Liver support system

685:

ELAD (n=96) or standard medical care (n=107) groups, with even distribution for patients in terms of sex, MELD score, and bilirubin levels. Of the 96 patients in the ELAD group, 45 completed the full 120 hours of treatment – the rest were unable to complete the full regimen due to a variety of reasons, including withdrawal of consent or severe adverse events, though 37 completed >72 hours of treatment, with results showing minimal difference in mortality between those receiving either >72 hours or the full 120 hours of treatment. The study was unable to complete its goal, finding no statistically significant improvement in mortality rates for patients that received ELAD treatment over those receiving standard care at 28 and 91 days (76.0% versus 80.4% and 59.4% versus 61.7%, respectively). Biomarker measurements showed a significantly reduced level of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase in ELAD patients, though neither improvement translated into increased survivability rates. Outcomes for patients with MELD score <28 showed trends towards improved survival on ELAD, whereas those with MELD >28 had decreased survivability on ELAD. These patients presented with raised creatinine from kidney failure, suggesting a reason why ELAD decreased survival chance over standard care. Unlike artificial ELS devices and HepatAssist, ELAD does not incorporate any filtration devices, such as charcoal columns and exchange resins. Therefore, it cannot replace the filtration capability of the kidneys and cannot compensate for multi-organ failure from more severe presentations of ACLF, resulting in increased mortality rates.

612:

detoxification, some studies have explored the application of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containingPoly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA)-alginate cryogels as scaffolds for BAL. These cryogels, incorporating alginate to mitigate protein fouling and functionalized with an RGD-containing peptide to enhance hepatocyte adhesion, represent a promising avenue for BAL scaffold development. Methods for characterizing internal flow within the porous cryogel matrix such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), enables visualization of flow dynamics. PIV analysis revealed the laminar flow characteristics within cryogel pores, prompting the design of a multi-layered bioreactor consisting of spaced cryogel discs to optimize blood/hepatocyte mass exchange. Compared to the column configuration, the stacked bioreactor demonstrated significantly elevated production of albumin and urea, alongside enhanced cell colonization and proliferation over time.

661:

study and were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. The study found that at the primary end-point 30-day post admission mark, there was an increased survival rate in BAL patients over control patients (71% vs 62%), but the difference was not significant. However, when patients with PNF are excluded from the results there is a 44% reduction in mortality for BAL treated patients, a statistically significant advantage. The investigators noted that exclusion of PNF patients is justifiable due to early retransplantation and lack of intercranial hypertension, so HepatAssist would give little benefit to this group. For the secondary end-point of time-to-death, in patients with ALF of known aetiology there was a significant difference between BAL and control groups, with BAL patients surviving for longer. There was no significant difference for patients of unknown aetiology, however.

603:

the cryogel precursors in the solution to increase, initiating the cryogelation process and forming the polymer walls. As the cryogel warms, the solvent crystals thaw, leaving cavities that form the pores. Cryogel pores range in size from 10-100 μm in size, forming an interconnected network that mimics a capillary system with a very large surface area to volume ratio, supporting large numbers of immobilised cells. Convection mediated transport is also supported by cryogels, enabling even distribution of nutrients and metabolite elimination, overcoming some of the shortcomings of hollow-fibre systems. Cryogel scaffolds demonstrate good mechanical strength and biocompatibility without triggering an immune response, improving their potential for long-term inclusion in BAL devices or

455:(ACLF). The fundamental difference between artificial and BAL systems lies in the inclusion of hepatocytes into the reactor, often operating alongside the purification circuits used in artificial ELS systems. The overall design varies between different BAL systems, but they largely follow the same basic structure, with patient blood or plasma flow through an artificial matrix housing hepatocytes. Plasma is often separated from the patient’s blood to improve efficiency of the system, and the device can be connected to artificial liver dialysis devices in order to further increase the effectiveness of the device in filtration of toxins. The inclusion of functioning hepatocytes in the reactor allows the restoration of some of the synthetic functions that the patient’s liver is lacking. 563:

in their cost and difficulty to obtain, especially with the current lack in transplantable tissue. In addition, questions have been raised about tissue collected from patients transmitting malignancy or infection via the BAL device. Several lines of human hepatocytes are also used in BAL devices, including C3A and HepG2 tumour cell lines, but due to their origin from hepatomas, they possess the potential to pass on malignancy to the patient. There is ongoing research into the cultivation of new types of human hepatocytes capable of improved longevity and efficacy in a bioreactor over currently used cell types, that do not pose the risk of transfer of malignancy or infection, such as the HepZ cell line created by Werner

583:, which is injected into a series of hollow fibers. In the case of collagen, the suspension is then gelled within the fibers, usually by a temperature change. The hepatocytes then contract the gel by their attachment to the collagen matrix, reducing the volume of the suspension and creating a flow space within the fibers. Nutrient media is circulated through the fibers to sustain the cells. During use, plasma is removed from the patients blood. The patient's plasma is fed into the space surrounding the fibers. The fibers, which are composed of a semi-permeable membrane, facilitate transfer of toxins, nutrients and other chemicals between the blood and the suspended cells. The membrane also keeps immune bodies, such as 1263:

therapy. They analyzed hemodynamic parameters in both groups hourly. In the MARS group, a statistically significant increase of 46% on systemic vascular resistance was observed (1215 ± 437 to 1778 ± 710 dinas x s x cm x m) compared with a 6% increase in the controls. Mean arterial pressure also increased (69 ± 5 to 83 ± 11 mmHg, p< 0.0001) in the MARS group, whereas no difference was observed in the controls. Cardiac output and heart rate also decreased in the MARS group as a consequence of an improvement in the hyperdynamic circulation. Therefore, it was shown that a statistically significant improvement was obtained with MARS when compared with the SMT.

2845:. studied the impact on survival of MARS therapy for patients with ALF, waiting on the liver transplant list. Forty-nine patients received SMT and 53 were treated with MARS. They observed that patients that received 3 or more MARS sessions showed a statistically significance increase in transplant-free survival compared with the others patients of the study. Notably, 75% of the patients underwent liver transplantation in the first 24 hours after inclusion in the waiting list, and besides the short exposure to MARS therapy, some patients showed a better survival trend compared to controls, when they were treated with MARS prior to the transplant. 1002:

electrolyte/acid-base balance, by a standard dialysis fluid. Next, the albumin dialysate passes through two different adsorption columns; protein-bound substances are removed by the diaMARS AC250, containing activated charcoal and anionic substances are removed by the diaMARS IE250, filled with cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin. The albumin solution is then ready to initiate another detoxifying cycle of the patient's blood that can be sustained until both adsorption columns are saturated, eliminating the need to continuously infuse albumin into the system during treatment (Fig. 1).

1633:. in which 13 patients diagnosed with hepatorenal syndrome type I was treated with MARS therapy. Mean survival was 25,2±34,6 days in the MARS group compared to 4,6±1,8 days observed in the controls in whom hemodiafiltration and standard care (SMT) was applied. This resulted in a statistically significance difference in survival at 7 and 30 days (p<0.05). Authors concluded that MARS therapy, applied to liver failure patients (Child-Pugh C and UNOS 2A scores) who develop hepatorenal syndrome type I, prolonged survival compared to patients treated with SMT. 3718: 3734:

liver failure, one with MARS therapy and five addressing acute on chronic, being four MARS related. Authors concluded that extra-hepatic detoxifying systems improve survival for acute liver insufficiency, whereas results for acute decompensation of chronic liver diseases suggested a non significant survival benefit. Also, due to an increased demand for liver transplantation together with an augmented risk of liver failure following large resections, development of detoxifying extrahepatic systems are necessary.

1643:. published a meta-analysis based on 4 small RCT's and 2 non RCT's in patients diagnosed with ACLF, concluding that MARS therapy would not bring any significant increment in survival compared with SMT. Another observational study in 6 patients with cirrhosis, refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome type I, not responding to vasoconstrictor therapy, showed no impact on hemodynamics following MARS therapy; however authors concluded that MARS therapy could effectively serve as bridge to liver transplantation. 3703: 1006: 36: 2868:. noticed a non significant improvement in survival, probably because of the short number of patients included in the trials. In the majority of available MARS studies published with patients diagnosed with ALF, either transplanted or not, survival was greater in the MARS group with some variations according to the type of trial, ranging from 20-30%, and 60-80%. Data is summarized in Tables 8, 9 and 10. 3797:

hospitalization costs in patients diagnosed with alcoholic liver failure. Cost of 11 patients treated with standard medical care (SMT) were compared to those that received MARS, in addition to SMT (12 patients). In the MARS group, there was less in-hospital mortality and complications related to the disease, with a remarkable reduction in cost which compensated the MARS related expenditure (Table 11).

653:, developed at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, is a BAL device containing porcine hepatocytes within a hollow-fibre bioreactor. These semi-permeable fibres act as capillaries, allowing the perfusion of plasma through the device, and across the hepatocytes surrounding the fibres. The system incorporates a charcoal column to act as a filter, removing additional toxins from the plasma. 2214:, etc. Despite the number of historical drugs used, individually or combined (exchange resins, hydrophilic biliary acids, antihistamines, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, opioid antagonists), there are reported cases of intractable or refractory pruritus with a dramatic reduction in patients’ quality of life (i.e. sleep disorders, depression, suicide attempts...). Intractable 868:, is in contact with the patient's blood through a semipermeable membrane and has two filters to clean the albumin after it has absorbed toxins from the patient's blood. The second circuit consists of a hemodialysis machine and is used to clean the albumin in the first circuit, before it is recirculated to the semipermeable membrane in contact with the patient's blood. 973: 1224:

selectively shows higher cerebral membrane permeability. Imbalance between aromatic and branched chain aminoacids (Fischer index), traditionally involved in HE genesis, can be normalized following a MARS treatment. The effects are noticeable even after 3 hours of treatment and this reduction in the Fisher index is accompanied with an improvement in the HE.

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cost of €500. A high-flux dialyzer costing approximately €40 and the tubings (€125) must also be purchased. The overall costs of a SPAD treatment is approximately €656—30% of the costs of an equally efficient MARS therapy session. The expenditure for the MARS monitor necessary to operate the MARS disposables is not included in this calculation.

933:(acute-on-chronic liver failure and accompanying kidney failure). The treatment for two consecutive days for more than four hours significantly improved serum levels of conjugated bilirubin, bile acids, ammonia, cholinesterase, creatinine, urea and blood pH. Prometheus was proven to be a safe supportive therapy for patients with liver failure. 677:(ELAD) is a human-cell based treatment system. A catheter removes blood from the patient, and an ultrafiltrate generator separates the plasma from the rest of the blood. This plasma is then run through a separate circuit containing cartridges filled with C3A cells, before being returned to the main circuit and re-entering the patient. 258:(LTx) ranges between 40-80%. LTx is the only effective treatment for these patients although it requires a precise indication and timing to achieve good results. Nevertheless, due to the scarcity of organs to carry out liver transplantations, it is estimated that one third of patients with ALF die while waiting to be transplanted. 3936:

years); the results were significant (p=0,022). Differences in average cost was €19,853 (95% IC: 13.308-25.429): 35.639 € for MARS patients and 15.804 € for the control group. Incremental cost per LYG was 29.985 € (95% IC: 9.441-321.761) and €43,040 (95% IC: 13.551-461.856) per quality-adjusted life years (QALY).

432:

techniques can produce, in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), an improvement of hepatic encephalopathy grade and biochemical parameters. Potential side effects that have been documented include immunological issues (porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission), infectious complications, and tumor transmigration.

964:

hormonal systems are unaffected. Also, MARS therapy in conjunction with CRRT/HDF can help clear cytokines acting as inflammatory and immunological mediators in hepatocellular damage, and therefore can create the right environment to favour hepatocellular regeneration and recovery of native liver function.

7912:

Di Campli C, Santoro MC, Gaspari R, Merra G, Zileri Dal Verme L, Zocco MA, Piscaglia AC, Di Gioacchino G, Novi M, Santoliquido A, Flore R, Tondi P, Proietti R, Gasbarrini G, Pola P, Gasbarrini A (Jul–Aug 2005). "Catholic university experience with molecular adsorbent recycling system in patients with

7808:

Gaspari, R; Cavaliere, F; Sollazzi, L; Perilli, V; Melchionda, I; Agnes, S; Gasbarrini, A; Avolio, AW (Jan–Feb 2009). "Molecular adsorbent recirculating system (Mars) in patients with primary nonfunction and other causes of graft dysfunction after liver transplantation in the era of extended criteria

4535:

The liverNet is an eCRF database (www.livernet.net) using a SAS platform that allows major advantages for the centres including the automatic calculations of most liver rand ICU scoring systems, instant queries online, instant export of all patients included in the database of each centre to an Excel

3787:

The MARS International Registry, with data from more than 500 patients (although sponsored by the manufacturer), shows that the adverse effects observed are similar to the control group. However, in these severely ill patients it is difficult to distinguish between complications of the disease itself

2160:

Abbreviations; ALF= acute liver failure; ACLF= acute on chronic liver failure; GD= graft dysfunction; HE= hepatic encephalopathy; AST: aspartate amino transferase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; NS: not significant; S: statistically significant (p<0,05); ↓decrease; ↑ increase; ↔ no change; ALT: alanine

1620:

Hepatorenal syndrome is one of the more serious complications in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and increased portal hypertension. It is characterized by hemodynamic changes in splanchnic, systemic and renal circulation. Splanchnic vasodilatation triggers the production of endogenous

963:

preliminary investigations indicated the ability of the system to effectively remove bilirubin, biliary salts, free fatty acids and tryptophan while important physiological proteins such as albumin, alpha-1-glicoproteine, alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, transferrin, globulin tyrosine, and

615:

Recent developments in bioartificial liver (BAL) using living liver cells have shown promising advancements in the field of liver support and regeneration. These developments focus on utilizing various cell sources, scaffold materials, and bioreactor designs to enhance the functionality and viability

468:

The first bioartificial liver device was developed in 1993 by Dr. Achilles A. Demetriou at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. The bioartificial liver helped an 18-year-old southern California woman survive without her own liver for 14 hours until she received a human liver using a 20-inch-long, 4-inch-wide

435:

Other biological hepatic systems are Bioartificial Liver Support (BLSS) and Radial Flow Bioreactor (RFB). Detoxification capacity of these systems is poor and therefore they must be used combined with other systems to mitigate this deficiency. Today, its use is limited to centers with high experience

10594:

Rubik, J; Pietraszek-Jezierska, E; Kamiński, A; Skarzynska, A; Jóźwiak, S; Pawłowska, J; Drewniak, T; Prokurat, S; Grenda, R; Kaliciński, P (Jun 2004). "Successful treatment of a child with fulminant liver failure and coma caused by Amanita phalloides intoxication with albumin dialysis without liver

4959:

Demetriou AA, Brown RS Jr, Busuttil RW, Fair J, McGuire BM, Rosenthal P, Am Esch JS 2nd, Lerut J, Nyberg SL, Salizzoni M, Fagan EA, de Hemptinne B, Broelsch CE, Muraca M, Salmeron JM, Rabkin JM, Metselaar HJ, Pratt D, De La Mata M, McChesney LP, Everson GT, Lavin PT, Stevens AC, Pitkin Z, Solomon BA

4520:

is a database dedicated to the liver diseases treated with the support of extracorporeal therapies. To date, the most currently used system is the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS), which is based on the selective removal of albumin bound molecules and toxins from the blood in patients

3733:

Recently, a meta-analysis on survival in patients treated with an extra-hepatic therapy has been published. Searching strategies yielded 74 clinical trials: 17 randomized controlled trials, 5 case control and 52 cohort studies. Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis: three addressing acute

2221:

The MARS indication for intractable pruritus is therapeutically an option that has shown to be beneficial for patients in desperate cases, although at high cost. In several studies, it was confirmed that after MARS treatments, patients remain free from pruritus for a period of time ranging from 6 to

1441:

Abbreviations: MAP= mean arterial pressure; WHVP= wedged hepatic venous pressure;FHVP= free hepatic venous pressure; HVPG= hepatic venous pressure gradient; PAP= pulmonary arterial pressure; PCP= pulmonar capillary pressure; rPAP= right pulmonary arterial pressure; CO= cardiac output; SVRI= systemic

1049:

Evidence suggests that HE develops as some neurotoxins and neuro active substances, produced after hepatocellular breakdown, accumulates in the brain as a consequence of a portosystemic shunt and the limited detoxification capability of the liver. Substances involved are ammonia, manganese, aromatic

688:

While the results of the study cannot provide conclusive evidence to suggest that a BAL device like ELAD improves the outcome of severe ACLF, it does suggest that it can aid the survival of patients with a less severe form of the disease. In those patients with a MELD <28, beneficial effects were

562:

Various types of hepatocytes are used in these devices. Porcine hepatocytes are often used due to ease of acquisition and cost; however, they are relatively unstable and carry the risk of cross-species disease transmission. Primary human hepatocytes sourced from donor organs present several problems

431:

are experimental extracorporeal devices that use living cell lines to provide detoxification and synthesis support to the failing liver. Bio-artificial liver (BAL) Hepatassist 2000 uses porcine hepatocytes whereas ELAD system employs hepatocytes derived from human hepatoblastoma C3A cell lines. Both

271:

LTx has shown an improvement in the prognosis and survival with severe cases of ALF. Nevertheless, cost and donor scarcity have prompted researchers to look for new supportive treatments that can act as “bridge” to the transplant procedure. By stabilizing the patient's clinical state, or by creating

7017:

Mitzner, S; Loock, J; Peszynski, P; Klammt, S; Majcher-Peszynska, J; Gramowski, A; Stange, J; Schmidt, R (December 2002). "Improvement in central nervous system functions during treatment of liver failure with albumin dialysis MARS--a review of clinical, biochemical, and electrophysiological data".

4424:

Similarly to CVVHD, it depends on previous patient's coagulation status. In many cases it will not be needed, unless the patient presents a PTT inferior to 160 seconds. In patients with normal values, a bolus of 5000 to 10000 IU of heparin could be administered at the commencement of the treatment,

1257:

Hemodynamic instability is often associated with acute liver insufficiency, as a consequence of endogenous accumulation of vasoactive agents in the blood. This is characterized by a systemic vasodilatation, a decrease of systemic vascular resistance, arterial hypotension, and an increase of cardiac

1243:

an improvement in HE was considered when encephalopathy grade was reduced by one or more grades vs. basal values; for Hassenein et al., in their randomized controlled trial, improvement was considered when a decrease of two grades was observed. In the latter, 70 patients with acute on chronic liver

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and the transplantation department, which is responsible for procuring and implanting a new liver, or a part (lobe) of one, if and when it becomes available in time and the patient is eligible. Because of the need for these experts, as well as the relative newness of the procedure in certain areas,

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performed a large open-label trial, measuring the effectiveness of ELAD on patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis resulting in ACLF. Their study involved patients screened at 40 sites across the US, UK, and Australia, and enrolled a total of 203 patients. Patients were then randomised into either

660:

carried out a large, randomised, multicentre, controlled trial on the safety and efficacy of the HepatAssist device. 171 patients with ALF stemming from viral hepatitis, paracetamol overdose or other drug complications, primary non-function (PNF), or of indeterminate aetiology, were involved in the

5137:

Morsiani E, Pazzi P, Puviani AC, Brogli M, Valieri L, Gorini P, Scoletta P, Marangoni E, Ragazzi R, Azzena G, Frazzoli E, Di Luca D, Cassai E, Lombardi G, Cavallari A, Faenza S, Pasetto A, Girardis M, Jovine E, Pinna AD (March 2002). "Early experiences with a porcine hepatocyte-based bioartificial

3935:

Two years later, same authors published the results of 149 patients diagnosed with ACLF. There were 67 patients (44,9%) treated with MARS and 82 patients (55,1%) were allocated to receive SMT. Mean survival time was 692 days in the MARS group (33% at 3 years) and 453 days in the controls (15% at 3

3927:

There were 5 survivors in the control group, with a cost per patient of $ 35.904, whereas in the MARS group, 11 patients out of 12 survived with a cost per patient of $ 32.036 which represents a $ 4000 savings per patient in favors of the MARS group. Hessel et al. published a 3-year follow-up of a

3317:

Abbreviations; ACLF: Acute on chronic liver failure; ALF: Acute liver failure; ESLD: End-stage liver disease; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; RCT(LN): RCT, low number of patients; RCT (HN): RCT, high number of patients; HD: Hemodialysis; SMT: Standard medical treatment; 1: Survival/mortality; 2:

1248:

44 observed a significant reduction in Child-Pugh Score (p<0,01) at 7 days following a MARS treatment, without any significant change in the controls. Nevertheless, when they looked at the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score (MELD), a significant reduction in both groups, MARS and controls,

1231:

published their three years experience on MARS analyzing the impact of the treatment in the cerebral level for 63 patients reporting an improvement in Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) for all observed in all patients. In the last 22 patients, cerebral perfusion pressure was monitored by Doppler (mean flow

897:

solution (20%), €1740 for a MARS treatment kit, and €125 for disposables used by the dialysis machine have to be spent. The cost of this therapy adds up to approximately €2165. Performing SPAD according to the protocol by Sauer et al., however, requires 1000 mL of human albumin solution (20%) at a

664:

The conclusions of the study suggest that such a device has potentially significant importance when used as a treatment measure. While the overall findings were not statistically significant, when the aetiology of the patients was taken into account the BAL group gained a statistically significant

602:

are super-macroporous three-dimensional polymers prepared at sub-zero temperatures, by the freezing of a solution of cryogel precursors and solvent. The pores develop during this freezing process – as the cryogel solution cools, the solvent begins to form crystals. This causes the concentration of

7857:

Stefoni S, Colì L, Bolondi L, Donati G, Ruggeri G, Feliciangeli G, Piscaglia F, Silvagni E, Sirri M, Donati G, Baraldi O, Soverini ML, Cianciolo G, Boni P, Patrono D, Ramazzotti E, Motta R, Roda A, Simoni P, Magliulo M, Borgnino LC, Ricci D, Mezzopane D, Cappuccilli ML (February 2006). "Molecular

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Novelli, G; Rossi, M; Pretagostini, R; Novelli, L; Poli, L; Ferretti, G; Iappelli, M; Berloco, P; Cortesini, R (2003). "A 3-year experience with Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS): our results on 63 patients with hepatic failure and color Doppler US evaluation of cerebral perfusion".

4501:

due to a decompensation of a chronic liver disease. Clinical trials conducted with MARS treatment in HE patients having a decompensation of chronic liver disease demonstrated a transient effect from MARS treatments to significantly decrease their hepatic encephalopathy scores by at least 2 grades

3729:

Combined results yielded a non-significant reduction on mortality in patients treated with MARS therapy. However, the low number of patients included in each of the studies may be responsible for not being able to achieve enough statistical power to show differences between both treatment groups.

2266:

In patients with hepatic failure, drugs that are only metabolized in the liver, accumulate in the plasma right after they are administered, and therefore it is needed to modify drug dosing in both, concentration and time intervals, to lower the risk of toxicity. It is also necessary to adjust the

1621:

vasoactive substances that produce renal vasoconstriction and low glomerular filtration rate, leading to oliguria with a concomitant reduction in creatinine clearance. Renal insufficiency is always progressive with an inferior prognosis, with survival at 1 and 2 months of 20 and 10% respectively.

1266:

Catalina et al. have also evaluated systemic and hepatic hemodynamic changes produced by MARS therapy. In 4 patients with acute decompensation of chronic liver disease, they observed after MARS therapy, an attenuation of hyperdynamic circulation and a reduction in the portal pressure gradient was

627:

Bioreactor Designs: Innovative bioreactor designs have been developed to enhance the performance of BAL systems by optimizing mass transfer, fluid dynamics, and cell-matrix interactions. These designs include perfusion-based bioreactors, microfluidic devices, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted

8007:

Camus, C; Lavoué, S; Gacouin, A; Compagnon, P; Boudjéma, K; Jacquelinet, C; Thomas, R; Le Tulzo, Y (December 2009). "Liver transplantation avoided in patients with fulminant hepatic failure who received albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system while on the waiting list:

1624:

Pierre Versin is one of the pioneers in the study of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with liver impairment. Great efforts have been made trying to improve the prognosis of this type of patient; however, few have solved the problem. Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only treatment that has

1223:

Manganese and copper serum levels are increased in patients with either acute or acute on chronic liver failure. Nevertheless, only in those patients with chronic hepatic dysfunction, a bilateral magnetic resonance alteration on Globos Pallidus is observed, probably because this type of patients

1054:

Subsequently, several studies in either animals or humans have confirmed that, a ratio in ammonia concentration higher than 2 mM between the brain and blood stream, causes HE, and even a comatose state when the value is greater than 5 mM. Some investigators have also reported a decrease in serum

607:

use. Another advantage of cryogels is their flexibility for use in a variety of tasks, including separation and purification of substances, along with acting as extracellular matrix for cell growth and proliferation. Immobilisation of specific ligands onto cryogels enables adsorption of specific

3931:

Hospitalization costs for the MARS treated group were greater than that for the controls (€31,539 vs. €7,543) and similarly direct cost at 3-year follow-up (€8,493 vs. €5,194). Nevertheless, after adjusting mortality rate, the annual cost per patient was €12,092 for controls and €5,827 for MARS

1262:

Schmidt et al. reported the treatment of 8 patients, diagnosed with acute hepatic failure, that were treated with MARS for 6 hours, and were compared with a control group of 5 patients to whom ice pads were applied to match the heat loss produced in the treatment group during the extracorporeal

851:

dialysis using standard renal replacement therapy machines without an additional perfusion pump system: The patient's blood flows through a circuit with a high-flux hollow fiber hemodiafilter, identical to that used in the MARS system. The other side of this membrane is cleansed with an albumin

640:

There have been numerous clinical studies involving hollow-fibre bioreactors. Overall, they show promise but do not provide statistically significant evidence supporting their effectiveness. This is generally due to inherent design limitations, causing convectional transport issues, nutritional

1636:

Although mechanisms explaining previous findings are not yet fully understood, it has been reported that there was a decrease in plasma renin concentrations in patients diagnosed with acute on chronic liver failure with renal impairment that were treated with MARS. Likewise, other studies have

619:

Cell Sources: Researchers have explored different cell sources for BAL, including primary hepatocytes, stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells, and immortalized liver cell lines. Efforts have been made to optimize cell culture conditions to maintain cell viability and functionality within BAL

595:

Currently, hollow-fibre bioreactors are the most commonly accepted design for clinical use due to their capillary-network allowing for easy perfusion of plasma across cell populations. However, these structures have their limitations, with convectional transport issues, nutritional gradients,

2838:. was a significance difference in survival found for patients diagnosed with ALF treated with extracorporeal liver support systems. Nevertheless, these reviews included all kind of liver support systems and used a heterogeneous type of publication (abstracts, clinical trials, cohort, etc.). 1232:

velocity in middle cerebral artery), establishing a clear relationship between a clinical improvement (especially neurological) and an improvement in arterial cerebral perfusion. This study confirms other results showing similar increments in cerebral perfusion in patients treated with MARS.

790:

Between the different albumin dialysis modalities, single pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) has shown some positive results at a very high cost; it has been proposed that lowering the concentration of albumin in the dialysate does not seem to affect the detoxification capability of the procedure.

631:

Functional Assessment: Advances in bioanalytical techniques have enabled researchers to assess the functionality of liver cells within BAL systems more accurately. These techniques include measuring the secretion of liver-specific biomarkers, such as albumin, urea, and bile acids, as well as

623:

Scaffold Materials: Biomaterial scaffolds play a critical role in providing structural support and facilitating cell attachment and proliferation in BAL systems. Recent studies have investigated the use of natural and synthetic materials, such as hydrogels, alginate, and decellularized liver

880:

with regard to detoxification capacity. SPAD and CVVHDF showed a significantly greater reduction of ammonia compared with MARS. No significant differences could be observed between SPAD, MARS and CVVHDF concerning other water-soluble substances. However, SPAD enabled a significantly greater

3796:

Only three Studies addressing cost-effectivenenss of MARS therapy have been found. Hassanein et al. analysed costs of randomized patients with ACLF receiving MARS therapy or standard medical care. They used the study published in 2001 by Kim et al. describing the impact of complications in

665:

reduction in mortality over the control group. This suggests that while the device may not be applicable to patients as an overall treatment for liver dysfunction, it can provide an advantage when the heterogeneity of patients is considered and is used with patients of specific aetiology.

611:

Developing an effective bioartificial liver (BAL) remains a formidable challenge, as it necessitates the intricate optimization of cell colonization, biomaterial scaffold design, and BAL fluid dynamics. Expanding upon prior research indicating its potential as a blood perfusion device for

6821:

Stange J, Mitzner SR, Risler T, Erley CM, Lauchart W, Goehl H, Klammt S, Peszynski P, Freytag J, Hickstein H, Löhr M, Liebe S, Schareck W, Hopt UT, Schmidt R (April 1999). "Molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS): clinical results of a new membrane-based blood purification system for

10638:

Covic, A; Goldsmith, DJ; Gusbeth-Tatomir, P; Volovat, C; Dimitriu, AG; Cristogel, F; Bizo, A (2003). "Successful use of Molecular Absorbent Regenerating System (MARS) dialysis for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure in children accidentally poisoned by toxic mushroom ingestion".

3777:. described, among patients treated with MARS, a thrombocytopenia case and a second patient with chronic hepatitis B, who underwent TIPS placement on day 44 after randomization and died on day 105 of multiorgan failure, as a consequence of complications related to the TIPS procedure. 1625:

shown to improve acute and chronic complications derived from severe liver insufficiency. Today it is possible to combine albumin dialysis with continuous veno-venous hemodialfiltration, which provides a greater expectation for these patients by optimization of their clinical status.

5222:

Mundt, A; Puhl, G; Müller, A; Sauer, I; Müller, C; Richard, R; Fotopoulou, C; Doll, R; Gäbelein, G; Höhn, W; Hofbauer, R; Neuhaus, P; Gerlach, J (June 2002). "A method to assess biochemical activity of liver cells during clinical application of extracorporeal hybrid liver support".

988:

and a conventional hemodialysis device to pump the patient's blood into the MARS FLUX, a biocompatible polysulfone high-flux dialyser. With a membrane surface area of 2.1 m, 100 nm of thickness and a cut-off of 50 KDa, the MARSFLUX is essential to retaining the albumin in the

1001:

and protein-bound toxins, by means of the presence of albumin in the dialysate (albumin dialysis). The albumin dialysate is then regenerated in a close loop in the MARS circuit by passing through the fibres of the low-flux diaFLUX filter, to clear water-soluble toxins and provide

9880:

Faenza S, Baraldi O, Bernardi M, Bolondi L, Coli L, Cucchetti A, Donati G, Gozzetti F, Lauro A, Mancini E, Pinna AD, Piscaglia F, Rasciti L, Ravaioli M, Ruggeri G, Santoro A, Stefoni S (May 2008). "Mars and Prometheus: our clinical experience in acute chronic liver failure".

3939:

Liver support systems, such as MARS, are very important to stabilize patients with acute or acute on chronic liver failure and avoid organ dysfunction, as well as a bridge-to-transplant. Although initial in-hospital costs are high, they are worth for the favorable outcome.

3742:

Safety, defined as presence of adverse events, is evaluated in few trials. Adverse events in patients receiving MARS therapy are similar to those in the controls with the exception of thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage that seems to occur more frequently with the MARS system.

9797:

Camus, C; Lavoue, S; Gacouin, A; et al. (2009). "Liver transplantation avoided in patients with fulminant hepatic failure who received albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system while on the waiting list: impact of the duration of therapy".

9156:

Marchesini G, Bianchi G, Amodio P, Salerno F, Merli M, Panella C, Loguercio C, Apolone G, Niero M, Abbiati R, Italian Study Group for quality of life in cirrhosis (January 2001). "Factors associated with poor health-related quality of life of patients with cirrhosis".

596:

non-uniform seeding, inefficient immobilisation of cells, and reduced hepatocyte growth restricting their effectiveness in BAL designs. Researchers are now investigating the use of cryogels to replace hollow-fibres as the cell carrier components in BAL systems.

4494:(FDA) cleared, in a document dated on May 27, 2005, MARS therapy for the treatment of drug overdose and poisoning. The only requirement is that the drug or poison must be susceptible to be dialysed and removed by activated charcoal or anionic exchange resins. 641:

gradients, non-uniform seeding, inefficient immobilisation of cells, and reduced hepatocyte growth. As of writing, no cryogel-based devices have entered clinical trials. However, laboratory results have been promising, and hopefully trials will begin soon.

3928:

cohort of 79 patients with ACLF, of whom 33 received MARS treatments and 46 received SMT. Survival was 67% for the MARS group and 63% for the controls, that was reduced to 58 and 35% respectively at one year follow-up, and then 52 and 17% at three years.

3698:

For patients diagnosed with acute on chronic liver failure and treated with MARS therapy, clinical trial results showed a not statistically significant reduction in mortality (odds ratio =0,78; confident interval =95%: 0,58 – 1,03; p= 0,1059, Figure 3)

219: 5266:

van de Kerkhove MP, Di Florio E, Scuderi V, Mancini A, Belli A, Bracco A, Dauri M, Tisone G, Di Nicuolo G, Amoroso P, Spadari A, Lombardi G, Hoekstra R, Calise F, Chamuleau RA (October 2002). "Phase I clinical trial with the AMC-bioartificial liver".

10772:

Hommann, M; Kasakow, LB; Geoghegan, J; Kornberg, A; Schotte, U; Fuchs, D; Hermann, J; Zintl, F; Scheele, J (Aug 2002). "Application of MARS artificial liver support as bridging therapy before split liver retransplantation in a 15-month-old child".

9841:

Evenepoel, P; Laleman, W; Wilmer, A; Claes, K; Kuypers, D; Bammens, B; Nevens, F; Vanrenterghem, Y (Apr 2006). "Prometheus versus molecular adsorbents recirculating system: comparison of efficiency in two different liver detoxification devices".

791:

Nevertheless, the most widely used systems today are based on hemodialysis and adsorption. These systems use conventional dialysis methods with an albumin containing dialysate that is later regenerated by means of adsorption columns, filled with

7710:

Kramer, L; Gendo, A; Madl, C; Mullen, KD; Kaminski-Russ, K; Sunder-Plassmann, G; Schaffer, A; Bauer, E; Roth, E; Ferenci, P (July 2001). "A controlled study of sorbent suspension dialysis in chronic liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy".

4536:

file for direct statistical analysis and finally instant online statistical analysis of selective data decided by the scientific committee. Therefore, the LiverNet is an important tool to progress in the knowledge of liver support therapies.

689:

seen 2–3 weeks post treatment, suggesting that while C3A incorporating BAL devices are unable to provide short-term aid like artificial albumin filtration devices, they instead provide more long-term aid in recovery of the patient’s liver.

9323:

Mullhaupt, B; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Ambühl, PM; Stocker, R; Renner, EL (April 2003). "Successful use of the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) in a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and treatment refractory pruritus".

8847:

Wong, F; Raina, N; Richardson, R (March 2010). "Molecular adsorbent recirculating system is ineffective in the management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis with ascites who have failed vasoconstrictor treatment".

8086:

Camus C, Lavoué S, Gacouin A, Le Tulzo Y, Lorho R, Boudjéma K, Jacquelinet C, Thomas R (November 2006). "Molecular adsorbent recirculating system dialysis in patients with acute liver failure who are assessed for liver transplantation".

5050:

Falkenhagen, D; Strobl, W; Vogt, G; Schrefl, A; Linsberger, I; Gerner, FJ; Schoenhofen, M (January 1999). "Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system: a novel system for blood purification to remove albumin bound substances".

7253:

Sorkine P, Ben Abraham R, Szold O, Biderman P, Kidron A, Merchav H, Brill S, Oren R (July 2001). "Role of the molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic liver failure".

889:

no significant differences between SPAD and MARS were seen. It was concluded that the detoxification capacity of SPAD is similar or even higher when compared with the more sophisticated, more complex and hence more expensive MARS.

1607:

Abbreviations: MAP: Mean arterial pressure; SVRI: Systemic vascular resistance index; CO: Cardiac output; BR: Beat rate; S: Statistically significant, p< 0.05; NS: not statistically significant. ↑: Increase; ↓:Decrease; ↔: No

10859:

Parés, A; Cisneros, L; Salmerón, JM; Caballería, L; Mas, A; Torras, A; Rodés, J (Jun 2004). "Extracorporeal albumin dialysis: a procedure for prolonged relief of intractable pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis".

704:

as scavenger molecule to clear the toxins involved in the physiopathology of the failing liver. Most of the toxins that accumulate in the plasma of patients with liver insufficiency are protein bound, and therefore conventional

8960:

Montejo González JC, Catalán González M, Meneu Díaz JC, Moreno Elola-Olaso A, De la Cruz J, Moreno González E (Mar–Apr 2009). "Artificial liver support system in acute liver failure patients waiting liver transplantation".

498:

techniques in the decade after Matsumara's work have led to improved membranes and hepatocyte attachment systems. Cell sources now include primary porcine hepatocytes, primary human hepatocytes, human hepatoblastoma (C3A),

957:(Germany), in 1993 and later commercialized for its clinical use in 1999. The system is able to replace the detoxification function of the liver while minimizing the inconvenience and drawbacks of previously used devices. 9919:

Krisper, P; Haditsch, B; Stauber, R; Jung, A; Stadlbauer, V; Trauner, M; Holzer, H; Schneditz, D (Sep 2005). "In vivo quantification of liver dialysis: comparison of albumin dialysis and fractionated plasma separation".

6326:

Demetriou, Achilles A.; Brown, Robert S.; Busuttil, Ronald W.; Fair, Jeffrey; McGuire, Brendan M.; Rosenthal, Philip; Am Esch, Jan Schulte; Lerut, Jan; Nyberg, Scott L.; Salizzoni, Mauro; Fagan, Elizabeth A. (May 2004).

8600:

McIntyre, CW; Fluck, RJ; Freeman, JG; Lambie, SH (November 2002). "Characterization of treatment dose delivered by albumin dialysis in the treatment of acute renal failure associated with severe hepatic dysfunction".

7173:

Novelli, G; Rossi, M; Pretagostini, R; Poli, L; Novelli, L; Berloco, P; Ferretti, G; Iappelli, M; Cortesini, R (2002). "MARS (Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System): experience in 34 cases of acute liver failure".

9235:

Huster, D; Schubert, C; Achenbach, H; Caca, K; Mössner, J; Berr, F (June 2001). "Successful clinical application of extracorporal albumin dialysis in a patient with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC)".

7451:

Loock, J; Stange, J; Mitzner, S; Schmidt, R; Gramowski, A; Schiffmann, D; Weiss, D; Keefer, EW; Gross, GW (June 2001). "Influence of albumin dialysis (MARS) on neuronal network activity in vitro--early results".

2164:

Primary goal in the Heemann trial was to achieve a bilirubin level beloiw 15 mg/dL during three consecutive days, which was observed in 42% of the patients treated with MARS® compared to 17% in the control

1628:

MARS treatment lowers serum urea and creatinine levels improving their clearance, and even favors resolution of hepatorenal syndrome. Results are confirmed in a randomized controlled trial published by Mitzner

10497:

Sen, S; Ytrebø, LM; Rose, C; Fuskevaag, OM; Davies, NA; Nedredal, GI; Williams, R; Revhaug, A; Jalan, R (Mar 2004). "Albumin dialysis: a new therapeutic strategy for intoxication from protein-bound drugs".

3763:. detected one patient with thrombocytopenia in both the MARS and Prometheus treatment groups, and an additional patient with clotting of the dialysis circuit and hypotension, only in the Prometheus group. 6538:

Chawla, LS; Georgescu, F; Abell, B; Seneff, MG; Kimmel, PL (March 2005). "Modification of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration with single-pass albumin dialysate allows for removal of serum bilirubin".

10380:

Jalan, R; Sen, S; Steiner, C; Kapoor, D; Alisa, A; Williams, R (Jan 2003). "Extracorporeal liver support with molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis".

8393:

Parés, A; Escorsell, A; Cisneros, L (2002). "Effects of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) on vasoactive agents and systemic hemodynamics in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis".

2852:. it was reported that MARS treatment do not decrease mortality directly; however, the treatment contributed to significantly improve survival in patients that were transplanted. In studies by Mitzner 839:

Artificial detoxification devices currently under clinical evaluation include the Single Pass Albumin Dialysis (SPAD), Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS), Prometheus system, and Dialive.

6389:

Thompson, Julie; Jones, Natasha; Al-Khafaji, Ali; Malik, Shahid; Reich, David; Munoz, Santiago; MacNicholas, Ross; Hassanein, Tarek; Teperman, Lewis; Stein, Lance; Duarte-Rojo, Andrés (March 2018).

9440:

Majcher-Peszynska, J; T. Schneider; S. Müller; P. Peszynski; R. Mundowski; A. Berg; S. Klammt; B. Drewelow (2002). "Elimination of Fluoroquinolones during Extracorporeal Albumin Dialysis (MARS)".

8350:

Catalina, MV; Barrio, J; Anaya, F; Salcedo, M; Rincón, D; Clemente, G; Bañares, R (2003). "Hepatic and systemic haemodynamic changes after MARS in patients with acute on chronic liver failure".

1244:

failure and encephalopathy grade III and IV were included. Likewise, Kramer et al. estimated an HE improvement when an improvement in peak N70 latency in electroencephalograms was observed. Sen

8491:

Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, Risler T, Erley CM, Bader BD, Berger ED, Lauchart W, Peszynski P, Freytag J, Hickstein H, Loock J, Löhr JM, Liebe S, Emmrich J, Korten G, Schmidt R (May 2000).

1655:. measured bilirubin levels 14 days after since MARS therapy was terminated and observed a consistent, significant decrease not only for bilirubin but also for creatinine and urea (Table 6). 3784:. showed that MARS is an easy technique, without serious adverse events related to the procedure, and also easy to implement in ICU settings that are used to renal extracorporeal therapies. 8639:

Saich, R; Collins, P; Ala, A; Standish, R; Hodgson, H (May 2005). "Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis with secondary renal impairment treated with extracorporeal albumin dialysis".

674: 268:

Both types of hepatic insufficiency, ALF and ACLF, can potentially be reversible and liver functionality can return to a level similar to that prior to the insult or precipitating event.

8242:"Effect of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system and Prometheus devices on systemic haemodynamics and vasoactive agents in patients with acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver failure" 9362:

Macia, M; Avilés, J; Navarro, J; Morales, S; García, J (January 2003). "Efficacy of molecular adsorbent recirculating system for the treatment of intractable pruritus in cholestasis".

7338:

Bergeron, M; Layrargues, GP; Butterworth, RF (September 1989). "Aromatic and branched-chain amino acids in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy".

2222:

9 months. Nevertheless, some authors have concluded that besides the good results found in the literature, application of MARS therapy in refractory pruritus requires larger evidence.

10551:

Koivusalo, AM; Yildirim, Y; Vakkuri, A; Lindgren, L; Höckerstedt, K; Isoniemi, H (Oct 2003). "Experience with albumin dialysis in five patients with severe overdoses of paracetamol".

7381:

Bergeron, M; Swain, MS; Reader, TA; Grondin, L; Butterworth, RF (July 1990). "Effect of ammonia on brain serotonin metabolism in relation to function in the portacaval shunted rat".

3730:

Moreover, heterogeneity for the number of MARS sessions and severity of liver disease of the patients included, make it very difficult for the evaluation of MARS impact on survival.

9632:

Lai, WK; Haydon, G; Mutimer, D; et al. (2005). "The effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on pathophysiological parameters in patients with acute liver failure".

9121:

Bergasa, NV; Thomas, DA; Vergalla, J; Turner, ML; Jones, EA (1993). "Plasma from patients with the pruritus of cholestasis induces opioid receptor-mediated scratching in monkeys".

10979:

Evenepoel P, Maes B, Wilmer A, et al. (2003). "Detoxifying capacity and kinetics of the molecular adsorbent recycling system. Contribution of the different inbuilt filters".

10345:

Sen, S; Mookerjee, RP; Cheshire, LM; Davies, NA; Williams, R; Jalan, R (Jul 2005). "Albumin dialysis reduces portal pressure acutely in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis".

469:

plastic cylinder filled with cellulose fibers and pig liver cells. Blood was routed outside the patient's body and through the artificial liver before being returned to the body.

10462:

Chen, S; Zhang, L; Shi, Y; Yang, X; Wang, M (2002). "Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System: clinical experience in patients with liver failure based on hepatitis B in China".

7424:

Fischer, JE; Funovics, JM; Aguirre, A; James, JH; Keane, JM; Wesdorp, RI; Yoshimura, N; Westman, T (September 1975). "The role of plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy".

1046:(HE) represents one of the more serious extrahepatic complications associated with liver dysfunction. Neuro-psychiatric manifestations of HE affect consciousness and behaviour. 2237:

for a majority of drugs can be significantly be modified with liver failure, affecting the therapeutic approach and potential toxicity of the drugs. In these type of patients,

2202:. Many hypotheses have been formulated to explain physio pathogenesis of such manifestation, including incremental plasma concentration of biliary acids, abnormalities in the 10250:

Hessel, FP; Bramlage, P; Wasem, J; Mitzner, SR (Feb 2010). "Cost-effectiveness of the artificial liver support system MARS in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure".

4433:

A biochemical analysis is recommended (liver and kidney profile, ionic, glucose) together with a hemogram at the end of first session and before starting the following one.

482:. The structure and function of the first device also resembles that of today's BALs. Animal liver cells are suspended in a solution and a patient's blood is processed by a 1031:

On-going clinical trials and research project databases: Clinical Trials Registry (National Institutes of Health, EE.UU.) and Health Services Research Projects in Progress.

852:

solution in counter-directional flow, which is discarded after passing the filter. Hemodialysis can be performed in the first circuit via the same high-flux hollow fibers.

9564:

Kjaergard, LL; Liu, J; Als-Nielsen, B; Gluud, C (2003). "Artificial and bioartificial support systems for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review".

3932:

group; also in the latter, they found an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 31.448 € per life-year gained (LYG) and an incremental costs per QALY gained of 47171 €.

2198:

is one of the most common clinical manifestations in cholestasis liver diseases and one of the most distressing symptoms in patients with chronic liver disease caused by

9721:

Zhou, XM; Miao, JY; Yang, Y; et al. (2004). "Clinical experience with molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) in patients with drug-induced liver failure".

4924:

Stange, J; Ramlow, W; Mitzner, S; Schmidt, R; Klinkmann, H (September 1993). "Dialysis against a recycled albumin solution enables the removal of albumin-bound toxins".

261:

On the other hand, a patient with a chronic hepatic disease can suffer acute decompensation of liver function following a precipitating event such as variceal bleeding,

8308:"Systemic hemodynamic effects of treatment with the molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with hyperacute liver failure: a prospective controlled trial" 8132:"Albumin dialysis improves hepatic encephalopathy and decreases circulating phenolic aromatic amino acids in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and severe liver failure" 692:

A randomized, phase 3 trial of the ELAD device in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis failed to show benefit on overall survival and development was discontinued.

608:

substances, supporting their use as treatment options for toxins, for separation of haemoglobin from blood, and as a localised and sustained method for drug delivery.

10419:

Manz, T; Ochs, A; Bisse, E; Strey, C; Grotz, W (2003). "Liver support--a task for nephrologists? Extracorporeal treatment of a patient with fulminant Wilson crisis".

10156:

Kim WR, Gross JB Jr, Poterucha JJ, Locke GR 3rd, Dickson ER (Jan 2001). "Outcome of hospital care of liver disease associated with hepatitis C in the United States".

9601:"Randomized controlled multicenter trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of albumin dialysis with MARS in patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure" 7214:"Cerebral blood flow velocity increases during a single treatment with the molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with acute on chronic liver failure" 4508:

The effectiveness of the MARS device in patients that are sedated could not be established in clinical studies and therefore cannot be predicted in sedated patients

5748: 4531:

Increase the knowledge in this extremely innovative area, a basis for an improvement of liver support devices and the treatment of these patients in the next future

2179:., that was specifically addressing the topic, it is reported that MARS and Prometheus systems lower to the same extent biliary acids plasma concentration. Heemann 9675:

Lee, KH; Lee, MK; Sutedja, DS; et al. (2005). "Outcome from molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) liver dialysis following drug-induced liver failure".

6155:

Ingavle, Ganesh C.; Baillie, Les W.J.; Zheng, Yishan; Lis, Elzbieta K.; Savina, Irina N.; Howell, Carol A.; Mikhalovsky, Sergey V.; Sandeman, Susan R. (May 2015).

815:

While the technique is in its infancy, the prognosis of patients with liver failure remains guarded. Liver dialysis is currently only considered to be a bridge to

46: 9758:"The effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on survival, native liver recovery, and need for liver transplantation in acute liver failure patients" 272:

the right conditions that could allow the recovery of native liver functions, both detoxification and synthesis can improve, after an episode of ALF or ACLF.

8051:

Steiner, C; Mitzner, S (2002). "Experiences with MARS liver support therapy in liver failure: analysis of 176 patients of the International MARS Registry".

5877: 2841:

There is literature showing favorable results in survival for patients diagnosed with ALF, and treated with MARS., In a randomized controlled trial, Salibà

2827:. which included 4 randomized trials an improvement in survival for the patients with liver failure treated with MARS, compared with SMT, was not observed. 929:

after selective filtration of the albumin fraction through a specific polysulfon filter (AlbuFlow). It has been studied in a group of eleven patients with

7063:"Role of circulating neurotoxins in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: potential for improvement following their removal by liver assist devices" 4521:

with acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure. The purpose is to register prospectively all patients treated worldwide with the MARS system in order to:

3756:

hemodynamic instability, three patients required larger than average platelets transfusion and three more patients presented gastrointestinal bleeding.

775:

should be beneficial to the clinical course of a patient in liver failure. This led to the development of artificial filtration and absorption devices.

7562:

Heemann, U; Treichel, U; Loock, J; Philipp, T; Gerken, G; Malago, M; Klammt, S; Loehr, M; Liebe, S; Mitzner, S; Schmidt, R; Stange, J (October 2002).

1249:

was recorded (p<0,01 y p<0,05, respectively). Likewise, in several case series, an improvement in HE grade with MARS therapy is also reported.

885:

reduction than MARS. Bilirubin serves as an important marker substance for albumin-bound (non-water-soluble) substances. Concerning the reduction of

4505:

The MARS is not indicated as a bridge to liver transplant. Safety and efficacy has not been demonstrated in controlled, randomized clinical trials.

778:

Liver dialysis is performed by physicians and surgeons and specialized nurses with training in gastroenterological medicine and surgery, namely, in

7297:

Spahr, L; Butterworth, RF; Fontaine, S; Bui, L; Therrien, G; Milette, PC; Lebrun, LH; Zayed, J; Leblanc, A; Pomier-Layrargues, G (November 1996).

6157:"Affinity binding of antibodies to supermacroporous cryogel adsorbents with immobilized protein A for removal of anthrax toxin protective antigen" 4545: 8493:"Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial" 2267:

dosing for those drugs that are exclusively metabolized by the liver, and have low affinity for prioteins and high distribution volume, such as

5778:"Bioartificial liver support systems for acute liver failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical and preclinical literature" 8988:

Stadlbauer, V; Krisper, P; Beuers, U; Haditsch, B; Schneditz, D; Jung, A; Putz-Bankuti, C; Holzer, H; Trauner, M; Stauber, RE (Mar–Apr 2007).

7299:"Increased blood manganese in cirrhotic patients: relationship to pallidal magnetic resonance signal hyperintensity and neurological symptoms" 3770:. (Biologic-DT) wrote about 3 cases with disseminated intravascular coagulation in the interventional group, two of them with fatal outcomes. 1639:

However, other references have been published that do not show efficacy in the treatment of these types of patients with MARS therapy. Khuroo

3469:

Abbreviations; ALF: Acute liver failure; ACLF: Acute on chronic liver failure; ESLD: End-stage liver disease; Not statistically significance.

799:

resins. At present, there are two artificial extracorporeal liver support systems: the Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS) from

650: 6446: 5353:

Sussman, NL; Gislason, GT; Conlin, CA; Kelly, JH (May 1994). "The Hepatix extracorporeal liver assist device: initial clinical experience".

4439:

In case that medication susceptible to be eliminated by MARS is being administered, it is also recommended to monitor their levels in blood

3714:

A non-statistically significant reduction of mortality was shown in patients with ALF treated with MARS (OR = 0,75 ; p= 0,3427). (Figure 4)

1651:

Total bilirubin was the only parameter analyzed in all trials that was always reduced in the groups of patients treated with MARS; Banayosy

218: 9455:

Majcher-Peszynska, J; S. Klammt; EM. Hehk (2000). "Removal of Albumin Bound Drugs in Albumin Dialysis (MARS)- A New Liver Support System".

9192:

Younossi, ZM; Kiwi, ML; Boparai, N; Price, LL; Guyatt, G (February 2000). "Cholestatic liver diseases and health-related quality of life".

5086:

Xue, YL; Zhao, SF; Luo, Y; Li, XJ; Duan, ZP; Chen, XP; Li, WG; Huang, XQ; Li, YL; Cui, X; Zhong, DG; Zhang, ZY; Huang, ZQ (December 2001).

4358:

The trend is to use high flow rates, although it is determined by the technical specifications of the combined machine and catheters’ size

864:(MARS) is the best known extracorporal liver dialysis system. It consists of two separate dialysis circuits. The first circuit consists of 6748:

Rifai K, Ernst T, Kretschmer U, et al. (December 2003). "Prometheus—a new extracorporeal system for the treatment of liver failure".

275:

Three different types of supportive therapies have been developed: bio-artificial, artificial and hybrid liver support systems (Table 2).

5923: 61: 6503:

Peszynski, P; Klammt, S; Peters, E; Mitzner, S; Stange, J; Schmidt, R (2002). "Albumin dialysis: single pass vs. recirculation (MARS)".

2860:. they were able to show a significance statistical difference in 30-day survival for patients in the MARS group. However, El Banayosy 5893: 1025:

Specialized in systematic reviews: Cochrane Library Plus and NHS Centre database for Reviews and Dissemination (HTA, DARE and NHSEED).

7131:"Can the clearance of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 be enhanced using an albumin dialysate hemodiafiltration system?" 2282:

Extracorporeal detoxification with albumin dialysis increases the clearance of drugs that are bound to plasmatic proteins (Table 7).

1462:. concluded that there is a statistically significant improvement favourable to MARS in comparison with Prometheus system (Table 5). 599: 8906:"First use of the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System technique on patients with hypoxic liver failure after cardiogenic shock" 1260:

During MARS therapy, systemic vascular resistance index and mean arterial pressure have been shown to increase and show improvement.

478:

magazine in 2001. Liver cells obtained from an animal were used instead of developing a piece of equipment for each function of the

10296:

Doria, C; Mandalá, L; Smith, J; Vitale, CH; Lauro, A; Gruttadauria, S; Marino, IR; Foglieni, CS; Magnone, M; Scott, VL (Apr 2003).

5876:

Werner, Andreas; Duvar, Sevim; Müthing, Johannes; Büntemeyer, Heino; Lünsdorf, Heinrich; Strauss, Michael; Lehmann, Jürgen (2000).

5181:

Sauer, IM; Goetz, M; Steffen, I; Walter, G; Kehr, DC; Schwartlander, R; Hwang, YJ; Pascher, A; Gerlach, JC; Neuhaus, P (May 2004).

1235:

More recently, several studies have shown a significant improvement of HE in patients treated with MARS. In the studies by Heemann

787:

it is usually available only in larger hospitals, such as level I trauma center teaching hospitals connected with medical schools.

10109:"Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: possible impact of albumin dialysis on hospitalization costs" 7955:"Molecular adsorbent recirculating system in patients with early allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation: a pilot study" 6391:"Extracorporeal cellular therapy (ELAD) in severe alcoholic hepatitis: A multinational, prospective, controlled, randomized trial" 8186:"Extracorporeal detoxification using the molecular adsorbent recirculating system for critically ill patients with liver failure" 5594: 6978:"A carrier-mediated transport of toxins in a hybrid membrane. Safety barrier between a patients blood and a bioartificial liver" 6471: 3746:

Heemann et al. reported two adverse events most probably MARS related: fever and sepsis, presumably originated at the catheter.

10816:

van de Kerkhove MP, de Jong KP, Rijken AM, de Pont AC, van Gulik TM (2003). "MARS treatment in posthepatectomy liver failure".

5535: 8423:"Effect of Prometheus liver assist system on systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized controlled study" 7953:

Hetz, H; Faybik, P; Berlakovich, G; Baker, A; Bacher, A; Burghuber, C; Sandner, SE; Steltzer, H; Krenn, CG (September 2006).

7666:

Hassanein TI, Tofteng F, Brown RS Jr, McGuire B, Lynch P, Mehta R, Larsen FS, Gornbein J, Stange J, Blei AT (December 2007).

5388:

Ellis, AJ; Hughes, RD; Wendon, JA; Dunne, J; Langley, PG; Kelly, JH; Gislason, GT; Sussman, NL; Williams, R (December 1996).

5009:

Mazariegos GV, Patzer JF 2nd, Lopez RC, Giraldo M, Devera ME, Grogan TA, Zhu Y, Fulmer ML, Amiot BP, Kramer DJ (March 2002).

628:

constructs, which aim to mimic the physiological microenvironment of the liver and promote liver cell function and survival.

265:

and excessive alcohol intake among others that can lead to a condition referred to as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).

11072: 7759:"Preoperative risk factor analysis in orthotopic liver transplantation with pretransplant artificial liver support therapy" 9039:"Pruritus in chronic hepatitis C: association with high serum bile acids, advanced pathology, and bile duct abnormalities" 7858:

adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) application in liver failure: clinical and hemodepurative results in 22 patients".

6941:

Sechser, A; Osorio, J; Freise, C; Osorio, RW (May 2001). "Artificial liver support devices for fulminant liver failure".

5752: 559:

constituents. Several types of BALs are being developed, including hollow fiber systems and flat membrane sheet systems.

6110:"Fabrication and characterization of soft macroporous Jeffamine cryogels as potential materials for tissue applications" 8581:

Versin P, Hirsch-Marie H, Catan R (1962). "Línsufissance rénale circulatoire spntané du cirrhotique. Son évolution".

700:

Artificial liver support systems are aimed to temporarily replace native liver detoxification functions and they use

83: 9960:"Effect of extracorporeal liver support by MARS and Prometheus on serum cytokines in acute-on-chronic liver failure" 6709:"In vitro comparison of the molecular adsorbent recirculation system (MARS) and single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD)" 5183:"In vitro comparison of the molecular adsorbent recirculation system (MARS) and single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD)" 941:

Dialive (Yaqrit Limited, London, UK) incorporates albumin removal and replacement and, endotoxin removal. It is at "

6227:

Koshy, Sandeep T.; Zhang, David K.Y.; Grolman, Joshua M.; Stafford, Alexander G.; Mooney, David J. (January 2018).

231: 138:

to assist in performing the functions of the liver. Such systems focus either on removing the accumulating toxins (

10201:"Economic evaluation of the artificial liver support system MARS in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure" 7668:"Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis" 7614:"Pathophysiological effects of albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled study" 6329:"Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter, Controlled Trial of a Bioartificial Liver in Treating Acute Liver Failure" 4962:"Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure" 65: 10682:

Faybik, P; Hetz, H; Krenn, CG; Baker, A; Germann, P; Berlakovich, G; Steininger, R; Steltzer, H (Sep 15, 2003).

9397:

Majcher-Peszynska, J; P. Peszynki; SC Müller (2001). "Drugs in Liver Disease and During Albumin Dialysis-MARS".

6063:"Polymeric cryogels as a new family of macroporous and supermacroporous materials for biotechnological purposes" 4668:

Jalan, R; Williams R (2002). "Acute on chronic liver failure. Pathophysiological basis of therapeutic options".

8990:"Removal of bile acids by two different extracorporeal liver support systems in acute-on-chronic liver failure" 8240:

Laleman, W; Wilmer, A; Evenepoel, P; Elst, IV; Zeegers, M; Zaman, Z; Verslype, C; Fevery, J; Nevens, F (2006).

6012:

Bonalumi, Flavia; Crua, Cyril; Savina, Irina; Davies, Nathan; Habstesion, Abeba; Sandeman, Susan (April 2021).

5684: 4118:

Fulminant Wilson: minimum 5 twenty four-hour treatment sessions owing to copper saturation of the treatment kit

17: 6014:"Bioengineering a cryogel-derived bioartificial liver using particle image velocimetry defined fluid dynamics" 4266:

Continuous treatment with hemodynamic instability (in any case, treatment kit must be replaced every 24 hours)

4201:

Continuous treatment with hemodynamic instability (in any case, treatment kit must be replaced every 24 hours)

4166:• Prolong survival time and stabilize the patient to receive a re-transplant if the above goal is not achieved 4016:

Continuous treatment with hemodynamic instability (in any case, treatment kit must be replaced every 24 hours)

2175:

Impact of MARS therapy on plasma biliary acids levels was evaluated in 3 studies. In the study from Stadbauer

6196:

Derazshamshir, Ali; Baydemir, Gözde; Andac, Müge; Say, Rıdvan; Galaev, Igor Yu; Denizli, Adil (2010-03-15).

1052:

The relationship between ammonia neurotoxicity and HE was first described in animal studies by Pavlov et al.

1005: 893:

Albumin dialysis is a costly procedure: for a seven-hour treatment with MARS, approximately €300 for 600 mL

579:, hollow fiber systems employ a hollow fiber cartridge. Hepatocytes are suspended in a gel solution such as 11087: 9037:

Lebovics, E; Seif, F; Kim, D; Elhosseiny, A; Dworkin, BM; Casellas, A; Clark, S; Rosenthal, WS (May 1997).

4335:

Unstable hemodynamics with mean arterial pressure (MAP)< 55 mmHg despite vasoconstrictors administration

8725:

Moreau, R; Lebrec, D (2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of acute renal failure in patients with cirrhosis".

4528:

Evaluate the clinical impact of MARS therapy on the course of the disease in different specific indication

4367:

Without renal dysfunction, it is recommended a blood and albumin flow rates ranging from 150 to 250 mL/min

11067: 7129:

Awad, SS; Sawada, S; Soldes, OS; Rich, PB; Klein, R; Alarcon, WH; Wang, SC; Bartlett, RH (Jan–Feb 1999).

5615:

Tilles A, Berthiaume F, Yarmush M, Tompkins R, Toner M (2002). "Bioengineering of liver assist devices".

4491: 8808:"Molecular adsorbent recirculating system for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a meta-analysis" 8760:

Wong, F (January 2007). "Drug insight: the role of albumin in the management of chronic liver disease".

11082: 1021:

A systematic review of the literature from 1999 to June 2011 was performed in the following databases:

942: 737: 10298:"Effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system in hepatitis C virus-related intractable pruritus" 3725:

Figure 4. Meta-analysis showing the effect on survival of patients with ALF treated with MARS therapy.

3710:

Figure 3: Meta-analysis showing the effect on survival of patients with ACLF treated with MARS therapy

1050:

aminoacids, mercaptans, phenols, medium chain fatty acids, bilirubin, endogenous benzodiazepines, etc.

7612:

Sen, S; Davies, NA; Mookerjee, RP; Cheshire, LM; Hodges, SJ; Williams, R; Jalan, R (September 2004).

7564:"Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: a prospective, controlled study" 6859:"Molecular adsorbent recirculating system: albumin dialysis-based extracorporeal liver assist device" 1059:

Table 3. Clinical studies showing some improvement in the treatment of HE following a MARS treatment

247: 5481: 4621:"Acute liver failure: clinical features, outcome analysis, and applicability of prognostic criteria" 4497:

More recently, on December 17, 2012, MARS therapy has been cleared by the FDA for the treatment of

4436:

Coagulation analysis must be also performed before starting the session to adjusting heparin dose.

803:

and Fractionated Plasma Separation and Adsorption (FPSA), commercialised as Prometheus (PROM) from

235: 161:

The primary functions of the liver include removing toxic substances from the blood, manufacturing

154:

which are typically used over the longer term. These systems are being trialed to help people with

8184:

Mitzner, SR; Stange, J; Klammt, S; Peszynski, P; Schmidt, R; Nöldge-Schomburg, G (February 2001).

4331:

Same contraindications as with any other extracorporeal treatment may be applied to MARS therapy.

3717: 4832:

Allen, JW; Hassanein, T; Bhatia, SN (September 2001). "Advances in bioartificial liver devices".

4525:

Improve our understanding of the clinical course, pathophysiology and treatment of these diseases

4425:

followed by a continuous perfusion, to keep PTT in ratios from 1,5 to 2,5 or 160 to 180 seconds.

2831: 807:. Of the two therapies, MARS is the most frequently studied, and clinically used system to date. 4875:

Sussman, NL; Chong, MG; Koussayer, T; He, DE; Shang, TA; Whisennand, HH; Kelly, JH (July 1992).

3702: 4498: 3997:

Bilirubin > 15 mg/dL (255 μmol/L), not responding to standard medical care alter 3 days

1043: 804: 500: 483: 227: 8130:

Parés, A; Deulofeu, R; Cisneros, L; Escorsell, A; Salmerón, JM; Caballería, J; Mas, A (2009).

5927: 5878:"Cultivation of immortalized human hepatocytes HepZ on macroporous CultiSpher G microcarriers" 226:

In hyperacute and acute liver failure, the clinical picture develops rapidly with progressive

53: 8904:

El Banayosy, A; Kizner, L; Schueler, V; Bergmeier, S; Cobaugh, D; Koerfer, R (Jul–Aug 2004).

4462:

Treatment must be stopped before schedule owing to the particular circumstances listed below:

954: 816: 519:, but to serve as a supportive device, either allowing the liver to regenerate properly upon 255: 9958:

Stadlbauer, V; Krisper, P; Aigner, R; Haditsch, B; Jung, A; Lackner, C; Stauber, RE (2006).

9086:

Jones, EA; Bergasa, NV (Dec 16, 1992). "The pruritus of cholestasis and the opioid system".

8959: 8421:

Dethloff, T; Tofteng, F; Frederiksen, HJ; Hojskov, M; Hansen, BA; Larsen, FS (Apr 7, 2008).

4377:

With or without renal impairment it is recommended to use flow rates from 100 to 150 mL/min.

7757:

Yuan, JZ; Ye, QF; Zhao, LL; Ming, YZ; Sun, H; Zhu, SH; Huang, ZF; Wang, MM (Aug 21, 2006).

6289: 6277: 6121: 5706: 5567: 4711:

Stravitz, RT (2008). "Critical management decisions in patients with acute liver failure".

2268: 2241:

represents a poor prognostic factor to assess the metabolic capacity of the failing liver.

2238: 990: 980:

MARS is an extracorporeal hemodialysis system composed of three different circuits: blood,

930: 764: 725: 10058:

Mitzner, SR; Stange, J; Klammt, S; Koball, S; Hickstein, H; Reisinger, EC (Sep–Oct 2009).

8682:

Cárdenas, A; Ginès, P (June 2006). "Therapy insight: Management of hepatorenal syndrome".

6574:

O'Grady J (June 2006). "Personal view: current role of artificial liver support devices".

624:

scaffolds, to create biomimetic environments conducive to liver cell growth and function.

8: 11077: 10942:

Sen S, Williams R, Jalan R (February 2005). "Emerging indications for albumin dialysis".

7110:

Matthews, SA (1922). "Ammonia, a causative factor in meat poisoning in Eck fistula dos".

5390:"Pilot-controlled trial of the extracorporeal liver assist device in acute liver failure" 4746:

Auzinger, G; Wendon, J (April 2008). "Intensive care management of acute liver failure".

994: 919: 894: 865: 848: 820: 733: 520: 448: 243: 178: 155: 10011:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of survival following extracorporeal liver support" 9734: 6898:

Davenport, A (Jun 1, 2003). "Extracorporeal support for patients with hepatic failure".

6489: 6293: 6198:"Molecularly Imprinted PHEMA-Based Cryogel for Depletion of Hemoglobin from Human Blood" 6125: 5837:"Which hepatocyte will it be? Hepatocyte choice for bioartificial liver support systems" 5710: 11041: 11004: 10967: 10885: 10841: 10798: 10749: 10732: 10713: 10664: 10620: 10576: 10533: 10444: 10327: 10275: 10227: 10200: 10181: 10138: 10089: 10040: 9986: 9959: 9894: 9823: 9700: 9657: 9541: 9516: 9422: 9261: 9217: 9068: 9019: 9006: 8989: 8935: 8922: 8905: 8873: 8785: 8707: 8664: 8563: 8449: 8422: 8375: 8268: 8241: 8158: 8131: 8112: 8033: 7984: 7926: 7891: 7822: 7785: 7758: 7736: 7521: 7477: 7406: 7394: 7363: 7279: 7092: 7043: 6923: 6643: 6634: 6618: 6599: 6423: 6390: 6361: 6344: 6328: 6253: 6228: 6173: 6156: 6090: 5985: 5812: 5777: 5730: 5675: 5517: 5462: 5419: 5366: 5335: 5292: 5248: 5163: 5114: 5087: 4986: 4977: 4961: 4937: 4906: 4857: 4814: 4771: 4693: 4650: 4596: 4571: 4550: 4448:

Once the treatment is finalized, blood should be returned following the unit procedure,

3318:

Security; 3: Biochemical parameters; 4: hemodynamic parameters; 5: Clinical parameters.

783: 472:

Dr. Kenneth Matsumara's work on the BAL led it to be named an invention of the year by

10394: 9468: 9375: 9337: 9284:"Use of molecular adsorbent recirculating system for treatment of refractory pruritus" 6954: 6761: 486:

that allow toxins and blood proteins to pass but restricts an immunological response.

11045: 11033: 10996: 10959: 10955: 10930: 10877: 10873: 10833: 10790: 10786: 10754: 10705: 10656: 10612: 10608: 10568: 10564: 10525: 10479: 10475: 10436: 10398: 10362: 10319: 10267: 10232: 10173: 10130: 10081: 10032: 9991: 9937: 9898: 9859: 9855: 9815: 9811: 9779: 9774: 9757: 9738: 9692: 9688: 9649: 9581: 9546: 9426: 9414: 9379: 9341: 9305: 9265: 9253: 9209: 9205: 9174: 9138: 9134: 9103: 9099: 9060: 9011: 8970: 8927: 8865: 8829: 8777: 8742: 8699: 8656: 8652: 8618: 8555: 8514: 8454: 8367: 8329: 8273: 8207: 8163: 8104: 8068: 8064: 8025: 8021: 7976: 7930: 7883: 7836: 7790: 7728: 7689: 7635: 7585: 7513: 7481: 7469: 7433: 7398: 7355: 7320: 7271: 7267: 7235: 7191: 7187: 7152: 7147: 7130: 7084: 7035: 6999: 6958: 6915: 6911: 6880: 6839: 6835: 6765: 6730: 6689: 6648: 6591: 6587: 6556: 6520: 6516: 6428: 6410: 6366: 6348: 6305: 6258: 6178: 6137: 6082: 6062: 6043: 5977: 5969: 5949: 5905: 5897: 5858: 5817: 5799: 5722: 5667: 5632: 5543: 5509: 5501: 5454: 5411: 5370: 5327: 5323: 5296: 5284: 5240: 5204: 5167: 5155: 5119: 5068: 5064: 5032: 5027: 5010: 4991: 4941: 4898: 4849: 4806: 4802: 4763: 4728: 4685: 4642: 4601: 718: 406: 104: 11008: 10971: 10889: 10845: 10802: 10717: 10668: 10624: 10593: 10580: 10537: 10448: 10331: 10279: 10185: 10142: 10093: 10044: 9827: 9704: 9072: 8939: 8877: 8789: 8711: 8668: 8567: 8363: 8037: 7988: 7895: 7740: 7525: 7367: 7283: 7096: 7047: 6927: 6603: 6094: 5989: 5734: 5521: 5466: 5423: 5252: 4910: 4818: 4697: 4654: 11025: 10988: 10951: 10920: 10869: 10829: 10825: 10782: 10744: 10695: 10652: 10648: 10604: 10560: 10515: 10507: 10471: 10428: 10390: 10354: 10309: 10259: 10222: 10212: 10165: 10125: 10120: 10108: 10071: 10022: 9981: 9971: 9929: 9890: 9851: 9807: 9769: 9730: 9684: 9661: 9641: 9612: 9573: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9495: 9464: 9406: 9371: 9333: 9295: 9245: 9221: 9201: 9166: 9130: 9095: 9050: 9023: 9001: 8917: 8857: 8819: 8769: 8734: 8691: 8648: 8610: 8545: 8504: 8444: 8434: 8379: 8359: 8319: 8263: 8253: 8197: 8153: 8143: 8116: 8096: 8060: 8017: 7966: 7922: 7875: 7867: 7826: 7818: 7780: 7770: 7720: 7679: 7625: 7575: 7509: 7505: 7461: 7410: 7390: 7347: 7310: 7263: 7225: 7183: 7142: 7079: 7074: 7062: 7027: 6989: 6950: 6907: 6875: 6870: 6858: 6831: 6757: 6720: 6679: 6638: 6630: 6583: 6548: 6512: 6418: 6402: 6356: 6340: 6297: 6248: 6240: 6209: 6168: 6129: 6074: 6033: 6025: 5961: 5889: 5848: 5807: 5789: 5714: 5679: 5659: 5624: 5493: 5482:"Extracorporeal support for patients with acute and acute on chronic liver failure" 5446: 5401: 5362: 5339: 5319: 5276: 5232: 5194: 5147: 5109: 5099: 5060: 5022: 4981: 4973: 4933: 4888: 4877:"Reversal of fulminant hepatic failure using an extracorporeal liver assist device" 4861: 4841: 4798: 4775: 4755: 4720: 4677: 4632: 4591: 4583: 2234: 2230: 2207: 792: 732:

and based on the same principles, but hemodialysis does not remove toxins bound to

524: 181:(ALF) which can be seen in person with previously diseased liver or a healthy one. 150:). A diachysis machine is used for acute care i.e. emergency care, as opposed to a 10731:

Lahdenperä, A; Koivusalo, AM; Vakkuri, A; Höckerstedt, K; Isoniemi, H (Jan 2005).

9439: 5650:

Allen J, Hassanein T, Bhatia S (2001). "Advances in bioartificial liver devices".

5497: 10263: 10076: 10059: 6244: 5450: 5088:"TECA hybrid artificial liver support system in treatment of acute liver failure" 4789:

Sen, S; Williams R; Jalan R (2005). "Emerging indications for albumin dialysis".

4759: 2251: 2211: 2199: 824: 576: 473: 11016:

Mitzner S, Klammt S, Stange J, Nöldge-Schomburg GF, Schmidt R (April 2005). "".

5948:

Wung, Nelly; Acott, Samuel M.; Tosh, David; Ellis, Marianne J. (December 2014).

876:

SPAD, MARS and continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) were compared

11062: 10730: 10358: 9933: 7871: 7724: 7212:

Schmidt, LE; Svendsen, LB; Sørensen, VR; Hansen, BA; Larsen, FS (August 2001).

6994: 6977: 6783: 6552: 6029: 5280: 5236: 5151: 828: 710: 706: 584: 544: 516: 495: 444: 251: 202: 191: 162: 135: 57: 10637: 10511: 9645: 9322: 9055: 9038: 8738: 8202: 8185: 8100: 7031: 6197: 6078: 5965: 831:), cannot support a patient for an extended period of time (months to years). 11056: 7775: 6414: 6352: 6141: 6086: 5973: 5901: 5803: 5794: 5547: 5505: 2276: 744: 632:

evaluating metabolic activity, drug metabolism, and detoxification capacity.

10314: 10297: 10169: 9170: 8861: 8324: 8307: 7580: 7563: 7230: 7213: 6301: 6013: 5853: 5836: 5718: 5663: 4845: 3801:

Table 11. Analysis of Complications According to the Modality of treatment.

1450:

There are other studies also worth mentioning with similar results: Heemann

177:

that perform these tasks can be killed or impaired by disease, resulting in

11037: 11000: 10963: 10934: 10881: 10837: 10794: 10758: 10709: 10660: 10616: 10572: 10529: 10483: 10440: 10402: 10366: 10323: 10271: 10236: 10217: 10177: 10134: 10085: 10036: 9995: 9941: 9902: 9863: 9819: 9783: 9742: 9696: 9653: 9585: 9577: 9550: 9500: 9483: 9418: 9383: 9345: 9309: 9257: 9213: 9178: 9015: 8974: 8931: 8903: 8869: 8833: 8781: 8773: 8746: 8703: 8695: 8660: 8622: 8559: 8518: 8458: 8420: 8371: 8333: 8277: 8211: 8167: 8108: 8072: 8029: 7980: 7934: 7887: 7840: 7794: 7732: 7693: 7639: 7589: 7517: 7473: 7275: 7239: 7195: 7088: 7039: 6962: 6919: 6884: 6843: 6769: 6734: 6693: 6652: 6595: 6560: 6524: 6432: 6370: 6309: 6262: 6213: 6182: 6047: 5981: 5909: 5862: 5821: 5776:

He, Yu-Ting; Qi, Ya-Na; Zhang, Bing-Qi; Li, Jian-Bo; Bao, Ji (2019-07-21).

5726: 5671: 5636: 5513: 5458: 5331: 5288: 5244: 5208: 5159: 5123: 5036: 4995: 4893: 4876: 4853: 4810: 4767: 4732: 4689: 4646: 4605: 2830:

However, neither in the extracorporeal liver support systems review by the

2272: 2254: 2225: 1038: 1016: 926: 911: 796: 729: 714: 552: 239: 151: 146:

functions of the liver through the inclusion of hepatocytes to the device (

11029: 10060:"Albumin dialysis MARS: knowledge from 10 years of clinical investigation" 9410: 9249: 9142: 9107: 9064: 7465: 7402: 7359: 7324: 7315: 7298: 7156: 7003: 6617:

van de Kerkhove MP, Hoekstra R, Chamuleau RA, van Gulik TM (August 2004).

5628: 5415: 5406: 5389: 5374: 5104: 5072: 4945: 4902: 4724: 4459:

For continuous treatments, kit must be changed by a new one every 24 hours

1637:

suggested some efficacy for MARS in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome.

418: 116: 10858: 10771: 10550: 9300: 9283: 8550: 8533: 8509: 8492: 7437: 7211: 6616: 5894:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(20000405)68:1<59::AID-BIT7>3.0.CO;2-N

5697:

Strain A, Neuberger J (2002). "A bioartificial liver--state of the art".

5011:"First clinical use of a novel bioartificial liver support system (BLSS)" 4637: 4620: 4587: 915: 768: 540: 174: 9957: 8987: 8439: 7831: 7807: 7494: 6038: 4121:

Drug overdose: 3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions in consecutives days

2187:. have also published a significant improvement for these organic ions. 10700: 10683: 8129: 7879: 7351: 6447:"Vital Therapies falls 88%, ditches liver treatment after phase 3 fail" 6229:"Injectable nanocomposite cryogels for versatile protein drug delivery" 6133: 6109: 5950:"Hollow fibre membrane bioreactors for tissue engineering applications" 4109:

Hypoxic hepatitis. 3 eight-hour treatment sessions in consecutives days

998: 922: 886: 779: 760: 752: 536: 504: 452: 143: 10992: 10925: 10908: 10520: 10432: 10344: 9617: 9600: 9481: 9120: 8599: 7684: 7667: 7611: 7423: 6725: 6708: 6684: 6667: 5352: 5265: 5199: 5182: 4681: 1646: 10106: 10027: 10010: 9396: 8824: 8807: 8614: 8183: 7971: 7954: 7630: 7613: 7380: 7337: 7296: 7172: 6502: 6406: 5049: 4283:

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)

4084:

Acute hypoxic hepatitis with bilirubin > 8 mg/dL (100 μmol/L)

2203: 1252: 882: 772: 756: 206: 195: 10249: 9840: 9234: 8239: 8006: 7561: 7016: 6668:"Prediction of survival for patients with fulminant hepatic failure" 6537: 11015: 10815: 9976: 9918: 9281: 9191: 8349: 8305: 8258: 8148: 7952: 6940: 4923: 4125: 985: 945:" (TRL) 5, which means it is validated in the disease environment. 877: 587:, from passing to the cells to prevent an immune system rejection. 580: 447:

liver support (ELS) system for an individual who is suffering from

254:

that can lead to brain death. In these cases the mortality without

166: 10684:"Liver support in fulminant liver failure after hemorrhagic shock" 10057: 9454: 9361: 9036: 7450: 5480:

Aron, Jonathan; Agarwal, Banwari; Davenport, Andrew (2016-04-02).

5310:

Rozga, J (September 2006). "Liver support technology--an update".

4874: 4618: 997:(HSA) dialysate solution that allows blood detoxification of both 10733:"Value of albumin dialysis therapy in severe liver insufficiency" 10496: 10295: 5387: 4299:

Attenuate pruritus symptoms and improve patients’ quality of life

3984:

Prolong survival time and bridge to urgent or elective transplant

981: 701: 10008: 9517:"Artificial and bioartificial support systems for liver failure" 8638: 6108:

Erdem, Ahmet; Ngwabebhoh, Fahanwi Asabuwa; Yildiz, Ufuk (2016).

5180: 4112:

Paracetamol overdose: 3 to 5 twenty four-hour treatment sessions

7709: 7252: 7128: 5614: 4619:

Shakil, OA; Kramer D; Mazariegos GV; Fung JJ; Rakela J (2000).

4270: 800: 262: 10681: 10379: 9756:

Kantola, T; Koivusalo, A; Höckerstedt, K; et al. (2008).

9155: 4115:

Mushroom poisoning: 3 to 5 twenty four-hour treatment sessions

2245:

Metabolic performance of the liver depends on several factors:

1615: 515:

The purpose of BAL-type devices is not to permanently replace

9282:

De Simone, P; Van Nuffelen, M; Donckier, V (September 2003).

6619:"Clinical application of bioartificial liver support systems" 6195: 5221: 3753:, two patients in the MARS group abandoned the study owing to 984:

and low-flux dialysis. The blood circuit uses a double lumen

748: 556: 548: 479: 9879: 9563: 8392: 8306:

Schmidt, LE; Wang, LP; Hansen, BA; Larsen, FS (March 2003).

7911: 7665: 6388: 5875: 5008: 4205: 1466:

Table 5. Changes in hemodynamic parameters with MARS therapy

855: 10418: 9755: 8805: 5924:"University of Minnesota Bioartificial Liver: How it Works" 4831: 4517: 4075:

King's College or Clichy criteria for liver transplantation

2215: 2195: 740:, it is a form of artificial extracorporeal liver support. 170: 8762:

Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology

8684:

Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology

8085: 7756: 6325: 5136: 4958: 1659:

Table 6: Biochemical parameters analysis with MARS therapy

847:

Single pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) is a simple method of

10461: 8846: 8490: 6226: 4319:

3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions in consecutives days

4106:

3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions in consecutives days

747:

is the accumulation of toxins not cleared by the failing

9514: 7856: 6820: 6011: 5437:

Phua, J; Lee, KH (April 2008). "Liver support devices".

4263:

3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions on consecutive days

4198:

3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions on consecutive days

4013:

3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions on consecutive days

2834:(published in 2004), nor the meta-analysis by Kjaergard 2226:

Effects of MARS Treatment on Drugs and Poisons clearance

2190: 1039:

Effects of MARS treatment on Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)

1017:

Results published in the literature with the MARS system

972: 523:, or to bridge the individual's liver functions until a 10107:

Hassanein, T; Oliver, D; Stange, J; Steiner, C (2003).

9482:

Pszynski, PM; J. Majcher-Pszynska; J. Stangeet (2000).

8727:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology

8580: 5085: 10155: 8806:

Khuroo, MS; Khuroo, MS; Farahat, KL (September 2004).

6707:

Sauer IM, Goetz M, Steffen I, et al. (May 2004).

6154: 4096:

Acute liver dysfunction following paracetamol overdose

842: 10252:

European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology

10009:

Stutchfield, BM; Simpson, K; Wigmore, SJ (May 2011).

9515:

Liu, JP; Gluud, LL; Als-Nielsen, B; Gluud, C (2004).

8641:

European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology

6797: 6107: 1271:

Table 4: Hemodinamic parameters during MARS treatment

1258:

output that gives rise to a hyperdynamic circulation.

668: 331:

Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system

9599:

Saliba, F; Camus, C; Durand, F; et al. (2008).

6747: 5649: 5479: 4788: 953:

MARS was developed by a group of researchers at the

64:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 10978: 4473:

Transmembrane pressure (TMP) greater than 600 mmHg.

1647:

Effects of MARS Treatment on Biochemical Parameters

918:, Germany) is a device based on the combination of 724:Liver dialysis has shown promise for patients with 9796: 5947: 4415:According to medical criteria and same as in CVVHD 4138:Graft damage during preparation and transportation 3849:Worsening of renal function (Hepatorenal Syndrome) 1253:Effects of MARS Treatment on Unstable Hemodynamics 871: 9598: 8050: 6706: 6276:STRAIN, ALASTAIR; NEUBERGER, JAMES (8 Feb 2002). 4745: 4326: 4224:Partial resection in living donor transplantation 3948: 782:, alongside their colleagues in the intensive or 11054: 10941: 10291: 10289: 9631: 9085: 8681: 6975: 4126:MARS in Graft Dysfucntion After Liver Transplant 3788:and side effects attributable to the technique. 2218:can be an indication for liver transplantation. 8724: 6275: 5696: 4667: 4546:American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 4467:MAP inferior to 40 mmHg at least for 10 minutes 4046:Liver failure during pregnancy or Reye syndrome 11018:Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 7860:The International Journal of Artificial Organs 7713:The International Journal of Artificial Organs 6982:The International Journal of Artificial Organs 5536:"Artificial Liver Used After Removal of Organ" 5269:The International Journal of Artificial Organs 5225:The International Journal of Artificial Organs 5140:The International Journal of Artificial Organs 2818: 1055:ammonia following a MARS treatment (Table 3). 1034:General web searching engines: Scholar Google. 1028:General databases: Medline, Pubmed and Embase. 393: 142:), or providing additional replacement of the 10286: 9674: 8190:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6573: 4392:Without renal impairment: 1800 a 3000 mL/hour 4163:Recovery and prevention of re-transplantation 3836:Worsening of hepatic encephalopathy (grade 4) 1267:measured. Results are summarized in table 4. 743:A critical issue of the clinical syndrome in 10906: 9720: 4572:"Artificial and bioartificial liver support" 4502:compared to standard medical therapy (SMT). 4479:Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 4405:Recommended flow rate: 1000 to 2000 mL/hour. 4271:MARS for intractable pruritus in Cholestasis 339:TECA-Hybrid Artificial Liver Support System 7060: 6665: 5775: 5436: 4476:Blood leak detection in the albumin circuit 4456:For the next session a new kit must be used 4218:Liver Resection in hepatocellular carcinoma 4150:Technical complications (vascular, biliary) 4065:Pre-transplant optimization of the patient. 4034:Poisoning (paracetamol overdose, mushrooms) 3943: 1616:Effects of MARS Treatment on Renal Function 751:. Based on this hypothesis, the removal of 721:are not able to adequately eliminate them. 10205:Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 6863:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 5834: 5138:liver in acute hepatic failure patients". 4486: 4470:Air embolism of the extracorporeal circuit 4395:With renal impairment: 3000 a 6000 mL/hour 4250:Renal dysfunction or hepatorenal syndrome. 4185:Renal dysfunction or hepatorenal syndrome. 4000:Renal dysfunction or hepatorenal syndrome. 3987:Pre-transplant optimization of the patient 3981:Re-compensation of previous chronic state. 616:of BAL systems. Key advancements include: 10924: 10748: 10699: 10519: 10313: 10226: 10216: 10124: 10075: 10026: 9985: 9975: 9773: 9616: 9540: 9499: 9484:"Kinetics of Drugs During MARS Treatment" 9299: 9054: 9005: 8921: 8823: 8549: 8534:"New treatments for hepatorenal syndrome" 8508: 8448: 8438: 8323: 8267: 8257: 8201: 8157: 8147: 7970: 7830: 7784: 7774: 7683: 7629: 7579: 7314: 7229: 7146: 7078: 6993: 6897: 6874: 6724: 6683: 6642: 6490:"Advanced Search | Cochrane Library" 6422: 6360: 6278:"A Bioartificial Liver--State of the Art" 6252: 6172: 6037: 5852: 5811: 5793: 5749:"Current Work on the Bioartificial Liver" 5405: 5198: 5113: 5103: 5026: 4985: 4892: 4636: 4595: 4206:MARS in liver Failure after Liver Surgery 4087:Renal dysfunction or hepatorenal syndrome 3968:Metabolic disease such as hemochromatosis 2823:In the meta-analysis published by Khuroo 967: 862:Molecular Adsorbents Recirculation System 856:Molecular adsorbents recirculation system 736:that accumulate in liver failure. Like a 547:) that perform the functions of a normal 308:Molecular adsorbent recirculating system 158:(ALF) or acute-on-chronic liver failure. 84:Learn how and when to remove this message 10862:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 9194:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 7109: 6060: 5610: 5608: 4710: 4040:Vascular diseases (Budd Chiari syndrome) 3480:Table 10: Mortality in Selected Studies 971: 590: 222:Classification for hepatic insufficiency 10414: 10412: 9953: 9951: 9914: 9912: 9875: 9873: 9716: 9714: 9357: 9355: 9277: 9275: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8801: 8799: 6976:Stange, J; Mitzner, S (November 1996). 5589: 5587: 4452:and both catheter's lumens heparinized 4348: 2286:Table 7: Drugs Highly Bound to Proteins 570: 14: 11055: 10198: 8634: 8632: 8531: 8345: 8343: 8179: 8177: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7907: 7905: 7705: 7703: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7557: 7555: 6856: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6321: 6319: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5771: 5769: 4322:Repeat treatment when symptoms reoccur 4221:Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) 4037:Multiorgan dysfunction (severe sepsis) 4020: 2848:In a case-controlled study by Montejo 819:or liver regeneration (in the case of 45:contains content that is written like 10907:Tandon R, Froghi S (September 2020). 8486: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7852: 7850: 7752: 7750: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7207: 7205: 7168: 7166: 5605: 5309: 4569: 4286:Benign intrahepatic cholestasis (BIC) 2191:Effects of MARS Treatment on Pruritus 2161:amino transferase; h: hours; d: days 976:Combined MARS and PrismaFlex monitors 810: 365:Modular Extracorporeal Liver Support 10409: 9948: 9909: 9870: 9711: 9352: 9272: 8946: 8884: 8796: 8759: 8008:impact of the duration of therapy". 6202:Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 5584: 4253:Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis 4188:Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis 4090:Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis 3329:Table 9: Survival with MARS Therapy 861: 555:, which is separated from the other 383:Selective plasma filtration therapy 250:, severe metabolic alterations, and 190:The word diachysis derives from the 29: 10553:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 9735:10.1046/j.1525-1594.2003.00953.x-i1 8629: 8340: 8174: 7995: 7902: 7700: 7646: 7596: 6541:American Journal of Kidney Diseases 6377: 6316: 6269: 5996: 5766: 5015:American Journal of Transplantation 4237:Recovery until hepatic regeneration 3791: 2262:Extrahepatic clearance for the drug 843:Single Pass Albumin Dialysis (SPAD) 755:, albumin-bound substances such as 635: 323:Bioartificial Liver Support System 300:Extracorporeal liver assist device 201:The word dialysis derives from the 24: 10909:"Artificial liver support systems" 10900: 10750:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.tb00500.x 9895:10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.03.069 9007:10.1097/01.mat.0000249852.71634.6c 8923:10.1097/01.MAT.0000131251.88146.CD 8465: 8401: 8284: 8218: 8010:Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 7941: 7927:10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.06.048 7847: 7823:10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.10.066 7747: 7532: 7395:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb08842.x 7202: 7163: 6635:10.1097/01.sla.0000132986.75257.19 6345:10.1097/01.sla.0000124298.74199.e5 6174:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.039 5367:10.1111/j.1525-1594.1994.tb02221.x 4978:10.1097/01.sla.0000124298.74199.e5 4938:10.1111/j.1525-1594.1993.tb00635.x 3716: 3701: 1004: 948: 675:Extracorporeal Liver Assist Device 669:Extracorporeal Liver Assist Device 217: 25: 11099: 9238:Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 8427:World Journal of Gastroenterology 7763:World Journal of Gastroenterology 7454:Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 5782:World Journal of Gastroenterology 5092:World Journal of Gastroenterology 3737: 2873:Table 8: Studies of MARS Therapy 695: 10956:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40864.x 10874:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30204.x 10852: 10809: 10787:10.1034/j.1399-3046.2002.02007.x 10765: 10724: 10675: 10631: 10609:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2004.00170.x 10587: 10565:10.1034/j.1399-6576.2003.00190.x 10544: 10490: 10476:10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.00009.x 10455: 10373: 10338: 10243: 10192: 10149: 10100: 10051: 10002: 9856:10.1111/j.1525-1594.2006.00215.x 9834: 9812:10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00708.x 9790: 9775:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00698.x 9749: 9689:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01091.x 9668: 9625: 9592: 9557: 9508: 9475: 9448: 9433: 9390: 9364:The American Journal of Medicine 9316: 9228: 9206:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01774.x 9185: 9149: 9114: 9100:10.1001/jama.1992.03490230089034 9079: 9030: 8981: 8840: 8753: 8653:10.1097/00042737-200505000-00018 8065:10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.00003.x 8022:10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00708.x 7268:10.1097/00003246-200107000-00006 7188:10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.00008.x 7148:10.1097/00002480-199901000-00011 6912:10.1046/j.1492-7535.2003.00046.x 6836:10.1046/j.1525-1594.1999.06122.x 6588:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02931.x 6517:10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.00007.x 5882:Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5542:. Associated Press. 1993-05-19. 5486:Expert Review of Medical Devices 5439:Current Opinion in Critical Care 5324:10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00323.x 5065:10.1046/j.1525-1594.1999.06292.x 5028:10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.20311.x 4803:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40864.x 4748:Current Opinion in Critical Care 3691:Abbreviations; NR: Not reported. 463: 441:bioartificial liver device (BAL) 213: 165:, storing energy in the form of 34: 9043:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 8718: 8675: 8593: 8574: 8525: 8386: 8364:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.10.x 8123: 8079: 8044: 7801: 7488: 7444: 7417: 7374: 7331: 7290: 7246: 7122: 7103: 7054: 7010: 6969: 6934: 6891: 6850: 6814: 6790: 6776: 6741: 6700: 6659: 6610: 6567: 6531: 6496: 6482: 6464: 6439: 6220: 6189: 6148: 6101: 6054: 5941: 5916: 5869: 5828: 5741: 5690: 5643: 5560: 5528: 5473: 5430: 5381: 5346: 5303: 5259: 5215: 5174: 5130: 5079: 5043: 5002: 4972:(5): 660–7, discussion 667–70. 4952: 4182:Increased intracranial pressure 4081:Increased intracraneal pressure 3686: 3464: 3312: 2155: 1602: 1436: 872:Comparing SPAD, MARS and CVVHDF 10830:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.2.x 10688:Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 10653:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.9.x 10126:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.6.x 10015:The British Journal of Surgery 9533:10.1002/14651858.CD003628.pub2 7510:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.4.x 7080:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.1.x 6876:10.1046/j.1440-1746.17.s3.14.x 6822:bioartificial liver support". 5835:Tsiaoussis, J (January 2001). 4917: 4868: 4825: 4782: 4739: 4704: 4661: 4612: 4563: 4327:MARS Therapy Contraindications 4309:Pruritus not responding to SMT 3949:Acute on Chronic Liver Failure 3512:Acute on Chronic Liver Failure 3478: 3327: 2871: 993:. Blood is dialysed against a 644: 489: 453:acute-on-chronic liver failure 279:Table 2: Liver Support Systems 13: 1: 10395:10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00334-3 9469:10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80562-0 9376:10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01354-2 9338:10.1016/s1386-6346(02)00310-8 6955:10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70172-0 6762:10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00468-9 5498:10.1586/17434440.2016.1154455 4556: 4153:Recurrence of primary disease 2259:Albumin affinity for the drug 901: 501:immortalized human cell lines 357:Single-pass albumin dialysis 205:word, διάλυσις, which means " 194:word, διάχυσησ, which means " 10264:10.1097/meg.0b013e3283314e48 10077:10.1097/mat.0b013e3181b37d86 9135:10.1016/0024-3205(93)90569-o 6666:Neuberger J (January 2005). 6245:10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.024 6061:Lozinsky, V. I. (May 2008). 5451:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f70057 4760:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f6a450 4227:Other surgical interventions 4062:Bridging to liver transplant 2319: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2291: 2158: 184: 7: 11073:Digestive system procedures 9883:Transplantation Proceedings 7915:Transplantation Proceedings 7811:Transplantation Proceedings 6857:Kapoor, D (December 2002). 5617:Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 4539: 4511: 4492:Federal Drug Administration 4247:Hepatic encephalopathy ≥ II 4179:Hepatic encephalopathy ≥ II 4078:Hepatic encephalopathy ≥ II 4003:Hepatic encephalopathy ≥ II 3689: 3467: 3315: 2819:Effects of MARS on Survival 1605: 1496: 1458:. among others. Dethloff T 1439: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1291: 530: 429:Bioartificial liver devices 394:Bioartificial liver devices 10: 11104: 10359:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.01.032 10199:Hessel, FP (Oct 5, 2006). 9934:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.02.038 9521:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7872:10.1177/039139880602900207 7725:10.1177/039139880102400707 6995:10.1177/039139889601901109 6900:Hemodialysis International 6553:10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.11.023 6030:10.1016/j.msec.2021.111983 5281:10.1177/039139880202501009 5237:10.1177/039139880202500609 5152:10.1177/039139880202500305 3912: 3899: 3886: 3873: 3860: 3847: 3834: 3821: 3749:In the study by Hassanein 3632: 3510: 3136: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1442:vascular resistance index. 943:Technology readiness level 936: 834: 738:bioartificial liver device 551:. They process oxygenated 458: 148:bioartificial liver device 10913:J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol 10775:Pediatric Transplantation 10597:Pediatric Transplantation 10512:10.1007/s00134-003-2141-0 9646:10.1007/s00134-005-2786-y 8739:10.1016/j.bpg.2006.10.004 8203:10.1681/ASN.V12suppl_1s75 8101:10.1007/s00134-006-0340-1 7383:Journal of Neurochemistry 6079:10.1007/s11172-008-0131-7 6067:Russian Chemical Bulletin 5966:10.1007/s10529-014-1619-x 5595:"Best Inventions of 2001" 4176:Primary graft dysfunction 3360: 3357: 3350: 3273: 3216: 3189: 3162: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 1013:Figure 1: The MARS system 415: 405: 400: 248:respiratory insufficiency 113: 103: 98: 10737:Transplant International 7776:10.3748/wjg.v12.i31.5055 7061:Butterworth, RF (2003). 6943:Clinics in Liver Disease 6576:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther 5795:10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3634 4482:Severe active hemorrhage 4387:Intermittent treatments: 4362:Intermittent treatments: 4093:Fulminant Wilson disease 3944:MARS Therapy Indications 1009:Albumin dialysis circuit 236:hyperdynamic circulation 10500:Intensive Care Medicine 10315:10.1053/jlts.2003.50055 10170:10.1053/jhep.2001.20798 9171:10.1053/gast.2001.21193 9056:10.1023/A:1018865809556 8963:Hepato-gastroenterology 8862:10.1136/gut.2008.174615 8325:10.1053/jlts.2003.50051 8089:Intensive Care Medicine 7913:severe liver failure". 7581:10.1053/jhep.2002.36130 7340:Metabolic Brain Disease 7231:10.1053/jlts.2001.26059 7032:10.1023/A:1021986624600 7020:Metabolic Brain Disease 6302:10.1126/science.1068660 5854:10.1053/jlts.2001.20845 5719:10.1126/science.1068660 5664:10.1053/jhep.2001.26753 4846:10.1053/jhep.2001.26753 4487:FDA Clearance (US only) 4420:Heparin Anticoagulation 4344:Severe thrombocytopenia 4338:Uncontrolled hemorrhage 4304:MARS Therapy Indication 4242:MARS Therapy Indication 4171:MARS Therapy Indication 4070:MARS Therapy Indication 3992:MARS Therapy Indication 3962:Alcoholic liver disease 3959:Chronic viral hepatitis 3138:MARS-Prometheus Studies 349:Radial Flow Bioreactor 10218:10.1186/1478-7547-4-16 9578:10.1001/jama.289.2.217 9501:10.1002/hep.1840380507 8774:10.1038/ncpgasthep0680 8696:10.1038/ncpgasthep0517 8532:Arroyo, V (May 2000). 7256:Critical Care Medicine 6214:10.1002/macp.200900425 6120:(113): 111872–111881. 4894:10.1002/hep.1840160112 4499:hepatic encephalopathy 4400:Continuous treatments: 4372:Continuous treatments: 4059:Native liver recovery. 3722: 3707: 1044:Hepatic encephalopathy 1010: 977: 968:MARS System Components 805:Fresenius Medical Care 510: 484:semipermeable membrane 436:in their application. 232:multiorgan dysfunction 223: 11030:10.1055/s-2004-826116 10383:Journal of Hepatology 10347:Journal of Hepatology 10302:Liver Transplantation 9922:Journal of Hepatology 9611:(4 (Suppl 1)): 377A. 9411:10.1055/s-2001-919048 9288:Liver Transplantation 9250:10.1055/s-2001-919024 8812:Liver Transplantation 8538:Liver Transplantation 8497:Liver Transplantation 8395:4th ISAD 2002 Abstrac 8312:Liver Transplantation 7959:Liver Transplantation 7618:Liver Transplantation 7466:10.1055/s-2001-919055 7316:10.1002/hep.510240523 7218:Liver Transplantation 6395:Liver Transplantation 5954:Biotechnology Letters 5841:Liver Transplantation 5629:10.1007/s005340200095 5407:10.1002/hep.510240625 5105:10.3748/wjg.v7.i6.826 4725:10.1378/chest.08-1071 4410:Replacement Flow Rate 4294:Goals of MARS Therapy 4232:Goals of MARS Therapy 4158:Goals of MARS Therapy 4054:Goals of MARS Therapy 3976:Goals of MARS Therapy 3901:Electrolyte disorders 3823:In-hospital mortality 3720: 3705: 1421:SVRI (dinas x seg/cm) 1008: 975: 955:University of Rostock 591:Cryogel-Based Systems 535:BALs are essentially 256:liver transplantation 221: 66:neutral point of view 10944:Am. J. Gastroenterol 9301:10.1002/lt.500090918 8551:10.1053/lv.2000.7569 8510:10.1002/lt.500060326 8196:(Suppl 17): S75–82. 6312:– via Medline. 6050:– via Medline. 4791:Am. J. Gastroenterol 4638:10.1002/lt.500060218 4588:10.4161/org.3.1.3635 4349:Treatment Parameters 3971:Idiopathic Cirrhosis 2512:Calcium Anthagonists 2206:, increased central 931:hepatorenal syndrome 765:aromatic amino acids 726:hepatorenal syndrome 709:techniques, such as 571:Hollow fibre systems 401:Liver support system 375:Bioartificial Liver 128:liver support system 99:Liver support system 11088:Membrane technology 10818:Liver International 10641:Liver International 10113:Liver International 9326:Hepatology Research 8603:Clinical Nephrology 8440:10.3748/wjg.14.2065 8352:Liver International 7498:Liver International 7067:Liver International 6869:(Suppl 3): S280–6. 6453:. 12 September 2018 6294:2002Sci...295.1005S 6288:(5557): 1005–1009. 6126:2016RSCAd...6k1872E 5711:2002Sci...295.1005S 5312:Xenotransplantation 4382:Dyalisate Flow Rate 4341:Severe coagulopathy 4314:Treatment Schedule: 4258:Treatment Schedule: 4193:Treatment Schedule: 4101:Treatment Schedule: 4021:Acute Liver failure 4008:Treatment Schedule: 3802: 3634:Acute Liver Failure 3481: 3330: 2874: 2288: 1661: 1468: 1274: 1060: 995:human serum albumin 895:human serum albumin 866:human serum albumin 821:acute liver failure 728:. It is similar to 521:acute liver failure 449:acute liver failure 281: 244:acute kidney injury 179:acute liver failure 156:acute liver failure 58:promotional content 11068:Medical treatments 10824:(Suppl 3): 44–51. 10701:10.1007/bf03040455 10595:transplantation". 10470:(Suppl 2): 48–51. 10421:Blood Purification 9634:Intensive Care Med 8358:(Suppl 3): 39–43. 7574:(4 Pt 1): 949–58. 7460:(Suppl 2): 28–32. 7352:10.1007/bf01000293 6476:scholar.google.com 6233:Acta Biomaterialia 6134:10.1039/C6RA22523C 5568:"Medical Miracles" 5540:The New York Times 4570:Pless, G. (2007). 4551:Tissue engineering 4443:End of the Session 3965:Autoimmune disease 3888:Severe hypotension 3800: 3723: 3708: 3479: 3328: 3190:Comparative series 3163:Comparative series 2909:Analysed Variables 2872: 2743:Oral Antidiabetics 2691:Methylprednisolone 2381:Chemotherapy Drugs 2285: 2255:enzimatic activity 1936:ACLF+HE (III / IV) 1658: 1465: 1270: 1058: 1011: 978: 811:Prognosis/survival 793:activated charcoal 784:critical care unit 278: 224: 136:therapeutic device 60:and inappropriate 27:Therapeutic device 11083:Medical equipment 10993:10.1159/000070697 10926:10.1111/jgh.15255 10647:(Suppl 3): 21–7. 10433:10.1159/000070695 10119:(Suppl 3): 61–5. 9844:Artificial Organs 9723:Artificial Organs 9640:(11): 1544–1549. 9618:10.1002/hep.22615 9244:(Suppl 2): 13–4. 8059:(Suppl 2): 20–5. 7685:10.1002/hep.21930 7504:(Suppl 3): 10–5. 7182:(Suppl 2): 43–7. 6824:Artificial Organs 6784:"DIALIVE Concept" 6726:10.1002/hep.20195 6685:10.1002/hep.20562 6511:(Suppl 2): 40–2. 6333:Annals of Surgery 5960:(12): 2357–2366. 5788:(27): 3634–3648. 5355:Artificial Organs 5200:10.1002/hep.20195 5053:Artificial Organs 4966:Annals of Surgery 4926:Artificial Organs 4682:10.1159/000047017 4144:Hepatotoxic drugs 4043:Hypoxic hepatitis 3925: 3924: 3875:Variceal bleeding 3696: 3695: 3692: 3685: 3684: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3463: 3462: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3311: 3310: 2899:Level of Evidence 2816: 2815: 2761:Ethinylestradiol 2626:Immunosuppressors 2248:Hepatic flow rate 2208:neurotransmitters 2200:viral hepatitis C 2172: 2171: 2154: 2153: 1686:MARS Intervention 1613: 1612: 1609: 1601: 1600: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1435: 1434: 1287:AFTER 2nd TREAT. 1221: 1220: 1105: 1096: 1087: 1078: 763:, metabolites of 719:hemodiafiltration 443:is an artificial 426: 425: 411:internal medicine 391: 390: 124: 123: 94: 93: 86: 16:(Redirected from 11095: 11049: 11012: 10975: 10938: 10928: 10919:(5): 1164–1179. 10894: 10893: 10856: 10850: 10849: 10813: 10807: 10806: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10752: 10728: 10722: 10721: 10703: 10694:(15–16): 595–8. 10679: 10673: 10672: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10548: 10542: 10541: 10523: 10494: 10488: 10487: 10459: 10453: 10452: 10416: 10407: 10406: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10317: 10293: 10284: 10283: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10230: 10220: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10128: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10079: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10030: 10028:10.1002/bjs.7418 10006: 10000: 9999: 9989: 9979: 9955: 9946: 9945: 9916: 9907: 9906: 9877: 9868: 9867: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9777: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9718: 9709: 9708: 9672: 9666: 9665: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9596: 9590: 9589: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9544: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9359: 9350: 9349: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9303: 9279: 9270: 9269: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9159:Gastroenterology 9153: 9147: 9146: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9058: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9009: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8957: 8944: 8943: 8925: 8901: 8882: 8881: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8827: 8825:10.1002/lt.20139 8803: 8794: 8793: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8636: 8627: 8626: 8615:10.5414/CNP58376 8597: 8591: 8590: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8553: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8512: 8488: 8463: 8462: 8452: 8442: 8418: 8399: 8398: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8347: 8338: 8337: 8327: 8303: 8282: 8281: 8271: 8261: 8237: 8216: 8215: 8205: 8181: 8172: 8171: 8161: 8151: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8004: 7993: 7992: 7974: 7972:10.1002/lt.20804 7950: 7939: 7938: 7909: 7900: 7899: 7854: 7845: 7844: 7834: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7788: 7778: 7754: 7745: 7744: 7707: 7698: 7697: 7687: 7663: 7644: 7643: 7633: 7631:10.1002/lt.20236 7609: 7594: 7593: 7583: 7559: 7530: 7529: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7318: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7233: 7209: 7200: 7199: 7170: 7161: 7160: 7150: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7082: 7073:(Suppl 3): 5–9. 7058: 7052: 7051: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6997: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6878: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6728: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6687: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6472:"Google Scholar" 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6426: 6407:10.1002/lt.24986 6386: 6375: 6374: 6364: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6256: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6176: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6073:(5): 1015–1032. 6058: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6009: 5994: 5993: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5926:. Archived from 5920: 5914: 5913: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5856: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5815: 5797: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5751:. Archived from 5745: 5739: 5738: 5705:(5557): 1005–9. 5694: 5688: 5683: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5591: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5409: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5202: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5117: 5107: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5030: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4989: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4896: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4719:(5): 1092–1102. 4708: 4702: 4701: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4640: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4599: 4567: 4049:Unknown etiology 3803: 3799: 3792:Health Economics 3690: 3687: 3506:Odds Ratio (OR) 3482: 3468: 3465: 3340:Controlled Study 3331: 3316: 3313: 2875: 2864:. and Hassanein 2736:Diphenhydramine 2459:D-penicillamine 2289: 2284: 2269:fluoroquinolones 2252:Cytochrome P-450 2239:Child-Pugh score 2235:pharmacodynamics 2231:Pharmacokinetics 2212:opioid receptors 2156: 1662: 1657: 1606: 1603: 1469: 1464: 1440: 1437: 1284:AFTER 1st TREAT. 1275: 1269: 1103: 1094: 1085: 1077: 1061: 1057: 636:Clinical Studies 539:, with embedded 494:Advancements in 419:edit on Wikidata 398: 397: 328:Prometheus FPSA 282: 277: 169:, and secreting 152:dialysis machine 117:edit on Wikidata 96: 95: 89: 82: 78: 75: 69: 47:an advertisement 38: 37: 30: 21: 11103: 11102: 11098: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11053: 11052: 10903: 10901:Further reading 10898: 10897: 10857: 10853: 10814: 10810: 10770: 10766: 10729: 10725: 10680: 10676: 10636: 10632: 10592: 10588: 10549: 10545: 10495: 10491: 10460: 10456: 10417: 10410: 10378: 10374: 10343: 10339: 10294: 10287: 10248: 10244: 10197: 10193: 10154: 10150: 10105: 10101: 10056: 10052: 10007: 10003: 9956: 9949: 9917: 9910: 9878: 9871: 9839: 9835: 9800:Ther Apher Dial 9795: 9791: 9754: 9750: 9719: 9712: 9673: 9669: 9630: 9626: 9597: 9593: 9562: 9558: 9527:(1): CD003628. 9513: 9509: 9480: 9476: 9453: 9449: 9438: 9434: 9399:Z Gastroenterol 9395: 9391: 9360: 9353: 9321: 9317: 9280: 9273: 9233: 9229: 9190: 9186: 9154: 9150: 9119: 9115: 9094:(23): 3359–62. 9084: 9080: 9035: 9031: 8986: 8982: 8958: 8947: 8902: 8885: 8845: 8841: 8818:(9): 1099–106. 8804: 8797: 8758: 8754: 8723: 8719: 8680: 8676: 8637: 8630: 8598: 8594: 8579: 8575: 8530: 8526: 8489: 8466: 8433:(13): 2065–71. 8419: 8402: 8391: 8387: 8348: 8341: 8304: 8285: 8238: 8219: 8182: 8175: 8128: 8124: 8095:(11): 1817–25. 8084: 8080: 8049: 8045: 8005: 7996: 7951: 7942: 7910: 7903: 7855: 7848: 7809:donor organs". 7806: 7802: 7755: 7748: 7708: 7701: 7664: 7647: 7610: 7597: 7560: 7533: 7493: 7489: 7449: 7445: 7422: 7418: 7379: 7375: 7336: 7332: 7295: 7291: 7251: 7247: 7210: 7203: 7171: 7164: 7127: 7123: 7108: 7104: 7059: 7055: 7015: 7011: 6974: 6970: 6939: 6935: 6896: 6892: 6855: 6851: 6819: 6815: 6806: 6804: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6746: 6742: 6705: 6701: 6664: 6660: 6615: 6611: 6582:(11): 1549–57. 6572: 6568: 6536: 6532: 6501: 6497: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6456: 6454: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6387: 6378: 6324: 6317: 6274: 6270: 6225: 6221: 6194: 6190: 6153: 6149: 6106: 6102: 6059: 6055: 6018:Mater Sci Eng C 6010: 5997: 5946: 5942: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5874: 5870: 5833: 5829: 5774: 5767: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5695: 5691: 5648: 5644: 5613: 5606: 5593: 5592: 5585: 5576: 5574: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5552: 5550: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5478: 5474: 5435: 5431: 5386: 5382: 5351: 5347: 5308: 5304: 5264: 5260: 5220: 5216: 5179: 5175: 5135: 5131: 5084: 5080: 5048: 5044: 5007: 5003: 4957: 4953: 4922: 4918: 4873: 4869: 4830: 4826: 4787: 4783: 4744: 4740: 4709: 4705: 4666: 4662: 4617: 4613: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4542: 4514: 4489: 4351: 4329: 4289:Biliary Atresia 4273: 4208: 4147:Graft rejection 4128: 4031:Viral infection 4023: 3951: 3946: 3794: 3740: 3728: 3726: 3713: 3711: 3476: 3411:Yes (crossover) 3390:Yes (crossover) 3364:Bridging to LTx 3325: 2869: 2821: 2755: 2745: 2727: 2698: 2688: 2681: 2643: 2628: 2598: 2596:Antiarrhythmics 2572: 2565: 2538: 2514: 2505: 2478: 2476:Benzodiazepines 2467: 2436: 2418: 2383: 2373:Amphotericine B 2356: 2341:Chlorpromazine 2324: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2296: 2287: 2228: 2193: 2174: 2168: 1660: 1649: 1638: 1618: 1467: 1449: 1273: 1272: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1101: 1092: 1083: 1076: 1053: 1051: 1041: 1019: 1014: 970: 951: 949:The MARS System 939: 925:with high-flux 904: 874: 858: 845: 837: 825:kidney dialysis 817:transplantation 813: 767:, medium-chain 698: 671: 647: 638: 593: 585:immunoglobulins 577:kidney dialysis 573: 533: 517:liver functions 513: 492: 466: 461: 422: 396: 280: 216: 187: 120: 90: 79: 73: 70: 51: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11101: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11051: 11050: 11024:(4): 199–206. 11013: 10976: 10939: 10902: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10868:(6): 1105–10. 10851: 10808: 10764: 10743:(11): 717–23. 10723: 10674: 10630: 10603:(3): 295–300. 10586: 10559:(9): 1145–50. 10543: 10506:(3): 496–501. 10489: 10454: 10408: 10372: 10337: 10285: 10242: 10191: 10148: 10099: 10070:(5): 498–502. 10050: 10001: 9977:10.1186/cc5119 9947: 9908: 9889:(4): 1169–71. 9869: 9833: 9806:(6): 549–555. 9789: 9768:(9): 857–866. 9748: 9729:(5): 483–486. 9710: 9683:(5): 973–977. 9667: 9624: 9591: 9572:(2): 217–222. 9556: 9507: 9474: 9447: 9432: 9389: 9351: 9332:(4): 442–446. 9315: 9271: 9227: 9200:(2): 497–502. 9184: 9148: 9129:(16): 1253–7. 9113: 9078: 9029: 8980: 8969:(90): 456–61. 8945: 8883: 8839: 8795: 8752: 8717: 8674: 8628: 8592: 8573: 8524: 8464: 8400: 8385: 8339: 8283: 8259:10.1186/cc4985 8217: 8173: 8149:10.1186/cc7697 8122: 8078: 8043: 7994: 7965:(9): 1357–64. 7940: 7921:(6): 2547–50. 7901: 7846: 7800: 7769:(31): 5055–9. 7746: 7699: 7678:(6): 1853–62. 7645: 7624:(9): 1109–19. 7595: 7531: 7487: 7443: 7416: 7373: 7330: 7309:(5): 1116–20. 7289: 7245: 7201: 7162: 7121: 7102: 7053: 7009: 6988:(11): 677–91. 6968: 6933: 6890: 6849: 6813: 6789: 6775: 6740: 6719:(5): 1408–14. 6699: 6658: 6609: 6566: 6530: 6495: 6481: 6463: 6438: 6401:(3): 380–393. 6376: 6339:(5): 660–670. 6315: 6268: 6219: 6208:(6): 657–668. 6188: 6147: 6100: 6053: 5995: 5940: 5915: 5868: 5827: 5765: 5740: 5689: 5685:Free Full Text 5642: 5623:(6): 686–696. 5604: 5583: 5559: 5527: 5492:(4): 367–380. 5472: 5429: 5400:(6): 1446–51. 5380: 5345: 5302: 5258: 5214: 5193:(5): 1408–14. 5173: 5146:(3): 192–202. 5129: 5078: 5042: 5001: 4951: 4916: 4867: 4824: 4797:(2): 468–475. 4781: 4738: 4703: 4676:(3): 252–261. 4660: 4631:(2): 163–169. 4611: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4541: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4513: 4510: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4450: 4449: 4417: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4379: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3814:CONTROL GROUP 3812: 3806: 3793: 3790: 3739: 3738:Safety Aspects 3736: 3724: 3709: 3694: 3693: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3472: 3471: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3321: 3320: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3132:1, 2, 3, 4, 5 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2984: 2983: 2982:1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2856:. and Heemann 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2789:Spironolactone 2787: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725:Antiepilectics 2723: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641:Anticoagulants 2639: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2570:Antipsychotics 2568: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536:Antidepresants 2534: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426:Phenylbutazone 2423: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2322:Antipsychotics 2320: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2249: 2246: 2227: 2224: 2192: 2189: 2183:. and Laleman 2170: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070:8:8 Prometheus 2068: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1676:MARS Group (n) 1673: 1668: 1648: 1645: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1445: 1444: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1254: 1251: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1080: 1072: 1067: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1018: 1015: 1012: 969: 966: 950: 947: 938: 935: 914:Medical Care, 903: 900: 873: 870: 857: 854: 844: 841: 836: 833: 829:kidney failure 823:) and, unlike 812: 809: 711:hemofiltration 707:renal dialysis 697: 696:Liver dialysis 694: 670: 667: 646: 643: 637: 634: 592: 589: 572: 569: 532: 529: 512: 509: 496:bioengineering 491: 488: 465: 462: 460: 457: 445:extracorporeal 424: 423: 416: 413: 412: 409: 403: 402: 395: 392: 389: 388: 385: 377: 368: 367: 359: 351: 342: 341: 333: 325: 316: 315: 310: 302: 293: 292: 289: 286: 285:Bio-artificial 252:cerebral edema 228:encephalopathy 215: 212: 211: 210: 199: 186: 183: 163:blood proteins 140:liver dialysis 122: 121: 114: 111: 110: 107: 101: 100: 92: 91: 62:external links 42: 40: 33: 26: 18:Liver dialysis 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11100: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11020:(in German). 11019: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10987:(3): 244–52. 10986: 10982: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10950:(2): 468–75. 10949: 10945: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10905: 10904: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10812: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10768: 10760: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10727: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10678: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10634: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10590: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10547: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10493: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10458: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10415: 10413: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10376: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10341: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10308:(4): 437–43. 10307: 10303: 10299: 10292: 10290: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10258:(2): 213–20. 10257: 10253: 10246: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10195: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10152: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10103: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10064:ASAIO Journal 10061: 10054: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10021:(5): 623–31. 10020: 10016: 10012: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9964:Critical Care 9961: 9954: 9952: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9915: 9913: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9876: 9874: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9850:(4): 276–84. 9849: 9845: 9837: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9752: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9717: 9715: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9671: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9628: 9619: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9595: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9560: 9552: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9511: 9502: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9478: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9451: 9443: 9436: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9393: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9358: 9356: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9276: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9231: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9188: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9152: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9123:Life Sciences 9117: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9049:(5): 1094–9. 9048: 9044: 9040: 9033: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9008: 9003: 9000:(2): 187–93. 8999: 8995: 8994:ASAIO Journal 8991: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8910:ASAIO Journal 8907: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8843: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8802: 8800: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8733:(1): 111–23. 8732: 8728: 8721: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8690:(6): 338–48. 8689: 8685: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8635: 8633: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8609:(5): 376–83. 8608: 8604: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8583:Sem Hôp Paris 8577: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8503:(3): 277–86. 8502: 8498: 8494: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8396: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8346: 8344: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8279: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8246:Critical Care 8243: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8178: 8169: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8136:Critical Care 8133: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8016:(6): 549–55. 8015: 8011: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7906: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7866:(2): 207–18. 7865: 7861: 7853: 7851: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7753: 7751: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7719:(7): 434–42. 7718: 7714: 7706: 7704: 7695: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7641: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7432:(3): 276–90. 7431: 7427: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7346:(3): 169–76. 7345: 7341: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7262:(7): 1332–6. 7261: 7257: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7224:(8): 709–12. 7223: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7206: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7167: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7135:ASAIO Journal 7132: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7026:(4): 463–75. 7025: 7021: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6949:(2): 415–30. 6948: 6944: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6906:(3): 256–63. 6905: 6901: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6830:(4): 319–30. 6829: 6825: 6817: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6785: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6756:(6): 984–90. 6755: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6629:(2): 216–30. 6628: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6491: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6452: 6451:FierceBiotech 6448: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6320: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5930:on 2006-09-02 5929: 5925: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5770: 5755:on 2007-04-07 5754: 5750: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5658:(3): 447–55. 5657: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5609: 5601:. 2001-11-19. 5600: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5445:(2): 208–15. 5444: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5275:(10): 950–9. 5274: 5270: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4932:(9): 809–13. 4931: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4840:(3): 447–55. 4839: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4754:(2): 179–88. 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4625:Liver Transpl 4622: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576:Organogenesis 4573: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4537: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3719: 3715: 3704: 3700: 3688: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3466: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3354: 3349: 3346:Survival (%) 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3326: 3314: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2894:Type of Study 2890: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2769:Valproic acid 2768: 2766:Glibenclamide 2765: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2748:Carbamazepine 2747: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2686:Beta Blockers 2683: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2618:Nortriptyline 2617: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2555:Amitriptyline 2554: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2541:Flunitrazepam 2540: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2400:Chlorambucil 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2277:Ciprofloxacin 2274: 2270: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1634: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1604: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1438: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1250: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1099: 1097: 1090: 1088: 1086:Hours/patient 1081: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1047: 1045: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1007: 1003: 1000: 999:water-soluble 996: 992: 987: 983: 974: 965: 962: 958: 956: 946: 944: 934: 932: 928: 924: 921: 917: 913: 909: 899: 896: 891: 888: 884: 879: 869: 867: 863: 853: 850: 840: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 788: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 745:liver failure 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 693: 690: 686: 683: 678: 676: 666: 662: 659: 654: 652: 642: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 606: 601: 597: 588: 586: 582: 578: 568: 566: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 528: 527:is possible. 526: 522: 518: 508: 506: 502: 497: 487: 485: 481: 477: 476: 470: 464:Early history 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 433: 430: 420: 414: 410: 408: 404: 399: 386: 384: 381: 378: 376: 373: 370: 369: 366: 363: 360: 358: 355: 352: 350: 347: 344: 343: 340: 337: 334: 332: 329: 326: 324: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313:Hepat-Assist 311: 309: 306: 303: 301: 298: 295: 294: 290: 287: 284: 283: 276: 273: 269: 266: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 220: 214:Liver failure 208: 204: 200: 197: 193: 189: 188: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134:is a type of 133: 129: 118: 112: 108: 106: 102: 97: 88: 85: 77: 67: 63: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 11021: 11017: 10984: 10980: 10947: 10943: 10916: 10912: 10865: 10861: 10854: 10821: 10817: 10811: 10781:(4): 340–3. 10778: 10774: 10767: 10740: 10736: 10726: 10691: 10687: 10677: 10644: 10640: 10633: 10600: 10596: 10589: 10556: 10552: 10546: 10503: 10499: 10492: 10467: 10463: 10457: 10427:(3): 232–6. 10424: 10420: 10389:(1): 24–31. 10386: 10382: 10375: 10353:(1): 142–8. 10350: 10346: 10340: 10305: 10301: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10208: 10204: 10194: 10164:(1): 201–6. 10161: 10157: 10151: 10116: 10112: 10102: 10067: 10063: 10053: 10018: 10014: 10004: 9967: 9963: 9928:(3): 451–7. 9925: 9921: 9886: 9882: 9847: 9843: 9836: 9803: 9799: 9792: 9765: 9761: 9751: 9726: 9722: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9524: 9520: 9510: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9460: 9459:. Suppl. 2. 9456: 9450: 9444:(Abstracts). 9441: 9435: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9367: 9363: 9329: 9325: 9318: 9294:(9): 997–8. 9291: 9287: 9241: 9237: 9230: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9165:(1): 170–8. 9162: 9158: 9151: 9126: 9122: 9116: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9046: 9042: 9032: 8997: 8993: 8983: 8966: 8962: 8916:(4): 332–7. 8913: 8909: 8856:(3): 381–6. 8853: 8849: 8842: 8815: 8811: 8768:(1): 43–51. 8765: 8761: 8755: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8647:(5): 585–8. 8644: 8640: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8589:: 3598–3602. 8586: 8582: 8576: 8544:(3): 287–9. 8541: 8537: 8527: 8500: 8496: 8430: 8426: 8394: 8388: 8355: 8351: 8318:(3): 290–7. 8315: 8311: 8249: 8245: 8193: 8189: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8013: 8009: 7962: 7958: 7918: 7914: 7863: 7859: 7832:10807/141915 7817:(1): 253–8. 7814: 7810: 7803: 7766: 7762: 7716: 7712: 7675: 7671: 7621: 7617: 7571: 7567: 7501: 7497: 7490: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7389:(1): 222–9. 7386: 7382: 7376: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7306: 7302: 7292: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7221: 7217: 7179: 7175: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7115: 7112:Am J Physiol 7111: 7105: 7070: 7066: 7056: 7023: 7019: 7012: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6805:. Retrieved 6801: 6792: 6778: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6716: 6712: 6702: 6678:(1): 19–22. 6675: 6671: 6661: 6626: 6622: 6612: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6547:(3): e51–6. 6544: 6540: 6533: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6484: 6475: 6466: 6455:. Retrieved 6450: 6441: 6398: 6394: 6336: 6332: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6164: 6161:Biomaterials 6160: 6150: 6117: 6114:RSC Advances 6113: 6103: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6039:10446/162225 6021: 6017: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5932:. Retrieved 5928:the original 5918: 5888:(1): 59–70. 5885: 5881: 5871: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5785: 5781: 5757:. Retrieved 5753:the original 5743: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5620: 5616: 5598: 5575:. Retrieved 5571: 5562: 5551:. Retrieved 5539: 5530: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5361:(5): 390–6. 5358: 5354: 5348: 5318:(5): 380–9. 5315: 5311: 5305: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5231:(6): 542–8. 5228: 5224: 5217: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5098:(6): 826–9. 5095: 5091: 5081: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5021:(3): 260–6. 5018: 5014: 5004: 4969: 4965: 4960:(May 2004). 4954: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4582:(1): 20–24. 4579: 4575: 4565: 4534: 4515: 4507: 4504: 4496: 4490: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4330: 4313: 4312: 4303: 4302: 4293: 4292: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4257: 4256: 4241: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4192: 4191: 4170: 4169: 4157: 4156: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4100: 4099: 4069: 4068: 4053: 4052: 4025: 4024: 4007: 4006: 3991: 3990: 3975: 3974: 3953: 3952: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3914:Coagulopathy 3913: 3900: 3887: 3874: 3861: 3848: 3835: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3795: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3727: 3712: 3697: 3664: 3663:El Banayosy 3641: 3633: 3611: 3588: 3565: 3542: 3519: 3511: 3498: 3492: 3475: 3444: 3423: 3402: 3381: 3352: 3324: 3283: 3256: 3226: 3199: 3172: 3145: 3137: 3120:Case-control 3108: 3078: 3077:El Banayosy 3048: 3018: 2988: 2958: 2928: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2904:Study Groups 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2752: 2742: 2724: 2695: 2685: 2678: 2640: 2631:Risperidone 2625: 2595: 2586:Fosinopropil 2577:Nitrendipine 2569: 2562: 2535: 2511: 2502: 2475: 2466:Anaesthetics 2464: 2450:Erythromycin 2434:Barbiturates 2433: 2415: 2411:Ketoconazole 2397:Fluvastatine 2394:Itraconazole 2380: 2376:Simvastatine 2367:Indomethacin 2362:Haloperidol 2353: 2349:Cefoperazone 2321: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2293: 2281: 2273:Levofloxacin 2265: 2229: 2220: 2194: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2110: 2108: 2063: 2061: 2016: 2015:El Banayosy 2014: 1970: 1968: 1923: 1921: 1895:6-8 h x 10 d 1879: 1877: 1846: 1842:ACLF+HE (OH) 1829: 1827: 1782: 1780: 1734: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1671:Controls (n) 1670: 1665: 1652: 1650: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1582: 1561: 1540: 1519: 1498: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1459: 1455: 1454:. and Parés 1451: 1448: 1420: 1404: 1388: 1372: 1356: 1340: 1324: 1308: 1292: 1265: 1256: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1196: 1169: 1142: 1115: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1048: 1042: 1020: 979: 960: 959: 952: 940: 927:hemodialysis 907: 905: 892: 875: 859: 846: 838: 814: 797:ion exchange 789: 777: 742: 730:hemodialysis 723: 715:hemodialysis 699: 691: 687: 681: 679: 672: 663: 657: 655: 648: 639: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 604: 598: 594: 574: 564: 561: 553:blood plasma 534: 514: 493: 474: 471: 467: 440: 438: 434: 428: 427: 382: 379: 374: 371: 364: 361: 356: 353: 348: 345: 338: 336:TECLA-HALSS 335: 330: 327: 322: 319: 312: 307: 304: 299: 296: 274: 270: 267: 260: 240:coagulopathy 225: 160: 147: 139: 131: 127: 125: 80: 71: 56:by removing 52:Please help 44: 10981:Blood Purif 9970:(6): R169. 9762:Transpl Int 9370:(1): 62–4. 8252:(4): R108. 7880:11585/24619 7141:(1): 47–9. 6167:: 140–153. 5847:(1): 2–10. 5059:(1): 81–6. 4887:(1): 60–5. 4670:Blood Purif 3808:MARS GROUP 3401:Stadlbauer 3307:1, 2, 3, 4 3255:Stadlbauer 3042:1, 2, 3, 5 3012:1, 3, 4, 5 2889:Nº Patients 2795:Paclitaxel 2778:Mefloquine 2706:Ondansetron 2679:Antiemetics 2657:Propafenone 2652:Sertraline 2649:Ciclosporin 2610:Fluoxetine 2580:Desipramine 2498:Misoprostol 2489:Bupivacaine 2471:Teicoplanin 2439:Hydralacine 2429:Clindamycin 2416:Hypotensors 2370:Ceftriaxone 2354:Antifungals 2332:Cephazoline 2301:Antibiotics 2123:IHA/GD/ACLF 1847:4 sessions 1472:MARS System 1428:514 ± 104.7 1425:478.5 ± 105 1389:rPAP (mmHg) 1367:15.7 ± 4.1 1351:20.3 ± 5.5 1319:37.3 ± 5.5 1300:82.7 ± 11.7 1297:77.8 ± 11.7 1075:Age (years) 1070:Nº patients 916:Bad Homburg 769:fatty acids 651:HepatAssist 645:HepatAssist 575:Similar to 541:hepatocytes 537:bioreactors 490:Development 207:Dissolution 175:hepatocytes 74:August 2021 11078:Hepatology 11057:Categories 10521:1866/24039 10158:Hepatology 9605:Hepatology 9488:Hepatology 9457:J. Hepatol 7672:Hepatology 7568:Hepatology 7303:Hepatology 7118:: 459–460. 6807:2019-11-04 6802:yaqrit.com 6750:J. Hepatol 6713:Hepatology 6672:Hepatology 6457:2021-08-24 6024:(111983). 5934:2020-12-24 5759:2020-12-24 5652:Hepatology 5577:2020-02-06 5572:PEOPLE.com 5553:2020-02-06 5394:Hepatology 5187:Hepatology 4881:Hepatology 4834:Hepatology 4557:References 4429:Monitoring 4354:Blood Flow 3721:border="0" 3706:border="0" 3587:Hassanein 3497:Mortality 3491:Mortality 3438:6/6 (100) 3367:7/10 (70) 3184:Case serie 3157:Case serie 3144:Evenepoel 3114:ACLF / ALF 3017:Hassanein 2879:MARS Study 2772:Furosemide 2733:Budesonide 2730:Propanolol 2715:Celecoxib 2712:Prednisone 2709:Carvedilol 2666:Tacrolimus 2621:Nitrazepam 2615:Amiodarone 2601:Imipramine 2589:Clozapine 2558:Flurazepam 2552:Nifedipine 2547:Methadone 2531:Nimodipine 2495:Clonazepam 2492:Rifampicin 2484:Tamoxifen 2456:Irbesartan 2453:Thiopental 2442:Melphalan 2421:Etoposide 2391:Cloxacilin 2388:Ketoprofen 2359:Lovastatin 2338:Clofibrate 2335:Omeprazole 2329:Diclofenac 2204:bile ducts 1922:Hassanein 1845:8 h x 7 d 1696:Creatinine 1666:MARS study 1431:622 ± 198 1415:9.4 ± 2.1 1409:11.2 ± 1.6 1399:7.3 ± 7.6 1393:11.2 ± 4.6 1383:9.7 ± 7.0 1380:14.5 ± 2.9 1377:17.2 ± 8.3 1361:23.7 ± 7.3 1348:17.3 ± 9.9 1341:HVPG(mmHg) 1332:16.7 ± 7.5 1329:17.7 ± 7.4 1325:FHVP(mmHg) 1313:40.7 ± 5.6 1309:WHVP(mmHg) 1227:Novelli G 1217:<0.005 1163:<0.003 1065:References 923:adsorption 908:Prometheus 902:Prometheus 887:bile acids 780:hepatology 761:bile acids 753:lipophilic 656:Demetriou 525:transplant 505:stem cells 288:Artificial 109:hepatology 54:improve it 11046:259980836 9677:Liver Int 9427:260343152 9405:: 33–35. 9266:260344650 8142:(1): R8. 7482:260344744 6623:Ann. 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