39:
164:
145:
134:
103:
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Morocco's economy. The Dutch
Republic likewise benefitted from this wartime trade and refrained from interfering with the traders. Numerous encounters occurred along the Moroccan coast, including an incident on June 10, 1776, off the coast of Larache where a Dutch frigate mistakenly attacked an Algerian ship. In spite of the blockade's efficacy, the Moroccan fleet itself had declined to engage the Dutch and thus remained largely intact. Confident in his strength, the Sultan offered peace in exchange for an annual tribute of thirty thousand
431:. Rossignol finally reached Fez on October 14 and was granted an audience with the Sultan on October 17. The Sultan was dissatisfied with the presents and instructed Rossignol to return them. Rossignol argued that this would be considered an insult to the Secretary of State and could potentially provoke a war. Rossignol departed from Fez on October 19 October, taking with him the gifts and a letter from the Sultan addressed to the States General.
250:
239:
228:
217:
206:
195:
184:
115:
427:, sent a formal escort of three officers and twenty horses to bring Rossignol and the gifts to him. On October 3, Rossignol was escorted from Larache and arrived in Meknes on September 7. There, he received word that the Sultan had left a few days earlier to visit a military camp in the mountains near
531:
near
Arzilla, causing significant damage to one of them despite their flying a white flag. The States General issued an apology for the incident on July 4, and in response, the Sultan ratified the peace agreement with Admiral Picot, expressing his desire for friendship and the restoration of peaceful
503:
from Beffi Bay (southeast of Tétouan) with the goal of inflicting maximal damage to Dutch trade. Van
Bylandt responded with a force of four warships that intercepted and grievously damaged the two galleys in Beffi Bay, which caused the Moroccan navy to retreat to port for over a month. Following this
526:
was dispatched with two frigates to negotiate a peace agreement with the Sultan. As part of the accord, 58–75 Dutch slaves were liberated without ransom, and the Dutch no longer needed to give tribute to the Sultan. These negotiations were jeopardized the following day when, unaware of the treaty,
517:
of captain Wolter Jan
Bentick intercepted two Moroccan frigates and a xebec as they were attempting to escort a pair of captured Dutch merchant vessels to Larache. The Dutch began the engagement by trying to recapture the merchant vessels but they, having been re-crewed by Moroccan sailors, escaped
548:
were happy with the peace, especially the traders. This conflict is often considered the most significant war between the Dutch and the
Moroccans, yet it remains largely overlooked and rarely discussed. After the war, diplomatic relations between the involved parties remained strong. Dutch traders
479:
During these events, Rossignol remained at his post, and Dutch traders in
Morocco were not subjected to capture. Instead, they were allowed to operate freely in the country and received official passports from the Sultan to facilitate their trading activities, which contributed significantly to
464:, in which a Dutch ship chased a Moroccan ship until it stranded and was severely damaged. Over approximately six months, Dabenis safely escorted around 100 Dutch merchant vessels across the Strait of Gibraltar. As a result of a lack of Moroccan pirate activity, his fleet was reduced to eight
399:
where, due to the lack of a suitable anchoring spot, the ship had to wait for two days before it could safely drop anchor. The purpose of this voyage was to deliver a gift to Sultan
Mohammed III as a token of their strong friendship and enduring alliance. The gift consisted of two chests of
518:
by beaching themselves, ultimately destroying both vessels and much of their cargo. The three
Moroccan warships eluded the Dutch, but it their haste they all catastrophically shipwrecked; Taibi Velalou near Larache and, later, Ali Perez and the xebec at the entrance of
508:
and its 35 crewmen in the month of August. Their success was limited, however, as for their part the Dutch managed to intercept and greatly damage a
Moroccan xebec. The decisive engagement of the war came in December that same year, when the
549:
actively engaged in commerce along the
Moroccan coastline, benefiting from a generous grant of liberty to trade with all ships and access Moroccan ports. The Sultan went on to forge peaceful relations with several other nations, including
522:. This a substantial defeat for the Sultan. The loss of his best ships and their irreplaceable cannons was a significant blow, effectively crippling his navy. These losses and the blockade ultimately forced the Sultan to sue for peace.
1288:
Korte beschrijving der staten van Barbarije, Marokko, Algiers, Tunis en Fezzan benevens een naauwkeurig verhaal van de roemrijke overwinning, door de gecombineerde Britsche en Nederlandische vloten ... onlangs voor Algiers
1120:
Morocco declared war on 30 October 1774 and their declaration was received on 3 November 1774. However, since the declaration was officially accepted on 1 January 1775, some sources will list 1774 as the first year of the
446:
and tensions were rising with the Regency of Algiers; nevertheless, he dispatched both letters to the States General, who accepted the declaration of war on January 1, 1775 and sought to secure a decisive Moroccan defeat.
379:, the Dutch gained the upper hand through effective blockades of Moroccan ports, well-organized patrols against Moroccan ships, and the destruction of the Sultan's two finest frigates. Mohammed III ultimately asked the
459:
with eight warships, received orders to blockade Moroccan ports, preventing any Moroccan pirates from seizing Dutch ships. The blockade proved effective, as only one small engagement took place near the coast of
487:
In June 1776, the Sultan ordered Ali Perez to engage the Dutch fleet. Still loathe to risk disaster but compelled by the Sultan's orders, the commander and his subordinates deployed four
640:
De Europische reiziger, of De geest der nieuwstydingen. Bevattende, behalven het voornaamste staatsnieuws, verscheide aangenaame byzonderheden, en gewichtige scheepsberichten Volume 1
476:) by Daniel Pichot in 1776. A blockade of the Moroccan coast and ports was initiated by Bylandt, Picker, and Kinsbergen, who commanded a force consisting of eight to twelve warships.
434:
On November 1, Rossignol received two letters authored by Samuel Sumbel, the Sultan's right-hand man. The first letter, signed by the Sultan himself, formally declared war on the
1168:
1004:
De Europische reiziger, of De geest der nieuwstydingen. Bevattende, behalven het voornaamste staatsnieuws, verscheide aangenaame byzonderheden, en gewichtige scheepsberichten
408:, two elegant golden watches, a ring, two Dutch rugs, and a selection of coffee and tea. This was intended to serve as both a present and a reminder of the positive
412:. Dabenis immediately set sail after unloading the gifts to avoid any further formalities and invitations that could potentially incur additional expenses for the
383:
for peace. As part of the treaty, all Dutch slaves held in Moroccan captivity were released without ransom, and the Dutch were no longer required to give tribute.
438:. The second letter explained that this declaration of war stemmed primarily from an incident wherein Dutch ships attacked a Moroccan vessel, mistaking it for an
1008:
The European Traveler, or The Spirit of the News. Containing, in addition to the main state news, several pleasant details and important shipping reports.
210:
199:
1275:
232:
221:
168:
17:
643:(in Dutch). Gedrukt voor den auteur, en te bekomen in den boekwinkel van C. van Cassenberg en W. van den Brink #op den Dam#. 1777. p. 69.
1367:
149:
1337:
1179:
472:. In 1775, Captain Dabenis was replaced by Flag Officer Hartsinck, who was succeeded in turn (after the brief interim appointment of
1211:
1254:
1243:
1157:
1372:
38:
416:. Rossignol, the envoy tasked with delivering the gifts to the Sultan, decided to wait, hoping for instructions from the
1292:(in Dutch). KB, Nationale Bibliotheek van Nederland (original from Universiteitsbibliotheek Vrije Universiteit): Blussé.
1286:
1308:
1264:
1221:
1189:
545:
417:
409:
380:
1362:
443:
423:
The governor of Larache spotted Rossignol and informed the Sultan about the pending gift. The Sultan, residing in
1332:
1146:
484:. The Dutch treated this offer as an insult and resolved to force the Sultan into a more favorable peace deal.
1232:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
523:
376:
188:
45:
1327:
375:
and an accidental attack on a Moroccan ship. Under the leadership of Captains Salomon Dedel and
1060:
455:
The States General wasted no time in taking action. Captain Dabenis, who was stationed in the
364:
138:
49:
504:
lull, Moroccan warships again ran the blockade, successfully capturing the Dutch cargo ship
473:
243:
8:
456:
1136:
439:
1304:
1260:
1217:
1185:
1142:
442:
one. Rossignol was surprised that Morocco declared war since they had just started a
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314:
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519:
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227:
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183:
119:
114:
74:
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428:
254:
1181:
Arabic Studies in the Netherlands A Short History in Portraits, 1580–1950
405:
1170:
Chronologisch handboek bij de beoefening der Ned. geschiedenis Volume 1
496:
1074:
1072:
912:] (in Dutch) (2nd ed.). Haarlem: A.C. Kruseman. p. 368.
401:
673:
671:
669:
465:
271:
1138:
Matthijs Sloot : een zeeman uit de achttiende eeuw, 1719–1779
1069:
960:
Matthijs Sloot : een zeeman uit de achttiende eeuw, 1719-1779
715:
713:
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481:
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and Captain Quirijn Dabenis reached the shores of the bay near
288:
1205:(in Dutch). KB, Nationale Bibliotheek van Nederland: Kruseman.
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793:
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602:
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275:
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698:
1213:
The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
788:
656:
654:
652:
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592:
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1199:
Jonge, Johannes Cornelis; Jakob Jonge, Jan Karel (1861).
1041:
841:
829:
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737:
695:
614:
1280:(in Dutch). Uitgeversmaatschappij Joost van den Vondel.
1029:
647:
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1303:(in Dutch) (E-book ed.). Elmar B.V., Uitgeverij.
883:
776:
752:
575:
1096:
1284:
1078:
677:
1234:Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 4
1177:
569:
1202:Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche zeewezen Dl. 4
1319:
1198:
1010:] (in Dutch). Vol. 1. 1777. p. 68.
877:
719:
689:
608:
1216:(E book ed.). Liverpool University Press.
1178:Vrolijk, Arnoud; van Leeuwen, Richard (2013).
1230:
1090:
1296:
799:
633:
631:
629:
410:diplomatic relations between the two nations
1023:Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen
990:Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen
975:Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen
940:Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen
925:Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen
905:Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen
1134:
1047:
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835:
823:
811:
770:
746:
731:
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393:Princess Royal Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina
371:in response to the Dutch's lack of proper
349:1 merchant ship captured (later recovered)
37:
1285:van der Pyl, R.; Bensdorp, J. C. (1816).
1155:
862:
626:
596:
527:two Dutch frigates pursued four Moroccan
1256:The Pirate Encyclopedia The Pirate's Way
1252:
1159:Geschiedenis der Noordelijke Nederlanden
1035:
901:
1273:
581:
14:
1320:
1241:
1209:
1166:
1102:
957:
910:History of the Dutch Maritime Industry
889:
782:
758:
391:On September 14, 1774, the Dutch ship
953:
951:
949:
858:
856:
363:, was initiated when Moroccan Sultan
1231:Blok, P.J.; Molhuysen, P.C. (1918).
1020:
987:
972:
937:
922:
902:de Jonge, Johannes Cornelis (1861).
319:Blockading Moroccan ports and coast:
1245:Encyclopaedia Londinensis Volume 16
532:relations between the two nations.
24:
1368:18th century in the Dutch Republic
1277:Geschiedenis van Nederland ter zee
946:
853:
25:
1384:
1338:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
553:, Sweden, and the United States.
513:of Captain Salomon Dedel and the
248:
237:
226:
215:
204:
193:
182:
162:
143:
132:
113:
101:
1079:van der Pyl & Bensdorp 1816
1062:De Leidsman der jeugd Volume 11
1053:
1014:
996:
981:
966:
931:
916:
895:
678:van der Pyl & Bensdorp 1816
308:Patrolling and escorting ships:
304:Second half of 1775, and after:
1114:
1065:(in Dutch). 1839. p. 308.
570:Vrolijk & van Leeuwen 2013
357:Dutch-Moroccan War (1775–1777)
32:Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777)
18:Dutch-Moroccan War (1775-1777)
13:
1:
1297:van der Bijl, Yvonne (2013).
556:
386:
65:1 January 1775 – 29 June 1777
878:Jonge & Jakob Jonge 1861
720:Jonge & Jakob Jonge 1861
690:Jonge & Jakob Jonge 1861
609:Jonge & Jakob Jonge 1861
544:, both the populace and the
535:
361:the Moroccan War (1775–1777)
7:
1373:1770s in the Dutch Republic
53:(19th-century illustration)
10:
1389:
1259:(E-book ed.). Brill.
1184:(E-book ed.). Brill.
1128:
377:Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen
1091:Blok & Molhuysen 1918
338:1 galiot severely damaged
326:
260:
125:
94:
57:
36:
31:
1135:Veenendaal, A.J (1975).
347:captured and shipwrecked
1363:18th century in Morocco
1253:Zuidhoek, Arne (2022).
1210:Bruijn, Jaap R (2017).
1333:Wars involving Morocco
1274:Mollema, J.C. (1939).
1162:(in Dutch). Arkesteyn.
1156:Waterreus, J. (1865).
450:
294:Other Moroccan pirates
126:Commanders and leaders
1242:Wilkes, John (1819).
1167:Dewald, H.P. (1856).
1141:(in Dutch). Nijhoff.
327:Casualties and losses
474:Lodewijk van Bylandt
367:declared war on the
332:2 frigates destroyed
244:Lodewijk van Bylandt
108:Sultanate of Morocco
75:North Atlantic Ocean
992:. pp. 373–374.
977:. pp. 371–372.
942:. pp. 370–371.
499:and two eighty-man
457:Strait of Gibraltar
340:2 galleys destroyed
298:First half of 1775:
863:Veenendal (1975).
336:3 xebecs destroyed
77:, coast of Morocco
50:Emperor of Morocco
1358:Conflicts in 1776
1353:Conflicts in 1777
1348:Conflicts in 1775
1343:Conflicts in 1774
800:van der Bijl 2013
353:
352:
211:Andries Hartsinck
90:
89:
46:JH van Kinsbergen
16:(Redirected from
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773:, p. 39-46.
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734:, p. 44-45.
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359:, also known as
315:ship of the line
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44:Negotiations of
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29:
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1048:Veenendaal 1975
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705:Veenendaal 1975
703:
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621:Veenendaal 1975
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506:Maria Catharina
453:
389:
348:
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334:50 cannons lost
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42:
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1328:Barbary piracy
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1095:
1093:, p. 384.
1083:
1081:, p. 179.
1068:
1052:
1040:
1038:, p. 762.
1028:
1025:. p. 374.
1013:
995:
980:
965:
945:
930:
927:. p. 369.
915:
894:
892:, p. 181.
882:
880:, p. 368.
870:
865:Matthijs Sloot
852:
840:
828:
816:
804:
787:
785:, p. 136.
775:
763:
761:, p. 190.
751:
736:
724:
722:, p. 369.
709:
694:
692:, p. 367.
682:
680:, p. 178.
665:
646:
625:
623:, p. 369.
613:
601:
599:, p. 138.
597:Waterreus 1865
586:
584:, p. 254.
574:
561:
560:
558:
555:
551:Denmark-Norway
546:States General
542:Dutch Republic
537:
534:
524:Van Kinsbergen
452:
449:
444:war with Spain
436:Dutch Republic
418:States General
414:Dutch Republic
388:
385:
381:States General
369:Dutch Republic
351:
350:
345:merchant ships
341:
329:
328:
324:
323:
295:
267:Raiding force:
263:
262:
258:
257:
179:
128:
127:
123:
122:
120:Dutch Republic
110:
97:
96:
92:
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84:
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55:
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34:
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9:
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2:
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1323:
1312:
1310:9789038920801
1306:
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1266:9789004515673
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1223:9781786948908
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1203:
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1191:9789004266339
1187:
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1150:
1144:
1140:
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1117:
1113:
1105:, p. 11.
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1050:, p. 45.
1049:
1044:
1037:
1036:Zuidhoek 2022
1032:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
999:
991:
984:
976:
969:
962:. p. 44.
961:
954:
952:
950:
941:
934:
926:
919:
911:
907:
906:
898:
891:
886:
879:
874:
867:. p. 43.
866:
859:
857:
850:, p. 42.
849:
844:
838:, p. 41.
837:
832:
826:, p. 40.
825:
820:
814:, p. 39.
813:
808:
802:, p. 62.
801:
796:
794:
792:
784:
779:
772:
767:
760:
755:
749:, p. 44.
748:
743:
741:
733:
728:
721:
716:
714:
707:, p. 43.
706:
701:
699:
691:
686:
679:
674:
672:
670:
663:, p. 46.
662:
657:
655:
653:
651:
642:
641:
634:
632:
630:
622:
617:
611:, p. 23.
610:
605:
598:
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583:
578:
572:, p. 81.
571:
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448:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
421:
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411:
407:
404:, a saber, a
403:
398:
394:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
346:
342:
331:
330:
325:
322:8–12 warships
320:
316:
309:
305:
299:
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290:
285:
284:Other forces:
281:
277:
273:
268:
265:
264:
259:
256:
251:
245:
240:
234:
233:Daniel Pichot
229:
223:
222:Salomon Dedel
218:
212:
207:
201:
196:
190:
185:
180:
178:
176:
170:
169:Taibi Velalou
165:
159:
157:
151:
146:
140:
135:
130:
129:
124:
121:
116:
111:
109:
104:
99:
98:
93:
86:Dutch victory
85:
82:
81:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
47:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
1299:
1287:
1276:
1255:
1244:
1233:
1212:
1201:
1180:
1169:
1158:
1137:
1116:
1098:
1086:
1061:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1003:
998:
989:
983:
974:
968:
959:
958:Veenendaal.
939:
933:
924:
918:
909:
904:
897:
885:
873:
864:
843:
831:
819:
807:
778:
766:
754:
727:
685:
639:
616:
604:
582:Mollema 1939
577:
565:
539:
514:
510:
505:
486:
478:
454:
433:
422:
392:
390:
365:Mohammed III
360:
356:
354:
318:
307:
303:
297:
283:
266:
255:Jan Bentinck
174:
155:
139:Mohammed III
95:Belligerents
43:
26:
1237:(in Dutch).
1173:(in Dutch).
1103:Wilkes 1819
890:Bruijn 2017
783:Bruijn 2017
759:Dewald 1856
406:powder horn
1322:Categories
1148:9024717981
1021:de Jonge.
988:de Jonge.
973:de Jonge.
938:de Jonge.
923:de Jonge.
557:References
387:Background
311:8 frigates
301:8 warships
189:Kinsbergen
536:Aftermath
402:porcelain
292:1 frigate
150:Ali Peres
48:with the
482:piastres
468:and one
466:frigates
440:Algerian
272:frigates
261:Strength
70:Location
1300:Marokko
1289:behaald
1129:Sources
540:In the
529:galiots
520:Marmora
501:galleys
497:Tétouan
493:Tangier
397:Larache
373:tribute
289:galiots
280:galleys
175:†
156:†
1307:
1263:
1220:
1188:
1145:
489:xebecs
462:Tanger
425:Meknes
276:xebecs
274:, 3-4
171:
152:
83:Result
1006:[
908:[
515:Venus
491:from
1305:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1121:war.
511:Mars
355:The
278:, 2
62:Date
495:or
451:War
429:Fez
1324::
1071:^
948:^
855:^
790:^
739:^
712:^
697:^
668:^
649:^
628:^
589:^
420:.
343:2
313:1
287:4
270:2
1313:.
1269:.
1248:.
1226:.
1194:.
1151:.
20:)
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