335:
without a license or insurance. Surcharges were created in 2003 to pay for a roadway network that was never built, and instead half the money was diverted to hospitals, which became reliant on the money, with the rest going into the state treasury. However, the majority of drivers who had surcharges assessed could not pay them. Many people who could not afford either surcharges or insurance continued to drive and racked up huge sums in debt they could never expect to pay. A little-advertised amnesty program and an indigence program that still required partial payment helped some, and were criticized by some who felt it was unfair that they paid and others didn't. But local sheriffs began to complain that the law was causing the jails to fill up with people driving on suspended license, and the judiciary insisted the law was unfair and counterproductive to public safety. Finally, in 2019, the
Legislature found different sources to fund hospitals and eliminated the surcharge, along with around $ 2.5 billion in debt owed by around 1.4 million people. The same year, the Legislature eliminated red-light cameras statewide and effectively canceled those debts, and re-defined "undue hardship" in the Code of Criminal Procedure to allow judges to waive traffic-fine debt for more people.
331:. Debt relief, on an individual level, refers mainly to the negotiation for a reduction of a debt by either the consumer or a debt settlement agency. Through this arrangement, consumers agree to pay the creditor a fixed amount of money (generally a discount on their outstanding debt) either in a lump sum or under a payment plan. The debt settlement industry has had significant regulatory scrutiny since its inception with changes implemented in 2010 by the FTC. As the disposition of personal debt is a highly regulated industry, consumers are urged by the FTC and other trade organizations to do significant research and find an independent credit counselor to guide them through the process.
422:
311:, non-housing personal debt (auto loans, credit cards, student loans, etc.) rose significantly from approximately $ 2.05 trillion at the start of 2003 to a peak of $ 2.71 trillion in Q4 of 2008. It was not until Q3 of 2012 that unsecured personal debt reached this level again. Since that time, unsecured personal debt has risen steadily to $ 3.76 trillion at the end of the third quarter of 2017. The other large change in unsecured personal debt is that an increasing portion of it is now student loan debt, from 12% in Q1 of 2003 to 53% in Q3 of 2017.
488:
In debt restructuring, an existing debt is replaced with a new debt. This may result in reduction of the principal (debt relief), or may simply change the terms of repayment, for instance by extending the term (replacing a debt repaid over 5 years with one repaid over 10 years), which allows the same
334:
In 2019, the Texas
Legislature forgave an estimated $ 2.5 billion in debt when it abolished its "Driver Responsibility Surcharge" in all but driving while intoxicated (DWI) cases. This surcharge was an extra three-year civil penalty added onto certain criminal traffic infractions like DWI or driving
314:
The increasing size of the non-housing personal debt market and ease with which one can obtain personal credit has led to some consumers falling behind on payments. As of Q3 2017, student loans have the highest rates of serious delinquency (90 or more days delinquent) with approximately 9.6% of all
78:
War debt payments by World War I Allies to the U.S. had been suspended in 1931—only
Finland paid in full—and American public opinion demanded repayments resume as a condition of U.S. postwar aid. Germany had suspended its reparations payments due under the 1919 Versailles Treaty and payable to
318:
When consumers begin to fall behind on payments, they have several options to discharge the debt, either in full or in part. The first method is declaring bankruptcy, which has the immediate effect of stopping any payments made to creditors. In the United States, the two primary avenues of
165:
satisfactorily for at least one year. Under the goal of reducing inflation, some countries have been pressured to reduce spending in the health and education sectors. While the World Bank considers the HIPC Initiative a success, some scholars are more critical of it.
522:
Inflation, the reduction in the nominal value of currency, reduces the real value of debts. While lenders take inflation into account when they decide the terms of a loan, unexpected increases in the rate of inflation cause categorical debt relief.
44:
From antiquity through the 19th century, it refers to domestic debts, in particular agricultural debts and freeing of debt slaves. In World War I the United States
Treasury made large loans to the allies that were postponed, reduced and
459:
454:
Debt slavery can persist across generations, future generations being made to work to pay off debts incurred by past generations. Debt bondage is today considered a form of "modern day
389:, the terms of the debt are modified, which may involve the debt owed being reduced. In case the debtor chooses bankruptcy despite being able to service the debt, this is called
485:. Forbearance meaning that interest payments (possibly including past due ones) are forgiven, so long as payments resume. No reduction of principal occurs, however.
596:), the climactic event is the destruction of credit card records, dramatized as the destruction of skyscrapers, which allows for debt relief. The television series
575:
196:, is to "assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and
292:
If the debtor is in difficulty, grant him time till it is easy for him to repay. But, if ye remit it by way of charity, that is best for you if ye only knew.
134:(HIPC) initiative was ultimately launched to provide systematic debt relief for the poorest countries, whilst trying to ensure the money would be spent on
385:, where a debtor who cannot or chooses not to pay their debts files for bankruptcy and renegotiates their debts, or a creditor initiates this. As part of
602:(2015–2019), follows a group of hackers whose main mission is to cancel all debts by taking down one of the largest corporations in the world, E Corp.
287:) supports debt forgiveness for those who are unable to pay as an act of charity and remission of sins for the creditor. The injunction is as follows:
955:
930:
985:
161:, including water and electricity. To qualify for irrevocable debt relief, countries must also maintain macroeconomic stability and implement a
315:
student loan debt falling into this bucket. Credit card debt and auto loan debt have serious delinquency rates of 4.6% and 2.4% respectively.
851:
273:, which canceled all debts and retroactively canceled previous debts that had caused slavery and serfdom, freeing debt slaves and debt serfs.
1111:
722:
Timothy W. Guinnane, "Financial
Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The 1953 London Debt Agreement" (Economic Growth Center, Yale University, 2004)
360:
356:
359:
provides that debt forgiven on a primary residence is not treated as income, for debts forgiven in the three-year period 2007–2009. The
46:
320:
763:
324:
1541:
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57:(Mexico 1983, etc.). In the early 21st century, it is of increased applicability to individuals in developed countries, due to
1035:
907:"Total Household Debt Increases, Delinquency Rates of Several Debt Types Continue Rising - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of NEW YORK"
122:, was successful in pushing debt relief onto the agenda of Western governments and international organizations such as the
1085:
84:
1010:
788:
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707:
308:
1060:
1061:"Grits for Breakfast: Declining DWI convictions and the unmitigated failure of the Driver Responsibility surcharge"
17:
465:
Debtors' prison has been largely abolished, but remains in some forms in the US, for example if one fails to make
626:
193:
131:
1295:
1145:
462:. Nevertheless, the practice continues in some nations. In most developed nations, debts cannot be inherited.
868:
344:
189:
107:
352:
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If a debt cannot be or is not repaid, alternatives that were common historically but are now rare include
169:
The
Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) is an extension of HIPC. The MDRI was agreed following the
611:
123:
1428:
963:
569:
162:
54:
632:
247:, the last year of the seven-year agricultural cycle or a 49-year cycle, depending on interpretation.
906:
477:
In modern times, the most common alternatives to debt relief in cases where debt cannot be paid are
538:
in late 19th century
America being seen as a conflict between debtor farmers and creditor bankers.
182:
1464:
1375:
1108:
1086:"Grits for Breakfast: Scaling back justice debt biggest #cjreform accomplishment of 2019 #txlege"
804:
327:
bankruptcy. Another option is to consolidate these debts into a single loan, commonly known as
1279:
738:
Developing
Countries: Status of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Hipc Debt Relief Initiative
548:
501:
214:
697:
177:
in July 2005. It offers 100% cancellation of multilateral debts owed by HIPC countries to the
1469:
778:
421:
150:
805:
Work of the
Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
447:, when the debt is so great (or labor valued so low) that the debt will never be repaid—and
41:, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations, or nations.
1536:
1290:
1270:
390:
347:, debt forgiven is treated as income, as it reduces a liability, increasing the taxpayer's
8:
1403:
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Personal debt that can be repaid from income but is not being repaid may be obtained via
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986:"Texas' Driver Responsibility Program ends next month. Here's what that means for you"
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397:
376:
224:
135:
699:
The
Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets
255:
251:
158:
142:
100:
50:
780:
Regional Economic Outlook, October 2009: Sub-Saharan Africa - Weathering the Storm
79:
Britain, France and others, as well as loans due to the United States. Chancellor
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1115:
803:
United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
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88:
80:
1011:"Grits for Breakfast: Driver Responsibility surcharge abolition, by the numbers"
404:. Choosing to default on such a loan despite being able to service it is called
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was the subject in the 1990s of a campaign by a broad coalition of development
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1036:"Grits for Breakfast: Does DRP amnesty punish those who play by the rules?"
616:
563:, the heroine pleads for debt relief (forgiveness) on grounds of Christian
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111:
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Certain debts can be defaulted on without a general bankruptcy; these are
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United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
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127:
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883:"The Center for Microeconomic Data - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of NEW YORK"
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583:
526:
Inflation has been a contentious political issue on this basis, with
517:
348:
284:
277:
83:
decided that permanent good will required their resumption. The 1953
114:. This campaign, involving, for example, demonstrations at the 1998
1505:
1325:
546:
Debt relief plays a significant role in some artworks. In the play
458:" in international law, and banned as such, in Article 1(a) of the
808:
723:
621:
455:
400:, most notably mortgages in common law jurisdictions such as the
228:
931:"FTC Issues Final Rule to Protect Consumers in Credit Card Debt"
145:
similar to those often attached to International Monetary Fund (
1215:
363:
extended this by three years to the six-year period 2007–2012.
281:
244:
1235:
564:
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266:
236:
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The primary mechanism of debt relief in modern societies is
307:
In the United States of America for the years preceding the
1202:
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647:
38:
110:, Christian organizations and others, under the banner of
200:". This will help poor countries "reduce debt distress".
146:
679:"Why has Germany taken so long to pay off its WWI debt?"
49:
In the late 20th century, it came to refer primarily to
1123:
170:
115:
493:
over a longer period, thus allowing smaller payments.
219:
Debt relief existed in a number of ancient societies:
91:, is a notable example of international debt relief.
366:
696:William N. Goetzmann; K. Geert Rouwenhorst (2005).
852:"Islamic Relief Worldwide - Faith inspired action"
250:This same theme was found in an ancient bilingual
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1033:
1008:
734:
1528:
94:
73:
1139:
761:
265:, where in the 6th century BCE, the lawmaker
702:. Oxford University Press. pp. 336–38.
443:: being bound until the debt is repaid; and
361:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
357:Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007
68:
857:. Archived from the original on 2009-12-31.
27:The partial or total or forgiveness of debt
1146:
1132:
586:and hence reduces debts. In the 1999 film
661:, activist group against Third World debt
258:text entitled "The Song of Debt Release".
530:of currency a form of or alternative to
420:
351:. In the context of the bursting of the
239:to forgive debts in certain cases every
983:
203:
141:The HIPC programme has been subject to
37:is the partial or total forgiveness of
14:
1529:
643:Loan modification in the United States
1127:
820:
223:Debt forgiveness is mentioned in the
99:Debt relief for heavily indebted and
1296:Debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing
777:International Monetary Fund (2009).
827:The University of Chicago Chronicle
766:. D+C, development and cooperation.
741:. DIANE Publishing. pp. 2–10.
648:Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
261:Debt forgiveness was also found in
53:, which started exploding with the
24:
1109:The Bondage of Debt: A Photo Essay
797:
762:JĂĽrgen Kaiser (22 February 2016).
235:scripture), in which God counsels
149:) and World Bank loans, requiring
85:Agreement on German External Debts
25:
1553:
504:, which deduct debt service from
472:
367:Bankruptcy and non-recourse loans
319:bankruptcy for an individual are
153:reforms, sometimes including the
1084:Gritsforbreakfast (2019-05-30).
1059:Gritsforbreakfast (2011-01-10).
1034:Gritsforbreakfast (2010-11-07).
1009:Gritsforbreakfast (2019-06-28).
338:
269:instituted a set of laws called
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1027:
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627:Heavily indebted poor countries
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132:Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
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689:
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594:the novel on which it is based
13:
1:
1542:Economic development programs
956:"Choosing a Credit Counselor"
821:Harms, William (1996-02-01).
665:
557:
416:
309:financial crisis of 2007–2008
190:Sustainable Development Goals
188:One of the targets of the UN
984:Closson, Troy (2019-08-20).
962:. 2012-11-01. Archived from
511:
353:United States housing bubble
7:
612:Anti-globalization movement
605:
124:International Monetary Fund
95:Less Developed Country Debt
74:First World War reparations
10:
1558:
735:Harold J. Johnson (1998).
570:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
515:
370:
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163:Poverty Reduction Strategy
55:Latin American debt crisis
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867:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
823:"Linking ancient peoples"
633:International development
541:
87:, which resumed German's
69:International debt relief
47:finally paid off in 1953.
1153:
935:Federal Trade Commission
576:political interpretation
183:African Development Bank
1465:Consumer leverage ratio
1376:Tax refund interception
425:The sick men's ward at
549:The Merchant of Venice
502:attachment of earnings
432:
300:
215:History of debt relief
1470:Debt levels and flows
424:
290:
151:structural adjustment
1291:Debt snowball method
960:Consumer Information
764:"Back to square one"
567:. In the 1900 novel
391:strategic bankruptcy
204:Personal debt relief
104:developing countries
1090:Grits for Breakfast
1065:Grits for Breakfast
1040:Grits for Breakfast
1015:Grits for Breakfast
638:Jubilee USA Network
554:William Shakespeare
1114:2016-03-04 at the
911:www.newyorkfed.org
887:www.newyorkfed.org
582:, which engenders
578:is that it treats
483:debt restructuring
433:
398:non-recourse loans
387:debt restructuring
329:debt consolidation
198:debt restructuring
175:Gleneagles meeting
1524:
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1371:Strategic default
1336:Collection agency
1249:
1248:
1231:Predatory lending
1118:, by Shilpi Gupta
990:The Texas Tribune
685:. 2 October 2010.
532:sovereign default
406:strategic default
377:Non-recourse loan
276:In addition, the
225:Book of Leviticus
136:poverty reduction
35:debt cancellation
16:(Redirected from
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1216:Consumer lending
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143:conditionalities
51:Third World debt
21:
18:Loan forgiveness
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1434:Deposit account
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1351:Debtors' prison
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1271:Management plan
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1116:Wayback Machine
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430:debtors' prison
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371:Main articles:
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323:bankruptcy and
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192:, specifically
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89:war reparations
81:Konrad Adenauer
76:
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63:housing bubbles
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23:
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12:
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5:
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1301:Loan guarantee
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783:. p. 41.
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263:Ancient Athens
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213:Main article:
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101:underdeveloped
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59:credit bubbles
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1286:Restructuring
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1266:Consolidation
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1211:Business loan
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966:on 2017-11-29
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