360:
231:
1458:. Carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood as carbonic acid, a weak acid; however, in large concentrations, it can affect the pH drastically. Whenever there is poor pulmonary ventilation, the carbon dioxide levels in the blood are expected to rise. This leads to a rise of carbonic acid, leading to a decrease in pH. The first buffer of pH will be the plasma proteins, since these can accept some H ions to try to maintain
1672:, and a high bicarbonate means that, although there is a high carbon dioxide level, there is metabolic compensation. As a result, one must be careful as to not artificially adjust breaths to lower the carbon dioxide. In such case, lowering the carbon dioxide abruptly means that the bicarbonate will be in excess and will cause a metabolic alkalosis. In such a case, carbon dioxide levels should be slowly diminished.
1470:> 45 mmHg), a condition known as respiratory acidosis occurs. The body tries to maintain homeostasis by increasing the respiratory rate, a condition known as tachypnea. This allows much more carbon dioxide to escape the body through the lungs, thus increasing the pH by having less carbonic acid. If a person is in a critical setting and intubated, one must increase the number of breaths mechanically.
29:
242:
327:. If a plastic blood gas syringe is used, the sample should be transported and kept at room temperature and analyzed within 30 min. If prolonged time delays are expected (i.e., greater than 30 min) prior to analysis, the sample should be drawn in a glass syringe and immediately placed on ice. Standard blood tests can also be performed on arterial blood, such as measuring
1664:
effect. In acidaemia, the bicarbonate levels rise, so that they can neutralize the excess acid, while the contrary happens when there is alkalaemia. Thus when an arterial blood gas test reveals, for example, an elevated bicarbonate, the problem has been present for a couple of days, and metabolic compensation took place over a blood acidaemia problem.
323:. Other syringes may need to be heparinised, by drawing up a small amount of liquid heparin and squirting it out again to remove air bubbles. Once the sample is obtained, care is taken to eliminate visible gas bubbles, as these bubbles can dissolve into the sample and cause inaccurate results. The sealed syringe is taken to a
350:
Derived parameters include bicarbonate concentration, SaO2, and base excess. Bicarbonate concentration is calculated from the measured pH and PCO2 using the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. SaO2 is derived from the measured PO2 and calculated based on the assumption that all measured hemoglobin is
945:
Contamination of the sample with room air will result in abnormally low carbon dioxide and possibly elevated oxygen levels, and a concurrent elevation in pH. Delaying analysis (without chilling the sample) may result in inaccurately low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels as a result of ongoing
1663:
The kidney and the liver are two main organs responsible for the metabolic homeostasis of pH. Bicarbonate is a base that helps to accept excess hydrogen ions whenever there is acidaemia. However, this mechanism is slower than the respiratory pathway and may take from a few hours to 3 days to take
1488:
in a critical care setting. The action to be taken is to calm the person and try to reduce the number of breaths being taken to normalize the pH. The respiratory pathway tries to compensate for the change in pH in a matter of 2â4 hours. If this is not enough, the metabolic pathway takes place.
401:
Both the pH-stat and alpha-stat strategies have theoretical disadvantages. α-stat method is the method of choice for optimal myocardial function. The pH-stat method may result in loss of autoregulation in the brain (coupling of the cerebral blood flow with the metabolic rate in the brain). By
397:α-stat (alpha-stat): The pH and other ABG results are measured at 37 °C, despite the patient's actual temperature. The goal is to maintain the arterial carbon dioxide tension at 5.3 kPa (40mmHg) and the pH at 7.40 when measured at +37 °C.
783:, and indicates whether the person has metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Contrasted with the bicarbonate levels, the base excess is a calculated value intended to completely isolate the non-respiratory portion of the pH change.
1607:
1667:
In general, it is much easier to correct acute pH derangement by adjusting respiration. Metabolic compensations take place at a much later stage. However, in a critical setting, a person with a normal pH, a high
785:
There are two calculations for base excess (extra cellular fluid - BE(ecf); blood - BE(b)). The calculation used for the BE(ecf) = â 24.8 + 16.2 Ă (pH â 7.4). The calculation used for BE(b) = (1 â 0.014 Ă
152:(SaO2) can be determined. Such information is vital when caring for patients with critical illnesses or respiratory disease. Therefore, the ABG test is one of the most common tests performed on patients in
203:
across the alveolar-capillary membrane. ABG testing also has a variety of applications in other areas of medicine. Combinations of disorders can be complex and difficult to interpret, so calculators,
1684:
which measures oxygen saturation transcutaneously and is non-invasive, arterial blood is seldom used for the determination of oxygenation outside the ICU. Acid base status can be determined with
2044:
Procedures for the
Collection of Arterial Blood Specimens; Approved StandardâFourth Edition (Procedures for the Collection of Arterial Blood Specimens; Approved StandardâFourth Edition )
386:
pH-stat: The pH and other ABG results are measured at the patient's actual temperature. The goal is to maintain a pH of 7.40 and the arterial carbon dioxide tension (paCO
2374:
1926:"Glass syringes are better than plastic for preserving arterial blood gas for oxygen partial pressure determination: an explanation based on nanomaterial composition"
312:) is also used, especially during emergency situations or with children. Blood can also be taken from an arterial catheter already placed in one of these arteries.
1502:
402:
increasing the cerebral blood flow beyond the metabolic requirements, the pH-stat method may lead to cerebral microembolisation and intracranial hypertension.
375:
of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The bicarbonate concentration is also calculated. These results are usually available for interpretation within five minutes.
1484:< 35 mmHg) occurs when there is too little carbon dioxide in the blood. This may be due to hyperventilation or else excessive breaths given via a
2367:
2227:
466:
2158:
from The
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
2941:
2343:
1784:
2360:
2042:
787:
1055:
363:
Detail of measurement chamber of a modern blood gas analyzer showing the measurement electrodes. (Cobas b 121 - Roche
Diagnostics)
2195:
315:
There are plastic and glass syringes used for blood gas samples. Most syringes come pre-packaged and contain a small amount of
2936:
2003:"Total Bilirubin Measurement by Photometry on a Blood Gas Analyzer: Potential for Use in Neonatal Testing at the Point of Care"
2052:
1070:
2155:
2734:
1812:"Simple, easily memorised 'rules of thumb' for the rapid assessment of physiological compensation for acid-base disorders"
731:. As this value when given with blood gas results is often calculated by the analyzer, correlation should be checked with
2672:
2300:"Peripheral venous and arterial blood gas analysis in adults: are they comparable? A systematic review and metaâanalysis"
2298:
Byrne, Anthony L; Bennett, Michael; Chatterji, Robindro; Symons, Rebecca; Pace, Nathan L; Thomas, Paul S (January 2014).
1758:
164:
plus transcutaneous carbon-dioxide measurement is a less invasive, alternative method of obtaining similar information.
2169:
1493:
744:
1217:
958:
1211:
2946:
1737:
1688:
precluding the pain and inconvenience of arterial blood sampling in most cases. When an indwelling arterial line
581:
1393:
1135:
2873:
2629:
425:
A change in of 10 mEq/L will result in a change in pH of approximately 0.15 pH units in the same direction.
2951:
2280:
149:
264:
Hb, MetHb, COHb, HHb, CNHb, SHb ), Hematocrit, Total bilirubin, Glucose, Lactate and Urea. (Cobas b 221 -
2565:
2527:
2213:
1304:
1265:
1253:
502:
or H indicates if a person is acidemic (pH < 7.35; H >45) or alkalemic (pH > 7.45; H < 35).
69:
2906:
1697:
1617:
551:
indicates abnormal oxygenation of blood and a person is known as having hypoxemia. (Note that a low PaO
2457:
1247:
2607:
1028:
1013:
619:
382:: pH-stat method and alpha-stat method. Recent studies suggest that the α-stat method is superior.
36:
1285:
2602:
2435:
1853:"Topical tetracaine prior to arterial puncture: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial"
1437:
1431:
1229:
1120:
1105:
528:
2082:
Kofstad J (1996). "Blood Gases and
Hypothermia: Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations".
2001:
Horn, Klaus; Gruber, Rudolf; Ugele, Bernhard; KĂŒster, Helmut; Rolinski, Boris (1 October 2001).
1111:
1019:
732:
2868:
2722:
2617:
2560:
2522:
1722:
1329:
1279:
638:
2260:
1273:
296:
because it is easily accessible, can be compressed to control bleeding, and has less risk for
2662:
2639:
2624:
2555:
2340:
1788:
1485:
1473:
1459:
1387:
1317:
1094:
966:
649:
277:
219:
2931:
2860:
2717:
2705:
2682:
2612:
2537:
2405:
1727:
1455:
1355:
1343:
1308:
1156:
630:
359:
235:
2058:
1602:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=6.1+\log _{10}\left({\frac {}{0.03\times Pa{\ce {CO2}}}}\right)}
8:
2698:
2693:
2590:
2430:
2299:
1410:
1349:
1323:
991:
780:
728:
572:
211:
153:
16:
A test of blood taken from an artery that measures the amounts of certain dissolved gases
378:
Two methods have been used in medicine in the management of blood gases of patients in
2494:
2415:
2126:
2002:
1976:
1952:
1925:
1187:
1162:
1037:
712:
297:
215:
1869:
1852:
867:
519:
2800:
2779:
2447:
2442:
2319:
2199:
2099:
2048:
2024:
1957:
1901:
1874:
1833:
1454:. In the context of arterial blood gases, the most common occurrence will be that of
1401:
1223:
763:
556:
367:
The machine used for analysis aspirates this blood from the syringe and measures the
265:
188:
133:
126:
114:
2352:
415:
above or below 40 mmHg results in 0.008 unit change in pH in the opposite direction.
2890:
2547:
2311:
2091:
2014:
1947:
1937:
1864:
1823:
1291:
1202:
472:
390:) at 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg) at the actual patient temperature. It is necessary to add CO
372:
2744:
2019:
1446:
The normal range for pH is 7.35â7.45. As the pH decreases (< 7.35), it implies
300:. The selection of which radial artery to draw from is based on the outcome of an
56:
2883:
2878:
2347:
1379:
1361:
1335:
1259:
1175:
955:
305:
301:
42:
2749:
157:
137:
2791:
2647:
2420:
2410:
1893:
1681:
1061:
985:
756:
642:
623:
612:
601:
309:
273:
161:
118:
102:
2095:
1942:
2925:
2834:
2813:
2727:
2652:
2585:
2323:
1628:
1373:
563:, a lack of oxygen in tissues or organs as opposed to arterial blood.) At a P
293:
192:
184:
106:
2173:
1828:
1811:
422:
will decrease by about 1 mmHg for every 1 mEq/L reduction in below 24 mEq/L
230:
2839:
2808:
2711:
2400:
2028:
1961:
1905:
1878:
1837:
1701:
1693:
1685:
979:
696:
475:, although various analysers and laboratories may employ different ranges.
281:
200:
171:
in the blood. Many blood-gas analyzers will also report concentrations of
2103:
2657:
2597:
2532:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2392:
1732:
1646:
1425:
1419:
1181:
1046:
970:
779:
The base excess is used for the assessment of the metabolic component of
771:
662:
634:
511:
379:
344:
336:
332:
320:
196:
180:
172:
168:
50:
2577:
2517:
2504:
2425:
2384:
2315:
1659:
is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood in mmHg
1238:
1198:
920:
692:
653:
176:
1085:
919:
This is the sum of oxygen dissolved in plasma and chemically bound to
145:
105:. An ABG test requires that a small volume of blood be drawn from the
2739:
2667:
2465:
1717:
1705:
1451:
340:
289:
204:
245:
Modern, blood gas analyzer. This device is capable of reporting pH,
2829:
2761:
2512:
1689:
1447:
939:Ă 1.34 Ă Hgb) where hemoglobin concentration is expressed in g/dL.
560:
28:
2769:
1300:
1150:
1001:
611:
production and elimination: for a constant metabolic rate, the Pa
467:
Reference ranges for blood tests § Acidâbase and blood gases
328:
316:
110:
1851:
Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Naftel SA, Lewis MJ, Rodger MA (2003).
444:â when pH > 7.4, it is a primary respiratory disorder. If pCO
218:
for analysis. Newer equipment lets the analysis be done also as
2774:
1126:
1076:
98:
1692:
is present, arterial blood is easy to obtain and still used.
515:
285:
141:
125:
or another site is used. The blood can also be drawn from an
122:
64:
241:
2297:
1708:
so the venous pO2 is always lower than in arterial blood.
836:
246:
2250:
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
1850:
1588:
1462:. As carbon dioxide concentrations continue to increase (
2172:. Apex (Altitude Physiology Expeditions). Archived from
1759:"Arterial Blood Gases - Indications and Interpretation"
499:
456:â when pH < 7.4, it is a primary metabolic disorder.
368:
222:, depending on the equipment available in each clinic.
1977:"How to take an Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) - OSCE Guide"
2382:
2047:. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2004.
2000:
1505:
260:, Na, K, Cl, Ca, Hemoglobin (total and derivatives: O
436:& pH are moving in opposite directions i.e., pCO
1450:, while if the pH increases (> 7.45) it implies
292:or a doctor. Blood is most commonly drawn from the
1601:
618:is determined entirely by its elimination through
460:
97:) measures the amounts of arterial gases, such as
637:) indicates underventilation (or, more rarely, a
2923:
1917:
755:the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a
2185:- Online interactive oxygen delivery calculator
2116:Stoelting: Basics of Anesthesia, 5th ed. p 321.
1968:
1900:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
790:) Ă (â 24.8 + (1.43 Ă Hgb + 7.7) Ă (pH â 7.4).
448:& pH are moving in same direction i.e., pCO
1776:
2368:
1756:
2151:
2149:
2147:
1696:is generally used otherwise, usually from a
214:originally were sent from the clinic to the
2281:"Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport Charles L"
2214:"RCPA Manual: Base Excess (arterial blood)"
1675:
142:arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide
2375:
2361:
2167:
1923:
1892:Hager, Heather H.; Burns, Bracken (2024),
1891:
394:to the oxygenator to accomplish this goal.
167:An ABG test can also measure the level of
2244:
2220:
2144:
2119:
2081:
2018:
1951:
1941:
1868:
1827:
1408:
1298:
1236:
1196:
1142:
1092:
1035:
964:
358:
240:
229:
225:
207:, and rules of thumb are commonly used.
199:and critical-care medicine to determine
2161:
1809:
600:The carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pa
555:is not required for the person to have
2924:
1974:
2356:
2127:"Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) In 4 Steps"
2077:
2075:
1930:International Journal of Nanomedicine
1782:
2341:Online arterial blood gas calculator
1800:- Online arterial blood gas analysis
351:normal (oxy- or deoxy-) hemoglobin.
2673:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1994:
923:as determined by the calculation: C
138:arterial partial pressure of oxygen
13:
2942:Diagnostic intensive care medicine
2072:
1924:Wiwanitkit, Viroj (January 2006).
739:as directly measured (see below).
14:
2963:
2334:
234:Bench top analyzer ABL800 FLEX -
1975:Potter, Lewis (7 January 2014).
1785:"Arterial Blood Gas Interpreter"
195:. ABG testing is mainly used in
27:
2291:
2273:
2253:
2206:
2198:. June 13, 2002. Archived from
2188:
2110:
1787:. prognosis.org. Archived from
1765:. Reviewed by Dr Adrian Bonsall
1738:Arteriovenous oxygen difference
1700:vein, such as a forearm vein.
582:carbon dioxide partial pressure
461:Parameters and reference ranges
354:
2035:
1885:
1844:
1803:
1750:
1560:
1540:
1494:HendersonâHasselbalch equation
819:This is the total amount of CO
1:
2937:Diagnostic emergency medicine
2630:Comprehensive metabolic panel
2084:Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl
1870:10.1016/S0954-6111(03)00226-9
1757:Dr Colin Tidy (26 Jan 2015).
1743:
1492:Under normal conditions, the
656:) hyper- or overventilation.
405:
2196:"Acid Base Balance (page 3)"
2170:"Altitude oxygen calculator"
2156:Normal Reference Range Table
1642:) at normal body temperature
695:problem is present (such as
571:of less than 60 mm Hg,
148:. In addition, the arterial
7:
2566:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2528:Total iron-binding capacity
2020:10.1093/clinchem/47.10.1845
1711:
440:â when pH is <7.4 or pCO
91:arterial blood gas analysis
10:
2968:
2907:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
2228:"ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)"
1618:acid dissociation constant
464:
452:âwhen pH is >7.4 or pCO
2899:
2859:
2852:
2822:
2799:
2790:
2760:
2681:
2638:
2576:
2546:
2503:
2456:
2391:
2096:10.3109/00365519609088622
1943:10.2147/nano.2006.1.2.223
996:
497:
132:An ABG test measures the
63:
49:
35:
26:
21:
1704:is sampled after tissue
1676:Arterial vs Venous Blood
1645:is the concentration of
868:millimolar concentration
854:, where α=0.226 mM/kPa,
691:ion indicates whether a
575:should be administered.
2436:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1829:10.1136/thx.2007.091223
1496:will give the blood pH
639:hypermetabolic disorder
607:) is an indicator of CO
529:oxygen partial pressure
411:A 1 mmHg change in PaCO
22:Arterial-blood gas test
2947:Respiratory physiology
2869:Elevated transaminases
2561:Thyroid function tests
2523:Transferrin saturation
2383:Clinical biochemistry
2168:Baillie K, Simpson A.
1723:Radial artery puncture
1603:
946:cellular respiration.
428:Assess relation of pCO
364:
276:is usually drawn by a
269:
238:
2663:Lactate dehydrogenase
2625:Basic metabolic panel
2556:ACTH stimulation test
1649:in the blood in mEq/L
1604:
1486:mechanical ventilator
1474:Respiratory alkalosis
1460:acid-base homeostasis
949:
870:(mM) (mmol/L) and PCO
776:â2 to +2 mmol/L
752:21 to 27 mmol/L
650:respiratory alkalosis
362:
278:respiratory therapist
244:
233:
226:Sampling and analysis
220:point-of-care testing
2683:Liver function tests
2538:Transferrin receptor
2232:Brookside Associates
1894:"Artery Cannulation"
1810:Baillie, JK (2008).
1728:Chemical equilibrium
1680:Since the advent of
1503:
1456:respiratory acidosis
1309:LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
874:is expressed in kPa
823:, and is the sum of
631:respiratory acidosis
308:(or less often, the
154:intensive-care units
117:, but sometimes the
2952:Respiratory therapy
2699:Serum total protein
2694:Human serum albumin
2285:www.meddean.luc.edu
1590:
1558:
961:
842:by the formula: tCO
816:100â132 mg/dL
781:acid-base disorders
729:metabolic alkalosis
573:supplemental oxygen
272:Arterial blood for
2471:Arterial blood gas
2346:2013-03-12 at the
2316:10.1111/resp.12225
2131:www.edulanche.com/
2007:Clinical Chemistry
1599:
1578:
1544:
1038:ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
954:
762:of 5.33 kPa, full
713:metabolic acidosis
471:These are typical
365:
339:, dyshemoglobins,
325:blood gas analyzer
298:vascular occlusion
274:blood-gas analysis
270:
239:
236:Radiometer Medical
216:medical laboratory
79:arterial blood gas
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2848:
2847:
2801:Blood sugar level
2780:Pancreatic lipase
2618:Total cholesterol
2448:Serum osmolal gap
2443:Plasma osmolality
2054:978-1-56238-545-3
2013:(10): 1845â1847.
1863:(11): 1195â1199.
1593:
1581:
1547:
1509:
1444:
1443:
943:
942:
814:23â30 mmol/L
764:oxygen saturation
676:22â26 mEq/L
544:75â100 mmHg
373:partial pressures
266:Roche Diagnostics
189:carboxyhemoglobin
150:oxygen saturation
144:(PaCO2), and the
134:blood gas tension
127:arterial catheter
75:
74:
2959:
2891:Hyperproteinemia
2857:
2856:
2797:
2796:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2328:
2327:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2057:. Archived from
2039:
2033:
2032:
2022:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1754:
1641:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1510:
1507:
1199:SERUM OSMOLARITY
1008:
999:
962:
953:
866:is expressed in
865:
864:
863:
860:
834:
833:
832:
829:
766:and 37 Celsius.
726:
725:
724:
721:
710:
709:
708:
705:
690:
689:
688:
685:
673:
671:
670:
667:
652:, alternatively
633:, alternatively
597:35â45 mmHg
595:4.7â6.0 kPa
478:
477:
473:reference ranges
280:and sometimes a
140:(PaO2), and the
59:
45:
31:
19:
18:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2895:
2884:Hypoalbuminemia
2879:Hypoproteinemia
2844:
2818:
2792:Small molecules
2786:
2756:
2677:
2634:
2572:
2542:
2499:
2489:
2452:
2387:
2381:
2348:Wayback Machine
2337:
2332:
2331:
2296:
2292:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2055:
2041:
2040:
2036:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1890:
1886:
1849:
1845:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1714:
1678:
1671:
1658:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1564:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1520:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1483:
1469:
1166:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1110:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1023:
1006:
1005:
1000:
997:
956:Pathophysiology
952:
938:
935:Ă 0.003) + (SaO
934:
930:
926:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
873:
861:
858:
857:
855:
853:
845:
840:
830:
827:
826:
824:
822:
815:
810:
806:
802:
760:
748:
736:
722:
719:
718:
716:
706:
703:
702:
700:
686:
683:
682:
680:
668:
665:
664:
661:
646:
627:
616:
610:
605:
596:
591:
587:
570:
566:
559:as in cases of
554:
550:
543:
538:
534:
487:Interpretation
469:
463:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:with pH: If pCO
431:
421:
414:
408:
393:
389:
357:
306:brachial artery
263:
259:
255:
250:
228:
55:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:Cardiac marker
2644:
2642:
2640:Cardiovascular
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:Hemoglobin A1c
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2421:Renal function
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2336:
2335:External links
2333:
2330:
2329:
2310:(2): 168â175.
2290:
2272:
2252:
2243:
2219:
2205:
2202:on 2002-06-13.
2187:
2160:
2143:
2118:
2109:
2071:
2053:
2034:
1993:
1967:
1936:(2): 223â224.
1916:
1884:
1843:
1802:
1775:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1682:pulse oximetry
1677:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1610:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1481:
1467:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1009:
995:
989:
983:
976:
975:
951:
948:
941:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
871:
851:
843:
838:
820:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
792:
777:
774:
768:
767:
758:
753:
750:
746:
741:
740:
734:
677:
674:
658:
657:
644:
625:
614:
608:
603:
598:
593:
589:
585:
577:
576:
568:
564:
552:
548:
545:
542:10â13 kPa
540:
536:
532:
524:
523:
508:
504:
503:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
482:
462:
459:
458:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
423:
419:
416:
412:
407:
404:
399:
398:
395:
391:
387:
356:
353:
310:femoral artery
261:
257:
253:
248:
227:
224:
162:pulse oximetry
158:levels of care
136:values of the
119:femoral artery
103:carbon dioxide
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
53:
47:
46:
39:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2964:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Hyperuricemia
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2814:Hyperglycemia
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:AST/ALT ratio
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:transaminases
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Troponin test
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Triglycerides
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:Blood glucose
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2262:
2261:"Blood Gases"
2256:
2247:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2176:on 2017-06-11
2175:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2061:on 2015-05-11
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1822:(3): 289â90.
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1791:on 2013-03-12
1790:
1786:
1779:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1665:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1630:
1629:carbonic acid
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1595:
1583:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1554:
1549:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1003:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
977:
974:
972:
968:
963:
960:
959:sample values
957:
947:
922:
918:
909:
878:
877:
869:
849:
841:
818:
813:
798:
795:
794:
791:
789:
782:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
761:
754:
751:
749:
743:
742:
738:
730:
714:
698:
694:
678:
675:
672:
660:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
617:
606:
599:
594:
583:
579:
578:
574:
562:
558:
546:
541:
530:
526:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:
505:
501:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
479:
476:
474:
468:
427:
424:
417:
410:
409:
403:
396:
385:
384:
383:
381:
376:
374:
370:
361:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:, to prevent
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:radial artery
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
251:
243:
237:
232:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:methemoglobin
190:
186:
185:oxyhemoglobin
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:radial artery
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2874:Elevated ALP
2840:Hypouricemia
2809:Hypoglycemia
2745:Unconjugated
2710:
2470:
2393:Electrolytes
2307:
2303:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2264:. Retrieved
2255:
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2208:
2200:the original
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2163:
2135:. Retrieved
2130:
2121:
2112:
2087:
2083:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:the original
2043:
2037:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1981:Geeky Medics
1980:
1970:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1909:, retrieved
1897:
1887:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:the original
1778:
1767:. Retrieved
1762:
1752:
1702:Venous blood
1694:Venous blood
1686:venous blood
1679:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1621:
1611:
1491:
1477:
1472:
1463:
1445:
1409:
1299:
1237:
1197:
1143:
1095:ALVEOLAR GAS
1093:
1036:
971:ELECTROLYTES
965:
944:
847:
796:
784:
697:ketoacidosis
470:
400:
377:
366:
355:Calculations
349:
345:electrolytes
324:
314:
302:Allen's test
282:phlebotomist
271:
209:
201:gas exchange
181:electrolytes
166:
131:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
76:
2932:Blood tests
2823:Nitrogenous
2658:CPK-MB test
2598:Lipid panel
2533:Transferrin
2481:Bicarbonate
2476:Base excess
2385:blood tests
2304:Respirology
2133:. EduLanche
1986:24 February
1857:Respir. Med
1783:Baillie K.
1733:Hemoximetry
1698:peripheral
1647:bicarbonate
1616:6.1 is the
916:/dL blood)
772:Base excess
641:), a low Pa
635:hypercapnia
622:. A high Pa
620:ventilation
380:hypothermia
337:hemoglobins
321:coagulation
197:pulmonology
169:bicarbonate
156:. In other
113:and a thin
51:MedlinePlus
2926:Categories
2750:Conjugated
2578:Metabolism
2518:Serum iron
2505:Iron tests
2426:Creatinine
2266:2023-04-18
2237:2017-01-02
2180:2006-08-10
2137:2016-05-13
2065:2015-04-27
1911:2024-06-28
1898:StatPearls
1795:2007-07-05
1769:2017-01-02
1744:References
1239:URINALYSIS
921:hemoglobin
883:Content (C
727:indicates
711:indicates
654:hypocapnia
495:7.34â7.44
465:See also:
406:Guidelines
179:, several
177:hemoglobin
146:blood's pH
2740:Bilirubin
2690:Proteins
2668:Myoglobin
2466:Anion gap
2458:Acid-base
2406:Potassium
2324:1323-7799
2090:: 21â26.
1718:Anion gap
1706:perfusion
1569:×
1555:−
1531:
1452:alkalosis
1438:CSF/S glu
1432:CSF/S alb
715:, a high
699:). A low
693:metabolic
580:Arterial
547:A low PaO
527:Arterial
341:bilirubin
290:paramedic
205:nomograms
2853:Proteins
2830:Azotemia
2762:Pancreas
2548:Hormones
2513:Ferritin
2411:Chloride
2344:Archived
2029:11568098
1962:17722540
1906:29489243
1879:14635973
1838:18308967
1712:See also
1690:catheter
1448:acidosis
1184:= â0.36
733:total CO
561:Ischemia
481:Analyte
418:The PaCO
371:and the
2770:Amylase
2495:Lactate
2490:content
2416:Calcium
2104:8865418
1953:2426785
1763:Patient
1612:where:
1426:CSF glu
1420:CSF alb
1374:AST/ALT
1301:PROTEIN
1282:= 1.01
1268:= 0.95
1214:= 300
1088:= 7.40
910:94-100%
557:hypoxia
510:35â45 n
333:lactate
329:glucose
317:heparin
212:samples
173:lactate
121:in the
111:syringe
109:with a
70:24336-0
43:D001784
2775:Lipase
2401:Sodium
2322:
2102:
2051:
2027:
1960:
1950:
1904:
1877:
1836:
1816:Thorax
1440:= 0.6
1434:= 7.5
1396:= 1.0
1390:= 3.0
1388:AF alb
1382:= 0.2
1376:= 0.6
1364:= 0.5
1352:= 4.0
1338:= 0.7
1326:= 7.6
1320:= 100
1294:= 800
1256:= 100
1230:BUN:Cr
1220:= 295
1159:= 2.0
1153:= 9.5
1144:OTHER:
1132:= 105
1031:= 1.0
988:= 100
982:= 140
931:= (PaO
737:levels
484:Range
304:. The
256:, SatO
191:, and
115:needle
99:oxygen
57:003855
2900:Other
1627:) of
1428:= 60
1422:= 30
1404:= 60
1358:= 40
1346:= 71
1332:= 25
1288:= 60
1276:= 25
1250:= 80
1232:= 20
1203:RENAL
1190:= 16
1178:= 55
1138:= 10
1136:A-a g
1117:= 36
1082:= 95
1067:= 40
1052:= 24
1025:= 22
1004:= 150
994:= 20
912:(mL O
846:= +
797:total
343:and
286:nurse
123:groin
89:, or
65:LOINC
2431:Urea
2320:ISSN
2100:PMID
2049:ISBN
2025:PMID
1988:2023
1958:PMID
1902:PMID
1875:PMID
1834:PMID
1566:0.03
1394:SAAG
1336:TBIL
1266:FENa
1262:= 5
1226:= 5
1168:= 1
1016:= 4
850:ĂPCO
835:and
803:(tCO
679:The
498:The
288:, a
284:, a
252:, pO
210:ABG
101:and
95:ABGA
87:test
37:MeSH
2861:LFT
2735:GGT
2723:AST
2718:ALT
2706:ALP
2608:HDL
2603:LDL
2312:doi
2092:doi
2088:224
2015:doi
1948:PMC
1938:doi
1865:doi
1824:doi
1546:HCO
1522:log
1515:6.1
1411:CSF
1402:SOG
1356:ALT
1350:Alb
1344:ALP
1330:AST
1318:LDH
1286:UCr
1280:USG
1260:UAG
1254:UCl
1248:UNa
1224:POG
1218:PCO
1212:PMO
1047:HCO
1029:PCr
1002:Glu
992:BUN
967:BMP
899:, C
891:, C
856:HCO
837:PCO
825:HCO
807:(P)
788:Hgb
745:SBC
717:HCO
701:HCO
681:HCO
663:HCO
512:mol
492:pH
247:pCO
83:ABG
77:An
2928::
2486:CO
2318:.
2308:19
2306:.
2302:.
2283:.
2230:.
2146:^
2129:.
2098:.
2086:.
2074:^
2023:.
2011:47
2009:.
2005:.
1979:.
1956:.
1946:.
1932:.
1928:.
1896:,
1873:.
1861:97
1859:.
1855:.
1832:.
1820:63
1818:.
1814:.
1761:.
1668:CO
1655:CO
1653:Pa
1637:CO
1620:(p
1580:CO
1526:10
1508:pH
1480:CO
1478:Pa
1466:CO
1464:Pa
1380:BU
1362:BC
1324:TP
1305:GI
1292:UO
1274:UK
1188:AG
1182:BE
1176:CK
1163:PO
1157:Mg
1151:Ca
1112:CO
1086:pH
1062:CO
1020:CO
986:Cl
980:Na
950:pH
907:)
811:)
799:CO
757:CO
643:CO
624:CO
613:CO
602:CO
592:)
588:CO
584:(P
539:)
531:(P
522:)
518:(n
507:H
500:pH
369:pH
347:.
335:,
331:,
268:).
187:,
183:,
175:,
160:,
129:.
85:)
2488:2
2376:e
2369:t
2362:v
2326:.
2314::
2287:.
2269:.
2240:.
2216:.
2183:.
2140:.
2106:.
2094::
2068:.
2031:.
2017::
1990:.
1964:.
1940::
1934:1
1881:.
1867::
1840:.
1826::
1798:.
1772:.
1670:2
1657:2
1639:3
1635:2
1633:H
1631:(
1625:a
1622:K
1596:)
1584:2
1575:a
1572:P
1561:]
1550:3
1541:[
1535:(
1518:+
1512:=
1482:2
1476:(
1468:2
1413::
1311::
1307:/
1303:/
1241::
1205::
1201:/
1165:4
1129:2
1127:O
1124:A
1121:p
1114:2
1109:A
1106:p
1097::
1079:2
1077:O
1074:a
1071:p
1064:2
1059:a
1056:p
1049:3
1040::
1022:2
1014:K
1007:\
998:/
973::
969:/
937:2
933:2
929:2
927:O
925:a
914:2
905:2
903:O
901:c
897:2
895:O
893:v
889:2
887:O
885:a
881:2
879:O
872:2
862:3
859:â
852:2
848:α
844:2
839:2
831:3
828:â
821:2
809:c
805:2
801:2
759:2
747:e
735:2
723:3
720:â
707:3
704:â
687:3
684:â
669:3
666:â
648:(
645:2
629:(
626:2
615:2
609:2
604:2
590:2
586:a
569:2
567:O
565:a
553:2
549:2
537:2
535:O
533:a
520:M
516:L
514:/
454:2
450:2
446:2
442:2
438:2
434:2
430:2
420:2
413:2
392:2
388:2
262:2
258:2
254:2
249:2
93:(
81:(
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