Southern Song
576:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Fonthill Vase
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
463:
459:
455:
445:
429:
424:
417:
412:
405:
400:
393:
388:
381:
376:
375:
374:
372:
366:
364:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:ferrous oxide
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
260:
256:
245:
242:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:Southern Song
187:
183:
182:Northern Song
179:
174:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:
141:lung-tsh'wahn
137:
129:
121:
112:
100:
98:
94:
91:
87:
82:
78:
70:
68:
64:
59:
56:
51:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
25:
20:
2788:
2773:Guo Shoujing
2699:
2690:
2676:
2667:Architecture
2652:Fishing reel
2627:Movable type
2597:
2567:
2461:Zhou Jichang
2412:Zhang Zeduan
2261:Zhou Bangyan
2153:Fan Zhongyan
2134:
2122:
2108:Yaozhou ware
2103:Qingbai ware
2092:
1937:New Policies
1742:Southern Han
1733:Unification
1707:Song dynasty
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1593:
1576:
1569:
1557:
1517:Transitional
1420:
1319:
1295:
1288:
1274:
1257:
1252:google books
1239:
1224:
1203:
1188:
1187:Deng, Gary,
1174:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1111:
1102:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
993:Gompertz, 26
989:
984:Gompertz, 26
980:
971:
962:
953:
937:
921:
912:
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894:
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872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
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791:
785:google books
772:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
694:
683:
670:
662:Ming dynasty
659:
647:Sinan County
632:
628:
620:
616:Qing dynasty
597:
581:
546:silver (now
513:
486:
471:
466:
453:
450:
367:
359:
346:
334:
330:
327:
307:
298:dragon kilns
287:
264:
251:
237:
218:
175:
167:Yaozhou ware
135:
134:
97:Hanyu Pinyin
39:Yuan dynasty
2810: /
2798:119°07′15″E
2775:(1231–1316)
2769:(1202–1261)
2767:Qin Jiushao
2763:(1192-1279)
2757:(1186–1249)
2751:(1031–1095)
2745:(1020–1101)
2739:(1010–1070)
2724:Zhang Sixun
2569:Zhu Fan Zhi
2558:Champa rice
2522:(1021–1086)
2499:(1235–1305)
2493:(1222–1307)
2487:(1210–1269)
2481:(1199–1295)
2475:(1190–1230)
2469:(1178–1249)
2448:Lin Tinggui
2444:(1140–1210)
2438:(1120–1182)
2432:(1100–1197)
2426:(1096–1119)
2424:Wang Ximeng
2420:(1094-1172)
2414:(1085–1145)
2408:(1082–1135)
2402:(1051–1107)
2383:(1049–1106)
2377:(1036–1093)
2371:(1020–1090)
2365:(1019–1079)
2359:(1000–1064)
2324:(1170–1231)
2318:(1140–1207)
2312:(1130–1200)
2306:(1127–1206)
2300:(1126–1193)
2298:Fan Chengda
2294:(1125–1209)
2275:(1085–1144)
2269:(1084–1155)
2267:Li Qingzhao
2263:(1056–1121)
2257:(1047–1126)
2251:(1045–1105)
2245:(1039–1112)
2239:(1037–1101)
2233:(1033–1107)
2227:(1032–1085)
2221:(1022–1077)
2215:(1019–1086)
2209:(1019–1083)
2203:(1017–1073)
2197:(1012–1067)
2191:(1011–1077)
2185:(1009–1066)
2179:(1007–1072)
2173:(1002–1060)
2171:Mei Yaochen
2098:Cizhou ware
1975:Chancellery
1970:Secretariat
1898:Family tree
1856:Diaoyucheng
1617:Mantou kiln
1612:Dragon kiln
1106:Rawson, 274
1086:Deng, 61-62
867:Medley, 150
849:Medley, 152
726:Medley, 147
708:Medley, 146
666:lacquerwork
655:Yuan period
501:Middle East
355:Chinese art
292:fired in a
229:earthenware
41:, 1271-1368
2825:Categories
2795:28°04′30″N
2720:(972–1051)
2637:Pound lock
2563:Nanhai One
2520:Wang Anshi
2418:Su Hanchen
2381:Li Gonglin
2351:Zhao Chang
2347:(970–1053)
2345:Xu Daoning
2341:(960–1030)
2322:Zhao Rukuo
2304:Yang Wanli
2213:Sima Guang
2201:Zhou Dunyi
2177:Ouyang Xiu
2167:(998–1061)
2161:(991–1055)
2155:(989–1052)
1886:Government
1551:Decoration
1266:071482593X
1248:0300051670
1233:0714124540
1212:0571180035
1197:0313307121
1165:References
1127:2008-03-22
781:052118648X
643:Jingdezhen
484:versions.
290:iron oxide
255:terracotta
241:terracotta
214:Jingdezhen
2711:Inventors
2588:Gunpowder
2497:Qian Xuan
2463:(12th c.)
2442:Liang Kai
2436:Zhao Boju
2375:Wang Shen
2357:Yi Yuanji
2353:(10th c.)
2225:Cheng Hao
2219:Zhang Zai
2207:Zeng Gong
2195:Cai Xiang
2189:Shao Yong
2113:Jian ware
2076:Guan ware
2066:Ding ware
1861:Xiangyang
1737:Later Shu
1589:Ash glaze
1485:Porcelain
1216:"Grove":
699:locations
540:Holy Land
347:shickikan
323:Guan ware
279:sprigging
233:porcelain
221:stoneware
169:or other
2749:Shen Kuo
2737:Jia Xian
2718:Bi Sheng
2642:Dry dock
2531:Banknote
2491:Gong Kai
2363:Wen Tong
2339:Fan Kuan
2332:Painters
2316:Xin Qiji
2273:Zhu Bian
2255:Cai Jing
2231:Cheng Yi
2081:Jun ware
2051:Religion
1922:Military
1893:Emperors
1824:Yancheng
1809:Jingkang
1720:Timeline
649:off the
608:Hangzhou
602:. A new
509:Tanzania
497:Istanbul
474:Kamakura
467:literati
454:literati
335:tenryūji
186:Hangzhou
178:Longquan
158:Zhejiang
2755:Song Ci
2743:Su Song
2632:Compass
2512:Economy
2473:Li Song
2387:Cui Bai
2165:Song Qi
2159:Yan Shu
2146:Writers
2086:Ru ware
2071:Ge ware
2043:Society
2039:Culture
1844:Caizhou
1834:Tangdao
1716:History
1657:Meiping
1650:Hunping
1502:Qingbai
1416:Yaozhou
1411:Celadon
624:Ge ware
570:History
529:Qaitbay
521:qingbai
371:Qingbai
319:crackle
315:crazing
302:Saggars
275:biscuit
225:pottery
150:celadon
138:(龙泉青瓷,
37:Flask,
2541:Guanzi
2536:Jiaozi
2369:Guo Xi
2310:Zhu Xi
2292:Lu You
2279:Zhu Yu
2243:Su Zhe
2237:Su Shi
2183:Su Xun
2056:Poetry
1839:Caishi
1709:topics
1664:Gaiwan
1595:An hua
1578:Doucai
1559:Sancai
1542:Canton
1537:Tianqi
1532:Swatow
1522:export
1471:Shiwan
1466:Yixing
1451:Jizhou
1426:Cizhou
1304:
1281:
1273:(ed).
1264:
1246:
1231:
1210:
1195:
1181:
779:
651:Korean
548:Kassel
544:gilded
533:Mamluk
531:, the
478:sherds
465:local
363:relief
345:. The
331:kinuta
283:resist
259:relief
162:Fujian
154:Lishui
2761:Li Ye
2546:Huizi
2430:Li Di
2400:Mi Fu
1866:Yamen
1819:De'an
1643:Guang
1571:Wucai
1527:Kraak
1512:Dehua
676:Notes
505:Kenya
271:luted
212:from
206:Japan
202:Korea
2607:Coke
2485:Muqi
2041:and
1636:Ding
1629:Cong
1621:The
1497:Ding
1492:Xing
1446:Jian
1441:Guan
1431:Ding
1302:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1179:ISBN
777:ISBN
593:Ming
589:Yuan
507:and
351:jade
343:Ming
341:and
339:Yuan
204:and
198:Ming
194:Yuan
73:龙泉青瓷
2728:fl.
2452:fl.
2391:fl.
2283:fl.
1456:Jun
1406:Yue
554:by
495:in
456:or
317:or
2827::
1461:Ru
1436:Ge
1250:,
558:,
511:.
216:.
58:青瓷
55:龍泉
2733:)
2726:(
2457:)
2450:(
2396:)
2389:(
2288:)
2281:(
1983:)
1979:(
1722:)
1718:(
1699:e
1692:t
1685:v
1349:e
1342:t
1335:v
1130:.
932:.
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