82:
25:
278:(protectors of the Buddhist religion) -the other category being Wisdom Protectors. In China, "each is additionally associated with a specific direction and the Four Heraldic Animals of Chinese astronomy/astrology, as well as playing a more secular role in rural communities ensuring favorable weather for crops and peace throughout the land...Easily identified by their armor and boots, each has his own magic weapon and associations." Their names are (east)
126:
118:
305:
or other great adepts and oath bound to protect a monastery, geographic region, particular tradition or as guardians of
Buddhism in general. These worldly protectors are invoked and propitiated to aid the monastery or Buddhist practitioner materially and to remove obstacles to practice. However,
81:
337:
370:
Hua, Gold
Mountain Shramana Tripitaka Master Hsuan; Bhikshuni Rev. Heng Chih; Bhikshuni Rev. Heng Hsien; David Rounds; Ron Epstein; et al. (2003).
301:, many of these worldly protector deities are indigenous Tibetan deities, mountain gods, demons, spirits or ghosts that have been subjugated by
371:
454:
446:
432:
418:
381:
68:
46:
39:
373:
The
Shurangama Sutra - Sutra Text and Supplements with Commentary by the Venerable Master Hsuan Hua - First Edition
201:
185:
94:
291:
504:
325:
217:
279:
481:- Lokapalas and caturmaharajikas in rock carvings at Chilas and Thalpan on the Upper Indus (Pakistan)
306:
since they are considered to be
Samsaric beings, they are not worshiped or considered as objects of
33:
369:
50:
328:, all of these beings are invoked (hooked and summoned) and exhorted to behave (subdued) and
157:
499:
466:
8:
197:
283:
189:
472:
172:
for "guardian of the world", has different uses depending on whether it is found in a
494:
450:
442:
428:
414:
393:
377:
333:
307:
141:
287:
298:
425:
Ruthless
Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art
396:, pp. 87-162, and Chapter 5, The Twelve Categories of Living Beings, pp. 177-191,
387:
240:
478:
149:
488:
302:
169:
329:
274:
130:
253:
363:
321:
314:
110:
102:
318:
223:
177:
173:
165:
252:
234:
125:
90:
441:. Oxford University Press. Reprint Delhi: Books Faith, 1996 -
376:. Burlingame, California: Buddhist Text Translation Society.
246:
98:
86:
117:
106:
226:, the guardians of the cardinal directions are called
358:Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery
486:
200:, and to other protector spirits, whereas the
449:. Reprint Delhi: Paljor Publications, 2002- -
16:Guardians or kings of the cardinal directions
413:Delhi: Winsome Books. (Third Reprint 2003)
469:- outline page at Himalayan Art Resources
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
188:associated with the eight, nine and ten
124:
116:
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
487:
392:, Volume 6, Chapter 3: The Spiritual
230:. The four principal guardians are:
18:
475:- images at Himalayan Art Resources
437:De Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Rene. (1956)
272:are one of two broad categories of
13:
403:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
516:
460:
360:. Vermont: Tuttle, 2008, p. 194.
121:The Korean statuette of Lokapala
23:
427:London: Serindia Publications.
479:Lokapalas and caturmaharajikas
350:
263:
211:
1:
411:The Guardian Deities of Tibet
343:
473:Buddhist Protectors: Worldly
326:City of Ten Thousand Buddhas
7:
439:Oracles and Demons of Tibet
254:
218:Guardians of the directions
202:Guardians of the Directions
186:Guardians of the Directions
95:guardians of the directions
10:
521:
356:Welch, Patricia Bjaaland.
215:
153:
145:
409:Kalsang, Ladrang (1996)
53:more precise citations.
180:context. In Hinduism,
134:
122:
114:
423:Linrothe, Rob (1999)
128:
120:
84:
505:Four Heavenly Kings
467:Buddhist Protectors
204:are referred to as
198:Four Heavenly Kings
190:cardinal directions
330:protect the Dharma
162:jig rten skyong ba
139:
135:
123:
115:
394:Shurangama Mantra
338:Shurangama Mantra
154:འཇིག་རྟེན་སྐྱོང་བ
137:
97:, on the wall of
79:
78:
71:
512:
397:
391:
386:. Archived from
367:
361:
354:
299:Tibetan Buddhism
257:
155:
147:
85:The 9th century
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
520:
519:
515:
514:
513:
511:
510:
509:
485:
484:
463:
406:
404:Further reading
401:
400:
384:
368:
364:
355:
351:
346:
266:
220:
214:
192:. In Buddhism,
129:Statues of two
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
518:
508:
507:
502:
497:
483:
482:
476:
470:
462:
461:External links
459:
458:
457:
435:
421:
405:
402:
399:
398:
390:on 2009-05-29.
382:
362:
348:
347:
345:
342:
290:, and (south)
265:
262:
261:
260:
250:
244:
238:
216:Main article:
213:
210:
196:refers to the
184:refers to the
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
517:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
490:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
456:
455:81-86230-12-2
452:
448:
447:81-7303-039-1
444:
440:
436:
434:
433:0-906026-51-2
430:
426:
422:
420:
419:81-88043-04-4
416:
412:
408:
407:
395:
389:
385:
383:0-88139-949-3
379:
375:
374:
366:
359:
353:
349:
341:
339:
335:
334:practitioners
331:
327:
323:
320:
316:
313:According to
311:
309:
304:
303:Padmasambhava
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
271:
268:In Buddhism,
258:
256:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
231:
229:
225:
219:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:), Sanskrit,
163:
159:
151:
143:
132:
127:
119:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
438:
424:
410:
388:the original
372:
365:
357:
352:
312:
296:
273:
269:
267:
227:
221:
205:
193:
181:
161:
136:
131:Tang dynasty
65:
56:
37:
500:Dharmapalas
288:Vaishravana
280:Dhrtarastra
264:In Buddhism
212:In Hinduism
51:introducing
489:Categories
344:References
286:, (north)
275:dharmapāla
59:April 2011
34:references
322:Hsuan Hua
315:Tripitaka
292:Virudhaka
284:Virupaksa
282:, (west)
111:Indonesia
103:Prambanan
89:Lokapala
495:Lokapala
332:and its
319:Shramana
270:lokapāla
228:dikapāla
224:Hinduism
194:lokapāla
182:lokapāla
178:Buddhist
142:Sanskrit
138:Lokapāla
133:Lokapala
101:temple,
336:in the
324:of the
317:Master
243:(South)
237:(North)
206:dikpāla
170:Tibetan
150:Tibetan
47:improve
453:
445:
431:
417:
380:
308:refuge
259:(West)
255:Varuṇa
249:(East)
235:Kubera
168:, and
146:लोकपाल
93:, the
91:devata
36:, but
247:Indra
174:Hindu
158:Wylie
99:Shiva
87:Hindu
451:ISBN
443:ISBN
429:ISBN
415:ISBN
378:ISBN
241:Yama
166:Pāli
107:Java
297:In
222:In
176:or
160:: '
491::
340:.
310:.
294:.
208:.
156:,
152::
148:,
144::
109:,
105:,
140:(
113:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
