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Scholarpedia: "Subsequent neuroanatomy and neurophysiology has largely confirmed the basic premises of the basic model (see (Joris and Yin 2007; Joris 2006; Joris et al. 1998) albeit (arguably) with better correspondences in birds than in mammals. ... Whether discrepancies between the original
Jeffress' model assumptions and the more recent neurophysiological data constitute a refutation of the core signal processing principles of the model (binaural temporal cross-correlation operations on temporally-coded inputs) has been a matter of ongoing discussion and debate."
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a hypothetical neural network capable of cross-correlating the temporal (time) information at the two ears and thereby extracting the small differences that can exist in the time of arrival of a wavefront at the two ears, thus localizing the sound. This neurocomputational model that explains how auditory systems can register and analyze small differences in the arrival time of sounds at the two ears in order to estimate the direction of sound sources became known as the
Jeffress model.
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use the money to hold a symposium on cerebral mechanisms. Because they understood preparation for and running such a symposium would be difficult and would require a knowledgeable person, Pauling suggested
Jeffress, whom the committee accepted, and who then lived for the year in the Paulings' house in Pasadena while Pauling and his family were at Oxford.
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developed a theoretical model (in closed analytical form). The Navy readily accepted his work and requested that he write the tactical doctrine on clustering. This document, together with other reports he wrote, remained the standard works on mine hunting and were still to be found on every mine-hunting craft in the US Fleet at
Jeffress' death.
475:, and Jeffress was asked to take over his freshman physics course. Upon his return after the war, Boner became director of the Defense Research Laboratory (DRL) at the University of Texas, and Jeffress eventually became head of the Psychoacoustics Division. DRL became Applied Research Laboratory (ARL) in 1968.
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After retiring at 76, Jeffress went to work at
Dynastat, an Austin company specializing in testing and evaluation of voice communication systems that is owned by one of Jeffress' first doctoral students, William D. Voiers. Jeffress had the responsibility of getting the everyday operations of Dynastat
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After retiring at 76, Jeffress went to work at
Dynastat, an Austin company specializing in testing and evaluation of voice communication systems that is owned by one of Jeffress' first doctoral students, William D. Voiers. Jeffress had the responsibility of getting the everyday operations of Dynastat
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Before joining DRL as a part-time staff member in 1950, Jeffress worked on campus at UT with the War
Research Lab, where he helped with the development and testing of a new gun sight for the B-29 and B-36 bombers, as well as with the Military Physics Research Lab. Both of those Labs eventually became
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Beginning about 1940, Jeffress' primary research interest was the auditory system, especially the mechanisms underlying sound localization. His most cited article, "A Place Theory of Sound
Localization", was in the 1948 Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. In the article, he describes
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Jeffress's career was notable in that his scientific career gained momentum throughout his life, rather than consisting of a "great flutter of activity" followed by a slow decline. Of his more than 115 published papers, only 14 were published before he was 50 years old. It was only after he began his
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associate editor of psychological acoustics beginning in 1962. This was among the longest terms of service for any associate editor, and it was the longest for an associate editor in psychological and physiological acoustics. Upon
Jeffress' retirement as associate editor, the job was re-examined and
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This initial work, together with subsequent similar evaluations, led
Jeffress to the development of a mine-hunting technique known as clustering. He first used data collected at sea to develop the technique, he then proceeded to use numerical models (which involved random number theory), and finally
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In 1953, DRL had collected extensive raw data during the evaluation of several US Navy mine-hunting sonars. These data, which were in the form of photographic and magnetic tape recordings, had to be analyzed in detail to provide quantitative measures of target detection probability, location errors,
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The Hixon professorship developed out of a conversation Jeffress had had with Linus Pauling, who was then at Caltech. Pauling remembers that around 1946, a gift was made to the school to support work on the functioning of the brain. Pauling was a member of the Hixon Fund Committee, which decided to
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The Jeffress model was used as an accepted explanatory basis for many of the facts of binaural hearing for more than 60 years, and it has repeatedly been shown to be conceptually correct, although not explicitly correct neurally. Otolaryngologist Peter Cariani of the Harvard Medical School wrote on
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Jeffress was accepted as a graduate student in psychology at the only school to which he applied, UC Berkeley, in 1922, and soon associated himself with Warner Brown. Jeffress completed a dissertation with Brown in 1926 concerning the galvanic skin response, and the two men remained close friends
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One of Jeffress' memorials recalled that Jeffress was considered remarkable at DRL because he was able to pursue his university teaching, do his fundamental research in psychoacoustics, and do his applied work in mine hunting all at the same time—and be successful at all three. The same memorial
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Jeffress quickly planned the analysis operation, invented and built the complex analysis hardware, analyzed the data, and published the results, all in a matter of a few months. Almost overnight, Jeffress had established his reputation as an expert in mine hunting, a reputation that was to grow
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Jeffress was known for building and testing models to simulate components of the auditory system. In particular, he simultaneously developed mathematical and electrical models of monaural signal detection and compared their performance under a number of stimulus manipulations to that of humans
320:. In 1927, psychology first became a department separate from philosophy at Texas, and Jeffress was one of six members of the new psychology department in a UT faculty of 111. Jeffress was promoted to full professor in 1937 and was Chairman of the UT psychology department from 1936 to 1947.
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In teaching about sound localization, Jeffress was known to ask his students: "What are the three most important aspects of sound?" Students often answered, "Frequency, amplitude, and phase." "No!" Jeffress would exclaim. "Where it is, whether it can eat you, and whether you can eat it."
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In 1971, Jeffress retired from full-time teaching at the University of Texas and went on modified service. In this role, he taught courses in mathematical statistics to graduate students and introductory statistics to undergraduates. He retired from the university and became a
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In 1971, Jeffress retired from full-time teaching at the University of Texas and went on modified service. In this role, he taught courses in mathematical statistics to graduate students and introductory statistics to undergraduates. He retired from the university and became a
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magazine review of the book said: "The Hixon Symposium has significance for anyone concerned with the theory of human behavior and contraptions man himself has built—namely, computing and cybernetic machinery." The book was first published in 1951 and was reissued in 1969.
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Jeffress' first project at DRL was to determine whether the improvement humans show when detecting binaural rather than monaural signals could be adapted to Navy sonars. Jeffress designed and built an experimental binaural sonar that he and his students tested at Austin's
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on what later came to be called masking-level differences caught Jeffress' attention and began him on a two-decade research program in which he and his students documented various aspects of the binaural system's performance in signal-detection tasks. Upon his death, the
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Award for distinguished accomplishment as an educator, and, in 1978, the UT Psychology Department honored his long and distinguished service during its golden anniversary activities. In 1979, Jeffress received the Distinguished Service Award of the
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Jeffress also had a long-standing interest in pitch perception, and published on such issues as short-term fluctuations in the tuning of the auditory periphery and the continuously changing pitch of a beating two-tone complex (see articles below).
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Jeffress' approach to understanding sensory and perceptual behavior was to examine the physical stimulus carefully first to attempt to isolate those aspects of it that appeared to be critical. Perhaps the best example of this was his treatment of
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long association with UT's Defense Research Laboratory (DRL) in 1950 that he had assistants capable of, and interested in, doing all the menial work necessary to implement and run the experiments he said he had been thinking about all along.
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Jeffress made many contributions to the science of mine countermeasures, especially in the areas of precise radio and acoustic navigation systems. Much of his work in this area was declassified in 1997, more than 10 years after his death.
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While he was at Berkeley in 1925, his knowledge of physics and love of gadgets led him to develop a self-recording maze that gained him a publication—his first—with one of the best-known cognitive psychologists of his time,
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etc., as a function of a number of variables. Because Jeffress had a much better knowledge of probability and statistics than anyone else then on the DRL staff, he was invited to undertake the necessary analyses.
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Jeffress died in Austin on April 2, 1986, at the age of 85. After his death, UT established the Lloyd A. Jeffress Memorial Fellowship, the first winner of which was Dr. Beverly Wright, who went on to win the
535:
Jeffress died in Austin on April 2, 1986, at the age of 85. After his death, UT established the Lloyd A. Jeffress Memorial Fellowship, the first winner of which was Dr. Beverly Wright, who went on to win the
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in the 1960s, Jeffress developed what he called a "stimulus-oriented" view of human detection performance. The AJP called his 1964 article, "Stimulus-Oriented Approach to Detection Theory," a classic.
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At the outset of World War II, Jeffress was able to draw directly upon his undergraduate training in physics. Professor Paul Boner of the UT Physics Department took leave from Texas to work at the
950:. H.B. Barlow, R.M. Boynton, E.V. Evarts, E.R. Kandel, F. Ratliff, J.E. Rose, R.F. Thompson (1980 ed.). University of Texas, Austin: Springer. p. VI, Preface.
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487:. While this project was unsuccessful, it initiated a program at DRL on masking and binaural hearing that endured, and was highly productive, for more than 20 years.
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notes that Jeffress managed to get funding at DRL from the Navy in a unique way: "Jeffress' basic research in psychoacoustics at DRL was sponsored by the Navy's
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as applied to human observers: "reinventing" signal-detection from a physics perspective, according to the AJP. In a series of papers published in the
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detecting under the same stimulus conditions. The final versions of these models were highly successful at predicting numerous psychophysical facts.
511:, an agency that normally deals with the development and procurement of hardware, while much of his applied work in mine hunting was funded by the
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The participants in the 1948 Hixon Symposium on neural mechanisms were noted academics from a number of disciplines: Pauling (chemistry),
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McFadden, D.; Jeffress, L.A.; Russell, W.E. (1973), "Individual differences in sensitivity to interaural differences in time and level,"
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Wilbanks, W.A.; Blodgett, H.C.; Jeffress, L.A. (1954), "The effect of large interaural time differences upon the judgment of sidedness,"
656:
Linus Pauling wrote after Jeffress' death: "I have many friends, but I continue to think of Lloyd Alexander Jeffress as my best friend."
543:
Linus Pauling wrote after Jeffress' death: "I have many friends, but I continue to think of Lloyd Alexander Jeffress as my best friend."
388:
Jeffress left Austin for only one year following his arrival in 1926. In 1947 and 1948, he worked as the Hixon visiting professor at the
392:, where he brought together many premiere scientists of his day to examine the state of knowledge about human behavior and the brain.
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As a college senior at Berkeley, Jeffress met Sylvia Bloomberg, who was then a first-year graduate student in psychology working with
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computerized. This included developing programs for analyzing speech perception data. He continued to work for Dynastat until 1984.
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computerized. This included developing programs for analyzing speech perception data. He continued to work for Dynastat until 1984.
352:. Both psychology and physics would remain of interest to him, and he often had to struggle with his loyalties to one or the other.
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Jeffress, L.A.; Blodgett, H.C.; Deatherage, B.H. (1962) "Effect of Interaural Correlation on the Precision of Centering a Noise,"
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DRL Acoustical Report 245, University of Texas at Austin Defense Research Laboratory, Defense Technical Information Center (1965)
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Green, D.M.; Nachmias, J.; Kearney, J.K.; Jeffress, L.A. (1979) "Intensity discrimination with gated and continuous sinusoids,"
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DRL-A-89, "Statistical Methods Applied to Mine Hunting," by L. A. Jeffress, et al., 12 November 1956, Originally Confidential
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270:, where Jeffress grew up and went to high school. From grammar school on, one of Jeffress' closest friends was double
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Love, L.R.; Jeffress, L.A. (1971) "Identification of brief pauses in fluent speech of stutterers and nonstutterers,"
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Deatherage, B.H.; Jeffress, L.A.; Blodgett, H.C. (1954), "A note on the audibility of intense ultrasonic sound,"
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major, but, while completing that degree, he became increasingly interested in the newly expanding field of
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Feddersen, W.E.; Sandel, T.T.; Teas, D.C.; Jeffress, L.A. (1957), "Localization of high-frequency tones,"
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The Jeffresses moved to Texas in the summer of 1926, where Lloyd began his 51-year career teaching at the
278:, who regularly credited Jeffress with showing him his first chemistry experiment when they were both 13.
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found to be too much for one person, and two subsections were formed with an associate editor for each.
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DRL-A-208, "A Proposed Navigational System for MSOs," by L. A. Jeffress, 14 February 1963, Confidential
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Jeffress, L.A.; Blodgett, H.C.; Sandel, T.T.; and Wood, C.L., III. (1956), "Masking of Tonal Signals,"
1751:(Report ARL-TR-69-28) Applied Research Laboratories, University of Texas, Austin (1969)(Confidential).
564:(AJP) called Jeffress the "acknowledged authority" on auditory masking and masking-level differences.
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and after, Jeffress was known to psychologists for his pioneering research on auditory masking in
329:
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1104:
653:'s R. Bruce Lindsay Award for the advancement of theoretical or applied acoustics, or both.
540:'s R. Bruce Lindsay Award for the advancement of theoretical or applied acoustics, or both.
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DRL Acoustical Report 246, University of Texas at Austin Defense Research Laboratory (1966)
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1269:(declassified 1997 ed.). University of Texas at Austin Defense Research Laboratory.
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1744:(Report ARL-JM-69-23) Applied Research Laboratories, University of Texas, Austin (1969)
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154:
856:"Linus Pauling: Crusading Scientist. Produced for NOVA by Robert Richter/WGBH Chicago"
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285:) at Corvallis, where he was Pauling's roommate. The next year, he transferred to the
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336:, in four steps. Jeffress' Ph.D. advisor at Berkeley, Warner Brown, had studied with
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898:. Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections and Archives Research Center
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with Jeffress as editor, became classics cited in thousands of scientific articles.
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Jeffress, L.A. (1968), "Mathematical and electrical models of auditory detection,"
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Jeffress, L.A.; Blodgett, H.C.; Wood, C.L. (1958), "Detecting a signal in noise,"
235:, and his "ingenious" electronic and mathematical models of the auditory process.
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in 1939 and was elected a fellow in 1948. He served the ASA for eight years as a
508:
436:
400:
247:
224:
144:
207:(November 15, 1900 – April 2, 1986) was an acoustical scientist, a professor of
1201:
Hebb, D.O. (Apr 1952). "Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium".
420:
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Moushegian, G.; Jeffress, L.A. (1959), "Localization of low-frequency tones,"
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76:
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Jeffress, L.A. (1964), "Stimulus-Oriented Approach to Detection Theory,"
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404:
271:
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Jeffress, L.A. (1958), "Medial geniculate body – a disavowal," (letter)
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1618:
1605:
1598:
Jeffress, L.A.; Taylor, R.W. (1961), "Lateralization vs localization,"
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1540:
1528:
1515:
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1293:
1291:
780:"ASA Awards: Silver Medal in Psychological and Physiological Acoustics"
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In the early 1950s, when Jeffress was in his 50s, some research by
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Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
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1273:
1007:
328:
Jeffress' academic lineage descended directly from the "father of
615:
290:
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In 1918, Jeffress enrolled at Oregon Agricultural College (later
723:
1482:
Jeffress, L.A. (1948), "A place theory of sound localization,"
1029:
Jeffress, L.A. (1948). "A Place Theory of Sound Localization".
1424:
McFadden, Dennis; Young, Robert K.; McKinney, Chester (1986).
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Tolman, E.C.; Jeffress, L.A. (1925). "A self-recording maze".
266:, the only child in a family that moved a short time later to
1238:
The University of Texas at Austin Applied Research Laboratory
1190:. California Institute of Technology: Wiley (published 1951).
1151:
Ellen Covey; Harold L. Hawkins; Robert F. Port, eds. (1995).
917:
Jeffress, L.A. (Apr 1928). "Galvanic phenomena of the skin".
254:, and for the example he has set as a teacher and scholar."
696:
Evans, Rand (1989). "Lloyd Alexander Jeffress: 1900-1986".
515:(ONR), whose charter is to sponsor fundamental research."
1698:
Selected Defense Research Laboratory Acoustical reports
1721:
Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium ,
308:
and who lived in the same boarding house as Jeffress.
242:
in Psychological and Physiological Acoustics from the
1423:
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1297:
1282:
1016:
766:
449:
Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium,
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The Jeffress model is also part of any discussion of
1667:
Jeffress, L.A. (1972), "Binaural Signal Detection,"
1188:
Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium
262:
Lloyd A. Jeffress was born on November 11, 1900, in
1485:
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
1032:
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
808:McFadden, Dennis; Voiers, William D. (1986-11-01).
601:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
123:
in Psychological and Physiological Acoustics (1977)
1572:Jeffress, L.A.; Moushegian, G. (1959), "Hearing,"
1820:Fellows of the American Psychological Association
1457:; Jeffress, L.A. (1925) "A self-recording maze,"
215:, and a developer of mine-hunting models for the
1756:
1364:"Stimulus-Oriented Approach to Detection Theory"
947:Neural Mechanisms in Behavior: A Texas Symposium
814:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
607:(APA). Although nominated for membership in the
1431:. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from
462:
1669:Foundations of Modern Auditory Theory, Vol. 2,
1469:Jeffress, L.A. (1944), "Variations in pitch,"
1355:
978:
860:Linus Pauling: The Nature of the Chemical Bond
807:
443:(neural network modeling), and W.C. Halstead (
1713:
1810:Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America
1686:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1650:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1638:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1626:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1614:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1601:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1588:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1562:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1549:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1536:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1524:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1511:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1498:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
621:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
593:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
578:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1671:Tobias, J.V., ed., Academic Press, New York
1396:"R. Bruce Lindsay Award: Beverly A. Wright"
1338:"R. Bruce Lindsay Award: Beverly A. Wright"
1109:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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257:
1770:California Institute of Technology faculty
1702:{{hatnote|These are no longer classified.
1154:Neural Representation of Temporal Patterns
1064:
1062:
29:
1780:University of California, Berkeley alumni
1611:Jeffress, L.A. (1962), "Absolute Pitch,"
1379:
1094:
1742:Contributions of Psychophysics to Sonar,
1680:37: 755, WOS:A1973R662300017, PM 4764506
1664:14: 229, WOS:A1971J703100001, PM 5558075
1361:
1262:
1185:
1028:
916:
892:"Life with Lloyd Jeffress, June 5, 1986"
691:
689:
246:in 1977 for "extensive contributions in
1580:DOI 10.1146/annurev.ps.10.020159.002143
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1059:
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810:"Jeffress, Lloyd Alexander • 1900–1986"
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546:
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1662:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
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1186:Jeffress, L.A., ed. (September 1948).
1157:. New York: Plenum Press. p. 78.
383:
1765:University of Texas at Austin faculty
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695:
609:Society of Experimental Psychologists
374:coincidence detection in neurobiology
359:
1790:Scientists from San Jose, California
1200:
874:
666:
495:steadily over the next two decades.
287:University of California at Berkeley
227:, his stimulus-oriented approach to
1325:McFadden, Young & McKinney 1986
1298:McFadden, Young & McKinney 1986
1283:McFadden, Young & McKinney 1986
1221:
1017:McFadden, Young & McKinney 1986
767:McFadden, Young & McKinney 1986
447:). Many of the papers collected in
13:
1492:, WOS:A1948UP82300005, PM 18904764
698:The American Journal of Psychology
605:American Psychological Association
599:Jeffress was also a fellow of the
390:California Institute of Technology
323:
189:California Institute of Technology
92:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1831:
1657:, WOS:A1968B547300025, PM 5659833
1460:Journal of Comparative Psychology
238:Jeffress received the first-ever
1785:Scientists from Portland, Oregon
1693:, WOS:A1979HQ54600014, PM 512214
1126:"The Jeffress Model - Animation"
715:
704:(1) (Spring ed.): 109–111.
626:
611:, he was never invited to join.
1735:Study: Mine-Hunting Techniques,
1728:Masking and Binaural Phenomena,
1443:
1388:
1330:
1194:
1179:
1144:
1123:
1117:
1022:
614:In 1971, Jeffress received the
1472:American Journal of Psychology
1426:"Jeffress Memorial Resolution"
1417:
1266:Study: Mine-Hunting Techniques
1069:Cariani, Peter (2011) (2011).
972:
937:
910:
848:
801:
772:
562:American Journal of Psychology
518:
344:, who was a student of Wundt.
1:
1400:Acoustical Society of America
1342:Acoustical Society of America
890:Pauling, Linus (2009-07-02).
784:Acoustical Society of America
659:
651:Acoustical Society of America
589:Acoustical Society of America
538:Acoustical Society of America
445:neuropsychological assessment
318:University of Texas at Austin
244:Acoustical Society of America
213:University of Texas at Austin
182:University of Texas at Austin
1215:10.1126/science.115.2990.440
463:Mine-hunting research at DRL
7:
1677:Perceptual and Motor Skills
1575:Annual Review of Psychology
1448:
10:
1836:
1775:Scientists from California
1714:Selected books and reports
187:Hixon Visiting Professor,
1795:People from Austin, Texas
1132:. University of Wisconsin
1096:10.4249/scholarpedia.2920
944:D. McFadden, ed. (1977).
862:. Oregon State University
419:(behavior and learning),
311:
198:
180:Professor of Psychology,
173:
137:
130:
112:
84:
63:
37:
28:
21:
1749:Mine Hunting Procedures,
643:
513:Office of Naval Research
258:Early life and education
205:Lloyd Alexander Jeffress
42:Lloyd Alexander Jeffress
1362:Jeffress, L.A. (1964).
1263:Jeffress, L.A. (1966).
574:signal-detection theory
340:, who was a student of
330:Experimental Psychology
295:experimental psychology
283:Oregon State University
229:signal-detection theory
209:experimental psychology
1723:Wiley, New York (1951)
1569:, WOS:A1958WK53300019.
1719:Jeffress, L.A., ed.,
1655:DIO 10.1121/1.1911053
1643:DOI 10.1121/1.1919064
1631:DOI 10.1121/1.1918257
1619:DOI 10.1121/1.1918237
1608:, WOS:A19612936B00007
1606:DOI 10.1121/1.1908697
1595:, WOS:A1959WK54300028
1593:DOI 10.1121/1.1930368
1582:, WOS:A1959CCX0500015
1567:DOI 10.1121/1.1909769
1556:, WOS:A1958WK53300018
1554:DOI 10.1121/1.1909767
1543:, WOS:A1957WK52200002
1541:DOI 10.1121/1.1909356
1529:DOI 10.1121/1.1908346
1518:, WOS:A1954UD61900129
1516:DOI 10.1121/1.1928003
1505:, WOS:A1954UD61800019
1503:DOI 10.1121/1.1907379
1478:, WOS:000200117900003
1130:Auditory Neuroscience
301:until Brown's death.
1691:DOI 10.1121/1.383324
1490:DOI 10.1037/h0061495
1465:DOI 10.1037/h0074396
1438:on October 16, 2015.
587:Jeffress joined the
547:Notable achievements
469:Underwater Sound Lab
429:Rafael Lorente de NĂł
342:James McKeen Cattell
264:San Jose, California
56:San Jose, California
1476:DOI 10.2307/1416859
1244:on 20 December 2014
1234:"ARL: UT 1945-1995"
1087:2011SchpJ...6.2920C
826:1986ASAJ...80.1543M
384:The Hixon Symposium
338:Robert S. Woodworth
634:professor emeritus
603:(AAAS) and of the
526:professor emeritus
473:Harvard University
425:precision teaching
360:The Jeffress model
155:Sound localization
16:American scientist
1381:10.1121/1.1919064
413:cellular automata
202:
201:
132:Scientific career
52:November 15, 1900
23:Lloyd A. Jeffress
1827:
1747:Jeffress, L.A.,
1740:Jeffress, L.A.,
1733:Jeffress, L.A.,
1726:Jeffress, L.A.,
1439:
1437:
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1411:
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1301:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1240:. Archived from
1230:
1219:
1218:
1198:
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1183:
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1176:
1148:
1142:
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1139:
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1115:
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1108:
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1098:
1071:"Jeffress model"
1066:
1057:
1056:
1045:10.1037/h0061495
1026:
1020:
1014:
1005:
1004:
993:10.1037/h0074396
976:
970:
969:
941:
935:
934:
931:10.1037/h0070808
914:
908:
907:
905:
903:
896:The Pauling Blog
887:
872:
871:
869:
867:
852:
846:
845:
834:10.1121/1.394365
820:(5): 1543–1544.
805:
799:
798:
796:
795:
786:. Archived from
776:
770:
764:
721:
720:
719:
713:
693:
553:J.C.R. Licklider
441:Warren McCulloch
409:John von Neumann
306:Edward C. Tolman
268:Portland, Oregon
252:binaural hearing
160:Auditory masking
121:ASA Silver Medal
73:
71:
51:
49:
33:
19:
18:
1835:
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1389:
1368:J Acoust Soc Am
1360:
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1336:
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1304:
1300:, pp. 7–8.
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724:
714:
694:
667:
662:
646:
629:
549:
521:
509:Bureau of Ships
465:
437:neurophysiology
401:Heinrich KlĂĽver
386:
362:
326:
324:Life in science
314:
260:
250:, particularly
248:psychoacoustics
225:psychoacoustics
194:
169:
145:Psychoacoustics
126:
108:
85:Alma mater
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1164:978-0306451997
1163:
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1021:
1006:
981:J Comp Psychol
971:
957:978-1461260653
956:
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421:Ogden Lindsley
385:
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325:
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116:
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75:
72:(aged 85)
65:
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22:
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1527:28, 416-426,
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1209:(2990): 440.
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790:on 2011-07-22
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514:
510:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
486:
480:
479:part of DRL.
476:
474:
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335:
334:Wilhelm Wundt
331:
321:
319:
309:
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298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
276:Linus Pauling
273:
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233:psychophysics
230:
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150:Psychophysics
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118:
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105:in Psychology
104:
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95:
93:
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89:
87:
83:
78:
77:Austin, Texas
68:April 2, 1986
66:
62:
57:
40:
36:
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27:
20:
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1534:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1458:
1455:Tolman, E.C.
1444:Bibliography
1433:the original
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:
1332:
1327:, p. 8.
1285:, p. 7.
1265:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:the original
1237:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1153:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1129:
1119:
1105:cite journal
1078:
1075:Scholarpedia
1074:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1019:, p. 3.
984:
980:
974:
946:
939:
922:
918:
912:
900:. Retrieved
895:
864:. Retrieved
859:
850:
817:
813:
803:
792:. Retrieved
788:the original
783:
774:
701:
697:
655:
647:
638:
630:
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598:
586:
582:
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570:
566:
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534:
530:
522:
505:
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497:
493:
489:
481:
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466:
455:
453:
448:
433:neuroanatomy
417:Karl Lashley
398:
394:
387:
378:
371:
367:
363:
354:
346:
327:
315:
303:
299:
280:
261:
240:silver medal
237:
221:World War II
204:
203:
174:Institutions
165:Mine hunting
131:
70:(1986-04-02)
1805:1986 deaths
1800:1900 births
1418:Works cited
1081:(7): 2920.
1039:(1): 35–9.
627:Later years
519:Later years
485:Lake Travis
405:cybernetics
272:Nobel Prize
191:(1947–1948)
184:(1926–1977)
1759:Categories
1689:66: 1051,
1629:34: 1122,
1374:(4): 766.
1124:Yin, Tom.
987:(6): 455.
925:(2): 130.
794:2016-06-05
660:References
557:I.J. Hirsh
350:E.C Tolman
99:in Physics
48:1900-11-15
1653:44: 187,
1641:36: 766,
1617:34: 987,
1604:33: 482,
1591:31: 830,
1578:10: 395,
1565:30: 802,
1552:30: 802,
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1514:26: 945,
1501:26: 582,
1173:313859041
1001:144893344
966:840280643
842:0001-4966
636:in 1977.
528:in 1977.
1488:41: 35,
1474:57: 63,
1463:5: 455,
1449:Articles
1053:18904764
1203:Science
1083:Bibcode
822:Bibcode
710:1423120
616:Beltone
456:Science
291:physics
274:winner
219:during
217:US Navy
211:at the
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1248:1 June
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1136:1 June
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866:1 June
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312:Career
138:Fields
119:First
113:Awards
79:, U.S.
58:, U.S.
1436:(PDF)
1429:(PDF)
997:S2CID
706:JSTOR
644:Death
289:as a
103:Ph.D.
1407:2016
1349:2016
1250:2016
1169:OCLC
1159:ISBN
1138:2016
1111:link
1049:PMID
962:OCLC
952:ISBN
904:2016
868:2016
838:ISSN
555:and
454:The
97:B.S.
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38:Born
1376:doi
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