836:
378:
361:
50:
792:
849:
694:
The pathophysiology of type 3 respiratory failure often includes lung atelectasis, which is a term used to describe a collapsing of the functional units of the lung that allow for gas exchange. Because atelectasis occurs so commonly in the perioperative period, this form is also called perioperative
783:
People with respiratory failure often exhibit other signs or symptoms that are associated with the underlying cause of their respiratory failure. For instance, if respiratory failure is caused by cardiogenic shock (decreased perfusion due to heart dysfunction, symptoms of heart dysfunction (e.g.,
690:
Type 3 respiratory failure is a type of Type 1 respiratory failure, with decreased PaO2 (hypoxemia) and either normal or decreased PaCO2. However, because of its prevalence, it has been given its own category. Type 3 respiratory failure is often referred to as peri-operative respiratory failure,
807:(ABG) assessment is considered the gold standard diagnostic test for establishing a diagnosis of respiratory failure. This is because ABG can be used to measure blood oxygen levels (PaO2), and respiratory failure (all types) is characterized by a low blood oxygen level.
1101:
259:. Respiratory failure is classified as either Type 1 or Type 2, based on whether there is a high carbon dioxide level, and can be acute or chronic. In clinical trials, the definition of respiratory failure usually includes
313:
A variety of conditions that can potentially result in respiratory failure. The etiologies of each type of respiratory failure (see below) may differ, as well. Different types of conditions may cause respiratory failure:
1760:
1745:
373:
Respiratory failure is generally organized into 4 types. Below is a diagram that provides a general overview of the 4 types of respiratory failure, their distinguishing characteristics, and major causes of
743:
Physical exam findings often found in patients with respiratory failure include findings indicative of impaired oxygenation (low blood oxygen level). These include, but are not limited to, the following:
344:
oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air within the lungs. Any disease which can damage the lung tissue can fit into this category. The most common causes are (in no particular order)
1112:
832:
Imaging (eg. ultrasonography, radiography) may be used to assist in the diagnostic workup. For example, it may be utilized to determine the etiology of a person's respiratory failure.
949:
Prognosis is highly variable and dependent on etiology and availability of appropriate treatment and management. One of three hospitalized cases of acute respiratory failure is fatal.
318:
Conditions that reduce the flow of air into and out of the lungs, including physical obstruction by foreign bodies or masses and reduced breathing due to drugs or changes to the chest.
1645:"Continuous positive airway pressure and noninvasive ventilation in prehospital treatment of patients with acute respiratory failure: a systematic review of controlled studies"
2241:
625:
Type 2 respiratory failure is caused by inadequate alveolar ventilation; both oxygen and carbon dioxide are affected. Defined as the buildup of carbon dioxide levels (P
903:
Type 1 respiratory failure may require oxygen therapy to achieve adequate oxygen saturation. Lack of oxygen response may indicate other modalities such as
247:, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both cannot be kept at normal levels. A drop in the oxygen carried in the blood is known as
1860:
2705:
926:(NIV) unless medical therapy can improve the situation. Mechanical ventilation is sometimes indicated immediately or otherwise if NIV fails.
707:
Type 4 respiratory failure occurs when metabolic (oxygen) demands exceed what the cardiopulmonary system can provide. It often results from
691:
because it is distinguished by being a Type 1 respiratory failure that is specifically associated with an operation, procedure, or surgery.
856:
Treatment of the underlying cause is required, if possible. The treatment of acute respiratory failure may involve medication such as
2460:
1612:
Greenstone M, Lasserson TJ (2003). "Doxapram for ventilatory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
263:, abnormal blood gases (hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both), and evidence of increased work of breathing. Respiratory failure causes an
17:
2955:
2484:
2256:
1076:
2231:
638:
483:
3038:
2917:
2700:
2455:
1853:
938:
908:
904:
509:
479:
2710:
2506:
2907:
2687:
2187:
1882:
1877:
345:
3059:
393:(PaO2) < 60 mmHg with a normal (normocapnia) or low (hypocapnia) level of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in the blood.
2651:
2922:
2388:
1846:
748:
471:
264:
659:
3074:
2496:
3064:
2695:
2646:
2479:
2417:
1697:
937:
There is tentative evidence that in those with respiratory failure identified before arrival in hospital,
2948:
2656:
958:
2842:
523:
1563:"Official ERS/ATS clinical practice guidelines: noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure"
2715:
2340:
2314:
2039:
1940:
494:
349:
3079:
2491:
2319:
2304:
2297:
2202:
2163:
2110:
2088:
2046:
1974:
1775:
923:
735:
can also result in type 4 respiratory failure. However, type 1 and 2 are the most widely accepted.
396:
The fundamental defect in type 1 respiratory failure is a failure of oxygenation characterized by:
220:
2470:
1511:"British Thoracic Society Guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings"
2619:
2261:
2177:
2052:
1178:
Artigas A, CamprubĂ-Rimblas M, TantinyĂ N, BringuĂ© J, Guillamat-Prats R, Matthay MA (July 2017).
1157:
912:
885:
193:
114:
71:
3069:
3015:
2941:
2745:
2598:
2559:
2474:
2427:
2126:
1969:
916:
674:
633:) that has been generated by the body but cannot be eliminated. The underlying causes include:
200:
2007:
1979:
927:
893:
498:
461:
334:
177:
2624:
2576:
2564:
2378:
2336:
1935:
752:
723:. Patients in shock often experience respiratory distress due to pulmonary edema (e.g., in
699:, decreases in functional residual capacity leads to collapse of dependent lung units.
663:
504:
Diffusion problem (oxygen cannot enter the capillaries due to parenchymal disease, e.g. in
209:
2236:
1130:
652:
8:
3010:
2993:
2859:
2605:
2554:
2182:
2002:
1869:
1764:
712:
696:
515:
330:
83:
1561:
Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, Hess D, Hill NS, Nava S, et al. (August 2017).
1160:. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health. 2022-03-24
2750:
2615:
2571:
2403:
2324:
2251:
2121:
1769:
1671:
1644:
1589:
1562:
1535:
1510:
1486:
1469:
1404:
1379:
1355:
1330:
1306:
1279:
1255:
1230:
1206:
1179:
804:
475:
244:
173:
78:
31:
1722:
2964:
2872:
2116:
1945:
1906:
1838:
1786:
1676:
1625:
1594:
1540:
1491:
1450:
1409:
1360:
1311:
1260:
1211:
1023:
724:
720:
716:
296:
279:
188:
62:
1470:"The Effects of Pulmonary Physical Therapy on the Patients with Respiratory Failure"
2815:
2808:
2672:
2593:
2432:
2368:
2217:
1826:
1666:
1656:
1617:
1584:
1574:
1530:
1522:
1481:
1440:
1399:
1391:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1301:
1291:
1250:
1242:
1201:
1191:
1058:
275:
1643:
Bakke SA, Botker MT, Riddervold IS, Kirkegaard H, Christensen EF (November 2014).
2837:
2789:
2677:
2628:
2549:
2465:
2273:
1780:
963:
728:
353:
322:
157:
1579:
1526:
1062:
3022:
3005:
2775:
2437:
2348:
2268:
2078:
2073:
1246:
1015:
1014:
Mirabile, Vincent S.; Shebl, Eman; Sankari, Abdulghani; Burns, Bracken (2023),
865:
857:
824:
670:
299:
268:
252:
1791:
1661:
1621:
872:(for pulmonary oedema), amongst others. Respiratory failure resulting from an
3053:
2988:
2978:
2867:
2581:
2292:
1296:
1280:"Pharmacotherapy for Adult Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome"
897:
791:
760:
708:
519:
487:
1754:
1331:"Pharmacological agents for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome"
1196:
835:
464:
and therefore lead to lower-than-normal oxygen in the blood. These include:
2804:
2757:
2142:
2094:
1963:
1680:
1629:
1598:
1544:
1495:
1454:
1445:
1428:
1413:
1364:
1315:
1264:
1215:
1027:
648:
Reduced breathing effort (drug effects, brain stem lesion, extreme obesity)
341:
240:
127:
107:
651:
A decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange (such as in
474:(parts of the lung receive oxygen but not enough blood to absorb it, e.g.
377:
2902:
2849:
2832:
2827:
2780:
2735:
2586:
2534:
2501:
2373:
2102:
2034:
1997:
1952:
1887:
815:
678:
527:
326:
256:
91:
67:
2822:
2422:
2408:
2383:
2358:
2353:
2287:
2158:
2134:
2083:
1957:
1922:
1897:
889:
861:
99:
1737:
1395:
1177:
360:
49:
2998:
2897:
2529:
2398:
2393:
2363:
1914:
1821:
1797:
773:
539:
505:
390:
260:
248:
169:
131:
95:
1649:
Scandinavian
Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
810:
Alternative or supporting diagnostic methods include the following:
553:
The basic defect in type 2 respiratory failure is characterized by:
2912:
2797:
2197:
1930:
931:
881:
873:
869:
828:: measures the fraction of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen (SpO2).
767:
123:
103:
87:
1802:
2150:
2026:
501:); this form can also cause type 2 respiratory failure if severe.
119:
2933:
2247:
2060:
1989:
1749:
1642:
1049:
Arrowsmith J, Burt C (1 November 2009). "Respiratory failure".
877:
732:
642:
460:
Type I respiratory failure is caused by conditions that affect
282:
153:
770:(eg. bluish color on mucosal membranes or fingers and/or toes)
321:
Conditions that impair the lungs' blood supply. These include
2068:
1429:"Physical therapy for a patient in acute respiratory failure"
1180:"Inhalation therapies in acute respiratory distress syndrome"
785:
1508:
848:
2017:
1560:
518:(oxygenated blood mixes with non-oxygenated blood from the
205:
165:
161:
135:
1235:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
941:
can be helpful when started before conveying to hospital.
497:
due to reduced respiratory muscle activity, e.g. in acute
1328:
1013:
181:
900:
may be beneficial in some cases of respiratory failure.
340:
Conditions that limit the ability of the lung tissue to
1868:
575:
decreased (< 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa))or normal
433:
normal or decreased (<50 mmHg (6.7 kPa))
1509:
O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, Mak V (May 2017).
1231:"β2-agonists and acute respiratory distress syndrome"
820:
measures the amount of carbon dioxide in exhaled air.
1727:
1329:
Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Thomas CM, Smith AF (2019).
1611:
1102:"Critical Care Medicine, Acute respiratory failure"
389:Type 1 respiratory failure is characterized by a
27:Inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system
3051:
1022:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
757:Altered mental status (eg. confusion, lethargy)
1380:"Flumazenil, naloxone and the 'coma cocktail'"
1118:on 9 April 2021 – via McGill University.
1048:
1044:
1042:
295:more than 80 mmHg (11 kPa) and carbon dioxide
2949:
1854:
1228:
590:increased (> 50 mmHg (6.7 kPa))
418:decreased (< 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa))
325:and conditions that reduce the output of the
530:, Severe pneumonia, Severe pulmonary edema).
391:low level of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia)
1614:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1039:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
468:Low ambient oxygen (e.g. at high altitude).
2956:
2942:
1861:
1847:
1467:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
922:Type 2 respiratory failure often requires
546:<8kPa or normal) with hypercapnia (PaCO
48:
2461:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
1670:
1660:
1588:
1578:
1534:
1485:
1444:
1420:
1403:
1377:
1354:
1305:
1295:
1254:
1205:
1195:
711:of respiratory muscles as in patients in
57:Anatomy and causes of respiratory failure
1384:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
847:
834:
790:
376:
359:
2485:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1335:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1099:
976:
14:
3052:
1277:
2937:
1842:
1692:
1690:
1556:
1554:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
639:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
484:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1426:
1229:Budinger GR, Mutlu GM (March 2014).
1128:
1111:. Rochester, MN, USA. Archived from
888:does not benefit from its antidote,
493:Alveolar hypoventilation (decreased
3039:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
2918:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
939:continuous positive airway pressure
909:continuous positive airway pressure
905:heated humidified high-flow therapy
751:use in breathing or other signs of
480:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
24:
2507:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
1870:Diseases of the respiratory system
1687:
1551:
1468:Gai L, Tong Y, Yan B (July 2018).
1141:
25:
3091:
2963:
1716:
1700:. Cleveland Clinic. 15 March 2023
1158:"Respiratory Failure - Diagnosis"
880:may be treated with the antidote
1723:MedlinePlus: Respiratory Failure
1567:The European Respiratory Journal
1474:Iranian Journal of Public Health
1184:Annals of Translational Medicine
738:
1636:
1605:
1502:
1461:
1371:
1322:
763:of fingertips (see image right)
219:Treatment of underlying cause,
2923:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
1347:10.1002/14651858.CD004477.pub3
1271:
1222:
1171:
1122:
1093:
1069:
637:Increased airways resistance (
472:Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
265:altered state of consciousness
13:
1:
2497:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
1515:BMJ Open Respiratory Research
969:
364:Causes of respiratory failure
305:less than 45 mmHg (6.0 kPa).
2480:Respiratory hypersensitivity
2418:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
944:
843:
799:
695:respiratory failure. After
278:reference values are oxygen
7:
2389:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
1580:10.1183/13993003.02426-2016
1527:10.1136/bmjresp-2016-000170
1378:Sivilotti ML (March 2016).
1131:"Acute respiratory failure"
1081:Department of Critical Care
1077:"Acute respiratory failure"
1063:10.1016/j.mpsur.2009.09.007
959:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
952:
839:Arterial blood gas analyzer
10:
3096:
2242:Acute exacerbation of COPD
1278:Yin J, Bai CX (May 2018).
1247:10.1164/rccm.201401-0170ED
524:Arteriovenous malformation
261:increased respiratory rate
29:
3031:
2971:
2885:
2858:
2788:
2774:
2728:
2686:
2665:
2639:
2542:
2528:
2519:
2448:
2333:
2313:
2196:
2176:
2016:
1896:
1876:
1812:
1731:
1662:10.1186/s13049-014-0069-8
1622:10.1002/14651858.CD000223
702:
685:
534:
384:
350:interstitial lung disease
323:thromboembolic conditions
226:
215:
199:
187:
149:
141:
113:
77:
61:
56:
47:
42:
18:Respiratory insufficiency
2305:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
2298:Bronchiolitis obliterans
2164:Laryngotracheal stenosis
2111:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2089:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2047:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1975:Nasal septum perforation
1297:10.4103/0366-6999.231520
924:non-invasive ventilation
658:Neuromuscular problems (
488:Congestive heart failure
368:
308:
239:results from inadequate
221:non-invasive ventilation
30:Not to be confused with
3060:Intensive care medicine
2053:Retropharyngeal abscess
1284:Chinese Medical Journal
1197:10.21037/atm.2017.07.21
1057:(11). Oxford: 475–479.
913:endotracheal intubation
886:benzodiazepine overdose
868:(for numerous causes),
860:(for airways disease),
776:(faster breathing rate)
660:Guillain–Barré syndrome
194:Arterial blood gas test
72:Intensive care medicine
2746:Pulmonary hypertension
2475:Eosinophilic pneumonia
2127:Vocal cord dysfunction
1970:Nasal septum deviation
1135:Critical Care Medicine
928:Respiratory stimulants
917:mechanical ventilation
853:
840:
796:
675:ankylosing spondylitis
381:
365:
335:myocardial infarctions
201:Differential diagnosis
178:neuromuscular diseases
2873:Mediastinal emphysema
2652:Healthcare-associated
2582:Legionnaires' disease
2008:Peritonsillar abscess
1980:Nasal septal hematoma
1698:"Respiratory failure"
1427:Wong WP (July 2000).
1016:"Respiratory Failure"
934:are now rarely used.
852:Mechanical ventilator
851:
838:
794:
499:neuromuscular disease
380:
363:
269:ischemia in the brain
251:; a rise in arterial
3075:Respiratory diseases
2620:Mendelson's syndrome
2492:Hamman–Rich syndrome
1446:10.1093/ptj/80.7.662
1137:. McGill University.
884:. In contrast, most
788:) are also expected.
753:respiratory distress
664:motor neuron disease
210:aspiration pneumonia
3065:Medical emergencies
2984:Respiratory failure
2893:Respiratory failure
2860:Mediastinal disease
2428:Bird fancier's lung
2003:Adenoid hypertrophy
1100:Katyal P, Gajic O.
894:Respiratory therapy
516:Right-to-left shunt
331:right heart failure
237:Respiratory failure
84:Shortness of breath
43:Respiratory failure
2798:Pleuritis/pleurisy
2751:Pulmonary embolism
2647:Community-acquired
2572:Atypical bacterial
2471:Löffler's syndrome
2252:Status asthmaticus
2237:Chronic bronchitis
2122:Vocal fold paresis
1936:Vasomotor rhinitis
1813:External resources
864:(for infections),
854:
841:
805:Arterial blood gas
797:
697:general anesthesia
653:chronic bronchitis
476:pulmonary embolism
382:
366:
245:respiratory system
174:pulmonary embolism
32:respiratory arrest
3047:
3046:
2931:
2930:
2881:
2880:
2838:Empyema/pyothorax
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2724:
2723:
2657:Hospital-acquired
2515:
2514:
2379:Caplan's syndrome
2172:
2171:
2117:Vocal fold nodule
1941:Atrophic rhinitis
1836:
1835:
1396:10.1111/bcp.12731
1290:(10): 1138–1141.
725:cardiogenic shock
721:hypovolemic shock
717:cardiogenic shock
617:
616:
452:
451:
255:levels is called
234:
233:
230:10–80 per 100,000
189:Diagnostic method
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3087:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2816:Pleural effusion
2809:Hemopneumothorax
2786:
2785:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2369:Bauxite fibrosis
2334:External agents/
2331:
2330:
2262:Exercise-induced
2218:Acute bronchitis
2194:
2193:
1894:
1893:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1729:
1728:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1664:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1480:(7): 1001–1006.
1465:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1433:Physical Therapy
1424:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1011:
779:Pale conjunctiva
749:Accessory muscle
562:
561:
405:
404:
293:
292:
291:
276:partial pressure
52:
40:
39:
21:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3080:Causes of death
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3027:
2967:
2962:
2932:
2927:
2877:
2854:
2790:Pleural disease
2779:
2762:
2720:
2682:
2666:By distribution
2661:
2640:By vector/route
2635:
2533:
2521:
2511:
2466:Pulmonary edema
2444:
2339:
2335:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2274:Cystic fibrosis
2201:
2185:
2181:
2168:
2012:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1808:
1807:
1740:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1641:
1637:
1616:(1): CD000223.
1610:
1606:
1559:
1552:
1507:
1503:
1466:
1462:
1425:
1421:
1376:
1372:
1341:(7): CD004477.
1327:
1323:
1276:
1272:
1227:
1223:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1142:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1012:
977:
972:
964:Pulmonary shunt
955:
947:
911:or (if severe)
866:glucocorticoids
858:bronchodilators
846:
802:
741:
729:Lactic acidosis
705:
688:
632:
628:
602:
598:
587:
583:
572:
568:
549:
545:
537:
445:
441:
430:
426:
415:
411:
387:
371:
354:pulmonary edema
311:
303:
290:
287:
286:
285:
283:
158:cystic fibrosis
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3023:Encephalopathy
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2776:Pleural cavity
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2622:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:Lycoperdonosis
2435:
2430:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2349:Pneumoconiosis
2345:
2343:
2328:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:Bronchiectasis
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2191:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2081:
2079:Laryngeal cyst
2076:
2074:Laryngomalacia
2071:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1783:
1772:
1757:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:Classification
1726:
1725:
1718:
1717:External links
1715:
1712:
1711:
1686:
1635:
1604:
1573:(2): 1602426.
1550:
1521:(1): e000170.
1501:
1460:
1419:
1370:
1321:
1270:
1221:
1170:
1140:
1121:
1092:
1068:
1038:
974:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
961:
954:
951:
946:
943:
845:
842:
830:
829:
825:Pulse Oximetry
821:
801:
798:
781:
780:
777:
771:
764:
758:
755:
740:
737:
704:
701:
687:
684:
683:
682:
671:kyphoscoliosis
667:
656:
649:
646:
645:, suffocation)
630:
626:
623:
622:
621:
620:
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
607:
606:
603:
600:
596:
592:
591:
588:
585:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
566:
547:
543:
536:
533:
532:
531:
513:
502:
491:
469:
458:
457:
456:
455:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
424:
420:
419:
416:
413:
409:
386:
383:
370:
367:
358:
357:
338:
319:
310:
307:
301:
288:
253:carbon dioxide
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
217:
213:
212:
203:
197:
196:
191:
185:
184:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
117:
111:
110:
81:
75:
74:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3092:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Organ failure
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:Renal failure
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:Liver failure
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Heart failure
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:Organ failure
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:Other/general
2884:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Mediastinitis
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:noninfectious
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:Obstructive /
2518:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Farmer's lung
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:Bronchiolitis
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1439:(7): 662–70.
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:(3): 428–36.
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
975:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
950:
942:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
898:physiotherapy
896:/respiratory
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
850:
837:
833:
827:
826:
822:
819:
817:
813:
812:
811:
808:
806:
793:
789:
787:
786:pitting edema
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
762:
759:
756:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
739:Physical exam
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:hypoperfusion
700:
698:
692:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:
661:
657:
654:
650:
647:
644:
640:
636:
635:
634:
612:
609:
608:
604:
594:
593:
589:
579:
578:
574:
564:
563:
560:
559:
558:
557:
556:
555:
554:
551:
550:>6.0kPa).
541:
529:
525:
521:
520:venous system
517:
514:
511:
507:
503:
500:
496:
495:minute volume
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:
467:
466:
465:
463:
447:
437:
436:
432:
422:
421:
417:
407:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
399:
398:
397:
394:
392:
379:
375:
362:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
316:
315:
306:
304:
298:
294:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
202:
198:
195:
192:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
116:
115:Complications
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
64:
60:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
2983:
2892:
2805:Pneumothorax
2758:Lung abscess
2740:
2610:
2599:Pneumocystis
2560:Pneumococcal
2341:lung disease
2337:occupational
2315:Interstitial
2280:
2224:
2210:
2183:lung disease
2149:
2143:Epiglottitis
2133:
2101:
2095:Laryngospasm
2059:
2040:Strep throat
2025:
1988:
1964:nasal septum
1962:
1921:
1905:
1820:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1759:
1744:
1702:. Retrieved
1652:
1648:
1638:
1613:
1607:
1570:
1566:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1241:(6): 624–5.
1238:
1234:
1224:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1134:
1129:Melanson P.
1124:
1113:the original
1108:
1095:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1071:
1054:
1050:
1031:, retrieved
1019:
948:
936:
921:
902:
855:
831:
823:
814:
809:
803:
782:
742:
706:
693:
689:
624:
552:
538:
459:
395:
388:
372:
312:
274:The typical
273:
241:gas exchange
236:
235:
128:panic attack
108:hypertension
2903:Common cold
2850:Fibrothorax
2833:Chylothorax
2828:Hydrothorax
2781:mediastinum
2741:circulatory
2736:Atelectasis
2543:By pathogen
2535:pneumonitis
2522:Restrictive
2502:Sarcoidosis
2374:Berylliosis
2320:restrictive
2281:unspecified
2203:obstructive
2186:(including
2103:vocal cords
2035:Pharyngitis
1998:Tonsillitis
1953:Nasal polyp
1888:common cold
1881:(including
1704:15 November
1367:. CD004477.
1190:(14): 293.
1109:Mayo Clinic
862:antibiotics
766:Peripheral
679:flail chest
528:atelectasis
526:, Complete
462:oxygenation
327:right heart
257:hypercapnia
92:tachycardia
68:Pulmonology
3054:Categories
2823:Hemothorax
2625:Aspiration
2587:Chlamydiae
2577:Mycoplasma
2565:Klebsiella
2423:Bagassosis
2409:Byssinosis
2384:Chalicosis
2359:Asbestosis
2354:Aluminosis
2288:Bronchitis
2159:Tracheitis
2135:epiglottis
2084:Laryngitis
1958:Rhinorrhea
1787:DiseasesDB
1164:2023-11-15
1086:2023-10-28
1033:2023-11-15
1020:StatPearls
970:References
890:flumazenil
816:Capnometry
715:, such as
673:), rigid (
669:Deformed (
448:increased
346:infections
329:, such as
132:infections
100:arrhythmia
2898:Influenza
2843:Malignant
2606:Parasitic
2555:Bacterial
2530:Pneumonia
2399:Silicosis
2394:Siderosis
2364:Baritosis
2198:Bronchial
1946:Hay fever
1915:Sinusitis
1822:eMedicine
1803:409622000
1798:SNOMED CT
1655:(1): 69.
945:Prognosis
870:diuretics
844:Treatment
800:Diagnosis
774:Tachypnea
613:<7.35
540:Hypoxemia
506:pneumonia
333:and some
249:hypoxemia
227:Frequency
216:Treatment
170:pneumonia
96:tachypnea
63:Specialty
3032:Multiple
2913:COVID-19
2706:BOOP-COP
2673:Broncho-
2616:Chemical
2404:Talcosis
2325:fibrosis
2178:Lower RT
1931:Rhinitis
1878:Upper RT
1827:med/2011
1681:25416493
1630:12535393
1599:28860265
1545:28883921
1496:30181999
1455:10869128
1414:26469689
1365:31334568
1316:29722332
1265:24628310
1216:28828368
1028:30252383
953:See also
932:doxapram
930:such as
882:naloxone
874:overdose
795:Clubbing
768:cyanosis
761:Clubbing
342:exchange
145:Type 1–4
124:fainting
104:headache
88:cyanosis
79:Symptoms
3016:Chronic
2999:Chronic
2972:General
2225:chronic
2151:trachea
2027:pharynx
1907:sinuses
1781:D012131
1672:4251922
1590:5593345
1536:5531304
1487:6119578
1405:4767210
1356:6646953
1307:5956763
1256:3983843
1207:5537120
1051:Surgery
878:opioids
605:normal
522:, e.g.
267:due to
243:by the
120:seizure
2594:Fungal
2248:Asthma
2061:larynx
1990:tonsil
1770:518.81
1679:
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1026:
733:anemia
703:Type 4
686:Type 3
677:), or
643:asthma
535:Type 2
385:Type 1
352:, and
154:Stroke
150:Causes
3011:Acute
2994:Acute
2729:Other
2678:Lobar
2629:Lipid
2550:Viral
2449:Other
2211:acute
2188:LRTIs
2113:(LPR)
2091:(LPR)
2069:Croup
2049:(LPR)
1883:URTIs
1116:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
713:shock
374:each.
369:Types
309:Cause
180:like
142:Types
2908:SARS
2711:NSIP
2456:ARDS
2257:AERD
2232:COPD
2018:Neck
1923:nose
1898:Head
1792:6623
1776:MeSH
1765:9-CM
1706:2023
1677:PMID
1626:PMID
1595:PMID
1541:PMID
1492:PMID
1451:PMID
1410:PMID
1361:PMID
1312:PMID
1261:PMID
1212:PMID
1024:PMID
919:. .
915:and
731:and
542:(PaO
510:ARDS
206:ARDS
166:ARDS
162:COPD
136:coma
2701:DIP
2696:UIP
2688:IIP
1761:ICD
1755:J96
1746:ICD
1667:PMC
1657:doi
1618:doi
1585:PMC
1575:doi
1531:PMC
1523:doi
1482:PMC
1441:doi
1400:PMC
1392:doi
1351:PMC
1343:doi
1302:PMC
1292:doi
1288:131
1251:PMC
1243:doi
1239:189
1202:PMC
1192:doi
1059:doi
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727:).
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597:A-a
508:or
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610:pH
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486:,
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478:,
427:CO
348:,
300:CO
297:Pa
280:Pa
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302:2
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