160:, and thermophotovoltaics. So far, high efficiency applications using plasmonics have not been realized due to the high ohmic losses inside metals especially in the optical spectral range (visible and NIR). Additionally surface plasmons have been used to create super lenses, invisibility cloaks, and to improve quantum computing. Another interesting area of research in plasmonics is the ability to turn plasmons "on" and "off" via modification of another molecule. The ability to turn plasmons on and off has important consequences for increasing sensitivity in detection methods. Recently, a supramolecular chromophore was coupled with a metal nanostructure. This interaction changed the localized surface plasmon resonance properties of the silver nanostructure by increasing the absorption intensity.
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48:. When a small spherical metallic nanoparticle is irradiated by light, the oscillating electric field causes the conduction electrons to oscillate coherently. When the electron cloud is displaced relative to its original position, a restoring force arises from Coulombic attraction between electrons and nuclei. This force causes the electron cloud to oscillate. The oscillation frequency is determined by the density of electrons, the effective electron mass, and the size and shape of the charge distribution. The LSP has two important effects:
72:
and its peak absorption wavelength is easily changed. For instance, the peak absorption wavelength of triangular silver nanoparticles was altered by changing the corner sharpness of the triangles. It underwent a blue-shift as corner sharpness of the triangles decreased. Additionally, peak absorption wavelength underwent a red-shift as a larger amount of HAuCl
17:
71:
For metals like silver and gold, the oscillation frequency is also affected by the electrons in d-orbitals. Silver is a popular choice in plasmonics, which studies the effect of coupling light to charges, because it can support a surface plasmon over a wide range of wavelengths (300-1200 nm),
93:
A goal of plasmonics is to understand and manipulate surface plasmons at the nano-scale, so characterization of surface plasmons is important. Some techniques frequently used to characterize surface plasmons are dark-field microscopy, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering
84:
Localized surface plasmons are distinct from propagating surface plasmons. In localized surface plasmons, the electron cloud oscillates collectively. In propagating surface plasmons, the surface plasmon propagates back and forth between the ends of the structure. Propagating surface plasmons also
965:
Zhou, Haibo; Yang, Danting; Ivleva, Natalia P.; Mircescu, Nicoleta E.; Schubert, Sören; Niessner, Reinhard; Wieser, Andreas; Haisch, Christoph (2015-07-07). "Label-Free in Situ
Discrimination of Live and Dead Bacteria by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering".
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Zhou, Shu; Pi, Xiaodong; Ni, Zhenyi; Ding, Yi; Jiang, Yingying; Jin, Chuanhong; Delerue, Christophe; Yang, Deren; Nozaki, Tomohiro (2015). "Comparative study on the localized surface plasmon resonance of boron- and phosphorus-doped silicon nanocrystals".
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Loo, Jacky Fong-Chuen; Yang, Chengbin; Tsang, Hing Lun; Lau, Pui Man; Yong, Ken-Tye; Ho, Ho Pui; Kong, Siu Kai (2017). "An
Aptamer Bio-barCode (ABC) assay using SPR, RNase H, and probes with RNA and gold-nanorods for anti-cancer drug screening".
85:
need to have at least one dimension that is close to or longer than the wavelength of incident light. The waves created in propagating surface plasmons can also be tuned by controlling the geometry of the metal nanostructure.
94:(SERS). With dark-field microscopy, it is possible to monitor the spectrum of an individual metal nanostructure as the incident light polarization, wavelength, or variations in the dielectric environment is changed.
63:
can also be tuned based on the shape of the nanoparticle. The plasmon frequency can be related to the metal dielectric constant. The enhancement falls off quickly with distance from the surface and, for
1025:
653:
ElKabbash, Mohamed; et al. (2017). "Tunable Black Gold: Controlling the Near-Field
Coupling of Immobilized Au Nanoparticles Embedded in Mesoporous Silica Capsules".
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was added and porosity of the particles increased. For semiconductor nanoparticles, the maximum optical absorption is often in the near-infrared and mid-infrared region.
391:
Liu, Xin; Swihart, Mark T. (2014). "Heavily-doped colloidal semiconductor and metal oxide nanocrystals: an emerging new class of plasmonic nanomaterials".
68:
nanoparticles, the resonance occurs at visible wavelengths. Localized surface plasmon resonance creates brilliant colors in metal colloidal solutions.
209:
Kelly, K. Lance (December 21, 2002). "The
Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric Environment".
144:, could enhance the signal in surface plasmon resonance sensing. Nanostructures exhibiting LSP resonances are used to enhance signals in modern
462:
Haes, Amanda J.; Van Duyne, Richard P. (2004-08-01). "A unified view of propagating and localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors".
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Fang, Nicholas; Lee, Hyesog; Sun, Cheng; Zhang, Xiang (2005-04-22). "Sub-Diffraction-Limited
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20:
Light incident on a metal nanoparticle causes the conduction band electrons to oscillate. This is the localized surface plasmon.
297:
Skrabalak, Sara E.; Au, Leslie; Li, Xingde; Xia, Younan (September 2007). "Facile synthesis of Ag nanocubes and Au nanocages".
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Rycenga, Matthew; Cobley, Claire M.; Zeng, Jie; Li, Weiyang; Moran, Christine H.; Zhang, Qiang; Qin, Dong; Xia, Younan (2011).
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Surface Plasmons".
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near the particle's surface are greatly enhanced and the particle's optical absorption has a maximum at the
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Zeng, Jie; Roberts, Stefan; Xia, Younan (2010). "Nanocrystal-Based Time–Temperature
Indicators".
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136:. As the resonant frequency is easy to measure, this allows LSP nanoparticles to be used for
247:"Controlling the Synthesis and Assembly of Silver Nanostructures for Plasmonic Applications"
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Mayer, Kathryn M.; Hafner, Jason H. (2011). "Localized
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598:"Nanoparticle enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensing: Application of gold nanorods"
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Law, Wing-Cheung; Yong, Ken-Tye; Baev, Alexander; Hu, Rui; Prasad, Paras N. (2009-10-12).
152:. Other applications that rely on efficient light to heat generation in the nanoscale are
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sensing applications. Also, nanoparticles exhibiting strong LSP properties, such as gold
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Khurgin, Jacob (2015). "How to deal with the loss in plasmonics and metamaterials".
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Shalaev, Vladimir M. (January 2007). "Optical negative-index metamaterials".
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Characterization and study of localized surface plasmons
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128:of the environment; a change in
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517:. Plasmonics (111): 3828–3857.
185:Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
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350:Chemistry – A European Journal
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936:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.053002
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111:scanning electron microscope
80:Propagating surface plasmons
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158:photothermal cancer therapy
124:is highly sensitive to the
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655:Advanced Optical Materials
132:results in a shift in the
476:10.1007/s00216-004-2708-9
170:Surface plasmon resonance
61:Surface plasmon resonance
26:localized surface plasmon
906:Physical Review Letters
875:10.1038/nphoton.2006.49
816:10.1126/science.1108759
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712:2015NatNa..10....2K
614:2009OExpr..1719041L
608:(21): 19041–19046.
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356:(42): 12559–12563.
44:used to excite the
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429:ACS Nano
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281:21395318
164:See also
156:(HAMR),
142:nanorods
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840:1085807
804:Bibcode
796:Science
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