Charvaka - Knowledge

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an uncertain truth. In this Indian philosophy such a method of reasoning, that is jumping to conclusions or inference, is prone to flaw. Charvakas further state that full knowledge is reached when we know all observations, all premises and all conditions. But the absence of conditions, state Charvakas, can not be established beyond doubt by perception, as some conditions may be hidden or escape our ability to observe. They acknowledge that every person relies on inference in daily life, but to them if we act uncritically, we err. While our inferences sometimes are true and lead to successful action, it is also a fact that sometimes inference is wrong and leads to error. Truth then, state Charvaka, is not an unfailing character of inference, truth is merely an accident of inference, and one that is separable. We must be skeptics, question what we know by inference, question our epistemology.

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interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this school as that of inner sense, the mind. Inference is described as deriving a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths. To Charvakas, inference is useful but prone to error, as inferred truths can never be without doubt. Inference is good and helpful, it is the validity of inference that is suspect – sometimes in certain cases and often in others. To the Charvakas there were no reliable means by which the efficacy of inference as a means of knowledge could be established.

2004:. Although materialist schools existed before Charvaka, it was the only school which systematised materialist philosophy by setting them down in the form of aphorisms in the 6th century BCE. There was a base text, a collection sūtras or aphorisms and several commentaries were written to explicate the aphorisms. This should be seen in the wider context of the oral tradition of Indian philosophy. It was in the 6th century BCE onwards, with the emergent popularity of Buddhism, that ancient schools started codifying and writing down the details of their philosophy. 2960:, lack of any morality and ethics and disregard for spirituality is from texts of competing religious philosophies (Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism). Its primary sources, along with commentaries by Charvaka scholars, are missing or lost. This reliance on indirect sources raises the question of reliability and whether there was a bias and exaggeration in representing the views of Charvakas. Bhattacharya points out that multiple manuscripts are inconsistent, with key passages alleging hedonism and immorality missing in many manuscripts of the same text. 2944:"Though materialism in some form or other has always been present in India, and occasional references are found in the Vedas, the Buddhistic literature, the Epics, as well as in the later philosophical works we do not find any systematic work on materialism, nor any organised school of followers as the other philosophical schools possess. But almost every work of the other schools states, for refutation, the materialistic views. Our knowledge of Indian materialism is chiefly based on these." 2214: 1590: 1602: 1614: 53: 1781:, 'to chew' : "A Cārvāka chews the self (carvatyātmānaṃ cārvākaḥ). Hemacandra refers to his own grammatical work, Uṇādisūtra 37, which runs as follows: mavāka-śyāmāka-vārtāka-jyontāka-gūvāka-bhadrākādayaḥ. Each of these words ends with the āka suffix and is formed irregularly." This may also allude to the philosophy's hedonistic precepts of "eat, drink, and be merry". 2797:, in his article titled "The Jain Teachers of Akbar". Some Carvaka thinkers are said to have participated in the symposium. Under the heading "Nastika" Abul Fazl has referred to the good work, judicious administration and welfare schemes that were emphasised by the Charvaka law-makers. Somadeva has also mentioned the Charvaka method of defeating the enemies of the nation. 2897:...but how can we attribute to the Divine Being the giving of supreme felicity, when such a notion has been utterly abolished by Charvaka, the crest-gem of the atheistic school, the follower of the doctrine of Brihaspati? The efforts of Charvaka are indeed hard to be eradicated, for the majority of living beings hold by the current refrain: 3300:"These atheistical doctrines existed from the earliest times as their traces are visible even in the Rigveda in some hymns of which Prof Max Muller pointed out the curious traces of an incipient scepticism. (...) Two things are therefore clear that the Brihaspatya tenets also called Charvaka tenets are of a very old standing..." 2939:

There was no continuity in the Charvaka tradition after the 12th century. Whatever is written on Charvaka post this is based on second-hand knowledge, learned from preceptors to disciples and no independent works on Charvaka philosophy can be found. Chatterjee and Datta explain that our understanding

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in logic). While this is often true, it need not be universally true, everywhere or all the times, stated the Charvaka scholars. Smoke can have other causes. In Charvaka epistemology, as long as the relation between two phenomena, or observation and truth, has not been proven as unconditional, it is

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has pointed out that the Charvaka schools influenced China: "This Indian-Chinese materialist connection is documented in a little-known but groundbreaking paper by professor Huang Xinchuan, "Lokayata and Its Influence in China," published in Chinese in 1978 (English version in the quarterly journal

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by Āryadevapāda, in a manuscript found in Tibet, discusses the Charvaka philosophy, but attributes a theistic claim to Charvakas - that happiness in this life, and the only life, can be attained by worshiping gods and defeating demons. Toso posits that as Charvaka philosophy's views spread and were

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This epistemological proposition of Charvakas was influential among various schools of Indian philosophies, by demonstrating a new way of thinking and re-evaluation of past doctrines. Hindu, Buddhist and Jain scholars extensively deployed Charvaka insights on inference in rational re-examination of

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summarizes the Charvaka philosophy as "unenlightened" and characterizes their works of literature as "lasting memorials to their ignorance". He notes that Charvakas considered paradise as "the state in which man lives as he chooses, without control of another", while hell as "the state in which he

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pleasure. Since it is impossible to have pleasure without pain, Charvaka thought that wisdom lay in enjoying pleasure and avoiding pain as far as possible. Unlike many of the Indian philosophies of the time, Charvaka did not believe in austerities or rejecting pleasure out of fear of pain and held

1972:

Substantial discussions about the Charvaka doctrines are found in texts during the 6th century BCE because of the emergence of competing philosophies such as Buddhism and Jainism. Bhattacharya posits that Charvaka may have been one of several atheistic, materialist schools that existed in ancient

3101:

Xinchuan's paper explains how the Buddhists regarded the Lokayatikas as fellow-travellers of the Confucian and the Taoist Schools, and how they launched an attack on them because of their materialistic views. Xinchuan cites, as also Rasik Vihari Joshi noted in 1987, dozens of texts where Chinese

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philosophers considered the Charvakas as one of their opponents and tried to refute their views. These refutations are indirect sources of Charvaka philosophy. The arguments and reasoning approaches Charvakas deployed were so significant that they continued to be referred to, even after all the

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Since none of the means of knowing were found to be worthy to establish the invariable connection between middle term and predicate, Charvakas concluded that the inference could not be used to ascertain metaphysical truths. Thus, to Charvakas, the step which the mind takes from the knowledge of

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in March 1981). Xinchuan, a senior researcher at the China Academy of Social Science, demonstrates how the Indian Lokāyata schools exercised an influence on ancient Chinese over the centuries. He lists 62 classical texts in China that refer to these Indian material-atheistic schools, from the

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holds perception as the primary and proper source of knowledge, while inference is held as prone to being either right or wrong and therefore conditional or invalid. Perceptions are of two types, for Charvaka, external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the

3023:...The information they sent back to Europe was disseminated widely in both Catholic and Protestant countries (...) A more detailed understanding of Indian philosophies, including Cārvāka, began to emerge in Jesuit missionary writings by the early to mid-seventeenth century. 2022:

in ca. the 5th century BC came to mean "skepticism" in general without yet being organised as a philosophical school. This proves that it had already existed for centuries and had become a generic term by 600 BCE. Its methodology of skepticism is included in the

2137:(perception) was the one valid way to knowledge and other means of knowledge were either always conditional or invalid. While the Charvaka school accepted just one valid means for knowledge, in other schools of Hinduism they ranged between 2 and 6. Advaita 2924:

contain representations of the Charvaka thought. However, the authors of these works were thoroughly opposed to materialism and tried to portray the Charvaka in an unfavourable light. Therefore, their works should only be accepted critically.

2707:

describes the Charvakas as critical of the Vedas, materialists without morals and ethics. To Charvakas, the text states, the Vedas suffered from several faults – errors in transmission across generations, untruth, self-contradiction and

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or demerit through the performance of certain actions. Charvakas also rejected the use of supernatural causes to describe natural phenomena. To them all natural phenomena was produced spontaneously from the inherent nature of things.

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Brihaspati, a philosopher, is traditionally referred to as the founder of Charvaka or Lokāyata philosophy, although some scholars dispute this. Charvaka developed during the Hindu reformation period in the first millennium BCE, after

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something to infer the knowledge of something else could be accounted for by its being based on a former perception or by its being in error. Cases where inference was justified by the result were seen only to be mere coincidences.

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The scholar Bhattacharya argues that the common belief that "all materialists are nothing but sensualists" is a misconception, as no authentic Carvaka aphorism have been cited by the movement's opponents to support this view.

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authentic Charvaka/Lokāyata texts had been lost. However, the representation of the Charvaka thought in these works is not always firmly grounded in first-hand knowledge of Charvaka texts and should be viewed critically.

2727:

verses 10 and 11, declared the Vedas to be incoherent rhapsodies whose only usefulness was to provide livelihood to priests. They also held the belief that Vedas were invented by man, and had no divine authority.

1969:, who notices that this might mean there is no afterlife – no religion: "After Yājñavalkya said this, Maitreyi exclaimed: 'Now, sir, you have totally confused me by saying 'after death there is no awareness'." 1837:

has been given different interpretations, in part because the primary sources are unavailable, and the meaning has been deduced from divergent secondary literature. The name Lokāyata, for example, is found in

3015:(1610), based on the Jesuit reports, the Mughal emperor is compared to an atheist himself: "Thus we see in this Prince the common fault of the atheist, who refuses to make reason subservient to faith (...)" 2045:

O, the highly wise! Arrive at a conclusion, therefore, that there is nothing beyond this Universe. Give precedence to that which meets the eye and turn your back on what is beyond our knowledge. (2.108.17)

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classical works describe Lokayata either as "Shi-Jian-Xing" ("doctrine prevailing in the world"), "Wu-Hou-Shi-Lun" ("doctrine of denying after-life"), or refers to "Lu-Ka-Ye-Jin" (the "Lokāyata Sutra").

3062:

in 1827 on the schools of the Carvaka/Lokayata materialists. Adamson and Ganeri compare the Carvakas to the "emergentism in the philosophy of mind," which is traced back to John Stuart Mill.

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Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski writes this concerning the Jesuit descriptions in the paper "East-West Swerves: Cārvāka Materialism and Akbar's Religious Debates at Fatehpur Sikri" (2015):

2049:

There are alternate theories behind the origins of Charvaka. Bṛhaspati is sometimes referred to as the founder of Charvaka or Lokāyata philosophy, although other scholars dispute this.

1750:

In other words, the Charvaka epistemology states that whenever one infers a truth from a set of observations or truths, one must acknowledge doubt; inferred knowledge is conditional.

2090:

The Charvaka school of philosophy had a variety of atheistic and materialistic beliefs. They held perception and direct experiments to be the valid and reliable source of knowledge.

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lives subject to another's rule". On state craft, Charvakas believe, states Mubarak, that it is best when "knowledge of just administration and benevolent government" is practiced.

3043:

Wojciehowski notes: "Rather than proclaiming a Cārvāka renaissance in Akbar's court, it would be safer to suggest that the ancient school of materialism never really went away."

2772:. Haribhadra notes that Charvakas assert that there is nothing beyond the senses, consciousness is an emergent property, and that it is foolish to seek what cannot be seen. 1860:

and Lokāyata. However, Lokāyata in the Arthashastra is not anti-Vedic, but implies Lokāyata to be a part of Vedic lore. Lokāyata here refers to logic or science of debate (

7998: 7167: 3291:, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany; (लोक, loka which means "worlds, abode, place of truth, people", and आयत, āyata means "extended, directed towards, aiming at" 1806:

in the nominative singular and in compounds). Yet another hypothesis is that it is eponymous, with the founder of the school being Charvaka, a disciple of Brihaspati.

4799:

Reconciling Yogas: Haribhadra's Collection of Views on Yoga With a New Translation of Haribhadra's Yogadrstisamuccaya by Christopher Key Chapple and John Thomas Casey

2793:, the famous historian of Akbar's court, mentions a symposium of philosophers of all faiths held in 1578 at Akbar's insistence. The account is given by the historian 7624: 2828:

for killing his kinsmen, superiors, and teacher, and claims that all the Brahmins are uttering maledictions to him. Yudhishthira is ashamed of this, but the Brahmin

2995:, p. 75 states, "It may be said from the available material that Cārvākas hold truth, integrity, consistency, and freedom of thought in the highest esteem." 2053:, p. 43 states that a philosopher named Charvaka lived in or about the 6th century BCE, who developed the premises of this Indian philosophy in the form of 3098:

written by Ji Guang (Chi-kuang, 1528–1588) of the Ming Dynasty. In addition, Xinchuan mentions four texts on Lokayata in Chinese by Japanese Buddhist writers."

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Aviddhakarṇa, Bhavivikta, Kambalasvatara, Purandara and Udbhatabhatta are the five commentators who developed the Carvaka/Lokayata system in various ways.

1470: 3270:, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Charvaka school." 1931:, is missing or lost. Its theories and development has been compiled from historic secondary literature such as those found in the shastras (such as the 2133:(epistemological methods) in Hindu philosophy. The other schools of Hinduism developed and accepted multiple valid forms of epistemology. To Charvakas, 1830:), and meant the world-outlook of the people. The dictionary meaning of Lokāyata (लोकायत) signifies "directed towards, aiming at the world, worldly". 4376: 2640:

The enjoyment of heaven lies in eating delicious food, keeping company of young women, using fine clothes, perfumes, garlands, sandal paste... while

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The Charvaka Ashram founded by Boddu Ramakrishna in 1973 has stood the test of time and continues to further the cause of the rationalist movement.

7119: 3200: 7812: 4511: 1913:, the oldest Jain Āgama Prakrt literature, he has used four terms for Cārvāka viz. (1) Bṛhaspatya (2) Lokāyata (3) Bhūtavādin (4) Vāmamārgin. 7832: 7177: 5116: 2074:, suggests six schools of heterodox, pre-Buddhist and pre-Jain, atheistic Indian traditions in 6th century BCE, that included Charvakas and 2991:

against Charvaka might have been exaggerated. Countering the argument that the Charvakas opposed all that was good in the Vedic tradition,

1973:

India during the 6th century BCE. Though there is evidence of its development in Vedic era, the Charvaka school of philosophy predated the

2014:(1924), claims that Charvaka philosophy predated Jainism and Buddhism, mentioning "the old Cārvāka or materialist of the 6th century BC". 7827: 6726: 5879: 5214: 2940:

of Charvaka philosophy is fragmentary, based largely on criticism of its ideas by other schools, and that it is not a living tradition:

7783: 7500: 7495: 3317: 1073: 7822: 1644: 6821: 7187: 5659: 1927:, while substantial discussions on the Charvaka is found in post-Vedic literature. The primary literature of Charvaka, such as the 2731:

Charvakas rejected the need for ethics or morals, and suggested that "while life remains, let a man live happily, let him feed on

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by the influential Vedantic commentator Sadananda (14th). This text depicts four different schools of the Carvaka philosophies.

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Charvaka's epistemological argument can be explained with the example of fire and smoke. Kamal states that when there is smoke (

3828: 1265: 5562: 4350: 7463: 7142: 7086: 5539: 5408: 5333: 5289: 5268: 5105: 5084: 5063: 5040: 5002: 4981: 4929: 4905: 4836: 4807: 4783: 4722: 4664: 4567: 3463: 2383: 5627: 1994: 7678: 7661: 7690: 7162: 7112: 1215: 5608:, a 9th-century Indian philosopher associated with Cārvāka / Lokāyata school, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2011) 3235:"some of the ancient Hindu traditions like Carvakas have a rich tradition of materialism, in general, other schools..." 3032:

wrote in 1613 that the "Logaidas" (Lokayatas) "hold the view that the elements themselves are god". Some decades later,

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A fool wears himself out by penances and fasts. Chastity and other such ordinances are laid down by clever weaklings.

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widely discussed, non-Charvakas such as Āryadevapāda added certain points of view that may not be of the Charvakas'.

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Bhattacharya, Ramkrishna; BHATTACHARYA, BAMKRISHNA (2010). "Commentators on the "Cārvākasūtra": A Critical Survey".

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Charvakas rejected many of the standard religious conceptions of Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Ajivikas, such as an

1258: 6287: 2885:, which starts with a chapter on the Charvaka system. After invoking, in the Prologue of the book, the Hindu gods 7390: 7309: 7221: 5872: 1179: 5927: 3065:

They write that Mill "sounds like a follower of Brhaspati, founder of the Cārvāka system, when he writes in his

7395: 7204: 7105: 6219: 5616: 4675: 2256:. To them, all attributes that represented a person, such as thinness, fatness, etc., resided in the body. The 1194: 1066: 7978: 7673: 6921: 3003:

According to reports, the Europeans were surprised by the openness and rational doubts of the Mughal emperor

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The tenets of the Charvaka atheistic doctrines can be traced to the relatively later composed layers of the

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schools as well as being a philosophical predecessor to subsequent or contemporaneous philosophies such as

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Del Toso, Krishna (2010). "The Stanzas on the Cārvāka/Lokāyata in the Skhalitapramathanayuktihetusiddhi".

3156:'s court, mentions a symposium of philosophers of all faiths held in 1578 at Akbar's insistence (also see 7983: 7720: 7656: 7547: 7342: 7337: 7273: 5461: 4546: 3051: 2333: 1962:

states in a passage often referred to by the irreligious: "so I say, after death there is no awareness."

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is death which is cessation of life-breath... the wise therefore ought not to take pains on account of

2388: 2348: 2015: 1310: 1001: 630: 274: 6445: 5353: 423: 7993: 7570: 7434: 7417: 7258: 7152: 6766: 6352: 5922: 5784: 5210: 4824: 4696:"The Base Text and Its Commentaries: Problems of Representing and Understanding the Cārvāka/Lokāyata" 3189: 3161: 2832:

reassures him. The Brahmins, now filled with rage, destroy Charvaka with the power of their mantras.

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Vedic priests, as proof that either one of them is wrong or both are wrong, as both cannot be right.

2704: 1868:

in German as "logisch beweisende Naturerklärung", that is "logically proving explanation of nature".

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that 'All organised bodies are composed of parts, similar to those composing inorganic nature (...)

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For a general discussion of Charvaka and other atheistic traditions within Hindu philosophy, see

3059: 2070: 2007: 1974: 1894:, where it is listed among subjects of study, and with the sense of "technical logical science". 1818:, the traditional name of Charvaka is Lokayata. It was called Lokayata because it was prevalent ( 1754: 1735:. Its teachings have been compiled from historic secondary literature such as those found in the 1270: 1243: 1174: 1113: 676: 123: 60: 7933: 7575: 7468: 7456: 7385: 7294: 7289: 7226: 6946: 6911: 6347: 6072: 2699: 2602: 2531: 2431: 2363: 2225: 1784:

Others believe it to mean "agreeable speech" or pejoratively, "sweet-tongued", from Sanskrit's

1771:

The etymology of Charvaka (Sanskrit: चार्वाक) is uncertain. Bhattacharya quotes the grammarian

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who dresses up like a Brahmin and appoints himself as spokesperson for all Brahmins is named

2353: 1236: 1169: 565: 545: 253: 246: 5051: 4893: 4797: 3244:"Of the three heterodox systems, the remaining one, the Cārvāka system, is a Hindu system." 2869: 2857: 1275: 7938: 7923: 7879: 7862: 7755: 7582: 7542: 7527: 7510: 7439: 7429: 7263: 7238: 7233: 6510: 5845: 5829: 5814: 2794: 2574: 2441: 2338: 1563: 1554: 1505: 1390: 952: 890: 555: 6166: 3122:, a 7th-century philosopher deeply influenced by Carvaka philosophy wrote in Pramanvartik. 8: 7641: 7597: 7592: 7483: 7299: 6856: 6796: 6570: 6144: 6068: 5902: 5724: 5719: 5679: 4793: 2709: 2564: 2061: 1420: 1305: 1280: 1253: 398: 7988: 6731: 6465: 5991: 4695: 4377:"East-West Swerves: Cārvāka Materialism and Akbar's Religious Debates at Fatehpur Sikri" 3077: 2408: 2182: 454: 408: 102: 7648: 7587: 7557: 7517: 7347: 7332: 7211: 6370: 6181: 6011: 5448: 5382: 5365:

Schermerhorn, R. A. (1930). "When Did Indian Materialism Get Its Distinctive Titles?".

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The accuracy of these views, attributed to Charvakas, has been contested by scholars.

895: 7911: 7748: 7607: 6761: 6741: 6696: 6565: 6342: 6318: 6311: 5888: 5729: 5535: 5516: 5485: 5425: 5404: 5329: 5322: 5312: 5285: 5264: 5158: 5101: 5080: 5059: 5036: 5017: 4998: 4977: 4925: 4901: 4884: 4872: 4832: 4803: 4779: 4718: 4660: 4642: 4630: 4605: 4563: 4475: 4460: 4396: 3459: 3029: 2893:("by whom the earth and rest were produced"), Vidyāraṇya asks, in the first chapter: 2595: 2569: 2313: 2291: 2001: 1760: 1696: 1685: 1661: 1605: 1601: 1440: 1331: 1047: 986: 957: 716: 388: 81: 36: 7268: 7026: 6061: 3130:

The influence of this heterodox doctrine is seen in other spheres of Indian thought.

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The Sarva-darśana-samgraha: Or, Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy

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influence is a significant source of Charvaka philosophy. Shatdarshan Samuchay and

2436: 2323: 2190: 2110:), one's tendency may be to leap to the conclusion that it must be caused by fire ( 1943:) of Hinduism as well as from the dialogues of Gautama Buddha and Jain literature. 1593: 1545: 1498: 1491: 1484: 1430: 1375: 1164: 914: 610: 600: 290: 267: 190: 44: 6545: 5499:

Thomas, R. (2014). "Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design".

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This declaration arises in a discussion with his female philosophy interlocutor,

1477: 1400: 1360: 1345: 1300: 1295: 1285: 1248: 580: 469: 438: 225: 200: 7352: 7006: 6077: 4512:"At the heart of Andhra's booming capital lies a quaint ashram for rationalists" 4430: 7490: 6991: 6941: 6931: 6580: 6475: 6357: 6300: 6270: 6139: 5912: 5605: 2712:. The Charvakas pointed out the disagreements, debates and mutual rejection by 2541: 2466: 2318: 2082:, after which this system seems to have disappeared without leaving any trace. 1895: 1724: 1380: 1365: 1340: 1184: 1020: 575: 494: 484: 393: 232: 7367: 6976: 6161: 6092: 5824: 5439:

Sinha, A. K. (1994). "Traces of Materialism in Early Vedic Thought: A Study".

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Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India

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A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English

1906:

to mean materialism, with the latter using the term Lokāyata, not Charvaka.

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Lokāyata/Cārvāka – Indian Materialism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity

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Against Dharma: Dissent in the Ancient Indian Sciences of Sex and Politics

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Carvaka/Lokayata: An Anthology of Source Materials and Some Recent Studies

4551:. Translated by Cowell, E. B.; Gough, A. E. London: Trübner & Company. 3403: 2873:(etymologically all-philosophy-collection), a famous work of 14th century 2840:

No independent works on Charvaka philosophy can be found except for a few

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Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna (2002). "Cārvāka Fragments: A New Collection".

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Perrett, Roy W (1984). "The problem of induction in Indian philosophy".

5153: 5136: 4452: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 2916:

Sanskrit poems and plays like the Naiṣadha-carita, Prabodha-candrodaya,

2213: 7852: 7016: 6996: 6906: 6861: 6836: 6776: 6771: 6721: 6641: 6615: 6550: 6376: 6329: 6134: 6082: 5804: 5759: 5739: 5734: 5249: 5191: 4753: 4613:

Bhattacharya, Ramkrishna (2010). "What the Cārvākas Originally Meant".

3211: 2878: 2867:

One of the widely studied references to the Charvaka philosophy is the

2861: 2853: 2506: 2368: 2111: 1948: 1772: 1700: 1526: 1385: 1189: 996: 882: 510: 218: 6306: 5531:

Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana

5386: 2744: 2038: 1852:(अन्वीक्षिकी, literally, examining by reason, logical philosophies) – 7041: 6876: 6701: 6676: 6595: 6555: 6540: 6495: 6293: 6087: 5819: 5794: 5764: 5754: 5744: 3720: 3499:(Spring 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 3184: 2921: 2769: 2671: 2536: 2511: 2477: 2451: 2373: 2253: 2078:. Charvaka was a living philosophy up to the 12th century in India's 1853: 1704: 1410: 1006: 864: 768: 686: 620: 449: 311: 6041: 5857: 5360:. Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli. Calcutta : Bharata press. 5241: 5183: 4745: 4224: 4222: 4220: 3808: 3174: 2200:

By whom came this variety ? from their own nature was it born.

2198:

The fire is hot, the water cold, refreshing cool the breeze of morn;

2000:

The earliest Charvaka scholar in India whose texts still survive is

1978: 165: 7906: 7036: 6926: 6866: 6816: 6811: 6656: 6651: 6610: 6575: 6525: 6460: 6455: 6209: 5789: 5684: 5378: 3660: 3091: 2988: 2957: 2817: 2749: 2526: 2501: 2398: 2343: 2328: 2299: 2025: 1990: 1966: 1940: 1839: 1720: 1042: 869: 804: 658: 535: 479: 282: 151: 7046: 4272:. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute – via Google Books. 3923: 3921: 3863: 3861: 2980: 2841: 2636:

states the Charvaka position on pleasure and hedonism as follows,

2059:. These sutras predate 150 BCE, because they are mentioned in the 837: 7857: 7056: 7051: 7031: 6971: 6961: 6951: 6891: 6841: 6831: 6756: 6746: 6736: 6681: 6515: 6395: 6119: 5996: 5971: 5907: 5774: 5704: 5694: 5637: 5611: 4559:

History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, a Vanished Indian Religion

4217: 3267: 3179: 2765: 2761: 2679: 2623: 2471: 2138: 2129: 2075: 1986: 1923: 1880: 1857: 1736: 1728: 1094: 981: 974: 929: 859: 797: 745: 418: 367: 158: 109: 74: 6781: 3989: 3987: 2956:, pp. 10, 29–32 states that the claims against Charvaka of 2141:

scholars considered six means of valid knowledge and to truths:

7061: 7011: 7001: 6896: 6881: 6801: 6791: 6751: 6691: 6686: 6671: 6636: 6585: 6505: 6171: 6001: 5942: 5834: 5749: 5714: 5668: 3972: 3918: 3858: 3708: 3648: 3624: 3561: 3125: 2890: 2687: 2641: 2516: 2496: 1775:, to the effect that the word cārvāka is derived from the root 1711:

and rejects ritualism. It was a well-attested belief system in

842: 752: 653: 5299:

Raman, V.V. (2012). "Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections".

5170:

Koller, John M. (1977). "Skepticism in Early Indian Thought".

5052:"The Question of Doctrinalism in the Buddhist Epistemologists" 1801: 1793: 7076: 7071: 6981: 6851: 6806: 6716: 6520: 6470: 6419: 6400: 5976: 5937: 5709: 4523: 4521: 4315: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4011: 3984: 3945: 3391: 3153: 3004: 2886: 2753: 2738:

The Jain scholar Haribhadra, in the last section of his text

2691: 2683: 2245: 2186: 1740: 1028: 933: 851: 378: 88: 4941:"Appendix Note VII - Hindu Materialism: The Charvaka System" 4169: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 2122: 1879:

is stated to be the Hindu school where there is "no God, no

7081: 6846: 6826: 5932: 4327: 4159: 4157: 4115: 4105: 4103: 3741: 3672: 3600: 3432: 3430: 3036:, who studied Sanskrit in Agra ca. 1654–60, translated the 2732: 2521: 2189:, other worlds (heaven and hell), fate and accumulation of 2034: 1883:(rebirth), no karma, no duty, no fruits of merit, no sin." 1669: 761: 325: 4732:

Chatterjee, D (1977). "Skepticism and Indian philosophy".

4518: 4023: 3696: 1833:

In early to mid 20th century literature, the etymology of

4351:"India's atheist influence on Europe, China, and science" 4193: 3897: 3885: 3777: 3753: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3379: 5221:

An Epitome of the Different Systems of Indian Philosophy

4761:

Chatterjee, Satischandra; Datta, Dhirendramohan (2004).

4154: 4127: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4047: 4045: 4043: 3873: 3829:"The untold history of India's vital atheist philosophy" 3458:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 114 with footnote 17. 3427: 3328: 2948: 2864:

are a few other works which elucidate Charvaka thought.

4305: 4303: 3962: 3960: 3933: 3578: 3576: 3340: 3160:, pp. 288–289). In the text, the Mughal historian 2177:

Therefore, Charvakas denied metaphysical concepts like

2165:(word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). 52: 4831:(7th ed.). New Delhi: People's Publishing House. 4276: 4181: 3846: 3510: 3357: 3355: 3286: 3280: 2789:(vol.III, tr. by H. S. Barrett, pp217–218) written by 1825: 1819: 1776: 4205: 4081: 4040: 3796: 3636: 5441:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

5205:. Vol. 3. Translated by Henry Sullivan Jarrett. 5124:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

4300: 4069: 4057: 3999: 3957: 3684: 3588: 3573: 3549: 3415: 3318:"Indian rationalism, Charvaka to Narendra Dabholkar" 2622:

Charvaka believed that there was nothing wrong with

7999:

Schools and traditions in ancient Indian philosophy

5625:

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You can help by 2185:, the efficacy of 2071:Samaññaphala Sutta 1745:Indian epic poetry 1703:, and conditional 1471:Breaking the Spell 1406:Michael Lou Martin 1232:Evil God challenge 1137:History of atheism 7966: 7965: 7749:The Age of Reason 7700:Atheist Manifesto 7501:Eastern Orthodoxy 7464:Jehovah's Witness 7423:post–Cold War era 7326:Religious figures 7205:Swaminarayan sect 7095: 7094: 6947:Pratītyasamutpāda 6108: 6107: 5889:Indian philosophy 5855: 5854: 5730:Feminist theology 5558:Bhatta, Jayarashi 5541:978-81-206-1564-9 5410:978-0-7139-9687-6 5335:978-0-691-01958-1 5291:978-0-19-981261-5 5270:978-81-208-1968-9 5107:978-81-7650-190-3 5086:978-0-7914-1281-7 5065:978-0-8153-3611-2 5042:978-3-515-02692-5 5004:978-0-7914-3067-5 4983:978-0-19-964465-0 4931:978-0-300-23523-4 4907:978-0-8153-3611-2 4838:978-81-7007-006-1 4809:978-0-7914-5899-0 4785:978-1-59102-299-2 4724:978-0-415-12964-0 4680:carvaka4india.com 4666:978-0-85728-433-4 4569:978-81-208-1204-8 4229:Bhattacharya 2011 4124:, pp. 44–45. 3996:, pp. 55–67. 3994:Bhattacharya 2011 3979:Bhattacharya 2010 3954:, pp. 65–74. 3952:Bhattacharya 2011 3942:, pp. 11–17. 3928:Schermerhorn 1930 3892:Bhattacharya 2011 3868:Bhattacharya 2013 3815:Bhattacharya 2011 3760:Bhattacharya 2002 3748:Bhattacharya 2011 3715:Bhattacharya 2011 3679:Bhattacharya 2011 3667:Bhattacharya 2011 3655:Bhattacharya 2011 3631:Bhattacharya 2011 3568:Bhattacharya 2011 3534:, pp. 13–16. 3465:978-1-119-97717-9 3437:Bhattacharya 2002 3400:, pp. 21–32. 3398:Bhattacharya 2011 3030:Roberto De Nobili 2977:Advaita Vedantins 2954:Bhattacharya 2011 2620: 2619: 2570:Hedonic treadmill 2314:Ajita Kesakambali 2242: 2241: 2002:Ajita Kesakambali 1761:Indian philosophy 1697:direct perception 1693:atheistic schools 1678:), also known as 1655: 1654: 1620: 1608: 1606:Philosophy portal 1596: 1584: 1571: 1570: 1448: 1447: 1441:Victor J. Stenger 1332:Lists of atheists 1084: 1083: 816: 815: 812: 811: 174: 173: 118: 117: 16:(Redirected from 8006: 7994:Consequentialism 7777:The God Delusion 7770:The End of Faith 7763:The Caged Virgin 7728:God Is Not Great 7122: 7115: 7108: 7099: 7098: 6601:Satyakama Jabala 6536:Akshapada Gotama 6486:Gārgī Vāchaknavī 6466:Vāchaspati Misra 6324:Nyayakusumanjali 6258:Bhagavata Purana 6215:Radical Humanism 6187:Shaiva Siddhanta 5956: 5955: 5928:Vedic philosophy 5882: 5875: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5810:Process theology 5662: 5655: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5588: 5576: 5545: 5524: 5495: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5456: 5435: 5414: 5390: 5361: 5348: 5339: 5327: 5316: 5295: 5274: 5253: 5224: 5206: 5202:The Ain-i-Akbari 5195: 5166: 5156: 5147:(2): 1048–1045. 5131: 5121: 5111: 5090: 5069: 5046: 5032:Kleine Schriften 5025: 5008: 4987: 4964: 4962: 4948: 4935: 4911: 4888: 4851: 4842: 4813: 4789: 4768: 4757: 4728: 4707: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4670: 4659:. Anthem Press. 4646: 4609: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4552: 4531: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4514:. 17 April 2019. 4508: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4346: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4098: 4092: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4038: 4032: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3856: 3855:, p. 53-58. 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3508: 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1450: 1449: 1401:Lawrence Krauss 1396:Baron d'Holbach 1361:Richard Dawkins 1346:Mikhail Bakunin 1325: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1301:Problem of Hell 1296:Problem of evil 1286:Parody religion 1259: 1249:God of the gaps 1237: 1222:Atheist's wager 1213: 1205: 1204: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1132: 1124: 1123: 1104: 1080: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1016: 963:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 924: 847: 832: 831: 818: 817: 731: 701: 663: 645: 625: 605: 585: 581:Srinivasacharya 560: 540: 520: 489: 470:Vishishtadvaita 464: 433: 424:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 403: 389:Akṣapāda Gotama 372: 371: 355: 354: 326:Shiva Bhedabeda 226:Vishishtadvaita 186: 185: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8012: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893:Related topics 7890: 7889: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 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Grayling 1378: 1373: 1368: 1366:Daniel Dennett 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1341:Julian Baggini 1335: 1334: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1229: 1227:Creator of God 1224: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1185:Secular ethics 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021:Secular ethics 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 978: 977: 975:Pramana Sutras 971: 970: 965: 960: 955: 953:Mimamsa Sutras 950: 948:Samkhya Sutras 945: 939: 938: 923: 922: 917: 912: 906: 905: 899: 898: 893: 887: 886: 878: 877: 872: 867: 862: 856: 855: 846: 845: 840: 834: 833: 825: 824: 823: 820: 819: 814: 813: 810: 809: 808: 807: 800: 794: 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64: 63: 57: 56: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8011: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7944:Superstitions 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7518:Protestantism 7516: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7173:Protestantism 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7116: 7111: 7109: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6922:Parinama-vada 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6546:Padmasambhāva 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6451:Maṇḍana Miśra 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6441:Abhinavagupta 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6414:Yoga Vasistha 6411: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6307:All 108 texts 6305: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6277:Dharmashastra 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6251:Bhagavad Gita 6248: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6205:Integral yoga 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6150:Shuddhadvaita 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5840:Transcendence 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5656: 5651: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5431:9788120803657 5427: 5423: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5211:Madhavacharya 5208: 5204: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4706:(1): 133–149. 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4529: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4334:Del Toso 2010 4330: 4324:, p. 55. 4323: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4297:, p. 37. 4296: 4291: 4284: 4279: 4271: 4264: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4208: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4149: 4142: 4136:, p. 45. 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4112:, p. 44. 4111: 4106: 4104: 4097:, p. 10. 4096: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4019: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3893: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3849: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3597:, p. 40. 3596: 3591: 3585:, p. 27. 3584: 3579: 3577: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3446: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3376:, p. 84. 3375: 3370: 3364:, p. 67. 3363: 3358: 3356: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3308: 3297: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3139: 3138: 3135:Organisations 3129: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3052:Peter Adamson 3049: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3034:Heinrich Roth 3031: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2918:Āgama-dambara 2902: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2830:Vaishampayana 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2795:Vincent Smith 2792: 2788: 2787: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2705:Madhavacharya 2702: 2701: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676:reincarnation 2673: 2663: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2581:Joie de vivre 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2394:Zeno of Sidon 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2359:Michel Onfray 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2349:Fred Feldman 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2236: 2227: 2223: 2220:This section 2218: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:reincarnation 2175: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149:(inference), 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2098:The Charvaka 2091: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:Ayodhya kanda 2028: 2027: 2021: 2018:assumes that 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:E. W. Hopkins 2005: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1955:Brhadāranyaka 1951: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1902:use the word 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1817: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1713:ancient India 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1426:Michel Onfray 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1371:Denis Diderot 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1276:Occam's razor 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1200:State atheism 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012:Shiva Samhita 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 976: 973: 972: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 943:Brahma Sutras 941: 940: 937: 936: 935: 931: 926: 925: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 910:Bhagavad Gita 908: 907: 904: 901: 900: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 857: 854: 853: 849: 848: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 830: 829: 822: 821: 806: 803: 802: 801: 799: 795: 790: 789:Prashastapada 786: 783: 782: 781: 779: 775: 770: 767: 766: 765: 763: 759: 754: 751: 750: 749: 747: 743: 740: 739: 735: 734: 728: 727:Radhakrishnan 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 712: 711: 708: 705: 704: 698: 697:Anandamayi Ma 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 682:Ramprasad Sen 680: 678: 675: 673: 672:Abhinavagupta 670: 669: 667: 666: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 649: 648: 642: 639: 638: 636: 635: 632: 629: 628: 622: 619: 618: 616: 615: 612: 609: 608: 602: 599: 598: 596: 595: 592: 589: 588: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 571: 570: 567: 564: 563: 557: 554: 553: 551: 550: 547: 544: 543: 537: 534: 533: 531: 530: 527: 526:Shuddhadvaita 524: 523: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 501: 500: 496: 493: 492: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 475: 474: 471: 468: 467: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 445: 444: 440: 437: 436: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 414: 413: 410: 407: 406: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 384: 383: 380: 377: 376: 369: 365: 359: 358: 351: 350: 349:Integral yoga 346: 345: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 333:Shiva Advaita 330: 328: 327: 323: 321: 320: 316: 314: 313: 309: 307: 306: 302: 300: 299: 295: 293: 292: 288: 287: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 272: 270: 269: 265: 263: 262: 258: 256: 255: 251: 249: 248: 244: 242: 241: 240:Shuddhadvaita 237: 235: 234: 230: 228: 227: 223: 221: 220: 216: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 198: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 184: 178: 177: 168: 167: 163: 161: 160: 156: 154: 153: 149: 147: 146: 142: 140: 139: 135: 134: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 121: 112: 111: 107: 105: 104: 100: 98: 97: 93: 91: 90: 86: 84: 83: 79: 77: 76: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7869: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7571:Christianity 7548:Zorostianism 7479:Anti-Judaism 7474:Antisemitism 7418:Christianity 7396:Bahá'i Faith 7153:Christianity 7143:Baháˈí Faith 7022:Iccha-mrityu 6987:Satkaryavada 6887:Nididhyasana 6872:Matsya Nyaya 6606:Madhvacharya 6436:Adi Shankara 6429:Philosophers 6412: 6405: 6388: 6369: 6362: 6353:Shiva Sutras 6343:Sangam texts 6335: 6328: 6319:Nyāya Sūtras 6299: 6292: 6275: 6265:Brahma Sutra 6264: 6256: 6249: 6244:Arthashastra 6242: 6235: 6177:Pratyabhijna 6057:Anekantavada 6046: 5844: 5770:Neoplatonism 5700:Antireligion 5584: 5570: 5561: 5530: 5504: 5500: 5481: 5469:. Retrieved 5465: 5444: 5440: 5420: 5399: 5395:Sen, Amartya 5370: 5366: 5357: 5344: 5323: 5304: 5300: 5280: 5259: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5215: 5201: 5175: 5171: 5144: 5140: 5127: 5123: 5096: 5075: 5055: 5031: 5013: 4993: 4973: 4958: 4953:Flood, Gavin 4944: 4920: 4897: 4860: 4856: 4847: 4828: 4817: 4798: 4774: 4763: 4737: 4733: 4713: 4703: 4699: 4683:. Retrieved 4679: 4655: 4618: 4614: 4589: 4585: 4573:. Retrieved 4558: 4547: 4528:Mubarak 1894 4506: 4492: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4416: 4409: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4358:. Retrieved 4354: 4329: 4317: 4312:, p. 2. 4310:Acharya 1894 4290: 4278: 4263: 4248: 4236: 4207: 4195: 4188:Acharya 1894 4183: 4171: 4147: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4095:Acharya 1894 4078:, p. 9. 4076:Acharya 1894 4071: 4059: 4035:Deutsch 2001 4013: 4008:, p. 5. 4006:Acharya 1894 4001: 3974: 3969:, p. 3. 3967:Acharya 1894 3947: 3935: 3894:, p. 9. 3887: 3875: 3848: 3836:. Retrieved 3832: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3767: 3762:, p. 6. 3755: 3743: 3710: 3698: 3693:, p. 2. 3691:Chapple 2003 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3609:, p. 1. 3602: 3590: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3501:, retrieved 3496: 3486: 3474: 3454: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3386:Perrett 1984 3381: 3369: 3342: 3330: 3321: 3311: 3296: 3275: 3262: 3255:Frazier 2013 3249: 3240: 3231: 3199: 3195:Epicureanism 3150:Ain-i-Akbari 3148: 3109: 3106:Commentators 3100: 3095: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3066: 3064: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3002: 2986: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2952: 2943: 2938: 2915: 2896: 2877:philosopher 2868: 2866: 2845: 2839: 2826:Yudhishthira 2821: 2808:In the epic 2807: 2802: 2786:Aaine-Akbari 2784: 2782: 2774: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2730: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2698: 2696: 2669: 2660: 2650: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2629: 2621: 2579: 2491:Key concepts 2476: 2457:Epicureanism 2446: 2414:Peter Singer 2389:David Pearce 2265: 2257: 2243: 2230: 2226:adding to it 2221: 2197: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2117: 2105: 2100:epistemology 2097: 2094:Epistemology 2089: 2069: 2067: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2024: 2019: 2011: 2006: 1999: 1971: 1964: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1933:Arthashastra 1928: 1922: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1900:Adi Shankara 1891: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1849: 1845:Arthashastra 1843: 1834: 1832: 1813: 1783: 1770: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1733:Parshvanatha 1717: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1657: 1656: 1504: 1497: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1436:Peter Singer 1416:Jean Meslier 1356:Albert Camus 1019: 992:Arthashastra 987:Dharmaśāstra 958:Nyāya Sūtras 928: 927: 902: 881: 850: 826: 641:Swaminarayan 506:Madhvacharya 497:(Tattvavada) 460:Adi Shankara 363: 347: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 298:Pratyabhijna 296: 289: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 224: 217: 199: 182: 164: 157: 150: 143: 137: 136: 108: 101: 94: 87: 80: 73: 29: 7875:New Atheism 7848:Agnosticism 7653:By country 7620:Persecution 7533:Sunni Islam 7496:Neopaganism 7484:Persecution 7457:Persecution 7445:Persecution 7406:Catholicism 7343:Ellen White 7259:Scientology 7254:Neopaganism 7136:By religion 7067:Vivartavada 6957:Rājamaṇḍala 6912:Paramananda 6712:Apauruṣheyā 6707:Anupalabdhi 6566:Vivekananda 6531:Dharmakirti 6491:Buddhaghosa 6481:Yājñavalkya 6288:Jain Agamas 6283:Hindu texts 6162:Navya-Nyāya 6098:Svatantrika 6093:Sautrāntika 5982:Vaisheshika 5800:Panentheism 5780:New Thought 5725:Esotericism 5690:Agnosticism 5373:: 132–138. 4212:Potter 2003 4200:Potter 2003 4052:Grimes 1996 3940:Basham 1981 3803:Vaidya 2001 3791:Koller 1977 3643:Hacker 1978 3595:Sharma 1987 3583:Isaeva 1993 3362:Tiwari 1998 3335:Thomas 2014 3207:Materialism 3120:Dharmakirti 3050:(2020), by 3038:Vedantasara 3028:The Jesuit 2971:Buddhists, 2883:South India 2810:Mahabharata 2803:Mahabharata 2801:Mention in 2758:Vaisheshika 2478:Libertinage 2169:Metaphysics 2159:Anupalabdhi 2108:middle term 2016:Rhys Davids 1960:Yājnavalkya 1937:Mahabharata 1888:Divyavadana 1810:As Lokayata 1689:materialism 1618:WikiProject 1541:Freethought 1536:Agnosticism 1351:Mario Bunge 1291:Poor design 1147:New Atheism 968:Yoga Sutras 920:Vachanamrut 875:Atharvaveda 828:Major texts 778:Vaisheshika 717:Vivekananda 707:Neo-Vedanta 601:Chakradhara 591:Mahanubhava 516:Vyasatirtha 341:Neo-Vedanta 312:Pramanavada 305:Panchartika 261:Mahanubhava 209:Vaishnavite 183:Sub-schools 96:Vaisheshika 7973:Categories 7853:Antitheism 7642:In Judaism 7538:Shia Islam 7435:Falun Gong 7244:Monotheism 7017:Svātantrya 6907:Paramatman 6862:Kshetrajna 6837:Ishvaratva 6777:Cittabhumi 6772:Chidabhasa 6722:Asiddhatva 6642:Abhasavada 6616:Guru Nanak 6551:Vasubandhu 6377:Upanishads 6371:Tirukkuṟaḷ 6330:Panchadasi 6135:Bhedabheda 6083:Madhyamaka 5923:Monotheism 5825:Shramanism 5805:Polytheism 5785:Nondualism 5760:Monotheism 5740:Henotheism 5735:Gnosticism 5680:Abrahamism 4970:"Hinduism" 4538:References 4360:5 November 4295:Joshi 2005 4241:Riepe 1964 4164:Hayes 2001 4064:Flood 1996 3880:Sinha 1994 3853:Riepe 1964 3838:5 November 3772:Joshi 1987 3619:Stöwe 2003 3556:Flood 1996 3532:Kamal 1998 3493:"Jayarāśi" 3479:Quack 2011 3422:Flint 1899 3374:Cooke 2006 3347:Raman 2012 3212:Positivism 2993:Riepe 1964 2862:Vidyaranya 2854:Madhyamaka 2718:jñānakanda 2714:karmakanda 2507:Eudaimonia 2369:Hermarchus 2339:Aristippus 2155:Arthāpatti 2112:major term 2086:Philosophy 2065:(7.3.45). 2062:Mahābhāṣya 1949:Upanishads 1862:disputatio 1850:ānvīkṣikīs 1773:Hemacandra 1701:empiricism 1527:Irreligion 1386:Sam Harris 1190:Secularism 1114:Naturalism 997:Kama Sutra 883:Upanishads 511:Jayatirtha 441:(Mayavada) 429:Prabhākara 219:Bhedabheda 7934:Sexuality 7863:Criticism 7842:Movements 7667:In Odisha 7598:Christian 7593:Terrorism 7576:Mormonism 7523:Rastafari 7491:Mormonism 7386:Ahmadiyya 7269:Yazdânism 7227:Wahhabism 6877:Mithyatva 6767:Chaitanya 6762:Catuṣkoṭi 6727:Asatkalpa 6702:Anavastha 6677:Aishvarya 6596:Sakayanya 6591:Sadananda 6556:Gaudapada 6541:Nagarjuna 6496:Patañjali 6312:Principal 6294:Kamasutra 6088:Yogachara 6007:Raseśvara 5820:Shamanism 5795:Pantheism 5765:Mysticism 5755:Monolatry 5745:Immanence 5521:1069-4404 5163:1884-0051 5022:255495691 4885:189842747 4877:0022-1791 4827:(1992) . 4643:171001243 4635:0022-1791 4606:169948463 4461:170270323 4401:0016-6928 3185:Cyrenaics 3145:Criticism 3114:Influence 2922:Kādambarī 2791:Abul Fazl 2770:Jaiminiya 2710:tautology 2672:afterlife 2537:Suffering 2532:Sensation 2512:Happiness 2452:Cyrenaics 2374:Lucretius 2254:afterlife 2233:July 2015 2143:Pratyakṣa 2135:Pratyakṣa 2010:, in his 1705:inference 1411:Karl Marx 1271:Nonbelief 1244:Free will 1212:Arguments 1007:Tirumurai 865:Yajurveda 769:Patanjali 722:Aurobindo 687:Bamakhepa 621:Sankardev 450:Gaudapada 124:Heterodox 7912:In Islam 7907:Apostasy 7679:Pakistan 7637:In Islam 7566:Buddhism 7440:Hinduism 7401:Buddhism 7358:Muhammad 7217:Islamism 7200:Hinduism 7158:Catholic 7148:Buddhism 7042:Tanmatra 7037:Tajjalan 7027:Syādvāda 6927:Pradhana 6902:Padārtha 6867:Lakshana 6812:Ekagrata 6657:Adrishta 6652:Adarsana 6630:Concepts 6611:Mahavira 6576:Ramanuja 6526:Chanakya 6461:Avatsara 6456:Valluvar 6396:Vedangas 6210:Gandhism 6113:Medieval 6062:Syādvāda 6047:Charvaka 6019:Pāṇiniya 5913:Idealism 5790:Pandeism 5715:Dharmism 5685:Acosmism 5628:Archived 5606:Jayarāśi 5574:Pramāṇas 5453:41694419 5397:(2005). 5213:(n.d.). 4955:(1996). 4918:(2018). 4796:(2003). 4653:(2011). 4575:22 March 4453:23497726 4283:Roy 1894 3169:See also 3158:Sen 2005 3092:Zhi Qian 3013:Histoire 2989:hedonism 2958:hedonism 2822:Charvaka 2818:rakshasa 2750:Buddhism 2745:darśanas 2666:Religion 2654:— 2527:Pleasure 2502:Ataraxia 2447:Charvaka 2399:Yang Zhu 2344:Epicurus 2329:Jovinian 2308:Thinkers 2300:Hedonism 2292:a series 2290:Part of 2283:Pleasure 2275:— 2130:pramāṇas 2076:Ajivikas 2026:Ramayana 2020:lokāyata 1991:Buddhism 1967:Maitreyi 1941:Ramayana 1904:lokayata 1892:Lokayata 1877:Lokayata 1866:Lokayata 1840:Chanakya 1835:Lokayata 1737:shastras 1721:Buddhism 1681:Lokāyata 1662:Sanskrit 1658:Charvaka 1594:Category 1103:Concepts 1043:Hinduism 930:Shastras 870:Samaveda 805:Valluvar 576:Nimbarka 536:Vallabha 480:Ramanuja 368:Acharyas 364:Teachers 283:Shaivite 191:Smartist 152:Buddhism 138:Charvaka 61:Orthodox 37:a series 35:Part of 18:Lokayata 7989:Nāstika 7939:Slavery 7870:Cārvāka 7858:Atheism 7674:Nigeria 7608:Islamic 7583:Judaism 7528:Sikhism 7469:Judaism 7391:Atheism 7264:Sikhism 7239:Judaism 7234:Jainism 7087:More... 7057:Upekkhā 7052:Uparati 7032:Taijasa 7007:Śūnyatā 6977:Saṃsāra 6972:Samadhi 6937:Prakṛti 6892:Nirvāṇa 6842:Jivatva 6832:Ikshana 6787:Devatas 6757:Bhumika 6747:Brahman 6737:Avyakta 6682:Akrodha 6662:Advaita 6621:More... 6516:Jaimini 6420:More... 6130:Advaita 6120:Vedanta 6078:Śūnyatā 6037:Ājīvika 6029:Nāstika 5997:Vedanta 5992:Mīmāṃsā 5972:Samkhya 5952:Ancient 5908:Atomism 5903:Atheism 5775:New Age 5720:Dualism 5705:Atheism 5695:Animism 5471:18 July 5250:1398916 5192:1397613 4754:1397616 4685:18 July 3268:Samkhya 3217:Śramaṇa 3180:Atheism 2814:Book 12 2766:Jainism 2762:Samkhya 2680:samsara 2624:sensual 2472:Yangism 2250:rebirth 2151:Upamāna 2147:Anumāna 2139:Vedanta 2039:nāstika 1993:in the 1987:Jainism 1983:Ājīvika 1924:Rigveda 1881:samsara 1858:Samkhya 1756:nāstika 1729:Jainism 1675:Cārvāka 1666:चार्वाक 1582:Outline 1159:Society 1131:History 1095:Atheism 982:Puranas 860:Rigveda 798:Secular 746:Samkhya 439:Advaita 419:Jaimini 409:Mīmāṃsā 201:Advaita 159:Jainism 145:Ājīvika 110:Vedanta 103:Mīmāṃsā 75:Samkhya 7954:Jewish 7949:Muslim 7613:Jewish 7543:Sufism 7317:Talmud 7300:Hadith 7062:Utsaha 7012:Sutram 7002:Sthiti 6997:Sphoṭa 6967:Sakshi 6952:Puruṣa 6932:Prajna 6897:Niyama 6857:Kasaya 6802:Dravya 6792:Dharma 6752:Bhuman 6742:Bhrama 6697:Ananta 6692:Anatta 6687:Aksara 6672:Ahimsa 6647:Abheda 6637:Abhava 6586:Raikva 6506:Kapila 6501:Kanada 6198:Modern 6172:Shaiva 6140:Dvaita 6042:Ajñana 6002:Shaiva 5960:Āstika 5943:Moksha 5896:Topics 5835:Theism 5750:Monism 5538: 5519: 5488: 5451: 5428: 5407: 5387:593059 5385: 5332: 5288: 5267: 5248: 5190: 5161: 5104: 5083: 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3154:Akbar 3005:Akbar 2981:Nyāya 2973:Jains 2887:Shiva 2881:from 2852:with 2754:Nyaya 2692:Vedas 2684:karma 2246:karma 2191:merit 2181:, an 2163:Śabda 1457:Books 1029:Kural 852:Vedas 838:Śruti 379:Nyaya 89:Nyaya 7368:Saul 7082:Yoga 6847:Kama 6827:Idam 6822:Hitā 6817:Guṇa 6782:Dāna 6667:Aham 6071:and 6052:Jain 5987:Yoga 5933:Kama 5846:more 5536:ISBN 5517:ISSN 5486:ISBN 5473:2018 5426:ISBN 5405:ISBN 5330:ISBN 5286:ISBN 5265:ISBN 5159:ISSN 5102:ISBN 5081:ISBN 5060:ISBN 5037:ISBN 5018:OCLC 4999:ISBN 4978:ISBN 4926:ISBN 4902:ISBN 4873:ISSN 4833:ISBN 4804:ISBN 4780:ISBN 4719:ISBN 4687:2018 4661:ISBN 4631:ISSN 4577:2021 4564:ISBN 4397:ISSN 4362:2020 3840:2020 3505:2020 3460:ISBN 3285:and 3282:loka 3279:See 3054:and 2979:and 2963:The 2889:and 2768:and 2733:ghee 2697:The 2686:and 2630:The 2522:Pain 2035:Rāma 1989:and 1939:and 1898:and 1854:Yoga 1787:cāru 1778:carv 1727:and 1670:IAST 932:and 762:Yoga 82:Yoga 7632:War 6962:Ṛta 6797:Dhi 5509:doi 5375:doi 5309:doi 5238:doi 5180:doi 5149:doi 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