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high aspect ratio (> 25:1) nanorods with high yield (> 90%) at the cost of increased polydispersity. Another improvement is to introduce silver ions to the growth solution, which results in the nanorods of aspect ratios less than five in greater than 90% yield. Silver, of a lower reduction potential than gold, can be reduced on the surface of the rods to form a monolayer by underpotential deposition. Here, silver deposition competes with that of gold, thereby retarding the growth rate of specific crystal facets, allowing for
59:(MEMS). Nanorods, along with other noble metal nanoparticles, also function as theragnostic agents. Nanorods absorb in the near IR, and generate heat when excited with IR light. This property has led to the use of nanorods as cancer therapeutics. Nanorods can be conjugated with tumor targeting motifs and ingested. When a patient is exposed to IR light (which passes through body tissue), nanorods selectively taken up by tumor cells are locally heated, destroying only the cancerous tissue while leaving healthy cells intact.
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The shortcoming of this method is the formation of gold nanospheres, which requires non-trivial separations and cleanings. In one modifications of this method sodium citrate is replaced with a stronger CTAB stabilizer in the nucleation and growth procedures. Raising the pH is another way to achieve
282:
Cation exchange is a conventional but promising technique for new nanorod synthesis. Cation exchange transformations in nanorods are kinetically favorable and often shape-conserving. Compared to bulk crystal systems, the cation exchange of nanorods is million-times faster due to high surface area.
196:
process. For example, to make a dense "carpet" of CuO nanorods it was found to be enough to heat Cu foil in air at 420 °C. Apart from these manufacturing schemes, ZnO nanorods and tubes can be fabricated by the combination of deep UV lithography, dry etch, and atomic layer deposition (ALD).
212:
nanorod array light-emitting diodes can be manufactured with dry etching or focused ion beam etching techniques. Such LEDs emit polarized blue or green light Three-dimensional nanorod structures have a larger emitting surface, which results in better efficiency and light emission compared to
151:
and evaporated by heating the mixture at elevated temperature. In the chemical reduction method, zinc vapor, generated by the reduction of ZnO, is transferred to the growth zone, followed by reoxidation to ZnO. The VLS process, originally proposed in 1964, is the most commonly used process to
253:
of 25) can be obtained in the absence of silver nitrate by use of a three-step addition procedure. In this protocol, seeds are sequentially added to growth solution in order to control the rate of heterogeneous deposition and thereby the rate of crystal growth.
142:
ZnO nanorods. Among those methods, growing from vapor phase is the most developed approach. In a typical growth process, ZnO vapor is condensed onto a solid substrate. ZnO vapor can be generated by three methods: thermal evaporation, chemical reduction, and
176:) has also been recently developed. No catalyst is involved in this process and the growth temperature is at 400 ~500 °C, i.e. considerably milder conditions compared to the traditional vapor growth method. Moreover, metal oxide nanorods (ZnO, CuO, Fe
512:
Rackauskas, Simas; Nasibulin, Albert G; Jiang, Hua; Tian, Ying; Kleshch, Victor I; Sainio, Jani; Obraztsova, Elena D; Bokova, Sofia N; Obraztsov, Alexander N; Kauppinen, Esko I (22 April 2009). "A novel method for metal oxide nanowire synthesis".
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Existing nanorods serve as templates to make a variety of nanorods that are not accessible in traditional wet-chemical synthesis. Furthermore, complexity can be added by partial transformation, making nanorod heterostructures.
62:
Nanorods based on semiconducting materials have also been investigated for application as energy harvesting and light emitting devices. In 2006, Ramanathan et al. demonstrated electric-field mediated tunable
54:
One potential application of nanorods is in display technologies, because the reflectivity of the rods can be changed by changing their orientation with an applied electric field. Another application is for
918:"An Assay Using Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance and Gold Nanorods Functionalized with Aptamers to Sense the Cytochrome-c Released from Apoptotic Cancer Cells for Anti-Cancer Drug Effect Determination"
51:
act as shape control agents and bond to different facets of the nanorod with different strengths. This allows different faces of the nanorod to grow at different rates, producing an elongated object.
225:
The seed-mediated growth method is the most common and achieved method for synthesizing high-quality gold nanorods. A typical growth protocol involves the addition of gold nanospheres capped by
152:
synthesize single crystalline ZnO nanorods. In a typical process, catalytic droplets are deposited on the substrate and the gas mixtures, including Zn vapor and a mixture of CO/CO
1132:
Prashant K. Jain & Jessy B. Rivest (2012). "3. Cation exchange on the nanoscale: an emerging technique for new material synthesis, device fabrication, and chemical sensing".
1032:
Wang, Chung-Hao; Chang, Chia-Wei; Peng, Ching-An (2010-12-18). "Gold nanorod stabilized by thiolated chitosan as photothermal absorber for cancer cell treatment".
213:
planar LEDs. Ink-printed quantum dot nanorod LED (QNED) displays are being researched by
Samsung, with InGaN nanorod LEDs replacing the organic OLED layer in
274:; or biomolecules, such as phospholipids have been used to displace the CTAB out from the nanorod surface without affecting the stability has been reported.
865:
Xiaohua Huang; Svetlana
Neretina & Mostafa A. El-Sayed (2009). "Gold Nanorods: From Synthesis and Properties to Biological and Biomedical Applications".
608:
1195:
661:
Park, Hoo Keun; Yoon, Seong Woong; Eo, Yun Jae; Chung, Won Woo; Yoo, Gang Yeol; Oh, Ji Hye; Lee, Keyong Nam; Kim, Woong; Do, Young Rag (2016).
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Roach, L.; Booth, M.; Ingram, N.; Paterson, D. A.; Moorcroft, S. C. T.; Bushby, R. J.; Critchley, K.; Coletta, P. L.; Evans, S. D. (2021).
119:
172:. ZnO nanowires are grown epitaxially on the substrate and assemble into monolayer arrays. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (
122:, composition, size etc. Recent years, ZnO nanorods have been intensely used to fabricate nano-scale electronic devices, including
916:
Loo, Jacky; Lau, Pui-Man; Kong, Siu-Kai; Ho, Ho-Pui; Loo, Jacky Fong-Chuen; Lau, Pui-Man; Kong, Siu-Kai; Ho, Ho-Pui (2017-11-22).
663:"Horizontally assembled green InGaN nanorod LEDs: Scalable polarized surface emitting LEDs using electric-field assisted assembly"
1216:
564:
Shkondin, E.; Takayama, O., Aryaee Panah, M. E.; Liu, P., Larsen, P. V.; Mar, M. D., Jensen, F.; Lavrinenko, A. V. (2017).
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S. Ramanathan, S. Patibandla, S. Bandyopadhyay, J.D. Edwards, J. Anderson, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron 17, 651 (2006)
773:
459:
Gyu-Chul Yi, Chunrui Wang & Won Il Park (2005). "ZnO nanorods: synthesis, characterization and applications".
402:"Light-controlling, flexible and transparent ethanol gas sensor based on ZnO nanoparticles for wearable devices"
156:, react at the catalyst-substrate interface, followed by nucleation and growth. Typical metal catalysts involve
969:"Surface chemistry but not aspect ratio mediates the biological toxicity of gold nanorods in vitro and in vivo"
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and rod formation. Another shortcoming of this method is the high toxicity of CTAB. Polymers, such as
565:
481:
624:"Characterization of InGaN-based nanorod light emitting diodes with different indium compositions"
67:
from ZnO nanorods, with potential for application as novel sources of near-ultraviolet radiation.
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Xu, Bingshe; Han, Dan; Liu, Peizhi; Liu, Qingming; Zhang, Aiqin; Ma, Shufang; Shang, Lin (2019).
123:
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Wan, Jiali; Wang, Jia-Hong; Liu, Ting; Xie, Zhixiong; Yu, Xue-Feng; Li, Wenhua (2015-06-22).
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566:"Large-scale high aspect ratio Al-doped ZnO nanopillars arrays as anisotropic metamaterials"
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are one morphology of nanoscale objects. Each of their dimensions range from 1–100
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789:"Gold Nanorods: From Synthesis and Properties to Biological and Biomedical Applications"
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147:(VLS) method. In the thermal evaporation method, commercial ZnO powder is mixed with SnO
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363:"Controlled physical properties and growth mechanism of manganese silicide nanorods"
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728:"Enhanced luminescence property of InGaN/GaN nanorod array light emitting diode"
138:(LED). Various methods have been developed to fabricate the single crystalline,
1085:"Evaluating Phospholipid-Functionalized Gold Nanorods for In Vivo Applications"
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of 60 meV. The optical bandgap of ZnO nanorod can be tuned by changing the
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growth solution. The growth solution is obtained by the reduction of HAuCl
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Huang, Xiaohua; Neretina, Svetlana; ElâSayed, Mostafa A. (2009-12-28).
774:"Samsung's Quantum Dot successor, QNED, could enter production in 2021"
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43:(length divided by width) are 3-5. Nanorods are produced by direct
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192:, others) can be simply made by heating initial metal in air in a
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828:"An Improved Synthesis of HighâAspectâRatio Gold Nanorods"
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Busbee, B.D.; Obare, S.O.; Murphy, C.J. (2003-03-04).
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607:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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270:(PAH) coating; dietary fibers, such as
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400:Zheng, Z. Q.; et al. (2015).
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243:cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
227:cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
110:, which is similar to that of
57:microelectromechanical systems
1:
379:10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156693
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98:(ZnO) nanorod, also known as
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268:Polyallylamine hydrochloride
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114:, and it has an excitation
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628:Journal of Applied Physics
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333:Aggregated diamond nanorod
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573:Optical Materials Express
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634:(11): 113103â113103â7.
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732:Optical Engineering
679:2016NatSR...628312P
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585:2017OMExp...7.1606S
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420:2015NatSR...511070Z
264:Polyethylene glycol
241:in the presence of
134:, and ultra-bright
47:. A combination of
22:electron microscopy
1180:has a profile for
1146:10.1039/c2cs35241a
973:Scientific Reports
867:Advanced Materials
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201:InGaN/GaN nanorods
145:Vapor-Liquid-Solid
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247:surfactant
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120:morphology
96:Zinc oxide
84:gas sensor
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106:of 3.37
100:nanowire
33:nanorods
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