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impact to native threatened species. Several authors pointed out that the present evidence indicates that predation on birds by monkeys may have been overestimated. address these accusations and they point out the crab-eating macaques do not prefer primary forest thus it is unlikely that
Mauritius macaques were ever a major source of indigenous forest destruction. The primary driver of bird extinction has been habitat destruction by humans. Sussman and Tattersall mention that the Dutch abandoned the island in 1710-12 due to monkeys and rats destroying plantations, they point out that the human population was low at this time and the crab eating macaques would have had plenty of primary forest to exploit, yet they chose to brave the dangers of raiding plantations. They do not deny that macaques on Mauritius prey on bird eggs and disseminate seeds of exotic plants yet the major loss of species on Mauritius is due to habitat loss caused by humans – macaques are successful because they prefer secondary forest and disturbed habitats. This is significant because the perception of crab-eating macaques being invasive and destructive to "native" biodiversity are used as a justification for use in biomedical research. It is important to be aware of perceptions, and how we categorize other beings because, for example, the label of "pest" or "invasive" provides justification and moral comfort about killing those that don't "belong" – these lives are viewed as not legitimate, killable, bare life lacking grievability.
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abandoned the island, they resettled again from 1664 to 1710, but abandoned the island again due in part to monkeys and rats destroying plantations. Crab-eating macaques were brought to
Mauritius either by the Portuguese or the Dutch in the late 1500s toearly 1600s. This founder population likely came from Java, although a mixed origin has been suggested. From the mid 1980s to mid 1990s the population of crab-eating macaques on Mauritius was estimated at 35,000 to 40,000. The present population is not known but estimates indicate it may be as low as 8,000. This significant decline in the population is likely correlated to the booming Macaque breeding industry on Mauritius. As crab-eating macaques are considered invasive and destructive this justifies their use in biomedical research. On Mauritius macaques are also perceived as sacred, source of tourism, pets, pest, and food.
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in Bali, and is described as a population specific behavioral practice, prevalent and persistent across generations and characterized by marked intergroup variation. Synchronized expression of robbing and bartering was socially influenced and more specifically explained by response facilitation. This result further supports the cultural nature of robbing and bartering. Token-robbing and token/reward-bartering are cognitively challenging tasks for the
Uluwatu macaques that revealed unprecedented economic decision-making processes, i.e., value based token selection and payoff maximization. This spontaneous, population specific, prevalent, cross-generational, learned and socially influenced practice may be the first example of a culturally maintained token economy in free-ranging animals.
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habitats and temples. Smaller groups are found in primary forest, swamp and mangrove forests. Groups will break into subgroups during the day throughout their range. Composition of groups is multi-male/multi-female but females outnumber males with the sex ratio varying between 1:5-6 and 1:2. Groups exhibit female philopatry with males emigrating from natal group at puberty. Males leave natal group as late juveniles or subadults before the age of seven. On average, adult females and juveniles in groups are related at the level of cousins, whereas adult males are unrelated. Higher relatedness in females is expected due to female
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Also in
Thailand, crab eating macaques have been observed using tools to crack open oil palm nuts in abandoned plantations, the rapid uptake of oil palm nutcracking shows macaques ability to take advantage of anthropogenic changes and the recent establishment of this behavior indicates the potential for macaques to exhibit cultural tendencies. Unfortunately, human activities can negatively impact tool-using macaques, thus disrupting the persistence of these stone tool use traditions.
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1282:, living off human resources. It feeds in cultivated fields on young dry rice, cassava leaves, rubber fruit, taro plants, coconuts, mangos, and other crops, often causing significant losses to local farmers. In villages, towns, and cities, it frequently takes food from garbage cans and refuse piles. It can become unafraid of humans in these conditions, which can lead to macaques directly taking food from people, both passively and aggressively.
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white underbelly with black and white highlights around the crown and face. The face skin is brownish to pinkish except for the eyelids which are white. Adults are usually bearded on and around the face, except for around the snout and eyes. Older females have the fullest beards, with males' being more whisker like. Subspecies on islands seem to have black coloration of their pelage and large island and mainland subspecies were lighter.
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environments (Sussman et al 2011). In
Padangtegal Bali macaque 70% of their diet is provisioned, similarly Suchina Malaivijitnond et al 2011 describes how provisioned macaques in Thailand are given more food than they can consume in a single day. Macaque are known to feed on cultivated crops such as rice, sweet potatos, coconuts, bananas, sugar cane. Macaques have also been reported to feed on food scraps in refuse/trash.
1608:, can also infect humans. A few cases have been documented in humans, but for how long humans have been getting infections of this malarial strain is unknown. It is, therefore, not possible to assess if this is a newly emerging health threat, or if just newly discovered due to improved malarial detection techniques. Given the long history of humans and macaques living together in Southeast Asia, it is likely the latter.
1114:. In crab-eating macaques, an experiment was performed in which individuals were given the opportunity to groom one another under three conditions: after being groomed by the other, after grooming the other, and without prior grooming. After grooming took place, the individual that received the grooming was much more likely to support their groomer than one that had not previously groomed that individual.
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lower-ranking individuals tend to fear the winner of the conflict to a greater degree. In one study, this was seen in the ability to drink water together. Postconflict observations showed a staggered time between when the dominant individual begins to drink and the subordinate. Long-term studies reveal the gap in drinking time closes as the conflict moves further into the past.
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population so the true decline is probably even greater. A population
Viability Analysis (PVA) for crab-eating macaques revealed that the presence and absence of females in a population are key to its short and long term viability. Anything that negatively targets females is likely to threaten population viability, e.g., harvesting for biomedical research targets females.
1537:, while other areas are characterized by conflict as a result of habitat loss and competition over food and space. Humans and crab-eating macaques have shared environments since prehistoric times, and both tend to frequent forest and river edge habitats. Crab-eating macaques are occasionally used as a food source for some indigenous forest-dwelling peoples. In
829:). Hybrids also occur across subspecies too. Rhesus and crab eating macaques hybridize within a contact zone where their ranges overlap, which has been proposed to lie between 15 and 20 degrees north and includes Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam. Their offspring are fertile, and they continue to mate which leads to a broad range of admixture proportions.
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455:"Weed" and "non-weed" species are distinguished based on that species ability to thrive in close proximity and association with human settlements. This label was not intentionally proposed to disparage crab-eating macaques but this term, like pest and invasive, can affect how people perceive this species and can trigger negatives perceptions.
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an increased rate towards their own offspring compared to other juveniles. These observations suggest close proximity influences behavior in ownership, as a mother's kin are closer to her on average. When given a nonfood object and two owners, one being a kin and one not, the rival will choose the older individual to attack regardless of
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wild, which was illegal since 2009, but in 2021 the
Indonesian government lifted the harvest ban and reinstated a harvest quota. In Indonesia, crab-eating macaques and pig tailed macaques are the only primates that are not included in the list of protected species. Often infants and juveniles are caught and sold in wildlife markets.
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the case. An aggressor's scratching decreases significantly after reconciliation. This suggests reconciliation rather than a property of the conflict is the cause of the reduction in scratching behavior. Though these results seem counterintuitive, the anxiety of the aggressor appears to have a basis in the risks of ruining
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Kowloon Hills there are groups of differing species and their hybrids, where they were released during the 1910s. Rhesus macaques and crab-eating macaques interbred and hybridized. Tibetan macaques were also released but did not interbreed. This location has become a popular tourist attraction. The immunovaccine
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classification in 2020 as a result of declining population resulting from hunting and troublesome interactions with humans, despite its wide range and ability to adapt to different habitats. These interactions include the skyrocketing demand for crab-eating macaques by the medical industry during the
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In the 1990s, four major commercial monkey farms operated by
Chinese entrepreneurs began exporting wild caught macaques as captive bred, and monkeys smuggled from Laos and Cambodia were likely part of these transactions. By 2001, China was exporting significantly more crab-eating macaques than rhesus
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In the 1970s, India was the largest supplier of macaques, mostly rhesus macaques, but put a ban on export because when it became apparent that monkeys were used to test military weapons. After this ban, crab-eating macaques began to be used more in biomedical research. Imports of crab-eating macaques
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that fueled feeding kin preferentially. This is due to the observation that food was given to kin for a significantly longer period of time than needed. The benefit to the mother is decreased due to less food availability for herself and the cost remains great for nonkin due to not receiving food. If
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Crab-eating macaques are sexually dimorphic, males weigh between 4.7-8.3 kg and females weigh 2.5-5.7 kg. The height of an adult male is between 412-648mm and 385-505mm for adult females. Their tails are the length of their head and body combined. Dorsal pelage is generally greyish or brownish with a
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species, the crab-eating macaque thrives near human settlements and in secondary forest. Crab-eating macaques are plastic in their attributes and roles ranging from smart and adaptive, to sacred, to vermin and pest to resource in biomedical research. They have been described as a species on the edge,
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Crab eating macaques are one of the most popular species used for scientific research. Crab-eating macaques are used primarily by the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry in the evaluation of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of new biologics and drugs, they are also used
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Between 2000 and 2018, the US was the largest importer of crab-eating macaques ranging from 41.7-70,1% of imports. other major importers: France up to 17.1%, Great
Britain up to 15.9%, Japan up to 37.9%, and China up to 33.5%. During this time, China was the largest exporter of crab-eating macaques.
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has been reported in crab-eating macaques that have acted as the aggressor. After a conflict within a group, the aggressor appears to scratch itself at a higher rate than before the conflict. Though the scratching behavior cannot definitely be termed as an anxious behavior, evidence suggests this is
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Group living in all species is dependent on the tolerance of other group members. In crab-eating macaques, successful social group living requires postconflict resolution. Usually, less dominant individuals lose to a higher-ranking individual when conflict arises. After the conflict has taken place,
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Known fossils indicate that crab-eating macaques inhabited the Sunda Shelf since at least early
Pleistocene, ~1mya. It is likely that crab-eating macaques were introduced to Timor and Flores (both on the east side of the Wallace line), by humans around 4,000-5,000 years ago. Crab-eating macaques are
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Robbing and bartering is a behavioral pattern in which free ranging nonhuman primates spontaneously steal an object from a human and then hold onto that object until that or another human solicits an exchange by offering food. This behavior is seen in crab eating macaques at Uluwatu population
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Studies have found that the dominant male copulates more than other males in the group. DNA tests indicate that dominant males sire most of the offspring in natural crab-eating macaque troops. Reproductive success in females is also linked to dominance. High ranking females have more offspring over
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In a study, a group of crab-eating macaques was given ownership of a food object. Adult females favored their own offspring by passively, yet preferentially, allowing them to feed on the objects they held. When juveniles were in possession of an object, mothers robbed them and acted aggressively at
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In 2000 the crab-eating macaque was placed on the list of 100 most invasive species. For example, they are considered an invasive alien species (IAS) on Mauritius, articles argue for LTMs spreading seeds of invasive plants, competing with native species like the flying fox, negative and detrimental
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who shared videos of baby long-tailed macaques being tortured by caretakers in Indonesia. There were many torture methods, from teasing the primates with baby bottles to killing them in blenders, sawing them in half, or cutting off their tails and limbs. Enthusiasts would pay for the caretakers to
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Crab-eating macaques are one of the most commonly internationally traded mammals and are also the most common primates in domestic trade, most often for pets or food. Macaques are regularly sold and kept as pets in China, Vietnam, and Indonesia. In Indonesia pet macaques are usually taken from the
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After 2018, Cambodia became the largest exporter of crab-eating macaques, contributing 59% of all macaques traded in 2019 and 2020. Between 2019 and 2020, Chinese crab-eating macaque trade decreased 96%. China banned animal trade in January 2020 due to concerns of Covid 19, yet this cannot account
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Fuentes, A., Rompis, A.L.T., Ara Putra, I.G.A., Watiniasih, N.L., Suartha, I.N., Soma, I.G., Wandia, I.N., Putra, I.D.K.H., Stephenson, R., and Selamet, W. (2011). "Macaque behavior at the human-monkey interface: The activity and demography of semi-free-ranging Macaca fascicularis at Padangtegal,
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macaques. Cambodia grants harvest permits to five monkey farms to breed crab-eating macaques for export. Crab-eating macaque harvesting began to accelerate as farms and holding areas were established near protected areas. At this time, international trade of crab-eating macaques expanded rapidly.
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subspecies). A 1887 report described observations to tool use in a Myanmar population. Over 100 years later the first published report is published in 2007. describing crab eating macaques in Thailand using ax shaped stones to crack rock oysters, detached gastropods, bivalves, and swimming crabs.
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The crab-eating macaque exhibits particularly low tolerance for swallowing seeds. Despite its inability to digest seeds, many primates of similar size swallow large seeds, up to 25 mm (0.98 in), and simply defecate them whole. The crab-eating macaque, though, spits seeds out if they are
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Macaques are omnivorous-frugivores (i.e., they eat fruits and also leaves, flowers, shoots, roots, invertebrates, and small animals in variable quantities). Fruit makes up 40% to over 80% of diet in wild crab eating macaque populations, except in highly provisioned populations or highly disturbed
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A study was conducted in which food was given to 11 females. They were then given a choice to share the food with kin or nonkin. The kin altruism hypothesis suggests the mothers would preferentially give food to their own offspring. Yet eight of the 11 females did not discriminate between kin and
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Between 1988 and 1994, a total of 520 crab-eating macaques including 58 males and 462 females were released on Tinjil Island for the purpose of starting a natural habitat breeding facility. This may be a sustainable way of supplying monkeys for research, but it is in a legal gray area for trading
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Crab eating macaques first appeared on Ngeaur Island, during German rule in the early 20th century. Population size has fluctuated between 800 and 400 individuals. The population losses due to eradication efforts, yet the population has survived despite typhoons and WWII bombing on the island. In
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is also under investigation. Unfortunately, the crab-eating macaques involved in the Cambodian smuggling ring imported by Charles River are in limbo – they are ineligible for research but they cannot go back to the wild either. This laundering is a sophisticated trans-border wildlife trafficking
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among females, these ranks are stable over a female's lifetime and the matriline's rank may be sustained for generations. Matrilines creating interesting group dynamics, for example males are dominant to females at the individual level but groups of closely related females can have some level of
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Because crab-eating macaques are synanthropic, enhancing their visibility to humans, this leads to an overestimation in their population size. Researchers have been raising alarms about crab-eating macaque population decline at least since 1986. Many authors cite a 40% decline in the entire crab
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and Arab merchants has been suggested but it was not until the early 16th century that there is hard evidence of human presence on the island, with the Portuguese using it as a refreshing post. The Dutch reached the island in 1598 and attempted a permanent settlement from 1638 to 1658 when they
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Crab-eating macaques live in matrilineal groups ranging from <10 to >85, but most often fall in the range of 35-50. Group size varies greatly, especially between non-provisioned and provisioned groups. Large groups are found secondary forest, savanna and thorn scrub vegetation, and urban
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Using a noninvasive probability model to estimate the maximum population abundance, it was estimated that the current population of crab eating macaques is 1 million, which reflects a continuous decline in the population – 80% reduction over 35 years. This study used a model that overestimated
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Crab-eating macaques have been in West Papua for around 30 to 100 years, but this population has not expanded, remaining at around 60 to 70 individuals. There is little known of the population on Kabaena Island, Sulawesi. These crab-eating macaques appear to have distinct morphology, which may
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In November 2022, following a five year investigation by the DoJ and US Fish and Wildlife, the DoJ indicted Cambodian government officials and Cambodian owner and staff of Vanny Bio Research Corporation LtD, a macaque breeding center in Cambodia, for their alleged involvement in laundering
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Crab-eating macaques demonstrate two of the three forms of suggested postconflict behavior. In both captive and wild studies, the monkeys demonstrated reconciliation, or an affiliative interaction between former opponents, and redirection, or acting aggressively towards a third individual.
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dominance over males. The dominant male within a group is not often stable, and males probably change troops several times during their life; rank below the dominant male is not consistent or stable either – males show sophisticated decision-making when it comes to transferring dominance.
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The crab-eating macaque is one of the most widely traded species of mammal listed on the CITES appendices. The international trade in crab-eating macaques is a multibillion dollar industry. Crab-eating macaques are sold for up to $ 20,000 to $ 24,000, and prices rise when supply reduces.
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larger than 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in). This decision to spit seeds is thought to be adaptive; it avoids filling the monkey's stomach with wasteful bulky seeds that cannot be used for energy. It also can help the plants by distributing seeds to new areas: Crab-eating macaques eat
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period of 162–193 days, the female gives birth to one infant. The infant's weight at birth is about 320 g (11 oz). Infants are born with black fur which will begin to turn to a grey or reddish-brown shade (depending on the subspecies) after about three months of age. This
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The crab-eating macaque has several common names. It is often referred to as the long-tailed macaque due to its tail, which is the length of their body and head combined. The name crab-eating macaque refers to it to it being seen foraging beaches for crabs. Another common name for
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The use of crab-eating macaques and other nonhuman primates in experimentation is controversial with critics charging that the experiments are cruel, unnecessary and lead to dubious findings. One of the most well known examples of experiments on crab-eating macaques is the 1981
692:, crab-eating dispersed into the Sunda Shelf area. Earliest fossil record of crab-eating macaques was found in Java (this collection included H. erectus and leaf monkey species). They probably reached Java by dry land during a period of glacial advance and low sea levels
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The crab-eating macaque is the most traded primate species, the most culled primate species, the most persecuted primate species and also the most popular species used in scientific research. Due to these threats, the crab-eating macaque was listed as Endangered on the
1486:. A 2008 review of their populations suggested a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human-macaque conflict, which continue to decrease overall population levels despite the species' wide distribution.
1369:. A 2008 review of population trends suggested a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human-macaque conflict, which continue to decrease overall population levels despite the species' wide distribution.
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Alexander, S. D.; Waters, S.; Aldrich, B. C.; Shanee, S.; Clarke, T. A.; Radford, L.; Hansen, M. F.; Gnanaolivu, S. D.; Dempsey, A. (2023). "The Past, Present, and Future of the Primate Pet Trade". In McKinney, T.; Waters, S.; Rodrigues, M. A. (eds.).
1219:. A young juvenile stays mainly with its mother and relatives. As male juveniles get older, they become more peripheral to the group. Here they play together, forming crucial bonds that may help them when they leave their natal group. Males that
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found in a captive-bred population shipped to the US from the Philippines, which was later found to be a strain of Ebola that has no known pathological consequences in humans, unlike the African strains. Furthermore, they are a known carrier of
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Brotcorne, F.; Giraud, G.; Gunst, N.; Fuentes, A.; Wandia, I. N.; Beudels-Jamar, R. C.; Poncin, P.; Huynen, M.-C.; Leca, J.-B. (2017). "Intergroup variation in robbing and bartering by long-tailed macaques at Uluwatu Temple (Bali, Indonesia)".
699:. It is thought that the progenitors of these subspecies reached deep water habitats during the penultimate glacial maximum when sea levels were lower than present. These populations became isolated during the interglacial period around 120 kya
1901:"Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough"
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Hansen, M.F.; Ang, A.; Trinh, T.; Sy, E.; Paramasiwam, S.; Ahmed, T.; Dimalibot, J.; Jones-Engel, L.; Ruppert, N.; Griffioen, C.; Lwin, N.; Phiapalath, P.; Gray, R.; Kite, S.; Doak, N.; Nijman, V.; Fuentes, A. & Gumert, M.D. (2022) .
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Other exporters include Mauritius, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Between 2008 and 2019, at least 450,000 live crab-eating macaques and over 700,000 specimens were traded, with mover 50,000 identified as wild caught.
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Crab-eating macaques extensively overlap with humans across their range in Southeast Asia. Consequently, they live together in many locations. Some of these areas are associated with religious sites and local customs, such as the
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Bunlungsup, S.; Kanthaswamy, S.; Oldt, R. F.; Smith, D. G.; Houghton, P.; Hamada, Y.; Malaivijitnond, S. (2017). "Genetic analysis of samples from wild populations opens new perspectives on hybridization between long-tailed
909:. It also easily adjusts to human settlements and is considered sacred at some Hindu temples and on some small islands, but as a pest around farms and villages. Typically, it prefers disturbed habitats and forest periphery.
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Nijman, V.; Spaan, D.; Rode-Margono, E. J.; Wirdateti; Nekaris, K. A. I. (2017). "Changes in the primate trade in Indonesian wildlife markets over a 25-year period: Fewer apes and langurs, more macaques, and slow lorises".
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Bissessur, P.; Bunsy, Y.; Baider, C.; Florens, F. B. V. (2019). "Non-intrusive systematic study reveals mutualistic interactions between threatened island endemic species and points to more impactful conservation".
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Brotcorne, F.; Holzner, A.; Jorge-Sales, L.; Gunst, N.; Hambuckers, A.; Wandia, I. N.; Leca, J.-B. (2020). "Social influence on the expression of robbing and bartering behaviours in Balinese long-tailed macaques".
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Kyes, R.C.; Sajuthi, D.; Morton, W.R.; Smith, O.A.; Lelana, R.P.A.; Pamungkas, J.; Iskandriati, D.; Iskander, E.; Crocket, C.M. (1997). "The Tinjil Island natural habitat breeding facility: A decade of operation".
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eating macaque population between 1980 to 2006. This comes from a population estimate of 5 million in the 1980s-90s. population estimate of 3 million in 2006. It is unclear how the 3 million estimate was reached.
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Gamalo, L. E.; Ilham, K.; Jones-Engel, L.; Gill, M.; Sweet, R.; Aldrich, B.; Phiapalath, P.; Van Bang, T.; Ahmed, T.; Kite, S.; Paramasivam, S.; Seiha, Hun; Z., M. Z.; Nielsen, D.R. K.; Ruppert, N. (2024).
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Gumert, M.D. (2011). "The common monkey of southeast Asia: Long-tailed macaque populations, ethnophoresy, and their occurrence in human environments". In Gumert, M.D.; Fuentes, A.; Jones-Engel, L. (eds.).
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International crab-eating macaque trade does not appear to follow a particular trend but continues to change over time. Although peak exports often correlate with declarations of public health emergences.
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Stage 5: less than 18 thousand years ago, the isolation of the progenitors of shallow water fringing island populations and populations in Penida and Lombok (deep water) occurred. These subspecies include
1165:. Though the hypothesis remains that mother-juvenile relationships may facilitate social learning of ownership, the combined results clearly point to aggression towards the least-threatening individual.
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There are few studies on the individual life histories of crab-eating macaques, on demography and population, or on its variation in ecology and behavio, often any study on ecology is of older origin.
666:) ~3.86 mya. This divergence and subsequent hybridization occurred during rapid glacial-eustatic fluctuations in the early Pleistocene: high sea levels may have led to the initial separation of proto-
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these results are correct, crab-eating macaques are unique in the animal kingdom, as they appear not only to behave according to the kin selection theory, but also act spitefully toward one another.
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Stage 3: more than 18 thousand years ago, the differentiation of progenitors of populations of the Indochinese peninsula and northern part of the isthmus of Kra occurred. These subspecies include
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Koch Liston, A. L.; Zhu, X.; Bang, T. V.; Phiapalath, P.; Hun, S.; Ahmed, T.; Hasan, S.; Biswas, S.; Nath, S.; Ahmed, T.; Ilham, K.; Lwin, N.; Frechette, J. L.; Hon, N; Agger, C. (2024).
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Blancher, A.; Bonhomme, M.; Crouau-Roy, B.; Terao, K.; Kitano, T.; Saitou, N. (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Phylogeny of 4 Populations of the Widely Distributed Cynomolgus Macaque (
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film videos torturing the macaques. Investigation has led to some prisons and police searches in both Indonesia and the United States, where many of the torture enthusiasts were located.
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Padayatchy, N. (2011). "The support of conservation programs through the biomedical usage of long-tailed macaques in Mauritius". In Gumert, M.D.; Fuentes, A.; Jones-Engel, L. (eds.).
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leaves, before consumption. Crab-eating macaques either soak these foods in water or rub them through their hands as if to clean them. They also peel the sweet potatoes, using their
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Crab eating macaques are the only old world monkey known to use stone tools in their daily foraging. This is mainly observed in populations along the ocean of Thailand and Myanmar (
343:. Crab eating macaques are the only old-world monkey known to use stone tools in their daily foraging and they engage in a robbing and bartering behavior in some tourist locations.
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Zhang, B.-L.; Chen, W.; Wang, Z.; Pang, W.; Luo, M.-T.; Wang, S.; Shao, Y.; He, W.-Q.; Deng, Y.; Zhou, L.; Chen, J.; Yang, M.-M.; Wu, Y.; Wang, L.; Fernández-Bellon, H. (2023).
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with a partner are more successful than those that leave alone. Young females, though, stay with the group and become incorporated into the matriline into which they were born.
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van Schaik, C. P.; van Noordwijk, M. A.; de Boer, R. J.; den Tonkelaar, I. (1983). "The effect of group size on time budgets and social behaviour in wild long-tailed macaques (
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Stage 2: around 160 thousand years ago, dispersal and isolation of progenitors of the strongly differentiated deep water fringing island populations occurred. These include
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In the 1980s, crab-eating macaques were introduced to China and began being bred in captive facilities. Since then, captive macaques have been favored in biomedical trade.
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coat may indicate to others the status of the infant, and other group members treat infants with care and rush to their defense when distressed. Immigrant males sometimes
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network. Crab eating macaques are harvested in places like Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar and then laundered through Vietnam and illegally smuggled to places like China.
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meaning "dog milkers". It has also been suggested that cynomolgus refers to a race of humans with long hair and handsome beards who used dogs for hunting according to
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females to increase the chance of mating. A female is more likely to engage in sexual activity with a male that has recently groomed her than with one that has not.
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in Mauritius: implications for macaque-human interactions and for future research on long-tailed macaques". In Gumert, M.D.; Fuentes, A.; Jones-Engel, L. (eds.).
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Malaivijitnond, S.; Vazquez, Y.; Hamada, Y. (2011). "Human impact on long-tailed macaques in Thailand". In Gumert, M.D.; Fuentes, A.; Jones-Engel, L. (eds.).
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van Noordwijk, M.; van Schaik, C. (1999). "The Effects of Dominance Rank and Group Size on Female Lifetime Reproductive Success in Wild Long-tailed Macaques,
5294:"First monkeys cloned with technique that made Dolly the sheep - Chinese scientists create cloned primates that could revolutionize studies of human disease"
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and other crops, affecting agriculture and livelihoods, and can be aggressive towards humans. Macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases, including
4872:
4119:
Luncz, L. V.; Gill, M.; Proffitt, T.; Svensson, M. S.; Kulik, L.; Malaivijitnond, S. (2019). Thompson, J. C.; Weigel, D.; Thompson, J. C.; Tan, A. (eds.).
1234:
their life-time than low-ranking females – higher ranking females reproduce at a younger age and their offspring have a higher chance of survival.
1489:
The Long-Tailed Macaque Project and The Macaque Coalition are engaged in conservation of the crab-eating macaque through research and public engagement.
1380:, where its small, native population has been seriously fragmented. It is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The Philippine long-tailed macaque (
990:
Crab-eating macaques are synanthropic, meaning they are highly adaptive, living near and benefiting from humans and their environmental modifications.
2601:
713:
Stage 4: 18 thousand years ago, the dispersal and isolation of progenitors of weakly differentiated deep water fringing island populations occurred (
4170:
Malaivijitnond, S.; Lekprayoon, C.; Tandavanittj, N.; Panha, S.; Cheewatham, C.; Hamada, Y. (2007). "Stone-tool usage by Thai long-tailed macaques (
4715:
3893:
2307:
5484:
3311:
727:
Stage 6: 4.5 thousand years ago, the dispersal and isolation of progenitors of populations in easter lesser Sunda islands (deep water), occurred (
6743:
5533:
2860:
4490:"Acquisition of object-robbing and object/food-bartering behaviours: a culturally maintained token economy in free-ranging long-tailed macaques"
7083:
5488:
2180:
6821:
6795:
2111:
755:
3838:
Ruiter, J. R. De; Van Hooff, Jan A. R. A. M.; Scheffrahn, W. (1994). "Social and genetic aspects of paternity in wild Long-Tailed Macaques (
5511:
961:(PZP), which causes infertility in females, is currently being tested in Hong Kong to investigate its use as potential population control.
1372:
Each subspecies faces differing levels of threats, and too little information is available on some subspecies to assess their conditions.
2891:"Colonization During Colonialism: Developing a Framework to Assess the Rapid Ecological Transformation of Mauritius's Pristine Ecosystem"
3630:
Das, M.; Penke, Z. & van Hoof, J. (1998). "Postconflict Affiliation and Stress-Related Behavior of Long-Tailed Macaque Aggressors".
1575:
and disease. Due to their close physiology, they can share infections with humans. Some cases of concern have been an isolated event of
2377:
Naiken, S.; Griffiths, M.-A.; Edouard, L; Padayatchy, N. (2015). "Factors influencing reproduction in captive-bred cynomolgus monkeys (
1560:
In places like Thailand and Singapore human-macaque conflict task forces have been created to try and resolve some of these conflicts.
6968:
5145:
6927:
6704:
1215:
the infants of lower-ranking females. These kidnappings can result in the death of the infants, as the other female is usually not
1186:
627:
group (which include m. fascicularis, m. mulatta, and m. fuscata) share a common ancestor that lived 2.5 mya. It is suggested that
2560:
Richard, A. F.; Goldstein, S. J.; Dewar, R. E. (1989). "Weed macaques: The evolutionary implications of macaque feeding ecology".
1409:
in the US and elsewhere began to increase during the worldwide reduction and subsequent ban of rhesus macaque exports from India.
837:, whereas introgression from crab eating to rhesus macaques is more restricted. There seems to be a rhesus biased and male biased
6769:
4906:
841:
between rhesus and crab eating macaque population which has led to different degrees of genetic admixture in these two species.
320:
living on the edge of forests, rivers, and seas, at the edge of human settlements, and maybe on the edge of population decline.
4887:
6813:
5120:
4855:
3922:
Corlett, R.T.; Lucas, P.W. (1990). "Alternative Seed-Handling Strategies in Primates: Seed-Spitting by Long-tailed Macaques (
2978:
2433:
2046:
6774:
1308:
1090:
form tolerant foraging associations, with juveniles playing together. Crab eating macaques have also been observed grooming
3744:
2095:
Quammen, D. (2011). "Forward: Thirteen ways of looking at a monkey". In Gumert, M.D.; Fuentes, A.; Jones-Engel, L. (eds.).
5468:
1388:
is vulnerable. All other subspecies are listed as data deficient and need further study; although recent work is showing
7038:
6978:
5526:
448:
Crab-eating macaques are understood and perceived in many ways: smart, pestiferous, exploited, sacred, vermin, invasive.
17:
2838:
7078:
5182:
4051:
3431:
2238:
Sussman, R. W.; Tattersall, I. (1981). "Behavior and ecology ofmacaca fascicularis in Mauritius: A preliminary study".
958:
4623:"Monetary value of live trade in a commonly traded primate, the Long-tailed Macaque, based on global trade statistics"
600:
The macaque originated in northeastern Africa some 7 million years ago and spread through most of continental Asia by
6891:
4751:
3251:"A model for the noninvasive, habitat-inclusive estimation of upper limit abundance for synanthropes, exemplified by
5371:
1424:
for the significant decrease in crab-eating macaque exports in 2019, the drivers of this decline are still unclear.
1296:
6717:
471:) is under dispute and is tentatively removed from IUCN Red List assessments, with those individuals included with
65:
5198:
4742:
Fan, Z.; Song, Y. (2002). "Chinese primate status and primate captive breeding for biomedical research in China".
3985:
Nakashima, Y.; Lagan, P.; Kitayama, K. (2008). "A study of fruit–frugivore interactions in two species of durian (
6826:
1450:
607:, and subdivided into four groups (sylvanus, sinica, silenus, and fascicularis). The earliest split in the genus
523:
1027:
Direct encounters between adjacent non-provisioned troops are relatively rare which suggests mutual avoidance.
6993:
5519:
5267:
Normile, D. (2018). "These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly".
5027:
4870:
7043:
7023:
6945:
6633:
4361:"Cohort dominance rank and "robbing and bartering" among subadult male long-tailed macaques at Uluwatu, Bali"
3191:
1376:
is likely of important biological significance and has been recommended as a candidate for protection in the
5541:
7048:
7033:
7013:
5426:
2600:
Hansen, M. F.; Gill, M.; Nawangsari, V. A.; Sanchez, K. L.; Cheyne, S. M.; Nijman, V.; Fuentes, A. (2021).
390:, who gave the animal its scientific name in 1821, did not specify what he meant by the use of this word.
7053:
7008:
6998:
6988:
6983:
6808:
6756:
6665:
6101:
6092:
3774:
2602:"Conservation of long-tailed macaques: Implications of the updated iucn status and the covid-19 pandemic"
818:
533:
6670:
5476:
674:
while the subsequent lowering of sea levels facilitated the secondary contact needed for hybridization.
7003:
6579:
2484:
Subramaniam, B. (2001). "The Aliens Have Landed! Reflections on the Rhetoric of Biological Invasions".
1695:
1623:
In 2014, 21,768 crab-eating macaques were imported in the United States to be used in experimentation.
1502:
1438:
1153:
4769:"Illegal primate trade in Indonesia exemplified by surveys carried out over a decade in North Sumatra"
2868:
2118:
1169:
nonkin. The remaining three did, in fact, give more food to their kin. The results suggest it was not
1035:
393:
In Indonesia and Malaysia, the crab-eating macaque and other macaque species are known generically as
7073:
7068:
7063:
7018:
5912:
5885:
4840:
Primates in Anthropogenic Landscapes: Exploring Primate Behavioural Flexibility Across Human Contexts
2324:
Sussman, R. W.; Tattersall, I. (1986). "Distribution, Abundance, and Putative Ecological Strategy of
1091:
1043:
409:
1771:
7058:
7028:
5957:
5459:
5014:
Monkeys on the Edge: Ecology and Management of Long-tailed Macaques and their Interface with Humans
3909:
Monkeys on the edge: ecology and management of long-tailed macaques and their interface with humans
3880:
Monkeys on the edge: ecology and management of long-tailed macaques and their interface with humans
3312:"A Population Viability Analysis (P.V.A.) approach to the conservation of the Long-tailed Macaque (
2994:
Kyes, R. C. (1993). "Survey of the long-tailed macaques introduced onto Tinjil Island, Indonesia".
2655:
Kanthaswamy, S.; Satkoski, J.; George, D.; Kou, A.; Erickson, Bethany Joy-A.; Smith, D. G. (2008).
2639:
Monkeys on the edge: ecology and management of long-tailed macaques and their interface with humans
2364:
Monkeys on the edge: ecology and management of long-tailed macaques and their interface with humans
2294:
Monkeys on the edge: ecology and management of long-tailed macaques and their interface with humans
2097:
Monkeys on the edge: ecology and management of long-tailed macaques and their interface with humans
2021:
Roos, C.; Zinner, D. (2015). "Diversity and Evolutionary History of Macaques with Special Focus on
1969:
1936:
1208:
85:
4873:"Cambodian Officials and Six Co-conspirators Indicted for Taking Part in Primate Smuggling Scheme"
1847:
6499:
6173:
5616:
5607:
5491:
following an undercover investigation at a captive-breeding facility for long-tailed macaques in
5455:
Bonadio, C. 2000. "Macaca fascicularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 10, 2006.
4744:
International perspectives: The future of nonhuman primate resources, proceedings of the workshop
2961:
Stanley, M.-A.; Griffiths, O. L. (1997). "Supplying primates for research". In Bolton, M. (ed.).
2416:
Stanley, M.-A.; Griffiths, O. L. (1997). "Supplying primates for research". In Bolton, M. (ed.).
2062:
1643:
862:
6865:
4209:
Luncz, L. V.; Svensson, M. S.; Haslam, M.; Malaivijitnond, S.; Proffitt, T.; Gumert, M. (2017).
4067:
6748:
6595:
6313:
5817:
5699:
1590:), a virus which has produced disease in some lab workers working mainly with rhesus macaques (
1337:
1301:
3478:"First record of interspecies grooming between Raffles' Banded Langur and Long-tailed Macaque"
6860:
6453:
6304:
6272:
6209:
6020:
5966:
5948:
5939:
5921:
5758:
5681:
4041:
2145:"Foraging Strategies of Invasive Macaca fascicularis may Promote Plant Invasion in Mauritius"
1617:
1204:
922:
200:
6852:
6647:
5454:
6886:
6787:
6691:
6642:
6526:
6191:
6110:
5307:
4372:
3998:
3935:
3596:
3342:
3266:
2730:
2203:
2085:
Aristophanes of Byzantium, Tῶν Ἀριστοτέλους περί ζώων ἐπιτομή. ΑΠΑΝΤΑ Ι, 2.59. ΚΑΚΤΟΣ 1998.
1638:
1087:
894:
8:
6508:
6083:
5975:
5930:
5690:
5505:
1596:
1455:
1291:
1174:
1111:
1015:
944:
There was no indigenous human population on Mauritius. Early exploration of Mauritius by
50:
5311:
4768:
4691:
4666:
4376:
4002:
3939:
3600:
3494:
3477:
3423:"Relatedness of matrilines, dispersing males and social groups in long-tailed macaques (
3346:
3287:
3270:
3250:
2751:
2734:
2718:
2207:
1818:
6011:
5826:
5376:
5084:"Nonhuman Primate Evaluation and Analysis Part 1: Analysis of Future Demand and Supply"
4871:
Public Affairs Unit U.S. Attorney’s Office Southern District of Florida USAFLS (2022).
4598:
4514:
4489:
4393:
4360:
4338:
4330:
4239:
4210:
4208:
4147:
4120:
4091:
4022:
3967:
3951:
3887:
3859:
3820:
3725:
3686:
3647:
3612:
3565:
3526:
3509:
Cords, M. (1992). "Post-conflict reunions and reconciliation in long-tailed macaques".
3453:
3422:
2689:
2656:
2542:
2501:
2466:
2301:
2038:
1998:
1916:
1690:
1522:
658:
groups ~3.45-3.56 mya, soon after the initial separation of two parent lineages (proto-
404:, often used in laboratory settings, is the cynomolgus monkey which derives from Greek
239:
80:
5499:
3682:
3522:
1748:
1361:; it is threatened by habitat loss due to rapid land use changes in the landscapes of
1066:
Interactions have been reported between crab-eating and southern pig-tailed macaques,
901:, disturbed and secondary rainforests, shrubland, and riverine and coastal forests of
6847:
6678:
6481:
6263:
6164:
6155:
6002:
5993:
5835:
5325:
5269:
5249:
5178:
5126:
5116:
5104:
Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs
4851:
4819:
4747:
4696:
4519:
4470:
4434:
4398:
4342:
4244:
4191:
4152:
4047:
4014:
4010:
3959:
3458:
3400:
3292:
3228:
3171:
3112:
3011:
2974:
2943:
2800:
2756:
2694:
2521:"Invasive Species in Penguin Worlds: An Ethical Taxonomy of Killing for Conservation"
2429:
2398:
2042:
2003:
1871:
1577:
1479:
1366:
1083:
4602:
4026:
3971:
3729:
3690:
3651:
3616:
3569:
3530:
1571:
is also used extensively in medical experiments, in particular those connected with
6918:
6683:
6387:
6287:
6218:
5984:
5648:
5543:
5315:
5298:
5274:
5239:
5108:
4953:
4843:
4811:
4780:
4686:
4678:
4634:
4590:
4554:
4509:
4501:
4462:
4426:
4388:
4380:
4322:
4289:
4279:
4234:
4226:
4183:
4142:
4132:
4006:
3943:
3851:
3824:
3812:
3717:
3678:
3639:
3604:
3557:
3518:
3489:
3448:
3440:
3392:
3350:
3282:
3274:
3218:
3187:
3152:
3102:
3003:
2966:
2935:
2902:
2792:
2746:
2738:
2684:
2676:
2569:
2532:
2493:
2458:
2421:
2390:
2337:
2247:
2211:
2156:
2034:
1993:
1985:
1912:
1828:
1766:
1648:
1324:
Another instance of tool use is washing and rubbing foods, such as sweet potatoes,
1267:
1261:
1071:
387:
216:
167:
6722:
3816:
681:
The possible stages of crab-eating macaque evolution and dispersal were proposed:
6973:
6834:
6254:
6146:
6119:
6074:
5767:
5550:
4847:
4682:
4264:"Human activity negatively affects stone tool-using Burmese long-tailed macaques
2970:
2425:
1900:
1526:
1509:
1473:
Appendix II. The species' IUCN status was changed in the summer of 2022 from the
1377:
1227:
882:
854:
643:-like ancestor that reached mainland from its homeland in Indonesia around 1mya.
312:
6878:
6800:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
1054:
833:
from rhesus to crab eating macaque populations extends beyond Indochina and the
762:
41:
6559:
6517:
6490:
6472:
6236:
6200:
6137:
5876:
5657:
5597:
5320:
5293:
5244:
5230:
5225:
5171:
4621:
Hansen, M. F.; Gill, M.; Briefer, E. F.; Nielsen, D. R. K.; Nijman, V. (2022).
4466:
4384:
3665:
Kummer, H. & Cords, M. (1991). "Cues of ownership in long-tailed macaques,
2462:
2161:
2144:
1633:
1583:
1550:
1514:
1483:
1362:
1272:
949:
850:
810:
375:
332:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4639:
4622:
4594:
4430:
4284:
4263:
4230:
4018:
3643:
3583:
Aureli, F. (1992). "Post-conflict behaviour among wild long-tailed macaques, (
2680:
2449:
Peretti, J. H. (1998). "Nativism and Nature: Rethinking Biological Invasion".
2215:
6962:
6782:
6618:
6429:
6405:
6396:
6378:
6245:
6227:
5800:
5776:
4907:"Fate of 1,000 trafficked lab monkeys at center of US investigation in limbo"
4121:"Group-specific archaeological signatures of stone tool use in wild macaques"
3361:
2907:
2890:
1989:
1757:
1652:
1474:
1358:
1170:
886:
870:
830:
348:
70:
5278:
3855:
3028:
2939:
2537:
2520:
2497:
710:. These two subspecies became differentiated before the last glacial maximum
6761:
6414:
6369:
6128:
5867:
5740:
5731:
5672:
5344:
5329:
5253:
5130:
4998:
4924:
4823:
4700:
4523:
4505:
4474:
4438:
4402:
4248:
4195:
4156:
4043:
Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution, and Influence
3963:
3561:
3444:
3404:
3328:
3296:
3278:
3232:
3116:
3015:
3007:
2947:
2804:
2760:
2742:
2698:
2402:
2287:
2007:
1832:
1572:
890:
889:. This primate is a rare example of a terrestrial mammal that violates the
226:
5400:
5081:
3544:
Hemelrijk, C. (1994). "Support for being groomed in long-tailed macaques,
3462:
2889:
Seetah, K.; Manfio, S.; Balbo, A.; Farr, R. H.; Florens, F. B. V. (2022).
2031:
The Nonhuman Primate in Nonclinical Drug Development and Safety Assessment
969:
regulations, using captive bred codes (F, C) rather than wild-caught (W).
486:– Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Singapore, Vietnam
6839:
6730:
6657:
6627:
5903:
5894:
5714:
4958:
4937:
4577:
Umapathy, G.; Singh M.; Mohnot, S.M. (2003). "Status and Distribution of
4559:
4538:
4169:
3172:"Comparative Review of Fascicularis-group Species of Macaques (primates:
3156:
3091:"Removal from the wild endangers the once widespread long-tailed macaque"
1827:. Fieldiana New Series No. 81. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
1667:
1279:
1127:
878:
834:
780:
328:
316:
4294:
4137:
3878:
Bali, Indonesia". In M.D. Gumert, A. Fuentes, and L. Jones-Engel (ed.).
2546:
2505:
2470:
1497:
335:
groups ranging from 10 to 85 individuals, with groups exhibiting female
6932:
6709:
6541:
5587:
5101:
Ramos, Kenneth S.; Downey, Autumn; Yost, Olivia C., eds. (2023-06-23).
4334:
3955:
3947:
3906:
3863:
3721:
3608:
3396:
3354:
2573:
2251:
1003:
917:
Humans have transported crab-eating macaques to at least five islands:
898:
793:
336:
324:
147:
5202:
4815:
4494:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4187:
3223:
3206:
3107:
3090:
2796:
2394:
2341:
1200:
723:
M.f. karimondjawae, M.f. atriceps, M.f. condorensis, M.f. fascicularis
6735:
6047:
5785:
4784:
1970:"Nutritional composition of fruits selected by Long-Tailed Macaques (
1677:
1612:
in infectious disease, TB, HIV/AIDA, and neuroscience studies
1554:
1546:
1538:
1463:
1459:
1216:
1195:
1079:
1067:
965:
suggest that they have been on the island for a long period of time.
945:
938:
918:
902:
858:
838:
809:
Along the northern part of range crab eating macaques hybridize with
602:
431:
97:
6589:
5147:
Normalising the Unthinkable: The Ethics of Using Animals in Research
5102:
4987:
3803:
Gumert, M. D. (2007). "Payment for sex in a macaque mating market".
2029:". In Bluemel, J.; Korte, S.; Schenck, E.; Weinbauer, G. F. (eds.).
1541:, they are captured and sold to the pharmaceutical industry, and in
1242:
897:. It lives in a wide variety of habitats, including primary lowland
849:
The crab-eating macaque's native range encompasses most of mainland
6912:
6612:
6550:
5631:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5349:
5112:
4326:
4309:
Wheatley, B. (1988). "Cultural behavior and extractive foraging in
3416:
3414:
3055:
2719:"Comparative genomics reveals the hybrid origin of a macaque group"
1534:
1530:
1336:
and canine teeth. Adolescents appear to acquire these behaviors by
1220:
934:
906:
687:
117:
3704:
Schaub, H. (1996). "Testing Kin Altruism in Long-Tailed Macaques (
2657:"Hybridization and Stratification of Nuclear Genetic Variation in
1745:
1357:
The crab-eating macaque has been categorized as Endangered on the
496:– Myanmar, Laos, western and southern Thailand near Myanmar border
6940:
6337:
6328:
6057:
5492:
1601:
1333:
1325:
1162:
1122:
1107:
1059:
866:
340:
177:
137:
4800:
4451:
3411:
2376:
2143:
Reinegger, R. D.; Oleksy, R. Z.; Gazagne, E.; Jones, G. (2023).
1631:
On 24 January 2018, scientists in China reported in the journal
1513:
A crab-eating macaque living in a human vicinity, with a stolen
6696:
6438:
6352:
6029:
5850:
5749:
5563:
3378:
2921:
1542:
1329:
1256:
1212:
1075:
1048:
930:
926:
874:
770:
371:
157:
127:
107:
2773:
1246:
Long-tailed macaque and her young eating a banana in Mauritius
6873:
5226:"Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer"
4973:
4842:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 247–266.
1470:
425:
5372:"Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next?"
5057:"Monkey Musings: Respecting Singapore's Long-tailed Macaque"
4836:
4576:
4488:
Leca, J.-B.; Gunst, N.; Gardiner, M.; Wandia, I. N. (2021).
3629:
3248:
2654:
576:. The other seven subspecies are isolated on small islands:
4415:
3475:
2599:
2192:
2142:
650:
group originated from an ancient hybridization between the
5401:"Global network of sadistic monkey torture exposed by BBC"
4667:"Is biomedical research demand driving a monkey business?"
4261:
3911:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–158.
3087:
1365:
and the surging demand by the medical industry during the
5424:
5398:
5201:. International Primate Protection League. Archived from
5012:
Gumert, M.D.; Fuentes, A.; Jones-Engel, L., eds. (2011).
4118:
3837:
2099:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. xi–xii.
1673:
1545:
island in Palau, they are sold as pets. Macaques feed on
5011:
4620:
3192:
10.3158/0015-0754(2006)107[1:CROFSM]2.0.CO;2
2853:
2328:
on the Island of Mauritius, Southwestern Indian Ocean".
4487:
3420:
3064:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
1820:
Systematic review of Southeast Asian Longtail Macaques
5150:. Working group of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
4262:
Gumert, M. D.; Hamada, Y.; Malaivijitnond, S. (2013).
3984:
4358:
2965:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 191–198.
2888:
2559:
2420:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 191–198.
2288:
Sussman, R.W., Shaffer, C.A., and Guidi, L. (2011). "
4665:
Warne, R. K.; Moloney, G. K.; Chaber, A.-L. (2023).
4359:
Peterson, J. V.; Fuentes, A.; Wandia, I. N. (2022).
2103:
1930:
1928:
1926:
678:
the only species on both sides of the Wallace line.
631:
are the most plesiomorphic (ancestral) taxon in the
611:
likely occurred ~4.5 mya between an ancestor of the
5345:"First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory"
5082:Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (2018).
3664:
3207:"Is the long-tailed macaque at risk of extinction?"
3060:) for inclusion in the review of significant trade"
2837:. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Archived from
2117:. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Archived from
5399:Gunter, J.; Henschke, R.; Ajengrastri, A. (2023).
5170:
4888:"Why big pharma won't stop testing on lab monkeys"
4664:
3921:
412:, who seemingly derived the etymology of the word
5425:Gunter, J.; Henschke, R.; Ajengrastri, A (2023).
2716:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2323:
2237:
1967:
1923:
1118:Consolation was not seen in any study performed.
584:all populate small shallow-water fringe-islands;
6960:
2960:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2415:
1557:, they have adapted into the urban environment.
1482:, and the rapid development of the landscape in
912:
646:A phylogenetic analysis found evidence that the
5100:
4988:"The Asia for Animals Macaque Coalition (MACC)"
4741:
4716:"Export Ban on Monkeys Poses Threw to Research"
4354:
4352:
3882:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–182.
3775:> "Primate Factsheets: Long-tailed macaque (
3139:Eudey, A. A. (2008). "The Crab-Eating Macaque (
2366:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–251.
2296:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–235.
2283:
2281:
1772:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T12551A221666136.en
817:). They also have been known to hybridize with
5489:British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection
5107:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
2963:Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources
2418:Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources
2348:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
443:
382:means monkey in Ibinda). The specific epithet
5527:
5364:
5336:
5285:
5260:
5217:
3802:
3543:
3476:Lee, Z.H.; Ang, A. & Ruppert, N. (2021).
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3049:
3047:
3045:
2811:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
1905:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
440:), by claiming that they milked female dogs.
4349:
3892:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3204:
2641:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–44.
2306:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2033:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 3–16.
1963:
1961:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1454:Female and juvenile crab-eating macaques at
1300:Stone tool usage by crab-eating macaques in
1039:Crab-eating macaque with injury to upper lip
933:Island near Java, and Kabaena Island off of
4046:. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 74.
2483:
2258:
2222:
2112:"100 Of The World's Worst Invasive Species"
2094:
1839:
1492:
1312:A crab-eating macaque using a stone as tool
996:
844:
5534:
5520:
5143:
4713:
4572:
4570:
4211:"Technological response of wild Macaques (
4068:"Macaca fascicularis, Crab-eating macaque"
4033:
3703:
3582:
3070:
3042:
2580:
2518:
2361:
2020:
1968:Kassim, N.; Hambali, K.; Amir, A. (2017).
1937:"Primate Factsheets: Long-tailed macaque (
623:species later evolved. The species of the
467:, but the Philippine long-tailed macaque (
225:
59:
40:
5319:
5291:
5243:
5199:"U.S. primate import statistics for 2014"
4957:
4690:
4638:
4558:
4513:
4392:
4293:
4283:
4238:
4146:
4136:
3978:
3508:
3493:
3452:
3286:
3222:
3106:
2906:
2750:
2688:
2536:
2160:
1997:
1958:
1894:
1892:
1779:
1770:
1563:
1501:A crab-eating macaque with a soda can at
1133:
1030:
592:all inhabit deep-water fringing-islands.
339:and males emigrating from natal group at
4925:https://cites.org/eng/taxonomy/term/1132
4766:
4308:
4302:
3772:
3766:
3469:
1934:
1637:the creation of two crab-eating macaque
1508:
1496:
1449:
1343:
1307:
1295:
1241:
1185:
1137:
1053:
1042:
1034:
1022:
516:– Con Son Island, Hon Ba Island, Vietnam
5266:
5223:
4567:
3742:
3056:"Selection of the long-tailed macaque (
2448:
2179:was invoked but never defined (see the
1898:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1106:Grooming and support in conflict among
985:
877:, offshore islands, the islands of the
526:– Karimunjawa Islands, Indonesia
14:
6961:
5342:
4904:
3244:
3242:
3169:
3143:): Widespread and Rapidly Declining".
2712:
2710:
2708:
2650:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2319:
2317:
1941:) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology"
1889:
1816:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1211:. High-ranking females will sometimes
1009:
7084:Taxa named by Thomas Stamford Raffles
6594:
6593:
5515:
5418:
5392:
4935:
4796:
4794:
4737:
4735:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4536:
3915:
3309:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3053:
1469:The crab-eating macaque is listed on
1437:wild-caught monkeys as captive bred.
1278:The crab-eating macaque can become a
1190:Adult crab-eating macaque with a baby
586:M.f. umbrosa, M.f. fusca, M.f. lasiae
386:is Latin for a small band or stripe.
27:Species of monkey from Southeast Asia
6946:54E59A32-D0D4-4B89-9C47-68EDD1899A24
5168:
4885:
4583:International Journal of Primatology
4268:in Laem Son National Park, Thailand"
4219:International Journal of Primatology
4039:
3989:, Bombacaceae) in Sabah, Malaysia".
3710:International Journal of Primatology
3632:International Journal of Primatology
2993:
2669:International Journal of Primatology
2562:International Journal of Primatology
2149:International Journal of Primatology
1384:) is listed as near threatened, and
4942:) widespread and rapidly declining"
4543:) widespread and rapidly declining"
3736:
3589:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3495:10.11609/jott.7510.13.9.19246-19253
3335:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3239:
2954:
2705:
2645:
2612:
2314:
2174:
1758:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1708:
1676:exposed a global online network of
1014:Macaque social groups have a clear
697:M.f. umbrosa, M.f. fusca, M.f., tua
572:has the largest range, followed by
24:
4791:
4732:
4647:
4609:
4112:
3432:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3421:de Ruiter, J.; Geffen, E. (1998).
3205:Hilborn, R.; Smith, D. R. (2024).
3123:
2895:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
2824:
2169:
2088:
2039:10.1016/b978-0-12-417144-2.00001-9
1917:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1821.tb00064.x
1845:
1431:
972:
735:
25:
7095:
5448:
4923:CITES. Macaca fascicularis 2022]
4627:Frontiers in Conservation Science
3708:) in a Food-sharing Experiment".
2063:"Definition of Cynomolgus Monkey"
1848:"Makaku, macaco, macaque, macaca"
1130:relationships with the opponent.
6969:IUCN Red List endangered species
4581:in the Nicobar Islands, India".
4011:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00335.x
3032:Indonesia Journal of Primatology
2924:Macaca fascicularis fascicularis
2835:Global Invasive Species Database
2175:Cite error: The named reference
2109:
1661:
1150:Macaca fascicularis fascicularis
1058:Juvenile crab-eating macaque in
1047:Juvenile crab-eating macaque in
578:M.f. antriceps, M.f. condorensis
504:Dark crowned long-tailed macaque
84:
5191:
5162:
5137:
5094:
5075:
5049:
5020:
4980:
4966:
4929:
4917:
4898:
4879:
4864:
4830:
4804:American Journal of Primatology
4760:
4707:
4530:
4481:
4445:
4409:
4255:
4202:
4176:American Journal of Primatology
4163:
4084:
4060:
3900:
3870:
3831:
3796:
3697:
3658:
3623:
3576:
3537:
3502:
3322:
3303:
3211:American Journal of Primatology
3198:
3163:
3095:American Journal of Primatology
3022:
2996:American Journal of Primatology
2987:
2915:
2882:
2785:American Journal of Primatology
2767:
2553:
2512:
2477:
2442:
2409:
2383:American Journal of Primatology
2370:
2196:Journal for Nature Conservation
2186:
2136:
2079:
1978:Tropical Life Sciences Research
1445:
1181:
524:Karimunjawa long-tailed macaque
362:comes from the Portuguese word
315:native to Southeast Asia. As a
5427:"Hunting the monkey torturers"
2055:
2014:
1974:) in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia"
1864:
1110:is considered to be an act of
635:clade, thus it is argued that
619:-like ancestor from which non-
13:
1:
6102:Northern pig-tailed macaque (
6093:Southern pig-tailed macaque (
5343:Briggs, H (24 January 2018).
5144:Linzy, A.; Linzy, C. (2015).
5032:) at the Shores of Singapore"
5016:. Cambridge University Press.
4974:"Long-Tailed Macaque Project"
3817:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.03.009
3683:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80238-6
3523:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80754-7
1701:
913:Introduction to other regions
893:, being found out across the
463:Previously ten subspecies of
5088:National Institute of Health
4848:10.1007/978-3-031-11736-7_14
4683:10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100520
2971:10.1007/978-94-009-1445-2_11
2426:10.1007/978-94-009-1445-2_11
819:southern pig-tailed macaques
804:
595:
546:– Simeulue Island, Indonesia
544:Simeulue long-tailed macaque
514:Con Song long-tailed macaque
432:
354:
7:
5886:Greater spot-nosed monkey (
5177:. Oxford University Press.
4773:Endangered Species Research
4579:Macaca fascicularis umbrosa
1684:
1649:complex DNA transfer method
1396:need increased protection.
1285:
1097:
1086:, crab eating macaques and
744:
565:– Maratua Island, Indonesia
563:Maratua long-tailed macaque
534:Nicobar long-tailed macaque
506:– Kram Yai Island, Thailand
494:Burmese long-tailed macaque
458:
444:Perceptions and terminology
10:
7100:
7039:Mammals of the Philippines
6979:Primates of Southeast Asia
5958:Lesser spot-nosed monkey (
5469:ISSG Database: Ecology of
5321:10.1038/d41586-018-01027-z
5245:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020
4938:"The crab-eating macaque (
4539:"The crab-eating macaque (
4467:10.1007/s10071-019-01335-5
4385:10.1038/s41598-022-11776-7
4215:) to anthropogenic change"
3482:Journal of Threatened Taxa
2861:"Island of the Monkey God"
2463:10.3197/096327198129341537
2162:10.1007/s10764-022-00324-9
1696:Prostitution among animals
1665:
1439:Charles River Laboratories
1352:
1289:
1226:Male crab-eating macaques
1205:kill infants not their own
1154:Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
937:, and to Kowloon Hills of
484:common long-tailed macaque
426:
234:Crab-eating macaque range
7079:Mammals described in 1821
6902:
6602:
6576:
6539:
6500:Golden-bellied mangabey (
6451:
6427:
6350:
6326:
6285:
6174:Celebes crested macaque (
6055:
6046:
5848:
5798:
5712:
5670:
5629:
5605:
5596:
5558:
5542:Extant species of family
5485:"Conditions at Nafovanny"
4640:10.3389/fcosc.2022.839131
4431:10.1007/s10329-017-0611-1
4285:10.1017/S0030605312000130
4266:Macaca fascicularis aurea
4231:10.1007/s10764-017-9985-6
2681:10.1007/s10764-008-9295-0
2216:10.1016/j.jnc.2019.04.002
1626:
791:
779:
769:
754:
556:– Lasia island, Indonesia
554:Lasia long-tailed macaque
410:Aristophanes of Byzantium
366:, which was derived from
323:Crab-eating macaques are
245:
238:
233:
224:
206:
199:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
6314:Black crested mangabey (
5913:Campbell's mona monkey (
5700:Blue Nile patas monkey (
5487:, video produced by the
5380:. Associated Press. 2018
2908:10.3389/fevo.2022.791539
2525:Conservation and Society
1990:10.21315/tlsr2017.28.1.6
1824:(Raffles [1821])
1493:Relationship with humans
1399:
1275:for the latter species.
997:Group size and structure
845:Distribution and habitat
536:– Nicobar islands, India
6305:Grey-cheeked mangabey (
6273:White-cheeked macaque (
6210:Formosan rock macaque (
5967:White-throated guenon (
5759:Bale Mountains vervet (
5682:Southern patas monkey (
5504:genome assembly in the
5279:10.1126/science.aat1066
4714:Rensberger, B. (1978).
4595:10.1023/A:1023045132009
3856:10.1163/156853994X00613
3644:10.1023/A:1020354826422
2779:) and rhesus macaques (
2538:10.4103/0972-4923.92140
2519:van Dooren, T. (2011).
2498:10.1215/15366936-2.1.26
1899:Raffles, T. S. (1821).
1872:"Definition of Macaque"
1644:Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua
1237:
1156:– Singapore. Video Clip
1092:Raffles' banded langurs
863:Maritime Southeast Asia
690: million years ago
605: million years ago
6527:White-naped mangabey (
6192:Stump-tailed macaque (
6111:Pagai Island macaque (
5617:Allen's swamp monkey (
5292:Cyranoski, D. (2018).
5028:"Long-tailed macaque (
4506:10.1098/rstb.2019.0677
4092:"Crab-Eating Macaque (
3562:10.1006/anbe.1994.1264
3445:10.1098/rspb.1998.0267
3279:10.1126/sciadv.adn5390
3008:10.1002/ajp.1350310108
2743:10.1126/sciadv.add3580
1833:10.5962/bhl.title.3456
1765:: e.T12551A221666136.
1564:In scientific research
1517:
1506:
1466:
1340:of older individuals.
1338:observational learning
1313:
1305:
1302:Laem Son National Park
1247:
1191:
1157:
1134:Kin altruism and spite
1063:
1051:
1040:
1031:Interspecific behavior
959:porcine zona pellucida
313:cercopithecine primate
6994:Mammals of Bangladesh
6861:Paleobiology Database
6509:Tana River mangabey (
6183:Crab-eating macaque (
6084:Lion-tailed macaque (
5931:Crested mona monkey (
5808:(Terrestrial guenons)
5691:Common patas monkey (
5036:www.wildsingapore.com
4767:Shepherd, C. (2010).
4096:) | Incredible Facts"
2940:10.1093/jhered/esn003
1618:Silver Spring monkeys
1512:
1500:
1453:
1344:Robbing and bartering
1311:
1299:
1245:
1189:
1148:
1088:white-thighed surilis
1057:
1046:
1038:
1023:Intergroup encounters
416:from the Greek κύων,
303:), also known as the
7044:Mammals of Singapore
7024:Mammals of Indonesia
6021:De Brazza's monkey (
5949:Dent's mona monkey (
5940:Wolf's mona monkey (
5922:Lowe's mona monkey (
4959:10.1896/052.023.0115
4946:Primate Conservation
4560:10.1896/052.023.0115
4547:Primate Conservation
4315:Current Anthropology
3753:Animal Diversity Web
3743:Bonadio, C. (2000).
3157:10.1896/052.023.0115
3145:Primate Conservation
2606:Primate Conservation
2451:Environmental Values
1209:interbirth intervals
1207:in order to shorten
986:Behavior and ecology
895:Lesser Sunda Islands
192:M. fascicularis
35:Crab-eating macaque
7049:Mammals of Thailand
7034:Mammals of Malaysia
7014:Mammals of Cambodia
6648:Macaca_fascicularis
6634:Macaca fascicularis
6604:Macaca fascicularis
6482:Collared mangabey (
6295:(Crested mangabeys)
6264:Arunachal macaque (
6165:Gorontalo macaque (
6003:Red-tailed monkey (
5994:Moustached guenon (
5836:Sun-tailed monkey (
5546:(Old World monkeys)
5506:UCSC Genome Browser
5479:Macaca fascicularis
5471:Macaca fascicularis
5462:Macaca fascicularis
5312:2018Natur.553..387C
5030:Macaca fascicularis
4940:Macaca fascicularis
4905:Kevany, S. (2023).
4541:Macaca fascicularis
4377:2022NatSR..12.7971P
4311:Macaca fascicularis
4213:Macaca fascicularis
4172:Macaca fascicularis
4138:10.7554/eLife.46961
4094:Macaca fascicularis
4072:Thai National Parks
4003:2008Biotr..40..255N
3940:1990Oecol..82..166C
3924:Macaca fascicularis
3840:Macaca fascicularis
3777:Macaca fascicularis
3747:Macaca fascicularis
3706:Macaca fascicularis
3601:1992BEcoS..31..329A
3585:Macaca fascicularis
3546:Macaca fascicularis
3425:Macaca fascicularis
3381:Macaca fascicularis
3347:1983BEcoS..13..173V
3331:Macaca fascicularis
3314:Macaca fascicularis
3271:2024SciA...10N5390K
3170:Fooden, J. (2006).
3141:Macaca fascicularis
3058:Macaca fascicularis
2928:Journal of Heredity
2829:Macaca fascicularis
2777:Macaca fascicularis
2735:2023SciA....9D3580Z
2381:) from Mauritius".
2379:Macaca fascicularis
2330:Folia Primatologica
2326:Macaca fascicularis
2290:Macaca fascicularis
2208:2019JNatC..49..108B
2027:Macaca fascicularis
1972:Macaca fascicularis
1939:Macaca fascicularis
1822:Macaca fascicularis
1817:Fooden, J. (1995).
1751:Macaca fascicularis
1597:Plasmodium knowlesi
1456:Djuanda Forest Park
1394:M. f. karimondjawae
1292:Primate archaeology
1112:reciprocal altruism
1016:dominance hierarchy
1010:Social organization
751:
750:Genomic information
685:Stage 1: more than
469:M.f. philippinensis
465:Macaca fascicularis
305:long-tailed macaque
300:Macaca fascicularis
295:crab-eating macaque
265:Macacus carbonarius
210:Macaca fascicularis
51:Conservation status
18:Long tailed macaque
7054:Mammals of Vietnam
7009:Mammals of Myanmar
6999:Primates of Borneo
6989:Tool-using mammals
6984:Mammals of Oceania
6904:Simia fascicularis
6388:Hamadryas baboon (
6219:Japanese macaque (
5985:Red-eared guenon (
5976:Sclater's guenon (
5858:(Arboreal guenons)
5818:L'Hoest's monkey (
5649:Angolan talapoin (
5477:Primate Info Net:
5377:The New York Times
4936:Eudey, A. (2008).
4720:The New York Times
4537:Eudey, A. (2008).
4500:(1819): 20190677.
4365:Scientific Reports
3948:10.1007/bf00323531
3722:10.1007/bf02736631
3667:Macaca fasciculari
3609:10.1007/bf00177773
3488:(9): 19246–19253.
3397:10.1007/bf02557705
3355:10.1007/BF00299920
3310:Valle, S. (2024).
2841:on 26 October 2012
2574:10.1007/BF02739365
2252:10.1007/BF02382610
1691:Maggie the Macaque
1588:Herpesvirus simiae
1518:
1507:
1467:
1382:M. f. philippensis
1314:
1306:
1271:, and are a major
1248:
1192:
1158:
1084:Dusky leaf monkeys
1064:
1052:
1041:
749:
715:M. f. fascicularis
582:M.f. karimondjiwae
520:M.f. karimondjiwae
388:Sir Thomas Raffles
309:cynomolgus macaque
7004:Mammals of Brunei
6956:
6955:
6848:Open Tree of Life
6596:Taxon identifiers
6587:
6586:
6572:
6571:
6466:
6363:
6298:
6255:Tibetan macaque (
6147:Tonkean macaque (
6120:Siberut macaque (
6075:Barbary macaque (
6068:
6042:
6041:
6012:Hamlyn's monkey (
5861:
5827:Preuss's monkey (
5811:
5768:Tantalus monkey (
5725:
5642:
5547:
5460:Primate Info Net
5306:(7689): 387–388.
5238:(4): 881–887.e7.
5169:Blum, D. (1994).
5122:978-0-309-69936-5
4886:Gell, A. (2024).
4857:978-3-031-11736-7
4816:10.1002/ajp.22517
4188:10.1002/ajp.20342
4040:Long, J. (2003).
3773:Cawthon Lang, K.
3224:10.1002/ajp.23590
3180:Fieldiana Zoology
3108:10.1002/ajp.23547
2980:978-94-009-1445-2
2797:10.1002/ajp.22726
2435:978-94-009-1445-2
2395:10.1002/ajp.22482
2389:(12): 1290–1298.
2342:10.1159/000156234
2048:978-0-12-417144-2
1935:Cawthon Lang, K.
1578:Reston ebolavirus
1480:COVID-19 pandemic
1386:M. f. condorensis
1367:COVID-19 pandemic
1146:
802:
801:
729:M.f. fascicularis
708:M.f. fascicularis
570:M.f. fascicularis
480:M.f. fascicularis
473:M.f. fascicularis
291:
290:
285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
74:
16:(Redirected from
7091:
7074:Space-flown life
7069:Mammals of Tonga
7064:Mammals of Samoa
7019:Mammals of Timor
6949:
6948:
6936:
6935:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6895:
6894:
6882:
6881:
6869:
6868:
6856:
6855:
6843:
6842:
6830:
6829:
6817:
6816:
6804:
6803:
6791:
6790:
6778:
6777:
6765:
6764:
6752:
6751:
6739:
6738:
6726:
6725:
6713:
6712:
6700:
6699:
6687:
6686:
6674:
6673:
6661:
6660:
6651:
6650:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6591:
6590:
6518:Sanje mangabey (
6491:Agile mangabey (
6473:Sooty mangabey (
6465:
6464:
6458:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6237:Bonnet macaque (
6201:Rhesus macaque (
6156:Heck's macaque (
6138:Booted macaque (
6067:
6066:
6062:
6053:
6052:
5969:C. erythrogaster
5877:Roloway monkey (
5860:
5859:
5855:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5761:C. djamdjamensis
5724:
5723:
5722:(Vervet monkeys)
5719:
5658:Gabon talapoin (
5641:
5640:
5636:
5603:
5602:
5545:
5544:Cercopithecidae
5536:
5529:
5522:
5513:
5512:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5323:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5224:Liu, Z. (2018).
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5176:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5009:
4996:
4995:
4992:Asia for Animals
4984:
4978:
4977:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4785:10.3354/esr00276
4764:
4758:
4757:
4739:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4662:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4618:
4607:
4606:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4455:Animal Cognition
4449:
4443:
4442:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4287:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4037:
4031:
4030:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3850:(3/4): 203–224.
3835:
3829:
3828:
3811:(6): 1655–1667.
3805:Animal Behaviour
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3783:Primate Info Net
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3671:Animal Behaviour
3662:
3656:
3655:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3550:Animal Behaviour
3541:
3535:
3534:
3511:Animal Behaviour
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3456:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3376:
3359:
3358:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3265:(21): eadn5390.
3259:Science Advances
3246:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3136:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3085:
3068:
3067:
3051:
3040:
3039:
3026:
3020:
3019:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2867:. Archived from
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2822:
2809:
2808:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2729:(22): eadd3580.
2723:Science Advances
2714:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2675:(5): 1295–1311.
2652:
2643:
2642:
2633:
2610:
2609:
2597:
2578:
2577:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2285:
2256:
2255:
2235:
2220:
2219:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2124:on 16 March 2017
2123:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1945:Primate Info Net
1932:
1921:
1920:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1814:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1743:
1262:Durio graveolens
1147:
1072:proboscis monkey
787:
765:
752:
748:
691:
606:
510:M.f. condorensis
436:'to milk' (adj.
435:
429:
428:
374:, a language of
283:
281:Semnpithecus kra
275:
267:
259:
251:
249:Simia cynomolgus
229:
212:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
31:
21:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7059:Mammals of Fiji
7029:Mammals of Laos
6959:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6944:
6939:
6931:
6926:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6898:
6890:
6885:
6877:
6872:
6864:
6859:
6851:
6846:
6838:
6835:Observation.org
6833:
6825:
6820:
6812:
6807:
6799:
6794:
6786:
6781:
6773:
6768:
6760:
6755:
6747:
6742:
6734:
6729:
6721:
6716:
6708:
6703:
6695:
6690:
6682:
6677:
6669:
6664:
6656:
6654:
6646:
6641:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6598:
6588:
6583:
6568:
6535:
6502:C. chrysogaster
6462:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6447:
6423:
6406:Chacma baboon (
6397:Guinea baboon (
6381:P. cynocephalus
6379:Yellow baboon (
6359:
6358:
6356:
6346:
6322:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6281:
6246:Assam macaque (
6228:Toque macaque (
6185:M. fascicularis
6064:
6063:
6061:
6038:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5844:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5794:
5777:Vervet monkey (
5721:
5720:
5718:
5708:
5666:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5625:
5619:A. nigroviridis
5592:
5554:
5551:Cercopithecinae
5540:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5433:
5423:
5419:
5409:
5407:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5341:
5337:
5290:
5286:
5265:
5261:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5173:The Monkey Wars
5167:
5163:
5153:
5151:
5142:
5138:
5123:
5099:
5095:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5010:
4999:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4934:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4903:
4899:
4884:
4880:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4835:
4831:
4799:
4792:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4740:
4733:
4724:
4722:
4712:
4708:
4663:
4648:
4619:
4610:
4575:
4568:
4535:
4531:
4486:
4482:
4450:
4446:
4414:
4410:
4357:
4350:
4307:
4303:
4260:
4256:
4207:
4203:
4168:
4164:
4117:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4038:
4034:
3983:
3979:
3920:
3916:
3905:
3901:
3885:
3884:
3875:
3871:
3836:
3832:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3741:
3737:
3702:
3698:
3663:
3659:
3628:
3624:
3581:
3577:
3542:
3538:
3507:
3503:
3474:
3470:
3439:(1391): 79–87.
3419:
3412:
3377:
3362:
3327:
3323:
3308:
3304:
3253:M. fascicularis
3247:
3240:
3203:
3199:
3168:
3164:
3137:
3124:
3086:
3071:
3052:
3043:
3027:
3023:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2959:
2955:
2920:
2916:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2823:
2812:
2772:
2768:
2715:
2706:
2663:M. fascicularis
2653:
2646:
2634:
2613:
2598:
2581:
2558:
2554:
2517:
2513:
2482:
2478:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2414:
2410:
2375:
2371:
2360:
2349:
2322:
2315:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2259:
2236:
2223:
2191:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2067:Merriam-Webster
2061:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2019:
2015:
1966:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1933:
1924:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1876:Merriam-Webster
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1844:
1840:
1815:
1780:
1744:
1709:
1704:
1687:
1670:
1664:
1629:
1606:M. fascicularis
1600:, which causes
1569:M. fascicularis
1566:
1525:and temples of
1495:
1448:
1434:
1432:Laundering ring
1402:
1378:Nicobar Islands
1355:
1346:
1294:
1288:
1240:
1184:
1138:
1136:
1100:
1033:
1025:
1012:
999:
988:
975:
973:Population size
915:
883:Nicobar Islands
855:Malay Peninsula
847:
811:rhesus macaques
807:
785:
761:
747:
738:
736:Characteristics
686:
639:evolved from a
629:M. fascicularis
601:
598:
461:
446:
424:) and the verb
402:M. fascicularis
357:
331:. They live in
260:Linnaeus, 1758
252:Schreber, 1775
220:
214:
208:
195:
168:Cercopithecidae
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7097:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6937:
6924:
6908:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6883:
6870:
6857:
6844:
6831:
6818:
6805:
6792:
6779:
6766:
6753:
6740:
6727:
6714:
6701:
6688:
6675:
6662:
6652:
6639:
6624:
6608:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6585:
6584:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6562:M. leucophaeus
6557:
6547:
6545:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6497:
6488:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6435:
6433:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6415:Kinda baboon (
6412:
6403:
6394:
6385:
6376:
6370:Olive baboon (
6366:
6364:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6270:
6261:
6252:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6216:
6207:
6198:
6189:
6180:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6135:
6129:Moor macaque (
6126:
6117:
6108:
6099:
6090:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:C. lomamiensis
6027:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5955:
5946:
5937:
5928:
5919:
5910:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5874:
5868:Diana monkey (
5864:
5862:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5833:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5783:
5779:C. pygerythrus
5774:
5765:
5756:
5747:
5741:Green monkey (
5738:
5732:Dryas monkey (
5728:
5726:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5702:E. poliophaeus
5697:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5655:
5645:
5643:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5608:Allenopithecus
5600:
5598:Cercopithecini
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5539:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5496:
5482:
5474:
5466:
5457:
5450:
5449:External links
5447:
5444:
5443:
5417:
5391:
5363:
5335:
5284:
5259:
5216:
5205:on 4 July 2017
5190:
5184:978-0195094121
5183:
5161:
5136:
5121:
5113:10.17226/26857
5093:
5074:
5048:
5019:
4997:
4979:
4965:
4928:
4916:
4897:
4878:
4863:
4856:
4829:
4790:
4779:(3): 201–205.
4759:
4752:
4731:
4706:
4646:
4608:
4589:(2): 281–293.
4566:
4529:
4480:
4461:(2): 311–326.
4444:
4425:(4): 505–516.
4408:
4348:
4327:10.1086/203670
4321:(3): 516–519.
4301:
4278:(4): 535–543.
4254:
4225:(5): 872–880.
4201:
4182:(2): 227–233.
4162:
4111:
4083:
4059:
4053:978-0643067141
4052:
4032:
3997:(2): 255–258.
3977:
3934:(2): 166–171.
3914:
3899:
3869:
3830:
3795:
3765:
3735:
3716:(3): 445–467.
3696:
3677:(4): 529–549.
3657:
3622:
3595:(5): 329–337.
3575:
3556:(2): 479–481.
3536:
3501:
3468:
3410:
3391:(1): 105–130.
3360:
3341:(3): 173–181.
3321:
3302:
3238:
3197:
3162:
3151:(1): 129–132.
3122:
3069:
3054:CITES (2011).
3041:
3021:
2986:
2979:
2953:
2934:(3): 254–264.
2914:
2881:
2852:
2810:
2781:Macaca mulatta
2766:
2704:
2659:Macaca mulatta
2644:
2611:
2579:
2568:(6): 569–594.
2552:
2531:(4): 286–298.
2511:
2476:
2457:(2): 183–192.
2441:
2434:
2408:
2369:
2347:
2313:
2257:
2246:(2): 192–205.
2221:
2185:
2168:
2155:(1): 140–170.
2135:
2102:
2087:
2078:
2054:
2047:
2023:Macaca mulatta
2013:
1957:
1922:
1911:(1): 246–247.
1888:
1863:
1838:
1778:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1672:In June 2023,
1666:Main article:
1663:
1660:
1651:that produced
1628:
1625:
1584:monkey B virus
1565:
1562:
1551:herpes B virus
1529:in Indonesia,
1523:monkey forests
1515:asthma inhaler
1494:
1491:
1484:Southeast Asia
1447:
1444:
1433:
1430:
1401:
1398:
1363:Southeast Asia
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1287:
1284:
1273:seed disperser
1239:
1236:
1183:
1180:
1173:, but instead
1135:
1132:
1099:
1096:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1011:
1008:
998:
995:
987:
984:
974:
971:
950:Swahili people
914:
911:
853:, through the
851:Southeast Asia
846:
843:
806:
803:
800:
799:
796:
789:
788:
783:
777:
776:
773:
767:
766:
759:
746:
743:
737:
734:
733:
732:
725:
718:
711:
700:
693:
597:
594:
567:
566:
557:
547:
537:
527:
517:
507:
500:M.f. antriceps
497:
487:
460:
457:
445:
442:
376:Central Africa
356:
353:
289:
288:
287:
286:
278:
276:Geoffroy,1826
270:
262:
254:
243:
242:
236:
235:
231:
230:
222:
221:
215:
204:
203:
197:
196:
189:
187:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7096:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6947:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6893:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6653:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6635:
6629:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6582:
6581:
6575:
6565:
6563:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6532:
6530:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6461:(White-eyelid
6456:
6455:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6430:Theropithecus
6426:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6275:M. leucogenys
6271:
6269:
6267:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6248:M. assamensis
6244:
6242:
6240:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6167:M. nigrescens
6163:
6161:
6159:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6095:M. nemestrina
6091:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5987:C. erythrotis
5983:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5960:C. petaurista
5956:
5954:
5952:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5904:Mona monkey (
5902:
5900:
5898:
5895:Blue monkey (
5893:
5891:
5889:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5853:
5852:
5851:Cercopithecus
5847:
5841:
5839:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5803:
5802:
5801:Allochrocebus
5797:
5791:
5789:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5684:E. baumstarki
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5552:
5548:
5537:
5532:
5530:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5339:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5220:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5186:
5180:
5175:
5174:
5165:
5149:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5062:
5061:nparks.gov.sg
5058:
5052:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4975:
4969:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4797:
4795:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4753:0-309-51723-0
4749:
4745:
4738:
4736:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4353:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4087:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3903:
3895:
3889:
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3865:
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3826:
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3707:
3700:
3692:
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3637:
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3598:
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3369:
3367:
3365:
3356:
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3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3217:(4): e23590.
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3101:(3): e23547.
3100:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2871:on 2013-09-28
2870:
2866:
2865:Off the Fence
2862:
2856:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
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2778:
2770:
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2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
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2711:
2709:
2700:
2696:
2691:
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2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2632:
2630:
2628:
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2624:
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2620:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2499:
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2327:
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2318:
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2303:
2295:
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2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2182:
2172:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:(1): 91–101.
1983:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1662:Abuse scandal
1659:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1475:Least Concern
1472:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:M. f. umbrosa
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:IUCN Red List
1350:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1268:D. zibethinus
1264:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:kin selection
1166:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1121:Postconflict
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1095:
1094:in Malaysia.
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1007:
1005:
994:
991:
983:
979:
970:
966:
962:
960:
954:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:Bay of Bengal
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
842:
840:
836:
832:
831:Introgression
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
797:
795:
790:
784:
782:
778:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:
753:
742:
730:
726:
724:
719:
716:
712:
709:
705:
701:
698:
694:
689:
684:
683:
682:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
604:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
564:
561:
558:
555:
551:
548:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
528:
525:
521:
518:
515:
511:
508:
505:
501:
498:
495:
491:
488:
485:
481:
478:
477:
476:
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470:
466:
456:
453:
449:
441:
439:
434:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
397:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
350:
349:IUCN Red List
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
296:
284:Lesson, 1830
282:
279:
274:
271:
268:Cuvier, 1825
266:
263:
258:
255:
250:
247:
246:
244:
241:
237:
232:
228:
223:
218:
213:
211:
205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
193:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6903:
6603:
6578:
6561:
6552:
6540:
6529:C. lunulatus
6528:
6519:
6511:C. galeritus
6510:
6501:
6492:
6484:C. torquatus
6483:
6474:
6452:
6440:
6428:
6416:
6407:
6398:
6390:P. hamadryas
6389:
6380:
6371:
6351:
6339:
6327:
6316:L. aterrimus
6315:
6306:
6286:
6274:
6265:
6257:M. thibetana
6256:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6194:M. arctoides
6193:
6184:
6182:
6175:
6166:
6157:
6148:
6139:
6130:
6121:
6112:
6103:
6094:
6085:
6076:
6056:
6031:
6023:C. neglectus
6022:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5968:
5959:
5950:
5941:
5932:
5923:
5915:C. campbelli
5914:
5905:
5896:
5888:C. nictitans
5887:
5878:
5869:
5849:
5837:
5828:
5819:
5799:
5788:C. cynosuros
5787:
5778:
5769:
5760:
5751:
5742:
5733:
5713:
5701:
5692:
5683:
5673:Erythrocebus
5671:
5660:M. ogouensis
5659:
5650:
5630:
5618:
5606:
5500:
5478:
5470:
5461:
5434:. Retrieved
5430:
5420:
5408:. Retrieved
5404:
5394:
5382:. Retrieved
5375:
5366:
5354:. Retrieved
5348:
5338:
5303:
5297:
5287:
5268:
5262:
5235:
5229:
5219:
5207:. Retrieved
5203:the original
5193:
5172:
5164:
5152:. Retrieved
5146:
5139:
5103:
5096:
5087:
5077:
5065:. Retrieved
5060:
5051:
5039:. Retrieved
5035:
5029:
5022:
5013:
4991:
4982:
4968:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4931:
4919:
4911:The Guardian
4910:
4900:
4892:Fast Company
4891:
4881:
4866:
4839:
4832:
4807:
4803:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4743:
4723:. Retrieved
4719:
4709:
4674:
4670:
4630:
4626:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4532:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4368:
4364:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4295:10356/101563
4275:
4271:
4265:
4257:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4204:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4103:. Retrieved
4099:
4093:
4086:
4075:. Retrieved
4071:
4062:
4042:
4035:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3908:
3902:
3879:
3872:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3788:26 September
3786:. Retrieved
3782:
3776:
3768:
3758:26 September
3756:. Retrieved
3752:
3746:
3738:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3313:
3305:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3165:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3098:
3094:
3063:
3057:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3002:(1): 77–83.
2999:
2995:
2989:
2962:
2956:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:the original
2864:
2855:
2845:26 September
2843:. Retrieved
2839:the original
2834:
2828:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2726:
2722:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2638:
2605:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2492:(1): 26–40.
2489:
2485:
2479:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2417:
2411:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2363:
2336:(1): 28–43.
2333:
2329:
2325:
2293:
2289:
2243:
2239:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2171:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2128:26 September
2126:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2105:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1950:25 September
1948:. Retrieved
1944:
1938:
1908:
1904:
1880:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1855:. Retrieved
1852:Language Log
1851:
1841:
1823:
1819:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1671:
1653:
1647:, using the
1642:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1573:neuroscience
1568:
1567:
1559:
1519:
1488:
1468:
1446:Conservation
1435:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1356:
1347:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1277:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1232:
1225:
1193:
1182:Reproduction
1167:
1159:
1149:
1120:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1065:
1026:
1013:
1000:
992:
989:
980:
976:
967:
963:
955:
943:
916:
891:Wallace line
848:
826:
822:
814:
808:
739:
728:
722:
714:
707:
703:
696:
680:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:fascicularis
647:
645:
641:fascicularis
640:
636:
633:fascicularis
632:
628:
625:fascicularis
624:
620:
617:fascicularis
616:
615:group and a
612:
608:
599:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:
559:
549:
539:
530:M.f. umbrosa
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
472:
468:
464:
462:
454:
450:
447:
437:
421:
420:'dog' (gen.
417:
413:
405:
401:
398:
394:
392:
384:fascicularis
383:
379:
370:, a word in
367:
363:
359:
358:
345:
322:
317:synanthropic
308:
304:
299:
298:
294:
292:
280:
272:
264:
257:Simia aygula
256:
248:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
154:Infraorder:
29:
6731:iNaturalist
6628:Wikispecies
6329:Rungwecebus
6307:L. albigena
6212:M. cyclopis
6149:M. tonkeana
6140:M. ochreata
6113:M. pagensis
6077:M. sylvanus
6005:C. ascanius
5978:C. sclateri
5933:C. pogonias
5786:Malbrouck (
5770:C. tantalus
5752:C. aethiops
5715:Chlorocebus
5651:M. talapoin
5639:(Talapoins)
5632:Miopithecus
5549:(subfamily
4952:: 129–132.
4553:: 129–132.
4371:(1): 7971.
4100:A-Z Animals
3779:) behavior"
2825:Carter, S.
2202:: 108–117.
1846:Zimmer, B.
1668:Monkey hate
1505:, Singapore
1503:Bukit Timah
1390:M. f. aurea
1328:roots, and
1304:in Thailand
1280:synanthrope
1128:cooperative
946:Phoenicians
899:rainforests
879:Philippines
865:islands of
835:Kra Isthmus
794:chromosomes
786:2,946.84 Mb
781:Genome size
550:M.f. lasiae
333:matrilineal
329:frugivorous
273:Macaca irus
158:Simiiformes
6963:Categories
6919:Q122251183
6551:Mandrill (
6542:Mandrillus
6463:mangabeys)
6454:Cercocebus
6408:P. ursinus
6340:R. kipunji
6288:Lophocebus
6266:M. munzala
6239:M. radiata
6221:M. fuscata
6203:M. mulatta
6104:M. leonina
6086:M. silenus
6065:(Macaques)
6014:C. hamlyni
5879:C. roloway
5838:A. solatus
5829:A. preussi
5820:A. lhoesti
5743:C. sabaeus
5588:Haplorhini
5586:Suborder:
5384:24 January
5356:24 January
4725:2024-08-18
4677:: 100520.
4671:One Health
4131:: e46961.
4105:2021-01-29
4077:2021-01-29
4019:5155811169
3991:Biotropica
2875:2013-09-25
2072:2024-08-17
1882:2024-08-17
1857:2013-09-26
1702:References
1592:M. mulatta
1318:M.f. aurea
1290:See also:
1259:, such as
1080:orangutans
1062:, Thailand
1004:philopatry
923:West Papua
881:, and the
827:nemestrina
815:M. mulatta
792:Number of
704:M.f. aurea
670:and proto-
662:and proto-
637:M. mulatta
574:M.f. aurea
540:M.f. fusca
490:M.f. aurea
414:cynomolgus
406:Kynamolgoi
337:philopatry
325:omnivorous
148:Haplorhini
144:Suborder:
66:Endangered
6553:M. sphinx
6520:C. sanjei
6493:C. agilis
6441:T. gelada
6417:P. kindae
6372:P. anubis
6360:(Baboons)
6338:Kipunji (
6230:M. sinica
6122:M. siberu
6048:Papionini
5996:C. cephus
5562:Kingdom:
5498:View the
5464:Factsheet
4343:144046797
3928:Oecologia
3888:cite book
3844:Behaviour
3638:: 53–71.
3517:: 57–61.
3038:(1): 1–8.
2831:(mammal)"
2486:Meridians
2302:cite book
2181:help page
2110:Lowe, S.
1656:the sheep
1555:Singapore
1547:sugarcane
1539:Mauritius
1464:Indonesia
1460:West Java
1217:lactating
1196:gestation
1070:species,
1068:Colobinae
939:Hong Kong
919:Mauritius
903:nipa palm
859:Singapore
839:gene flow
805:Hybridity
758:genome ID
596:Evolution
560:M.f. tua,
355:Etymology
351:in 2022.
186:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
6913:Wikidata
6874:Species+
6814:12100534
6749:10457856
6655:BioLib:
6613:Wikidata
6580:Category
6439:Gelada (
6399:P. papio
6176:M. nigra
6158:M. hecki
6131:M. maura
6030:Lesula (
5951:C. denti
5942:C. wolfi
5924:C. lowei
5897:C. mitis
5870:C. diana
5750:Grivet (
5734:C. dryas
5693:E. patas
5582:Primates
5576:Mammalia
5570:Chordata
5568:Phylum:
5564:Animalia
5436:4 August
5410:4 August
5350:BBC News
5330:29368720
5254:29395327
5209:6 August
5154:6 August
5131:37184189
4824:26713673
4701:37363266
4692:10288045
4603:12851499
4524:33423623
4475:31820148
4439:28516338
4419:Primates
4403:35562393
4249:29056799
4196:17146796
4157:31635691
4027:82212472
3972:23852012
3964:28312661
3730:44854799
3691:53159191
3652:39767373
3617:37562141
3570:53188172
3531:53167513
3405:23179535
3385:Primates
3297:38787941
3288:11122667
3233:38124676
3117:37667504
3016:32070079
2948:18334507
2805:29095514
2761:37262187
2752:10413639
2699:19122840
2547:26393053
2506:40338794
2471:30301628
2403:26375598
2240:Primates
2008:28228918
1685:See also
1641:, named
1535:Cambodia
1531:Thailand
1334:incisors
1286:Tool use
1221:emigrate
1194:After a
1108:primates
1098:Conflict
935:Sulawesi
907:mangrove
798:21 pairs
745:Genetics
590:M.f. tua
459:Taxonomy
438:amolg-os
433:amelgein
427:ἀμέλγειν
240:Synonyms
164:Family:
138:Primates
128:Mammalia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
6941:ZooBank
6933:7466447
6801:1000606
6710:2436603
6619:Q301676
6560:Drill (
6475:C. atys
5906:C. mona
5580:Order:
5574:Class:
5501:macFas5
5493:Vietnam
5308:Bibcode
5270:Science
5067:28 July
5041:28 July
4515:7815422
4394:9106757
4373:Bibcode
4335:2743474
4240:5629225
4148:6805154
3999:Bibcode
3956:4219219
3936:Bibcode
3864:4535195
3825:9104008
3597:Bibcode
3463:9474793
3454:1688868
3343:Bibcode
3267:Bibcode
2731:Bibcode
2690:2583101
2204:Bibcode
1999:5300017
1678:sadists
1602:malaria
1353:Threats
1326:cassava
1257:durians
1163:kinship
1152:at the
1123:anxiety
1076:gibbons
1060:Ao Nang
885:in the
867:Sumatra
775:diploid
672:silenus
664:silenus
656:silenus
621:silenus
613:silenus
341:puberty
311:, is a
217:Raffles
174:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
6974:Macaca
6866:231530
6853:689668
6775:180098
6697:327959
6058:Macaca
5328:
5299:Nature
5252:
5181:
5129:
5119:
5063:. 2011
4854:
4822:
4810:(11).
4750:
4699:
4689:
4601:
4522:
4512:
4473:
4437:
4401:
4391:
4341:
4333:
4247:
4237:
4194:
4155:
4145:
4050:
4025:
4017:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3862:
3823:
3728:
3689:
3650:
3615:
3568:
3529:
3461:
3451:
3403:
3295:
3285:
3231:
3174:Macaca
3115:
3014:
2977:
2946:
2803:
2791:(12).
2759:
2749:
2697:
2687:
2545:
2504:
2469:
2432:
2401:
2045:
2006:
1996:
1878:. 2024
1639:clones
1627:Clones
1620:case.
1543:Angaur
1533:, and
1330:papaya
1213:kidnap
1049:Borneo
931:Tinjil
927:Ngeaur
875:Borneo
873:, and
861:, the
771:Ploidy
668:sinica
660:sinica
652:sinica
609:Macaca
588:, and
580:, and
422:cyno-s
372:Ibinda
368:makaku
364:macaco
360:Macaca
219:, 1821
179:Macaca
6840:84484
6788:12551
6762:76108
6744:IRMNG
6736:43459
6684:3WWND
6671:12472
6658:32257
6353:Papio
4599:S2CID
4339:S2CID
4331:JSTOR
4125:eLife
4023:S2CID
3987:Durio
3968:S2CID
3952:JSTOR
3860:JSTOR
3821:S2CID
3726:S2CID
3687:S2CID
3648:S2CID
3613:S2CID
3566:S2CID
3527:S2CID
3186:: 1.
2608:(35).
2543:JSTOR
2502:JSTOR
2467:JSTOR
2122:(PDF)
2115:(PDF)
1654:Dolly
1553:. In
1471:CITES
1400:Trade
1228:groom
1201:natal
1175:spite
395:kera.
6928:GBIF
6892:9758
6879:3920
6827:9541
6822:NCBI
6783:IUCN
6770:ITIS
6718:GISD
6705:GBIF
6666:BOLD
5438:2023
5412:2023
5386:2018
5358:2018
5326:PMID
5250:PMID
5231:Cell
5211:2015
5179:ISBN
5156:2015
5127:PMID
5117:ISBN
5069:2022
5043:2022
4852:ISBN
4820:PMID
4748:ISBN
4697:PMID
4520:PMID
4471:PMID
4435:PMID
4399:PMID
4272:Oryx
4245:PMID
4192:PMID
4174:)".
4153:PMID
4048:ISBN
4015:OCLC
3960:PMID
3926:)".
3894:link
3842:)".
3790:2013
3760:2013
3669:s".
3587:)".
3459:PMID
3401:PMID
3333:)".
3293:PMID
3229:PMID
3113:PMID
3012:PMID
2975:ISBN
2944:PMID
2926:)".
2847:2013
2801:PMID
2783:)".
2757:PMID
2695:PMID
2661:and
2430:ISBN
2399:PMID
2308:link
2130:2013
2043:ISBN
2025:and
2004:PMID
1952:2013
1763:2022
1634:Cell
1527:Bali
1392:and
1265:and
1238:Diet
1078:and
905:and
871:Java
857:and
756:NCBI
706:and
654:and
418:cyon
380:kaku
327:and
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