281:), with the objective of either harassing the British coast, or attacking the British West-Indies fleet of admiral Rodney that was expected to return around this time. After long dithering the Dutch decided to provide ten ships of the line for such a project, and Van Bylandt was put in charge of this squadron. When he had inspected the ships he refused point-blank to sail in them, however, as he considered their state of readiness insufficient. In this refusal he was supported by the other Dutch commanders. The Dutch government was therefore forced to admit to the French that it was unable to provide the promised naval support.
20:
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255:. According to his biographer Molhuysen Van Bylandt was also sent to the area and he successfully organized the defense of CuraƧao, which remained in Dutch hands. However, other sources, notably Dirks, tell us that Bylandt was never directly involved in the defense of CuraƧao, but only detached a ship of the squadron with which he was staying in
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forces in the common war with Great
Britain, which the Republic conducted as if it were alone. The French strongly favored informal cooperation in specific projects, however, and the stadtholder was not always able to prevent those. One of these projects was the combination of the French and Dutch fleets at
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demanded a public inquiry and the commission that conducted that inquiry recommended prosecution of the officers involved, especially Van
Bylandt. This time a court-martial was not deemed to be sufficient, but the case was taken up by a special judicial commission of the States-General at the end of
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in which
Bylandt was forced to strike his colors (surrender) after firing just one broadside. This humiliation caused a furore in the Dutch Republic in which the stadtholder was also attacked. Van Bylandt demanded a special court-martial to clear his name of accusations of cowardice and treason, and
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as far as non-contraband goods were concerned. A diplomatic conflict between Great
Britain now ensued about the interpretation of this treaty and of the definition of "contraband" under it. The British tried to declare naval stores, like ship's timbers, spars, masts, rope, tar and pitch, contraband,
191:, which were an encumbrance to American merchantmen that visited the island, and also to Dutch, French and other neutral shipping (France was at this time not yet at war with Great Britain). To suppress this privateer activity the Dutch government sent a Dutch naval squadron under Van Bylandt to the
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and ordered to contest the
British blockade of the Dutch coast. He found the state of the Dutch fleet so deplorable, however, that nothing came of this. As the stadtholder resisted a formal alliance with the French there was little cooperation between the Dutch, and the French and Spanish armed
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therefore directed the stadtholder (as commander-in-chief of the Dutch navy) to offer limited convoy to Dutch merchants. This was a compromise, as it still excluded protection of merchantmen transporting naval stores to belligerents, but it was hoped that Dutch merchant ships not carrying what
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against which the Dutch maintained the narrow definition of the treaty as only "arms and munitions." The trade in naval stores was important to France, as her naval construction depended on it. France therefore strongly opposed the tendency of the pro-British Dutch government of
183:). Dutch and French merchants imported guns and munitions, and also naval stores to St. Eustatius, which were then re-exported to the rebellious American colonies. The British considered such trade illegal and tried to hinder it by enforcing a trade
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Van
Bylandt had never lost the favor of the stadtholder and the latter was now able to promote him to lieutenant-admiral. He was given the prestigious function of inspector-general of the corps of naval gunners. He died in 1793, still in office.
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to give in to the
British demands and insisted on the Dutch "defending their treaty rights" to the point of selectively using economic sanctions against Dutch cities that supported the stadtholder's policy on this point. In November 1779 the
206:, but that fell outside the narrow definition of that concept in the Anglo-Dutch Commercial Treaty of 1668. This treaty guaranteed Dutch shipping a privileged status and exempted it from trade embargoes enforced by the British
54:, for which refusal many held him responsible. He was court-martialed and exonerated in the first case, and in the second case an inquiry into his conduct was long delayed and eventually quietly abandoned after
93:), a Prussian high official, and Christina Maria Louisa Freiin (baroness) von Heyden - Broeck. He never married. He was a relative of several other high officers in the army and navy of the Dutch Republic and
304:("Naval tactics or Fundamentals of military science at sea;" Amsterdam, 1767) and he is also credited with restoring discipline in the fleet, which apparently had reached a low level at some point.
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195:. He remained there a year and was successful in keeping the privateers at bay. (Note that at this time the Dutch Republic was still neutral and was just defending its rights as such).
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This again caused a furor in the
Republic and public opinion also held the stadtholder responsible for the fiasco, though he for once had supported the expedition. The
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took its course and the military intervention of the
Prussians and British in 1787, that ended that revolt, also enabled the stadtholder to quietly end the inquiry.
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where
American merchants came to trade in colonial wares like tobacco and indigo (which had hitherto been prohibited to them under the British
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could only be held by the stadtholder) possible. He died in office as inspector-general and commander of the gunners corps of the navy of the
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1783. The trial only started in 1785 (after the war had already ended) and was dragged out by his friends. Meanwhile, the revolt of the
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Britain defined as contraband could be protected from being intercepted by the Royal Navy and British privateers in this way.
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of 1779 and even more in consequence of the refusal of the Dutch navy to put out to sea to combine with the French fleet in
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in 1778 Dutch merchants also were heavily involved in trade with these belligerents in goods that the British considered
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in December 1780. The Dutch colonies in the West Indies were immediately attacked and Great Britain soon
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in those years. In 1775 Van Bylandt was acting-commander of a Dutch naval expedition (with the rank of
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During his career he made great contributions to codification of naval tactics with his
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Dutch merchants became heavily involved in trade with the new American Republic. The
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A cartoon of Admiral Lodewijk van Bylandt, October 1782
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to sue for peace, and give the Dutch victory in the
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42:officer. He gained a certain notoriety in the
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545:18th-century Dutch military personnel
449:Molhuysen, P.C. and Blok, P.J. (eds.)
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61:had prevailed against the
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169:Dutch West India Company
463:(2001; repr. 1911 ed.)
356:Edler, pp. 95–130
320:Molhuysen, pp. 383, 386
163:After the start of the
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249:captured St. Eustatius
245:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
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492:at Wikimedia Commons
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419:Molhuysen, p. 386
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145:) against
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216:William V
115:adelborst
59:William V
291:Patriots
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185:embargo
171:had an
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127:captain
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89:of the
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135:Thetis
109:Career
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308:Notes
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