Seizure - Knowledge

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within the five years following a single unprovoked seizure is about 50%; the risk rises to about 80% after two unprovoked seizures. In the United States in 2011, seizures resulted in an estimated 1.6 million emergency department visits; approximately 400,000 of these visits were for new-onset seizures. The exact incidence of epileptic seizures in low-income and middle-income countries is unknown, however it probably exceeds that in high-income countries. This may be due to increased risks of traffic accidents, birth injuries, and

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subsequent seizure in the next year is less than 20% regardless of treatment. Up to 7% of seizures that present to the emergency department (ER) are in status epilepticus. In those with a status epilepticus, mortality is between 10% and 40%. Those who have a seizure that is provoked (occurring close in time to an acute brain event or toxic exposure) have a low risk of re-occurrence, but have a higher risk of death compared to those with epilepsy.

1080: 1060: 53: 7104: 1071:(drowsy or confused) following a seizure. They may show signs of other injuries. A bite mark on the side of the tongue helps confirm a seizure when present, but only a third of people who have had a seizure have such a bite. When present in people thought to have had a seizure, this physical sign tentatively increases the likelihood that a seizure was the cause. 1280:

Ongoing anti-epileptic medications are not typically recommended after a first seizure except in those with structural lesions in the brain. They are generally recommended after a second one has occurred. Approximately 70% of people can obtain full control with continuous use of medication. Typically

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neurons, an effect known as disinhibition. Disinhibition may result from inhibitory neuron loss, dysregulation of axonal sprouting from the inhibitory neurons in regions of neuronal damage, or abnormal GABAergic signaling within the inhibitory neuron. Neuronal hyper-excitability results in a specific

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Up to 10% of people have had at least one epileptic seizure in their lifetime. Provoked seizures occur in about 3.5 per 10,000 people a year while unprovoked seizures occur in about 4.2 per 10,000 people a year. After one seizure, the chance of experiencing a second one is about 40%. Epilepsy affects

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is recommended after a first non-febrile seizure to detect structural problems inside the brain. MRI is generally a better imaging test except when intracranial bleeding is suspected. Imaging may be done at a later point in time in those who return to their normal selves while in the emergency room.

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Approximately 8–10% of people will experience an epileptic seizure during their lifetime. In adults, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a new-onset seizure is 35%; the risk rises to 75% in persons who have had a second seizure. In children, the risk of seizure recurrence

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Treatments of a person that is actively seizing follows a progression from initial response, through first line, second line, and third line treatments. The initial response involves ensuring the person is protected from potential harms (such as nearby objects) and managing their airway, breathing,

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Seizure activity may be propagated through the brain's endogenous electrical fields. Proposed mechanisms that may cause the spread and recruitment of neurons include an increase in K from outside the cell, and increase of Ca in the presynaptic terminals. These mechanisms blunt hyperpolarization and

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may also be a causal mechanism. While blood-brain barrier disruption alone does appear to cause epileptogenesis, it has been correlated to increased seizure activity. Furthermore, it has been implicated in chronic epileptic conditions through experiments inducing barrier permeability with chemical

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is only recommended in those who likely had an epileptic seizure and may help determine the type of seizure or syndrome present. In children it is typically only needed after a second seizure. It cannot be used to rule out the diagnosis and may be falsely positive in those without the disease. In

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Seizures result in direct economic costs of about one billion dollars in the United States. Epilepsy results in economic costs in Europe of around €15.5 billion in 2004. In India, epilepsy is estimated to result in costs of US$ 1.7 billion or 0.5% of the GDP. They make up about 1% of

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Following a first seizure, the risk of more seizures in the next two years is around 40%. The greatest predictors of more seizures are problems either on the electroencephalogram or on imaging of the brain. In adults, after 6 months of being seizure-free after a first seizure, the risk of a

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Tonic-clonic seizures present with a contraction of the limbs followed by their extension, along with arching of the back for 10–30 seconds. A cry may be heard due to contraction of the chest muscles. The limbs then begin to shake in unison. After the shaking has stopped it may take

1369:". The perception of epilepsy, however, began to change in the time of Ancient Greek medicine. The term "epilepsy" itself is a Greek word, which is derived from the verb "epilambanein", meaning "to seize, possess, or afflict". Although the Ancient Greeks referred to epilepsy as the " 907:

or inhibitory neurons not functioning properly. Forty-one ion-channel genes and over 1,600 ion-channel mutations have been implicated in the development of epileptic seizure. These ion channel mutations tend to confer a depolarized resting state to neurons resulting in pathological

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area from which seizures may develop, known as a "seizure focus". Following an injury to the brain, another mechanism of epilepsy may be the up regulation of excitatory circuits or down regulation of inhibitory circuits. These secondary epilepsies occur through processes known as

763:, and is a risk factor for developing epilepsy. Severity, duration, and time at which stress occurs during development all contribute to frequency and susceptibility to developing epilepsy. It is one of the most frequently self-reported triggers in patients with epilepsy. 1130:. Serum prolactin level is less useful for detecting partial seizures. If it is normal an epileptic seizure is still possible and a serum prolactin does not separate epileptic seizures from syncope. It is not recommended as a routine part of diagnosis epilepsy. 1205:

and anticonvulsants) have been found effective for reducing reoccurrence, however due to the frequency of adverse effects and the benign nature of febrile seizures the decision to use medication should be weighted carefully against potential negative effects.

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one type of anticonvulsant is preferred. Following a first seizure, while immediate treatment with an anti-seizure drug lowers the probability of seizure recurrence up to five years it does not change the risk of death and there are potential side effects.

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Early surgical treatment of epilepsy was primitive in Ancient Greek, Roman and Egyptian medicine. The 19th century saw the rise of targeted surgery for the treatment of epileptic seizures, beginning in 1886 with localized resections performed by Sir

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Normally, brain electrical activity is non-synchronous. In epileptic seizures, due to problems within the brain, a group of neurons begin firing in an abnormal, excessive, and synchronized manner. This results in a wave of depolarization known as a

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Potentially sharp or dangerous objects should be moved from the area around a person experiencing a seizure so that the individual is not hurt. After the seizure, if the person is not fully conscious and alert, they should be placed in the

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Seizures may be divided into provoked and unprovoked. Provoked seizures may also be known as "acute symptomatic seizures" or "reactive seizures". Unprovoked seizures may also be known as "reflex seizures". Depending on the presumed cause

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Absence seizures can be subtle, with only a slight turn of the head or eye blinking. The person often does not fall over and may return to normal right after the seizure ends, though there may also be a period of post-ictal

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compounds. Disruption may lead to fluid leaking out of the blood vessels into the area between cells and driving epileptic seizures. Preliminary findings of blood proteins in the brain after a seizure support this theory.

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hyper-excitability. This long-lasting depolarization in individual neurons is due to an influx of Ca from outside of the cell and leads to extended opening of Na channels and repetitive action potentials. The following

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and those that occur around an acute infection, stroke, or toxicity. These seizures are known as "acute symptomatic" or "provoked" seizures and are part of the seizure-related disorders. In many the cause is unknown.

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describes a brain disorder in which there has been at least one unprovoked seizure and where there is a high risk of additional seizures in the future. Conditions that look like epileptic seizures but are not include

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electric fields can be solely responsible for spike propagation at ... This phenomenon could be important to explain the slow propagation of epileptic activity and other normal propagations at similar

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fires it becomes more resistant to firing for a period of time. This is due in part from the effect of inhibitory neurons, electrical changes within the excitatory neuron, and the negative effects of

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Shukla G, Bhatia M, Vivekanandhan S, Gupta N, Tripathi M, Srivastava A, et al. (August 2004). "Serum prolactin levels for differentiation of nonepileptic versus true seizures: limited utility".

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There are six main types of generalized seizures: tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic, absence, and atonic seizures. They all involve a loss of consciousness and typically happen without warning.

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The classification of seizures can also be made according to dynamical criteria, observable in electrophysiological measurements. It is a classification according to their type of onset and offset.

1242:. Because of a common misconception that a person experiencing a seizure can "swallow their own tongue", bystanders might attempt to force objects into the mouth; this deed may cause choking. 4680:

Marx, J. A., Hockberger, R. S., Walls, R. M., Adams, J., & Rosen, P. (Eds.). (2013). Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice (8th ed). Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier.

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Scientific work into the prediction of epileptic seizures began in the 1970s. Several techniques and methods have been proposed, but evidence regarding their usefulness is still lacking.

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Second-line therapy for adults is phenytoin or fosphenytoin and phenobarbital for children. Third-line medications include phenytoin for children and phenobarbital for adults.

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infection but is not routinely needed. Routine antiseizure medical levels in the blood are not required in adults or children. In children additional tests may be required.

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is known to be a region that is highly sensitive to stress and prone to seizures. This is where mediators of stress interact with their target receptors to produce effects.

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Nakken KO, Solaas MH, Kjeldsen MJ, Friis ML, Pellock JM, Corey LA (February 2005). "Which seizure-precipitating factors do patients with epilepsy most frequently report?".

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Seizure prediction is a special case of seizure detection in which the developed systems is able to issue a warning before the clinical onset of the epileptic seizure.

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Neligan, Aidan; Adan, Guleed; Nevitt, Sarah J; Pullen, Angie; Sander, Josemir W; Bonnett, Laura; Marson, Anthony G (23 January 2023). Cochrane Epilepsy Group (ed.).

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Pregnancy and labor and childbirth, and the post-partum, or post-natal period (after birth) can be at-risk times, especially if there are certain complications like

6184: 4045:"Use of serum prolactin in diagnosing epileptic seizures: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" 2787: 1746: 1250:, to prevent them from choking. If they are unable to breathe because something is blocking their airway, they may require treatments to open their airway. 5020:"Risk of recurrence after a first seizure and implications for driving: further analysis of the Multicentre study of early Epilepsy and Single Seizures" 1365:

Epileptic seizures were first described in an Akkadian text from 2000 B.C. Early reports of epilepsy often saw seizures and convulsions as the work of "

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while generalized seizures begin in both hemispheres. Some types of seizures may change brain structure, while others appear to have little effect.

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The most frequent cause of seizures in children is febrile seizures, which happen in 2–5% of children between the ages of six months and five years.

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is a very common cause. Other causes are CNS tumors, head trauma, and other degenerative diseases that are common in the older age group, such as

5748: 3586:"A unified physiological framework of transitions between seizures, sustained ictal activity and depolarization block at the single neuron level" 1389:, which involved use of electrical stimulation among conscious patients to more accurately identify and resect the epileptic areas in the brain. 6375: 2628: 1433:

Gene therapy for epilepsy consists of employing vectors to deliver pieces of genetic material to areas of the brain involved in seizure onset.

1266:. Diazepam and midazolam are alternatives. This may be repeated if there is no effect after 10 minutes. If there is no effect after two doses, 456:

Atonic seizures involve the loss of muscle activity for greater than one second. This typically occurs bilaterally (on both sides of the body).

307:. Unprovoked seizures occur without a known or fixable cause such that ongoing seizures are likely. Unprovoked seizures may be exacerbated by 3014: 6177: 920:, depending on the type of cell. Equally important in epileptic neuronal hyper-excitability is the reduction in the activity of inhibitory 4912:"Narrative review of the safety and efficacy of marijuana for the treatment of commonly state-approved medical and psychiatric disorders" 2246: 2033: 1238:. A seizure longer than five minutes, or two or more seizures occurring within the time of five minutes is a medical emergency known as 1104:

If a person has a previous diagnosis of epilepsy with previous imaging repeat imaging is not usually needed with subsequent seizures.

7003: 6116: 6033: 469:. Most tonic-clonic seizures last less than two or three minutes. Absence seizures are usually around 10 seconds in duration. 6993: 6170: 3129: 485:

returns. This period usually lasts 3 to 15 minutes, but may last for hours. Other symptoms during this period include tiredness,

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A clinical guide to epileptic syndromes and their treatment based on the ILAE classifications and practice parameter guidelines

1385:, a neurosurgeon in London. Another advancement was that of the development by the Montreal procedure by Canadian neurosurgeon 1919: 6998: 6630: 4557: 3683: 3515: 3162: 2822: 2441: 2414: 2382: 2307: 2205: 2171: 903:. In epilepsy the resistance of excitatory neurons to fire during this period is decreased. This may occur due to changes in 585: 4329:

Chang, Richard S.; Leung, William Cy; Vassallo, Michael; Sykes, Lucy; Battersby Wood, Emma; Kwan, Joseph (7 February 2022).

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Computational neuroscience has been able to bring a new point of view on the seizures by considering the dynamical aspects.

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In adolescence and young adulthood, non-compliance with the medication regimen and sleep deprivation are potential triggers.

388:. When EEG monitoring shows evidence of a seizure, but no symptoms are present, it is referred to as a subclinical seizure. 6836: 6824: 6286: 5947: 1327:, can predict seizures. Evidence for this, however, is poor. At present there is not enough evidence to support the use of 5294:

Magiorkinis E, Sidiropoulou K, Diamantis A (January 2010). "Hallmarks in the history of epilepsy: epilepsy in antiquity".

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and include simple activities like smacking of the lips or more complex activities such as attempts to pick something up.

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prior to developing into tonic-clonic seizures. The remaining 40% of seizures are non-convulsive, an example of which is

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Lowenstein DH. Seizures and Epilepsy. In: Jameson J, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J. eds. (2018)

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Ali R, Connolly ID, Feroze AH, Awad AJ, Choudhri OA, Grant GA (June 2016). "Epilepsy: A Disruptive Force in History".

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There is no clear evidence that antiepileptic drugs are effective or not effective at preventing seizures following a

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Peeters SY, Hoek AE, Mollink SM, Huff JS (April 2014). "Syncope: risk stratification and clinical decision making".

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The signs and symptoms of seizures vary depending on the type. The most common and stereotypical type of seizure is

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The Epilepsies: The diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care

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The Epilepsies: The diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care

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The Epilepsies: The diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care

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for the management of seizures, although this is an ongoing area of research. There is low quality evidence that a

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level within the first 20 minutes following a seizure may be useful to confirm an epileptic seizure as opposed to

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Many areas of the world require a minimum of six months from the last seizure before people can drive a vehicle.

527: 4692:"Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure" 1335:

may help in those who have epilepsy and is reasonable in those who do not improve following typical treatments.

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There is a lack of evidence for preventive anti-epileptic medications in the management of seizures related to

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Tonic seizures produce constant contractions of the muscles. The person may turn blue if breathing is impaired.

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van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Gorter JA (February 2015). "Blood-brain barrier dysfunction, seizures and epilepsy".

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Bhalla D, Godet B, Druet-Cabanac M, Preux PM (June 2011). "Etiologies of epilepsy: a comprehensive review".

1048:. Current practice no longer recommends this, and instead prefers to describe what occurs during a seizure. 770:

release that mediates its effects in the brain. These hormones act on both excitatory and inhibitory neural

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In seizures related to toxins, up to two doses of benzodiazepines should be used. If this is not effective

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During adulthood, the likely causes are alcohol related, strokes, trauma, CNS infections, and brain tumors.

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Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology (10th ed., p. Chapter 16. Epilepsy and Other Seizure Disorders)

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Haut SR, Hall CB, Masur J, Lipton RB (November 2007). "Seizure occurrence: precipitants and prediction".

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Jerking activity may start in a specific muscle group and spread to surrounding muscle groups—known as a

3180:"Ion Channel Genes and Epilepsy: Functional Alteration, Pathogenic Potential, and Mechanism of Epilepsy" 7094: 7028: 6578: 6250: 5977: 627: 4223:

Greenhalgh, Janette; Weston, Jennifer; Dundar, Yenal; Nevitt, Sarah; Marson, Anthony (28 April 2020).

737:. In Nigeria this is one of the most common causes of seizures among children under five years of age. 351:(EEG) or brain imaging. Typically it is safe to complete the work-up following a single seizure as an 6978: 6946: 6920: 6898: 6747: 6326: 6128: 4822: 4623:"First line management of prolonged convulsive seizures in children and adults: good practice points" 3125: 2580:

Martindale JL, Goldstein JN, Pallin DJ (February 2011). "Emergency department seizure epidemiology".

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Graves RC, Oehler K, Tingle LE (January 2012). "Febrile seizures: risks, evaluation, and prognosis".

1423: 1009:) within the brain. Generalized seizures are divided according to the effect on the body and include 858: 205: 3624: 3510:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 483. 806:

may also be a cause. Typically this requires a temperature greater than 42 °C (107.6 °F).

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Myoclonic seizures involve spasms of muscles in either a few areas or generalized through the body.

355:. In many, with what appears to be a first seizure, other minor seizures have previously occurred. 24: 1377:, who proposed that the source of epilepsy was from natural causes rather than supernatural ones. 1373:", this perception of epilepsy as a "spiritual" disease was challenged by Hippocrates in his work 730:, is the cause of up to half of epilepsy cases in areas of the world where the parasite is common. 7050: 6983: 6739: 6557: 6409: 6399: 6243: 5889: 5854: 5155:

Gavvala JR, Schuele SU (December 2016). "New-Onset Seizure in Adults and Adolescents: A Review".

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and circulation. Airway management should include placing the person on their side, known as the

1045: 930: 875: 818: 630:(AVM) is a treatable medical condition that can cause seizures, headaches, and brain hemorrhages. 557: 411: 344: 300: 272:). These episodes usually last less than two minutes and it takes some time to return to normal. 95: 6162: 849:, a rare type of stroke, is more likely to be accompanied by seizures than other types of stroke 279:

Seizures may be provoked and unprovoked. Provoked seizures are due to a temporary event such as

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Martin-McGill, Kirsty J.; Bresnahan, Rebecca; Levy, Robert G.; Cooper, Paul N. (24 June 2020).

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A seizure can last from a few seconds to more than five minutes, at which point it is known as

264:), to shaking movements involving only part of the body with variable levels of consciousness ( 188: 181: 148: 5700: 5612: 3884: 3585: 3505: 3152: 2501:

Thurman DJ, Beghi E, Begley CE, Berg AT, Buchhalter JR, Ding D, et al. (September 2011).

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Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. (April 2014).

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emergency department visits (2% for emergency departments for children) in the United States.

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Doherty MJ, Haltiner AM (January 2007). "Wag the dog: skepticism on seizure alert canines".

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Hughes JR (August 2009). "Absence seizures: a review of recent reports with new concepts".

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is a treatable medical condition that can cause seizures, headaches, and brain hemorrhages.

511:. A number of conditions are associated with seizures but are not epilepsy including: most 477:

After the active portion of a seizure, there is typically a period of confusion called the

348: 308: 273: 261: 256:. Outward effects vary from uncontrolled shaking movements involving much of the body with 61: 4084:

Passman R, Horvath G, Thomas J, Kruse J, Shah A, Goldberger J, Kadish A (September 2003).

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The 2017 ILAE classification of seizure types and the epilepsies (click to read full text)

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De Waele L, Boon P, Ceulemans B, Dan B, Jansen A, Legros B, et al. (December 2013).

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Saggio ML, Crisp D, Scott JM, Karoly P, Kuhlmann L, Nakatani M, et al. (July 2020).

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A number of measures have been attempted to prevent seizures in those at risk. Following

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Al-Mufti F, Claassen J (October 2014). "Neurocritical care: status epilepticus review".

3067:"Case report: A relevant misdiagnosis: Photosensitive epilepsy mimicking a blinking tic" 1319:

Helmets may be used to provide protection to the head during a seizure. Some claim that

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certain situations it may be useful to prefer the EEG while sleeping or sleep deprived.

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can trigger epileptic seizures if it is severe enough. A number of disorders including:

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Ba-Diop A, Marin B, Druet-Cabanac M, Ngoungou EB, Newton CR, Preux PM (October 2014).

4086:"Clinical spectrum and prevalence of neurologic events provoked by tilt table testing" 861:(ECT) deliberately sets out to induce a seizure for the treatment of major depression. 414:, a person may appear confused or dazed and cannot respond to questions or direction. 403:. These may include sensory (including visual, auditory, etc.), cognitive, autonomic, 7124: 6729: 6695: 6667: 6658: 6590: 6566: 6433: 6281: 6085: 5914: 5757: 5671: 5538: 5486: 5463:

Walker MC, Schorge S, Kullmann DM, Wykes RC, Heeroma JH, Mantoan L (September 2013).

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Depannemaecker D, Ivanov A, Lillo D, Spek L, Bernard C, Jirsa V (17 February 2021).

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Wilden JA, Cohen-Gadol AA (August 2012). "Evaluation of first nonfebrile seizures".

1675: 423:. Unusual activities that are not consciously created may occur. These are known as 6852: 6723: 6718: 6503: 6498: 6150: 6139: 5982: 5894: 5795: 5528: 5476: 5426: 5388: 5353: 5303: 5263: 5255: 5203: 5164: 5122: 5114: 5072: 5039: 5031: 4990: 4978: 4974: 4933: 4923: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4827: 4753: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4642: 4634: 4593: 4545: 4514: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4420: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4358: 4346: 4342: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4252: 4240: 4236: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4097: 4056: 4029: 4009: 3972: 3964: 3914: 3842: 3766: 3722: 3712: 3589: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3426: 3376: 3335: 3327: 3283: 3275: 3199: 3191: 3088: 3078: 2986: 2945: 2937: 2890: 2847: 2749: 2698: 2686: 2651: 2589: 2536: 2514: 2470: 2357: 2337: 2109: 2062: 1927: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1830: 1653: 1308: 1198: 1171: 1030: 694: 581: 523: 512: 419: 288: 136: 3934: 3847: 3830: 3771: 3754: 689:. Difficulties with withdrawal seizures commonly occur after prolonged alcohol or 100:

Falling, drowning, car accidents, pregnancy complications, emotional health issues

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Meador KJ, Loring DW, Flanigin HF (January 1989). "History of epilepsy surgery".

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In severe cases, brain surgery can be a treatment option for epilepsy. See also

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Neligan A, Hauser WA, Sander JW (2012). "The epidemiology of the epilepsies".

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Trinka E, Höfler J, Zerbs A (September 2012). "Causes of status epilepticus".

507:

Seizures have a number of causes. Of those who have a seizure, about 25% have

7118: 6857: 6809: 6679: 6448: 6404: 6255: 5873: 5864: 5775: 5561: 5400: 4986: 4354: 4248: 3083: 2710: 2475: 2458: 2377:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 34. 1142:

can be difficult. Other possible conditions that can mimic a seizure include

1108: 723: 706: 659: 547: 396: 381: 380:(60%), typically called a tonic-clonic seizure. Two-thirds of these begin as 371: 265: 201: 5631: 5168: 3968: 3316:"Mechanisms of epileptogenesis: a convergence on neural circuit dysfunction" 2456: 1174:. Convulsions may occur due to psychological reasons and this is known as a 949:

depolarizes nearby neurons, as well as increasing neurotransmitter release.

6353: 6223: 6206: 5542: 5533: 5516: 5490: 5438: 5365: 5315: 5277: 5217: 5176: 5094: 5053: 5004: 4947: 4896: 4839: 4765: 4725: 4656: 4647: 4607: 4598: 4581: 4526: 4491: 4434: 4372: 4315: 4266: 4209: 4160: 4111: 4070: 4021: 3986: 3926: 3856: 3815: 3780: 3736: 3652:"Current Guidelines For Management of Seizures in the Emergency Department" 3566: 3487: 3438: 3390: 3349: 3297: 3213: 3102: 3000: 2959: 2902: 2859: 2761: 2718: 2663: 2601: 2563: 2528: 2484: 2349: 2123: 2114: 2097: 2074: 1902: 1842: 1725: 1667: 1366: 1225:, for both people who have had a previous seizure, and those who have not. 1194:

anticonvulsants decrease the risk of early seizures but not late seizures.

1063:

An individual who has bitten the tip of their tongue while having a seizure

1010: 998: 975: 845:

strokes generally do not (though epilepsy is a common later complication);

803: 802:

when accompanied by either seizures or a decreased level of consciousness.

744: 642: 156: 19:

This article is about epileptic seizures. For other types of seizures, see

5208: 5192:"Incidence, prevalence and aetiology of seizures and epilepsy in children" 5191: 5136: 5118: 16:

Period of symptoms due to excessive or synchronous neuronal brain activity

6312: 6273: 6215: 5695: 1562: 1324: 1267: 1202: 967: 904: 779: 573: 424: 160: 5726: 5595: 4473: 4415: 3717: 3454:"Blood-brain barrier, bulk flow, and interstitial clearance in epilepsy" 2817:. Neurological Disorders. Vol. 11th edition. Pearson. p. 550. 645:, the frequency of epilepsy depends on the location of the tumor in the 6423: 6293: 5244:"Epidemiology, causes, and treatment of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa" 1869:"Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure" 1285: 1210: 990:

is recommended in the work-up of seizures not associated with a fever.

748: 377: 352: 304: 5481: 5464: 5035: 3883:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (January 2012).

3178:

Wei F, Yan LM, Su T, He N, Lin ZJ, Wang J, et al. (August 2017).

2753: 2234:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (January 2012).

2164:

Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine

2021:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (January 2012).

1834: 1658: 1641: 1111:

and calcium levels is important to rule these out as causes, as is an

343:. A first seizure generally does not require long-term treatment with 6533: 6484: 6472: 6455: 6387: 5706: 5018:

Bonnett LJ, Tudur-Smith C, Williamson PR, Marson AG (December 2010).

4125:

Greenhalgh J, Weston J, Dundar Y, Nevitt SJ, Marson AG (April 2020).

1289: 1263: 1123: 1018: 921: 900: 799: 740: 697:. In people who are at risk of developing epileptic seizures, common 686: 617: 605: 540:

During childhood, well-defined epilepsy syndromes are generally seen.

490: 478: 404: 74: 3331: 2096:

Sokol DK, Markand ON, Daly EC, Luerssen TG, Malkoff MD (July 2000).

1079: 878:, exposure to flashing lights or rapid blinking may cause a seizure. 339:. Any seizure lasting longer than five minutes should be treated as 7008:

Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)

6713: 6705: 6671: 6525: 6428: 5761: 2784:"Management of Convulsion in Children, a Health concern in Nigeria" 2457:

Stasiukyniene V, Pilvinis V, Reingardiene D, Janauskaite L (2009).

1642:"ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy" 1271: 1155: 1138:

Differentiating an epileptic seizure from other conditions such as

987: 760: 690: 561: 508: 486: 321: 316: 5071:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 107. pp. 113–33. 5017: 3905:

Luef G (October 2010). "Hormonal alterations following seizures".

3752: 3065:

Burlo, F.; Barbi, E.; Carrozzi, M.; Zanus, C. (16 November 2022).

2503:"Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy" 6192: 5417:

Litt B, Echauz J (May 2002). "Prediction of epileptic seizures".

5241: 4744:

Sharma AN, Hoffman RJ (February 2011). "Toxin-related seizures".

3503: 1354: 1151: 1096: 1001:

are organized by whether the source of the seizure is localized (

983: 942: 842: 771: 767: 734: 679: 675: 634: 245: 5293: 4960: 4690:

Leone MA, Giussani G, Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Beghi E (May 2021).

4225:"Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures" 4127:"Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures" 3753:

Depannemaecker D, Destexhe A, Jirsa V, Bernard C (August 2021).

6752: 6493: 6460: 5626: 5607: 5580: 5515:

Mormann F, Andrzejak RG, Elger CE, Lehnertz K (February 2007).

4176:"Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children" 3533:"Can Neural Activity Propagate by Endogenous Electrical Field?" 2776: 2098:"Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) distinguishes seizure types" 1639: 1218: 1059: 1022: 838: 775: 638: 597: 519:

Different causes of seizures are common in certain age groups.

329: 164: 4279: 3999: 2642:

Hildebrand J (July 2004). "Management of epileptic seizures".

2236:"Chapter 9: Classification of seizures and epilepsy syndromes" 1258:

The first line medication for an actively seizing person is a

1083:

An EEG can aid in locating the focus of the epileptic seizure.

52: 5514: 3583: 2739: 292: 253: 218:: Place person on their side, remove nearby dangerous objects 140: 4222: 4124: 2436:. Shelton, Conn.: People's Medical Pub. House. p. 443. 1920:"Epilepsy: what are the chances of having a second seizure?" 4909: 4280:

Ratilal BO, Pappamikail L, Costa J, Sampaio C (June 2013).

3531:

Qiu C, Shivacharan RS, Zhang M, Durand DM (December 2015).

2926:"Stress and Seizures: Space, Time and Hippocampal Circuits" 5462: 3524: 4689: 4447: 4173: 4083: 3530: 2837: 2579: 2459:"[Epileptic seizures in critically ill patients]" 1926:. National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2023. 1821:

Angus-Leppan H (April 2014). "First seizures in adults".

1100: 287:, abusing alcohol together with prescription medication, 4620: 2687:"Optimizing Management of Medically Responsive Epilepsy" 2245:. National Clinical Guideline Centre. pp. 119–129. 2095: 4910:

Belendiuk KA, Baldini LL, Bonn-Miller MO (April 2015).

4328: 3953:"Value of serum prolactin in the management of syncope" 3828: 3154:

Ions in the Brain Normal Function, Seizures, and Stroke

3064: 1866: 1751:

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

446:

Clonic seizures involve shaking of the limbs in unison.

335:

A seizure that lasts for more than a brief period is a

4174:

Offringa M, Newton R, Nevitt SJ, Vraka K (June 2021).

3801: 3698: 3416: 3262:

Liu YQ, Yu F, Liu WH, He XH, Peng BW (December 2014).

2500: 2032:. National Clinical Guideline Centre. pp. 21–28. 1802:

Schachter SC, Shafer PL, Sirven JI (5 November 2013).

662:

can result in seizures, as may certain medication and

440:

10–30 minutes for the person to return to normal.

7092: 5343: 4448:

Marigold R, Günther A, Tiwari D, Kwan J (June 2013).

3894:. National Clinical Guideline Centre. pp. 57–83. 3748: 3746: 3264:"Dysfunction of hippocampal interneurons in epilepsy" 2297: 2200:(6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. 1801: 5585: 5378: 3755:"Modeling seizures: From single neurons to networks" 3451: 1747:"The Epilepsies and Seizures: Hope Through Research" 5066: 3829:Brigo F, Nardone R, Bongiovanni LG (October 2012). 2880: 1484:"Epileptic Seizures - National Library of Medicine" 5107:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 3743: 3504:Jerome Engel Jr.; Timothy A. Pedley, eds. (2008). 3157:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 167. 2549: 2450: 1595:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2019 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 399:often begin with certain experiences, known as an 4384: 4382: 2327: 2298:Greenberg DA, Aminoff MJ, Simon RP (2012). "12". 1711: 1182:may also occur due to a number of other reasons. 1170:may have seizure-like activity that seems due to 60:Generalized 3 Hz spike and wave discharges in an 7116: 5189: 4504: 4388: 3671: 3452:Marchi N, Banjara M, Janigro D (February 2016). 2429: 2048: 2046: 1115:. A lumbar puncture may be useful to diagnose a 362:Any animal that has a brain can have a seizure. 234:~10% of people (overall worldwide lifetime risk) 5517:"Seizure prediction: the long and winding road" 4807: 3313: 3250:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e 2614:Harrison's Principles of Medicine. 15th edition 2402: 2302:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2166:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 1535:. Oxford University Press. p. Chapter 19. 978:may cause seizures and should be ruled out. An 5237: 5235: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5146: 4379: 3678:(2nd ed.). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub. 3499: 3497: 2409:(Rev. 2nd ed.). : Springer. p. 445. 489:, difficulty speaking, and abnormal behavior. 359:about 1% of the population at any given time. 6178: 5742: 5100: 4963:"Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy" 4743: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2043: 1555: 1528: 4860: 4077: 4043:Chen DK, So YT, Fisher RS (September 2005). 4042: 3993: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3419:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 3015:"Photosensitive epilepsy | Epilepsy Society" 2635: 2575: 2573: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2161: 1820: 1166:. In addition, 5% of people with a positive 268:), to a subtle momentary loss of awareness ( 6897: 5232: 5143: 4967:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4867:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4746:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 4696:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4540:Tarulli A (2021). "Seizures and Epilepsy". 4454:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4395:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4335:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4286:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4229:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4180:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4131:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3494: 2975:"Neurologic presentation of celiac disease" 2582:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 2496: 2494: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2157: 2155: 2153: 1635: 493:after a seizure occurs in 6–10% of people. 6185: 6171: 5749: 5735: 5416: 4803: 4801: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4389:Price M, Günther A, Kwan JS (April 2016). 3412: 3410: 3408: 3362: 3309: 3307: 3261: 3177: 3116: 3114: 3112: 2684: 2641: 2316: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 1707: 1705: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1524: 759:Stress can induce seizures in people with 51: 5756: 5532: 5480: 5267: 5207: 5126: 5043: 4994: 4937: 4927: 4916:Addiction Science & Clinical Practice 4886: 4821: 4715: 4676: 4674: 4646: 4597: 4579: 4481: 4424: 4414: 4362: 4305: 4256: 4199: 4150: 4101: 4060: 3976: 3941: 3846: 3770: 3726: 3716: 3593: 3556: 3477: 3380: 3339: 3287: 3203: 3092: 3082: 2990: 2949: 2923: 2691:CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 2570: 2518: 2474: 2256: 2113: 1954:"I Think My Pet Had a Seizure. Now What?" 1892: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1657: 1598:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 959. 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1133: 6117:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy 5570:) is being considered for deletion. See 4036: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3507:Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook 2685:Bauer, Derek; Quigg, Mark (April 2019). 2491: 2391: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2198:Bradley's neurology in clinical practice 2180: 2162:McPhee SJ, Hammer GD, eds. (2010). "7". 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1078: 1058: 956: 841:can occasionally present with seizures, 116:Focal, generalized; Provoked, unprovoked 46:Epileptic fit, seizure, fit, convulsions 5101:Sander JW, Shorvon SD (November 1996). 5060: 4798: 4732: 4539: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3405: 3304: 3109: 2972: 2812: 2195: 2130: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1873:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1814: 1795: 1612: 1455: 1054: 430: 7117: 6974:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies 6647:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS 4671: 3795: 3661:from the original on 30 December 2010. 3365:"The blood-brain barrier and epilepsy" 3226: 3150: 2733: 2370: 2252:from the original on 16 December 2013. 2052: 2039:from the original on 16 December 2013. 2001:from the original on 30 December 2010. 1764: 1732: 1682: 1570: 1501: 1392: 733:Parasitic infections such as cerebral 633:Space-occupying lesions in the brain ( 347:unless a specific problem is found on 6166: 5730: 5510: 5508: 5458: 5456: 5412: 5410: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5289: 5287: 4780:"Epilepsy surgery | Epilepsy Society" 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 3863: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 2214: 2005: 1914: 1912: 1862: 1860: 1591: 774:, resulting in hyper-excitability of 586:hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycemia 365: 6825:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 6214: 6034:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy 5465:"Gene therapy in status epilepticus" 5190:Camfield P, Camfield C (June 2015). 3904: 3631: 3314:Goldberg EM, Coulter DA (May 2013). 1971: 1262:, with most guidelines recommending 6081:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy 3701:"A taxonomy of seizure dynamotypes" 2924:Gunn BG, Baram TZ (November 2017). 1988: 13: 7056:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy 6011:Complex partial status epilepticus 5505: 5453: 5407: 5330: 5284: 5077:10.1016/B978-0-444-52898-8.00006-9 4832:10.1212/01.wnl.0000252369.82956.a3 4614: 4566: 4062:10.1212/01.wnl.0000178391.96957.d0 3951:Ahmad S, Beckett MW (March 2004). 3363:Oby E, Janigro D (November 2006). 3235: 3132:from the original on 11 March 2016 2895:10.1212/01.wnl.0000278112.48285.84 2742:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2656:10.1097/01.cco.0000127720.17558.38 2631:from the original on 29 June 2015. 1909: 1857: 1036:Focal seizures (previously called 867:induced by a specific stimulus or 790:Seizures may occur as a result of 600:levels may cause seizures. As may 14: 7141: 6759:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases 6562:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration 6096:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure 5968:Benign familial neonatal seizures 5920:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy 5574:to help reach a consensus. › 5553: 4861:Gloss D, Vickrey B (March 2014). 1176:psychogenic non-epileptic seizure 1128:psychogenic non-epileptic seizure 1107:In adults, testing electrolytes, 993: 823:About 3.5 to 5.5% of people with 391: 198:psychogenic non-epileptic seizure 7102: 6779:For more detailed coverage, see 6757:For more detailed coverage, see 6728:For more detailed coverage, see 6694:For more detailed coverage, see 6645:For more detailed coverage, see 5103:"Epidemiology of the epilepsies" 3382:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00817.x 2520:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03121.x 2342:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03622.x 1558:"Seizures – Symptoms and causes" 1532:Essentials of Hospital Neurology 1357:and other parasitic infections. 1029:seizures. Some seizures such as 871:(extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli) 847:cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 666:. Common drugs involved include 326:nonepileptic psychogenic seizure 176:Based on symptoms, blood tests, 64:(EEG) of a patient with epilepsy 5372: 5183: 5011: 4954: 4903: 4854: 4772: 4683: 4533: 4498: 4441: 4322: 4273: 4216: 4167: 4118: 3898: 3822: 3692: 3665: 3577: 3458:Journal of Neuroscience Methods 3445: 3356: 3255: 3220: 3171: 3144: 3058: 3041:"Photosensitivity and Seizures" 3033: 3007: 2966: 2917: 2874: 2831: 2806: 2678: 2617: 2608: 2543: 2423: 2364: 2089: 1958:Veterinary Medicine at Illinois 1946: 1347: 528:hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy 248:due to abnormally excessive or 6056:Early myoclonic encephalopathy 6029:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy 4979:10.1002/14651858.CD001903.pub5 4879:10.1002/14651858.CD009270.pub3 4708:10.1002/14651858.CD007144.pub3 4580:Betjemann JP (December 2015). 4544:. Springer. pp. 289–315. 4466:10.1002/14651858.CD008710.pub2 4407:10.1002/14651858.CD005501.pub4 4347:10.1002/14651858.CD005398.pub4 4298:10.1002/14651858.CD004893.pub3 4241:10.1002/14651858.CD007286.pub5 4192:10.1002/14651858.CD003031.pub4 4143:10.1002/14651858.CD007286.pub5 3549:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1045-15.2015 3470:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.06.011 2790:. October 2018. Archived from 2430:James W. Wheless, ed. (2009). 1885:10.1002/14651858.CD013847.pub2 1549: 1529:Misulis KE, Murray EL (2017). 1476: 1449: 1297:intracranial venous thrombosis 1292:should generally not be used. 653: 1: 7072:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 6957:Hereditary spastic paraplegia 6815:Normal pressure hydrocephalus 5559: 5431:10.1016/S1474-4422(02)00003-0 5260:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70114-0 4090:Archives of Internal Medicine 3848:10.1016/j.seizure.2012.06.005 3772:10.1016/j.seizure.2021.06.015 2813:Carlson N (22 January 2012). 1804:"What Is A Seizure Emergency" 1442: 1253: 1228: 1185: 890:paroxysmal depolarizing shift 716: 611: 250:synchronous neuronal activity 7041:Progressive muscular atrophy 6006:Epilepsia partialis continua 5393:10.1016/0896-6974(89)90054-6 4550:10.1007/978-3-030-55598-6_20 4103:10.1001/archinte.163.16.1945 3431:10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.10.003 3320:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2992:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.018 2703:10.1212/CON.0000000000000709 2433:Advanced therapy in epilepsy 1426:, and seizure detection and 1422:Two promising areas include 1397: 1338: 952: 937:Focal seizures begin in one 882: 830:Seizures in a person with a 568: 526:are most commonly caused by 472: 7: 6551:Primary progressive aphasia 6061:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy 6039:Unverricht–Lundborg disease 5308:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.10.023 4863:"Cannabinoids for epilepsy" 4014:10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.03.004 3919:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.06.026 3804:Emergency Medicine Practice 3537:The Journal of Neuroscience 2852:10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.11.003 2644:Current Opinion in Oncology 2403:Panayiotopoulos CP (2010). 2067:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.06.007 1995:Emergency Medicine Practice 1414: 1197:In those with a history of 804:Very high body temperatures 796:hypertensive encephalopathy 766:Stress exposure results in 460: 10: 7146: 6873:Hashimoto's encephalopathy 6579:Posterior cortical atrophy 6400:Striatonigral degeneration 6251:Cavernous sinus thrombosis 5978:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy 5358:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.060 3957:Emergency Medicine Journal 3252:New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2942:10.1016/j.tins.2017.08.004 1932:10.3310/nihrevidence_59456 1406: 1360: 1314: 1302: 693:use, a condition known as 628:Arteriovenous malformation 500: 369: 18: 6979:Spinal muscular atrophies 6947:Primary lateral sclerosis 6929: 6906: 6890: 6845: 6805:Intracranial hypertension 6795: 6767: 6738: 6704: 6666: 6655: 6621: 6599: 6585:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 6524: 6334: 6325: 6311: 6271: 6205: 6129:Epilepsy Action Australia 6109: 6073: 6019: 5996: 5938: 5872: 5863: 5840: 5809: 5768: 5686: 5589: 4929:10.1186/s13722-015-0032-7 4758:10.1016/j.emc.2010.08.011 4639:10.1007/s13760-013-0247-x 4519:10.1016/j.ccc.2014.06.006 3675:The treatment of epilepsy 3672:Simon D. Shorvon (2004). 3595:10.1101/2020.10.23.352021 3280:10.1007/s12264-014-1478-4 3196:10.1007/s12264-017-0134-1 3126:World Health Organization 2973:Bushara KO (April 2005). 2594:10.1016/j.emc.2010.08.002 2552:American Family Physician 2196:Bradley WG (2012). "67". 2023:"Chapter 1: Introduction" 1781:World Health Organization 1714:American Family Physician 1462:. OUP Oxford. p. 1. 1201:, some medications (both 859:Electroconvulsive therapy 754: 604:and the genetic disorder 496: 230: 211: 206:transient ischemic attack 187: 170: 120: 112: 104: 94: 84: 68: 59: 50: 42: 37: 7046:Progressive bulbar palsy 6837:Intracranial hypotension 6820:Choroid plexus papilloma 6234:Herpesviral encephalitis 6091:Landau–Kleffner syndrome 5925:Panayiotopoulos syndrome 5572:templates for discussion 4627:Acta Neurologica Belgica 3231:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 3084:10.3389/fped.2022.918420 2476:10.3390/medicina45060066 1223:subarachnoid haemorrhage 1074: 1033:are of an unknown type. 813:may cause non-epileptic 785: 481:period, before a normal 345:anti-seizure medications 108:Typically < 2 minutes 25:Seizure (disambiguation) 6558:Frontotemporal dementia 6244:Encephalitis lethargica 5973:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome 5855:Epilepsy and employment 5296:Epilepsy & Behavior 5169:10.1001/jama.2016.18625 4002:Epilepsy & Behavior 3969:10.1136/emj.2003.008870 3907:Epilepsy & Behavior 3071:Frontiers in Pediatrics 2930:Trends in Neurosciences 2840:Epilepsy & Behavior 2055:Epilepsy & Behavior 1046:complex partial seizure 982:and brain imaging with 939:hemisphere of the brain 876:photosensitive epilepsy 819:post-traumatic epilepsy 815:post-traumatic seizures 558:cerebrovascular disease 412:complex partial seizure 274:Loss of bladder control 6863:Hepatic encephalopathy 5905:Temporal lobe epilepsy 5825:Electroencephalography 4784:epilepsysociety.org.uk 4599:10.1055/s-0035-1564304 3810:(4): 1–22, quiz 22–3. 3619:Cite journal requires 3019:epilepsysociety.org.uk 2985:(4 Suppl 1): S92–S97. 2815:Physiology of Behavior 2115:10.1053/seiz.2000.0406 1192:traumatic brain injury 1180:Non-epileptic seizures 1134:Differential diagnosis 1117:central nervous system 1095:Diagnostic imaging by 1089:electroencephalography 1084: 1064: 962: 918:potassium (K) channels 713:can provoke seizures. 622:cavernous malformation 602:hepatic encephalopathy 483:level of consciousness 189:Differential diagnosis 182:electroencephalography 149:traumatic brain injury 23:. For other uses, see 6921:Ataxia–telangiectasia 6878:Static encephalopathy 6601:Mitochondrial disease 6439:Spasmodic torticollis 6349:Basal ganglia disease 5910:Frontal lobe epilepsy 5419:The Lancet. Neurology 5248:The Lancet. Neurology 5209:10.1684/epd.2015.0736 5119:10.1136/jnnp.61.5.433 4586:Seminars in Neurology 4507:Critical Care Clinics 3588:: 2020.10.23.352021. 3268:Neuroscience Bulletin 3184:Neuroscience Bulletin 2788:Public Health Nigeria 1375:On the Sacred Disease 1321:seizure response dogs 1144:decerebrate posturing 1082: 1067:Most people are in a 1062: 960: 798:, or in pregnancy as 258:loss of consciousness 21:Non-epileptic seizure 6868:Toxic encephalopathy 6574:Lewy bodies dementia 6146:Epilepsy Research UK 5930:Vertiginous epilepsy 5850:Epilepsy and driving 5801:Epilepsy in children 5534:10.1093/brain/awl241 2625:"diet and nutrition" 2374:Handbook of epilepsy 2336:(Suppl 4): 127–138. 1164:strychnine poisoning 1148:psychogenic seizures 1055:Physical examination 1007:generalized seizures 980:electroencephalogram 916:(GABA) receptors or 834:may indicate failure 658:Both medication and 431:Generalized seizures 407:or motor phenomena. 349:electroencephalogram 262:tonic-clonic seizure 62:electroencephalogram 6916:Friedreich's ataxia 6299:Meningoencephalitis 6239:Limbic encephalitis 6134:Epilepsy Foundation 6101:Epilepsy in animals 5781:Aura (warning sign) 5381:Journal of Epilepsy 5196:Epileptic Disorders 3718:10.7554/eLife.55632 3543:(48): 15800–15811. 3045:Epilepsy Foundation 1556:Mayo Clinic Staff. 1393:Society and culture 1040:) are divided into 931:blood–brain barrier 914:γ-aminobutyric acid 827:also have seizures. 792:high blood pressure 722:Infection with the 532:metabolic disorders 7130:Symptoms and signs 6952:Pseudobulbar palsy 6690:Status epilepticus 6641:Multiple sclerosis 6478:Myoclonic epilepsy 6341:movement disorders 6287:Acute disseminated 6229:Viral encephalitis 6021:Myoclonic epilepsy 5998:Status epilepticus 5687:External resources 5475:(Suppl 6): 43–45. 5346:World Neurosurgery 4786:. 23 February 2020 3151:Somjen GG (2004). 3021:. 23 February 2020 2794:on 18 October 2018 2371:Holmes TR (2008). 2300:Clinical neurology 1456:Shorvon S (2009). 1428:seizure prediction 1240:status epilepticus 1160:migraine headaches 1085: 1065: 1005:) or distributed ( 963: 912:is facilitated by 895:Normally after an 855:may cause seizures 853:Multiple sclerosis 778:in the brain. The 728:neurocysticercosis 726:, which can cause 641:). In people with 524:Seizures in babies 503:Causes of seizures 467:status epilepticus 366:Signs and symptoms 341:status epilepticus 285:alcohol withdrawal 225:status epilepticus 133:alcohol withdrawal 79:emergency medicine 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 6886: 6885: 6791: 6790: 6730:Template:Headache 6696:Template:Epilepsy 6617: 6616: 6591:Vascular dementia 6434:Status dystonicus 6307: 6306: 6282:Encephalomyelitis 6160: 6159: 6074:Related disorders 6069: 6068: 5915:Rolandic epilepsy 5724: 5723: 5527:(Pt 2): 314–333. 5482:10.1111/epi.12275 5254:(10): 1029–1044. 5163:(24): 2657–2668. 5036:10.1136/bmj.c6477 4559:978-3-030-55597-9 4096:(16): 1945–1948. 3685:978-0-632-06046-7 3517:978-0-7817-5777-5 3375:(11): 1761–1774. 3227:Ropper A (2014). 3164:978-0-19-803459-9 2889:(20): 1905–1910. 2824:978-0-205-23939-9 2754:10.1586/ern.11.51 2513:(Suppl 7): 2–26. 2443:978-1-60795-004-2 2416:978-1-84628-644-5 2384:978-0-7817-7397-3 2309:978-0-07-175905-2 2207:978-1-4377-0434-1 2173:978-0-07-162167-0 1835:10.1136/bmj.g2470 1783:. 9 February 2023 1659:10.1111/epi.12550 1592:Ferri FF (2018). 1248:recovery position 1236:recovery position 1215:subdural hematoma 1113:electrocardiogram 929:. Failure of the 910:hyperpolarization 897:excitatory neuron 684:local anaesthetic 594:low blood calcium 590:high blood sodium 556:In older adults, 337:medical emergency 313:sleep deprivation 238: 237: 172:Diagnostic method 38:Epileptic seizure 32:Medical condition 7137: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7098: 6904: 6903: 6895: 6894: 6853:Brain herniation 6664: 6663: 6504:Intention tremor 6499:Essential tremor 6364:Postencephalitic 6332: 6331: 6323: 6322: 6212: 6211: 6193:Diseases of the 6187: 6180: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6151:Epilepsy Society 6140:Epilepsy Outlook 5983:Epileptic spasms 5895:Gelastic seizure 5870: 5869: 5796:Neonatal seizure 5751: 5744: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5587: 5586: 5547: 5546: 5536: 5512: 5503: 5502: 5484: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5414: 5405: 5404: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5341: 5328: 5327: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5271: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5211: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5152: 5141: 5140: 5130: 5098: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5047: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4941: 4931: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4890: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4825: 4823:10.1.1.1003.1543 4805: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4741: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4650: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4577: 4564: 4563: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4428: 4418: 4386: 4377: 4376: 4366: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4203: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4154: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4105: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4064: 4040: 4034: 4033: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3980: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3889: 3880: 3861: 3860: 3850: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3774: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3730: 3720: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3648: 3629: 3628: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3597: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3560: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3481: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3414: 3403: 3402: 3384: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3343: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3291: 3259: 3253: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3207: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3128:. October 2012. 3118: 3107: 3106: 3096: 3086: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2994: 2979:Gastroenterology 2970: 2964: 2963: 2953: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2577: 2568: 2567: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2522: 2498: 2489: 2488: 2478: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2400: 2389: 2388: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2325: 2314: 2313: 2295: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2240: 2231: 2212: 2211: 2193: 2178: 2177: 2159: 2128: 2127: 2117: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2027: 2018: 2003: 2002: 1986: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1773: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1743: 1730: 1729: 1709: 1680: 1679: 1661: 1637: 1610: 1609: 1589: 1568: 1567: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1526: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1453: 1309:Epilepsy Surgery 1288:is recommended. 1199:febrile seizures 1172:cerebral hypoxia 1038:partial seizures 1031:epileptic spasms 874:For people with 699:herbal medicines 695:delirium tremens 582:low blood sodium 513:febrile seizures 420:Jacksonian march 289:low blood sodium 137:low blood sodium 55: 35: 34: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7093: 7091: 7078: 7004:Congenital DSMA 6925: 6882: 6841: 6787: 6775:Sleep disorders 6763: 6740:Cerebrovascular 6734: 6700: 6657: 6651: 6613: 6595: 6520: 6466:Choreoathetosis 6339: 6316: 6303: 6267: 6201: 6191: 6161: 6156: 6123:Epilepsy Action 6105: 6065: 6015: 5992: 5988:Febrile seizure 5953:Absence seizure 5934: 5890:Complex partial 5859: 5842:Personal issues 5836: 5821:Investigations 5817:Anticonvulsants 5805: 5791:Epileptogenesis 5786:Postictal state 5764: 5755: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5682: 5681: 5598: 5575: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5513: 5506: 5461: 5454: 5415: 5408: 5377: 5373: 5342: 5331: 5292: 5285: 5240: 5233: 5188: 5184: 5153: 5144: 5087: 5065: 5061: 5016: 5012: 4973:(6): CD001903. 4959: 4955: 4908: 4904: 4873:(3): CD009270. 4859: 4855: 4806: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4742: 4733: 4702:(5): CD007144. 4688: 4684: 4679: 4672: 4648:1854/LU-4182539 4619: 4615: 4578: 4567: 4560: 4538: 4534: 4503: 4499: 4460:(6): CD008710. 4446: 4442: 4401:(4): CD005501. 4387: 4380: 4341:(2): CD005398. 4327: 4323: 4292:(6): CD004893. 4278: 4274: 4235:(4): CD007286. 4221: 4217: 4186:(6): CD003031. 4172: 4168: 4137:(4): CD007286. 4123: 4119: 4082: 4078: 4041: 4037: 3998: 3994: 3949: 3942: 3903: 3899: 3887: 3881: 3864: 3827: 3823: 3800: 3796: 3751: 3744: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3632: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3582: 3578: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3502: 3495: 3450: 3446: 3415: 3406: 3361: 3357: 3332:10.1038/nrn3482 3312: 3305: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3236: 3225: 3221: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3124:. Fact Sheets. 3120: 3119: 3110: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3008: 2971: 2967: 2936:(11): 667–679. 2922: 2918: 2879: 2875: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2738: 2734: 2683: 2679: 2640: 2636: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2578: 2571: 2548: 2544: 2499: 2492: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2401: 2392: 2385: 2369: 2365: 2326: 2317: 2310: 2296: 2257: 2249: 2238: 2232: 2215: 2208: 2194: 2181: 2174: 2160: 2131: 2094: 2090: 2051: 2044: 2036: 2025: 2019: 2006: 1987: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1879:(1): CD013847. 1865: 1858: 1819: 1815: 1800: 1796: 1786: 1784: 1775: 1774: 1765: 1755: 1753: 1745: 1744: 1733: 1710: 1683: 1638: 1613: 1606: 1590: 1571: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1527: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1417: 1409: 1400: 1395: 1387:Wilder Penfield 1363: 1350: 1341: 1317: 1305: 1256: 1231: 1188: 1168:tilt table test 1136: 1077: 1069:postictal state 1057: 996: 974:may be useful. 972:lumbar puncture 955: 927:epileptogenesis 885: 788: 757: 719: 668:antidepressants 664:drug withdrawal 656: 647:cortical region 614: 598:high blood urea 578:low blood sugar 571: 505: 499: 475: 463: 453:disorientation. 433: 394: 386:absence seizure 374: 368: 301:flashing images 297:brain infection 281:low blood sugar 270:absence seizure 244:is a period of 223:: Treat as per 221:More than 5 min 219: 216:Less than 5 min 178:medical imaging 151: 145:brain infection 129:Low blood sugar 33: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7143: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7112: 7111: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6976: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6935: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6912: 6910: 6901: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6832:Cerebral edema 6829: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6781:Template:Sleep 6771: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6674: 6661: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6627: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6609:Leigh syndrome 6605: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6530: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6345: 6343: 6336:Extrapyramidal 6329: 6320: 6318:encephalopathy 6309: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6278: 6276: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6220: 6218: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6195:nervous system 6190: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6167: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6086:Todd's paresis 6083: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6049:Lafora disease 6046: 6044:MERRF syndrome 6041: 6036: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5958:Atonic seizure 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5885:Simple partial 5882: 5878: 5876: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5832:Epileptologist 5829: 5828: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5754: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5703: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5668: 5657: 5638: 5619: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590:Classification 5584: 5583: 5555: 5554:External links 5552: 5549: 5548: 5504: 5452: 5406: 5371: 5329: 5302:(1): 103–108. 5283: 5231: 5202:(2): 117–123. 5182: 5142: 5113:(5): 433–443. 5085: 5059: 5010: 4953: 4902: 4853: 4797: 4771: 4752:(1): 125–139. 4731: 4682: 4670: 4633:(4): 375–380. 4613: 4592:(6): 621–628. 4565: 4558: 4532: 4513:(4): 751–764. 4497: 4440: 4378: 4321: 4272: 4215: 4166: 4117: 4076: 4055:(5): 668–675. 4035: 4008:(4): 517–521. 3992: 3940: 3913:(2): 131–133. 3897: 3862: 3841:(8): 568–572. 3821: 3794: 3742: 3691: 3684: 3664: 3630: 3621:|journal= 3576: 3523: 3516: 3493: 3444: 3404: 3355: 3326:(5): 337–349. 3303: 3274:(6): 985–998. 3254: 3234: 3219: 3190:(4): 455–477. 3170: 3163: 3143: 3108: 3057: 3032: 3006: 2965: 2916: 2873: 2830: 2823: 2805: 2775: 2748:(6): 861–876. 2732: 2697:(2): 343–361. 2677: 2650:(4): 314–317. 2634: 2627:. 8 May 2013. 2616: 2607: 2569: 2558:(2): 149–153. 2542: 2490: 2469:(6): 501–507. 2449: 2442: 2422: 2415: 2390: 2383: 2363: 2315: 2308: 2255: 2213: 2206: 2179: 2172: 2129: 2108:(5): 323–327. 2088: 2061:(4): 404–412. 2042: 2004: 1970: 1945: 1908: 1856: 1813: 1794: 1763: 1731: 1720:(4): 334–340. 1681: 1652:(4): 475–482. 1611: 1604: 1569: 1548: 1541: 1500: 1475: 1468: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1383:Victor Horsley 1371:sacred disease 1362: 1359: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1333:ketogenic diet 1316: 1313: 1304: 1301: 1260:benzodiazepine 1255: 1252: 1230: 1227: 1187: 1184: 1135: 1132: 1076: 1073: 1056: 1053: 1042:simple partial 1003:focal seizures 995: 994:Classification 992: 954: 951: 884: 881: 880: 879: 872: 865:Reflex seizure 862: 856: 850: 835: 828: 825:celiac disease 821: 787: 784: 756: 753: 752: 751: 738: 731: 718: 715: 672:antipsychotics 660:drug overdoses 655: 652: 651: 650: 631: 625: 613: 610: 570: 567: 566: 565: 554: 551: 544: 541: 538: 535: 501:Main article: 498: 495: 474: 471: 462: 459: 458: 457: 454: 450: 447: 444: 441: 432: 429: 397:Focal seizures 393: 392:Focal seizures 390: 382:focal seizures 367: 364: 236: 235: 232: 228: 227: 213: 209: 208: 191: 185: 184: 174: 168: 167: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98: 92: 91: 88: 82: 81: 72: 66: 65: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7142: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7110: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6858:Reye syndrome 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6810:Hydrocephalus 6808: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6623:Demyelinating 6620: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6511:Restless legs 6509: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6449:Blepharospasm 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6405:Hemiballismus 6403: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6270: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6256:Brain abscess 6254: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6183: 6181: 6176: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110:Organizations 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865:Seizure types 5862: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5776:Seizure types 5774: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5509: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5457: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5411: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5288: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5236: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5086:9780444528988 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4802: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3668: 3660: 3653: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2418: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2175: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:NIHR Evidence 1921: 1915: 1913: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1861: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1607: 1605:9780323550765 1601: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1542:9780190259433 1538: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1489: 1488:PubMed Health 1485: 1479: 1471: 1469:9780199560042 1465: 1461: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1412: 1404: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1274:may be used. 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1122:A high blood 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:blood glucose 1105: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1061: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1025:, tonic, and 1024: 1020: 1017:(petit mal), 1016: 1013:(grand mal), 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:Seizure types 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 959: 950: 946: 944: 940: 935: 932: 928: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 877: 873: 870: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 844: 840: 836: 833: 829: 826: 822: 820: 816: 812: 809: 808: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 750: 746: 742: 739: 736: 732: 729: 725: 724:pork tapeworm 721: 720: 714: 712: 708: 707:ginkgo biloba 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 648: 644: 643:brain tumours 640: 636: 632: 629: 626: 623: 619: 616: 615: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 563: 559: 555: 552: 549: 548:pre-eclampsia 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 529: 525: 522: 521: 520: 517: 514: 510: 504: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 470: 468: 455: 451: 448: 445: 442: 438: 437: 436: 428: 426: 422: 421: 415: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 389: 387: 383: 379: 373: 372:Seizure types 363: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 331: 327: 323: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 275: 271: 267: 266:focal seizure 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 233: 229: 226: 222: 217: 214: 210: 207: 203: 202:migraine aura 199: 195: 192: 190: 186: 183: 179: 175: 173: 169: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 97: 96:Complications 93: 89: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 71: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 7066: 6965: 6938: 6899:Degenerative 6636:Inflammatory 6583: 6516:Stiff-person 6354:Parkinsonism 6327:Degenerative 6224:Encephalitis 6207:Inflammation 6197:, primarily 5948:Tonic–clonic 5705: 5694: 5670: 5659: 5640: 5621: 5602: 5565: 5524: 5520: 5472: 5468: 5425:(1): 22–30. 5422: 5418: 5387:(1): 21–25. 5384: 5380: 5374: 5349: 5345: 5299: 5295: 5251: 5247: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5160: 5156: 5110: 5106: 5068: 5062: 5027: 5023: 5013: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4813: 4809: 4788:. Retrieved 4783: 4774: 4749: 4745: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4589: 4585: 4541: 4535: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4474:10722/194540 4457: 4453: 4443: 4416:10722/226344 4398: 4394: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3960: 3956: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3891: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3762: 3758: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3674: 3667: 3612:cite journal 3579: 3570: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3506: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3422: 3418: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3323: 3319: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3249: 3228: 3222: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3153: 3146: 3134:. Retrieved 3074: 3070: 3060: 3048:. Retrieved 3044: 3035: 3023:. Retrieved 3018: 3009: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2846:(1): 85–89. 2843: 2839: 2833: 2814: 2808: 2796:. Retrieved 2792:the original 2778: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2619: 2610: 2588:(1): 15–27. 2585: 2581: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2510: 2506: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2432: 2425: 2405: 2373: 2366: 2333: 2329: 2299: 2242: 2197: 2163: 2105: 2101: 2091: 2058: 2054: 2029: 1994: 1961:. Retrieved 1957: 1948: 1923: 1876: 1872: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1808:epilepsy.com 1807: 1797: 1785:. Retrieved 1780: 1754:. Retrieved 1750: 1717: 1713: 1649: 1645: 1594: 1561: 1551: 1531: 1491:. Retrieved 1487: 1478: 1458: 1451: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1424:gene therapy 1421: 1418: 1410: 1401: 1379: 1374: 1367:evil spirits 1364: 1351: 1348:Epidemiology 1342: 1323:, a form of 1318: 1306: 1294: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1268:barbiturates 1257: 1244: 1232: 1213:, following 1208: 1203:antipyretics 1196: 1189: 1137: 1121: 1106: 1094: 1086: 1066: 1050: 1037: 1035: 1011:tonic-clonic 997: 976:Hypoglycemia 964: 947: 936: 905:ion channels 894: 886: 837:Hemorrhagic 789: 765: 758: 745:encephalitis 657: 572: 518: 506: 476: 464: 434: 418: 416: 409: 395: 375: 361: 357: 334: 278: 241: 239: 220: 215: 157:brain injury 152: 124: 29: 7051:Fazio–Londe 6891:Both/either 6685:Generalised 6544:Early-onset 6539:Alzheimer's 6274:spinal cord 5940:Generalised 5696:MedlinePlus 5560:‹ The 5352:: 685–690. 3963:(2): 3e–3. 3464:: 118–124. 1989:Shearer P. 1563:Mayo Clinic 1325:service dog 1221:, or after 968:blood tests 811:Head injury 794:, known as 780:hippocampus 654:Medications 574:Dehydration 425:automatisms 276:may occur. 163:, previous 161:brain tumor 155:: Unknown, 43:Other names 7119:Categories 6659:paroxysmal 6631:Autoimmune 6424:Dyskinesia 6294:Meningitis 6272:Brain and 5963:Automatism 5810:Management 5672:DiseasesDB 4816:(4): 309. 3711:: e55632. 3136:24 January 3122:"Epilepsy" 3077:: 918420. 2798:18 October 1777:"Epilepsy" 1756:16 October 1493:16 October 1443:References 1286:pyridoxine 1254:Medication 1229:Management 1217:, after a 1211:craniotomy 1186:Prevention 749:meningitis 743:, such as 717:Infections 682:, and the 612:Structural 378:convulsive 370:See also: 353:outpatient 305:concussion 153:Unprovoked 6656:Episodic/ 6534:Tauopathy 6485:Akathisia 6473:Myoclonus 6456:Athetosis 6388:Tauopathy 5715:neuro/694 5712:neuro/415 5707:eMedicine 5469:Epilepsia 5401:0896-6974 5030:: c6477. 4987:1469-493X 4922:(1): 10. 4818:CiteSeerX 4810:Neurology 4542:Neurology 4355:1469-493X 4249:1469-493X 4049:Neurology 3789:235468072 3604:225962412 3425:: 26–34. 3369:Epilepsia 2883:Neurology 2711:1080-2371 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