358:, the ability to read is destroyed by a lesion damaging both the left visual field and the connection between the right visual field and the language areas (Broca's area and Wernicke's area). However, this does not mean one with pure alexia is incapable of comprehending speech—merely that there is no connection between their working visual cortex and language areas—as is demonstrated by the fact that people with pure alexia can still write, speak, and even transcribe letters without understanding their meaning.
54:
815:(GCS) is the most widely used scoring system used to assess the level of severity of a brain injury. This method is based on the objective observations of specific traits to determine the severity of a brain injury. It is based on three traits: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response, gauged as described below. Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale severity is classified as follows, severe brain injuries score 3–8, moderate brain injuries score 9–12 and mild score 13–15.
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965:(TBI), physiotherapy treatment during the post-acute phase may include sensory stimulation, serial casting and splinting, fitness and aerobic training, and functional training. Sensory stimulation refers to regaining sensory perception through the use of modalities. There is no evidence to support the efficacy of this intervention. Serial casting and splinting are often used to reduce soft tissue
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1095:, consulted on a stroke patient. The patient experienced neither speech nor hearing impairments, but had a few brain deficits. These deficits included: lacking the ability to comprehend what was spoken to him and the words written down. After his death, Wernicke examined his autopsy that found a lesion located in the left temporal region. This area became known as
1043:
fully heals from brain damage, but it is possible to have a full recovery. Brain injuries are very hard to predict in outcome. Many tests and specialists are needed to determine the likelihood of the prognosis. People with minor brain damage can have debilitating side effects; not just severe brain damage has debilitating effects.
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876:-inducing drugs. Diuretics reduce the fluid in tissues lowering the pressure on the brain. In the first week after a traumatic brain injury, a person may have a risk of seizures, which anti-seizure drugs help prevent. Coma-inducing drugs may be used during surgery to reduce impairments and restore blood flow.
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There are documented cases of lasting psychological effects as well, such as emotional changes often caused by damage to the various parts of the brain that control human emotions and behavior. Individuals who have experienced emotional changes related to brain damage may have emotions that come very
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Headaches and pain can occur as a result of a brain injury, either directly from the damage or due to neurological conditions stemming from the injury. Due to the changes in the brain as well as the issues associated with the change in physical and mental capacity, depression and low self-esteem are
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examined two patients exhibiting impaired speech due to frontal lobe injuries. Broca's first patient lacked productive speech. He saw this as an opportunity to address language localization. It was not until
Leborgne, informally known as "tan", died when Broca confirmed the frontal lobe lesion from
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The treatment for emergency traumatic brain injuries focuses on assuring the person has enough oxygen from the brain's blood supply, and on maintaining normal blood pressure to avoid further injuries of the head or neck. The person may need surgery to remove clotted blood or repair skull fractures,
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MRI is able to better to detect smaller injuries, detect damage within the brain, diffuse axonal injury, injuries to the brainstem, posterior fossa, and subtemporal and subfrontal regions. However, patients with pacemakers, metallic implants, or other metal within their bodies are unable to have an
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Korsakoff psychosis typically follows after the symptoms of
Wernicke's decrease. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is typically caused by conditions causing thiamine deficiency, such as chronic heavy alcohol use or by conditions that affect nutritional absorption, including colon cancer, eating disorders
425:
Brain injuries have far-reaching and varied consequences due to the nature of the brain as the main source of bodily control. Brain-injured people commonly experience issues with memory. This can be issues with either long or short-term memories depending on the location and severity of the injury.
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There are many misconceptions that revolve around brain injuries and brain damage. One misconception is that if someone has brain damage then they cannot fully recover. Recovery depends a variety of factors; such as severity and location. Testing is done to note severity and location. Not everyone
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Functional training may also be used to treat patients with TBIs. To date, no studies supports the efficacy of sit to stand training, arm ability training and body weight support systems (BWS). Overall, studies suggest that patients with TBIs who participate in more intense rehabilitation programs
489:
The long term psychological and physiological effects will vary by person and injury. For example, perinatal brain damage has been implicated in cases of neurodevelopmental impairments and psychiatric illnesses. If any concerning symptoms, signs, or changes to behaviors are occurring, a healthcare
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is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain, and may be more common in those who have been left brain damaged, with loss of mechanical knowledge critical. Headaches, occasional dizziness, and fatigue—all temporary symptoms of brain trauma—may become permanent, or may not disappear for a long
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and the famous case studies by Paul Broca. The first case study on
Phineas Gage's head injury is one of the most astonishing brain injuries in history. In 1848, Phineas Gage was paving way for a new railroad line when he encountered an accidental explosion of a tamping iron straight through his
723:. The brain damage caused by radiation depends on where the brain tumor is located, the amount of radiation used, and the duration of the treatment. Radiosurgery can also lead to tissue damage that results in about 1 in 20 patients requiring a second operation to remove the damaged tissue.
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an autopsy. The second patient had similar speech impairments, supporting his findings on language localization. The results of both cases became a vital verification of the relationship between speech and the left cerebral hemisphere. The affected areas are known today as
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Unlike some of the more obvious responses to brain damage, the body also has invisible physical responses which can be difficult to notice. These will generally be identified by a healthcare provider, especially as they are normal physical responses to brain damage.
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can have long term effects that may not resolve. Another misconception is that children heal better from brain damage. Children are at greater risk for injury due to lack of maturity. It makes future development hard to predict. This is because different
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would eliminate the enhanced activation seen in occipital and fusiform visual areas in response to fear with the area intact. Amygdala lesions change the functional pattern of activation to emotional stimuli in regions that are distant from the amygdala.
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on the brain leading to lesions in the white matter tracts of the brain. These shearing forces are seen in cases where the brain had a sharp rotational acceleration, and is caused by the difference in density between white matter and grey matter.
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occurs when the force impacting the head is not only strong enough to cause a contusion at the site of impact, but also able to move the brain and cause it to displace rapidly into the opposite side of the skull, causing an additional contusion.
426:
Sometimes memory can be improved through rehabilitation, although it can be permanent. Behavioral and personality changes are also commonly observed due to changes of the brain structure in areas controlling hormones or major emotions.
1035:, areas of the brain can learn to compensate for other damaged areas, and may increase in size and complexity and even change function, just as someone who loses a sense may gain increased acuity in another sense—a process termed
719:. Radiation and chemotherapy can lead to brain tissue damage by disrupting or stopping blood flow to the affected areas of the brain. This damage can cause long term effects such as but not limited to; memory loss, confusion, and
2820:
Canning, C; Shepherd, R.; Carr, J.; Alison, J.; Wade, L.; White, A. (2003). "A randomized controlled trial of the effects of intensive sit-to-stand training after recent traumatic brain injury on sit-to-stand performance".
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are known to be induced in response to brain injury. These have diverse actions that can cause, exacerbate, mediate and/or inhibit cellular injury and repair. TGFβ seems to exert primarily neuroprotective actions, whereas
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common side effects that can be treated with psychological help. Antidepressants must be used with caution in brain injury people due to the potential for undesired effects because of the already altered brain chemistry.
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quickly and are very intense, but have very little lasting effect. Emotional changes may not be triggered by a specific event, and can be a cause of stress to the injured party and their family and friends. Often,
180:
Symptoms of brain injuries vary based on the severity of the injury or how much of the brain is affected. The four categories used for classifying the severity of brain injuries are mild, moderate, or severe.
842:. CT scans and MRI are the two techniques widely used and are most effective. CT scans can show brain bleeds, fractures of the skull, fluid build up in the brain that will lead to increased cranial pressure.
804:, probably through multiple actions on glia, neurons, and the vasculature. Cytokines may be useful in order to discover novel therapeutic strategies. At the current time, they are already in clinical trials.
446:, nerve tracts, or sections of the brain can be affected by damage. The immediate response can take many forms. Initially, there may be symptoms such as swelling, pain, bruising, or loss of consciousness.
2021:
354:
An impairment following damage to a region of the brain does not necessarily imply that the damaged area is wholly responsible for the cognitive process which is impaired, however. For example, in
2173:
2042:
Pamies, David; Block, Katharina; Lau, Pierre; Gribaldo, Laura; Pardo, Carlos A.; Barreras, Paula; Smirnova, Lena; Wiersma, Daphne; Zhao, Liang; Harris, Georgina; Hartung, Thomas (2018-09-01).
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and other brain disorders. These lesions are induced by excision or by electric shocks (electrolytic lesions) to the exposed brain or commonly by infusion of excitotoxins to specific areas.
457:
As time progresses, and the severity of injury becomes clear, there are further responses that may become apparent. Due to loss of blood flow or damaged tissue, sustained during the injury,
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areas mature at different stages, with some major cell populations and their corresponding cognitive faculties remaining unrefined until early adulthood. In the case of a child with
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3439:
3413:
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Wilson, D; Powell, M.; Gorham, J.; Childers, M. (2006). "Ambulation training with or without partial weightbearing after traumatic brain injury: Results of a controlled trial".
103:
1345:
2216:
2600:
An, Shuo; Jia, Ying; Tian, Ye; Sun, Jian; Wei, Yingsheng; Yue, Shuyuan; Lin, Lijuan; Wei, Yongyue; Li, Ying; Lei, Ping; Zhang, Jianning; Jiang, Rongcai (November 2020).
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126:. Brain injuries occur due to a wide range of internal and external factors. In general, brain damage refers to significant, undiscriminating trauma-induced damage.
1505:
1923:
947:, are able to maintain the health of the severely brain-injured with constant administration of medication and neurological monitoring, including the use of the
1967:
1717:
Denny-Brown, D., and Betty Q. Banker. "Amorphosynthesis from Left
Parietal Lesion". A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 71, no. 3 (March 1954): 302–13.
278:
Symptoms of brain injuries can also be influenced by the location of the injury and as a result impairments are specific to the part of the brain affected.
2013:
2529:
3645:
2165:
1667:
Jaeger, W.; Krastel, H.; Braun, St. (1988-12-01). "Cerebrale
Achromatopsie (Symptomatik, Verlauf, Differentialdiagnose und Strategie der Untersuchung)".
1425:
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penetrating: when a sharp object enters the brain, causing a large damage area. Penetrating injuries caused by bullets have a 91 percent mortality rate.
270:
Symptoms observed in children include changes in eating habits, persistent irritability or sadness, changes in attention, or disrupted sleeping habits.
1988:
1366:
Stefaniak, James D.; Halai, Ajay D.; Lambon Ralph, Matthew A. (2019). "The neural and neurocomputational bases of recovery from post-stroke aphasia".
320:
Studies show there is a correlation between brain lesion and language, speech, and category-specific disorders. Wernicke's aphasia is associated with
880:
has been licensed in China since 2003 and is used to promote neurological recovery in a range of brain injuries, including intracerebral hemorrhage.
2194:
1543:
Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; Williams, S. Mark (2001).
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351:, and problems with comprehension and production. Broca's aphasia is indicative of damage to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain.
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will see greater benefits in functional skills. More research is required to better understand the efficacy of the treatments mentioned above.
3444:
3107:
3418:
3139:
1727:
Vakil, Eli (2005-11-01). "The Effect of
Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) on Different Aspects of Memory: A Selective Review".
742:. Typically Wernicke's encephalopathy precedes symptoms of Korsakoff psychosis. Wernicke's encephalopathy results from focal accumulation of
2739:
Hellweg, Stephanie; Johannes, Stonke (February 2008). "Physiotherapy after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of the literature".
1454:
1483:
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frontal lobe. Gage observed to be intellectually unaffected but was claimed by some to have exemplified post-injury behavioral deficits.
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and muscle tone. Evidence based research reveals that serial casting can be used to increase passive range of motion (PROM) and decrease
502:
A coup injury occurs under the site of impact with an object, and a contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit.
839:
3277:
2602:"Mouse nerve growth factor promotes neurological recovery in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage: A proof-of-concept study"
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1337:
3358:
The Tale of the
Dueling Neurosurgeons: The History of the Human Brain as Revealed by True Stories of Trauma, Madness, and Recovery
801:
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MRI done. Typically the other imaging techniques are not used in a clinical setting because of the cost, lack of availability.
720:
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Watson, Martin (2001). "Do patients with severe traumatic brain injury benefit from physiotherapy? A review of the evidence".
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is suggested for those who experience this effect after their injury, and may be available as an individual or group session.
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2584:
2559:
1303:
328:), and problems with comprehension. The symptoms of Wernicke's aphasia are caused by damage to the posterior section of the
234:. Mental fatigue is a common debilitating experience and may not be linked by the patient to the original (minor) incident.
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912:
2247:"Effects of Thiamine Deficiency on Brain Metabolism: Implications for the Pathogenesis of the Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome"
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Prognosis, or the likely progress of a disorder, depends on the nature, location, and cause of the brain damage (see
1959:
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may be involved in running rehabilitation programs to help restore lost function or help re-learn essential skills.
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specialising in understanding the effects of brain injury and may be involved in assessing the severity or creating
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There are several imaging techniques that can aid in diagnosing and assessing the extent of brain damage, such as
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1099:. Wernicke later hypothesized the relationship between Wernicke's area and Broca's area, which was proven fact.
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might contribute to neuronal injury and exert protective effects. IL-1 mediates ischaemic, excitotoxic, and
1992:
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injury, for example, the impact of the damage may be undetectable until that child fails to develop normal
1032:
835:
1304:"Traumatic Brain Injury Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)"
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3513:
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size is correlated with severity, recovery, and comprehension. Brain injuries often create impairment or
3296:"The Disappearing Lesion: Sigmund Freud, Sensory-Motor Physiology, and the Beginnings of Psychoanalysis"
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has been documented in patients. Amnesia is a condition in which a person is unable to remember things.
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247:
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The side-effects of a brain injury depend on location and the body's response to injury. Even a mild
1024:
3620:
2660:"Corticosteroids in acute traumatic brain injury: systematic review of randomised controlled trials"
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3691:
3565:
3115:
924:
827:
692:
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3054:"Static and Dynamic Factors Promoting Resilience following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Brief Review"
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The foundation for understanding human behavior and brain injury can be attributed to the case of
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in different areas of the brain depending on the size of the lesion and location relative to the
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Turner-Stokes, Lynne; Pick, Anton; Nair, Ajoy; Disler, Peter B.; Wade, Derick T. (2015-12-22).
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442:, occurring at different times after the initial occurrence of damage, as the functions of the
369:, the inability to distinguish faces and other complex objects from each other. Lesions in the
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27:
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1234: – Therapy to regain or improve neurocognitive function that has been lost or diminished
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615:
483:
302:
142:
95:
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Paul Broca's
Historic Cases: High Resolution MR Imaging of the Brains of Leborgne and Lelong
3170:"The effect of pediatric traumatic brain injury on behavioral outcomes: a systematic review"
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3466:
3274:
2327:
Vieira RC, Paiva WS, de
Oliveira DV, Teixeira MJ, de Andrade AF, de Sousa RM (2016-10-20).
2164:
Prevention, Cancer
Resources from OncoLink | Treatment, Research, Coping, Clinical Trials.
2055:
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317:. Even a mild incident can have long-term effects or cause symptoms to appear years later.
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2109:"Impact of Sleep Disturbances on Neurodegeneration: Insight from Studies in Animal Models"
8:
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1177:
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can cause brain damage and results from a Vitamin B deficiency (specifically vitamin B1,
250:. Physical symptoms include headaches that worsen or do not go away, vomiting or nausea,
154:
2059:
1174: – Group of conditions resulting from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy
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2909:"Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation for acquired brain injury in adults of working age"
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Baumard, Josselin; Osiurak, François; Lesourd, Mathieu; Le Gall, Didier (2014-01-01).
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1575:"Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli without Awareness: Facts and Interpretations"
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145:(ABI) is used in appropriate circles to differentiate brain injuries occurring after
70:
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2966:"Cognitive Impairment and Rehabilitation Strategies After Traumatic Brain Injury"
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Assessment & Management of Emotional Reactions to Brain Damage & Aphasia
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1204: – Formation of muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development
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2044:"Rotenone exerts developmental neurotoxicity in a human brain spheroid model"
1879:
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738:). This syndrome presents with two conditions, Wernicke's encephalopathy and
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Diano, Matteo; Celeghin, Alessia; Bagnis, Arianna; Tamietto, Marco (2017).
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have different effects depending on the location of the damage. Lesions to
53:
3284:." Brain: A Journal of Neurology 130.5 (2007): 1432–41. Web. 31 Oct. 2016.
3242:
3070:
2695:
2329:"Diffuse Axonal Injury: Epidemiology, Outcome and Associated Risk Factors"
2270:
2166:"Possible Side Effects of Radiation Treatment for Brain Tumors | OncoLink"
1696:
289:
In cases of severe brain injuries, the likelihood of areas with permanent
3650:
2577:
Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
2552:
Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
2014:"Overview of Brain Dysfunction – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders"
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1183:
904:
743:
659:
639:
355:
340:
309:. There may also be personality changes. The most severe cases result in
242:
Cognitive symptoms include confusion, aggressiveness, abnormal behavior,
138:
123:
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1201:
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251:
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1222: – Medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system
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used by other health professionals to quantify extent of orientation.
3453:
2819:
1632:
Celesia, Gastone G. (2010-01-01). "Visual Perception and Awareness".
1545:"Lesions of the Temporal Association Cortex: Deficits of Recognition"
1219:
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792:
601:
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can cause the loss of the ability to perceive motion. Lesions to the
255:
199:
75:
65:
showing an empty space where the damage occurred, marked by the arrow
1192: – Therapeutic method for progressively developing coordination
433:
3273:
Dronkers, N. F., O. Plaisant, M. T. Iba-Zizen, and E. A. Cabanis. "
1195:
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597:
413:, an inability to recognize complex objects, smells, or shapes, or
370:
344:
298:
203:
195:
1156: – Group of movement disorders that appear in early childhood
506:
Brain injuries can result from a number of conditions, including:
993:
685:
629:
585:
474:
470:
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462:
458:
451:
410:
231:
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3422:
2299:"Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
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581:
543:
443:
279:
259:
258:, inability to awaken from sleep, weakness in extremities, and
223:
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Impaired function of affected areas can be compensated through
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3132:
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498:
1240: – Formation of neuronal junctions in the nervous system
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146:
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Various professions may be involved in the medical care and
864:
may be necessary. Medicines used for traumatic injuries are
746:, causing problems with vision, coordination, and balance.
339:
typically produces symptoms like omitting functional words (
3129:
2906:
1572:
873:
758:
Brain lesions are sometimes intentionally inflicted during
555:
310:
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American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
1365:
762:, such as the carefully placed brain lesion used to treat
129:
A common category with the greatest number of injuries is
417:, a loss of perception on the opposite side of the body.
2964:
Barman, Apurba; Chatterjee, Ahana; Bhide, Rohit (2016).
1168: – Group of neurological disorders causing seizures
473:
is the loss or impairment of word comprehension or use.
2738:
957:
also play a significant role in rehabilitation after a
2041:
1027:
but is much rarer and more difficult to assist in the
2963:
2209:"Long Term Side Effects of Brain Tumour Radiotherapy"
1447:"Superior Temporal Gyrus :: DNA Learning Center"
1216: – Cognitive functions related to a brain region
3379:
3227:"Phineas Gage and the Science of Brain Localisation"
1729:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
1106:
903:
of someone with an impairment after a brain injury.
3646:
Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
1246: – Injury of the brain from an external source
19:"Brain damage" redirects here. For other uses, see
3231:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
3024:"Traumatic brain injury - Diagnosis and treatment"
2711:"Glasgow Coma Scale: Technique and Interpretation"
1666:
785:
450:is also common with brain damage, as is temporary
26:For the scientific journal on brain injuries, see
2407:
1916:"Emotional Problems After Traumatic Brain Injury"
434:Long term psychological and physiological effects
237:
3714:
2657:
1338:"Traumatic brain injury Symptoms – Mayo Clinic"
3052:Schmidt, Adam T.; Holland, Jessica N. (2015).
3051:
2574:
2549:
2107:Owen, Jessica E.; Veasey, Sigrid (June 2020).
980:Other treatments for brain injury can include
726:
684:, and even on rare occasion getting shot by a
3474:
2465:Zhang, Jun-Ming; An, Jianxiong (2007-01-01).
2408:Dammann, Olaf; O'Shea, Michael (2016-11-12).
1063:in his or her late teens and early twenties.
3174:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
2780:
2778:
2599:
2193:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1989:"Birth Hypoxia and Brain Damage to Newborns"
1910:
1908:
1863:"Tool use disorders after left brain damage"
1779:"What Happens Immediately After the Injury?"
1091:A few years later, a German neuroscientist,
438:There are multiple responses of the body to
2913:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2244:
1711:
1418:"Traumatic Brain Injury Signs and Symptoms"
695:sleep deprivation lasting longer than a day
3481:
3467:
3224:
2575:Watanabe, Thomas; Marino, Michael (2014).
2550:Watanabe, Thomas; Marino, Michael (2014).
2106:
1669:Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde
513:; multiple traumatic injuries can lead to
420:
274:Location of brain damage predicts symptoms
52:
16:Destruction or degeneration of brain cells
3250:
3201:
3079:
3069:
2999:
2981:
2940:
2775:
2708:
2685:
2675:
2498:
2441:
2354:
2344:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2140:
2083:
1905:
1888:
1878:
1608:
1590:
840:single-photon emission tomography (SPECT)
3438:) is being considered for deletion. See
3412:) is being considered for deletion. See
3355:
3293:
3101:
3099:
2970:Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine
1943:
1162: – Disorder or disease of the brain
497:
194:Symptoms of a mild brain injury include
165:describe the severity and localization.
122:) is the destruction or degeneration of
3108:"10 Myths About Traumatic Brain Injury"
2464:
1960:"TBI: Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury"
1631:
919:specialising in treating brain injury.
265:
184:
161:identify the processes involved, while
3715:
3454:International Brain Injury Association
2784:
2410:"Cytokines and Perinatal Brain Damage"
2293:
2291:
2231:
2163:
1533:More Brain Lesions, Kathleen V. Wilkes
222:. Other symptoms include trouble with
189:
3462:
3167:
3105:
3096:
2520:
2518:
2263:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044913
1726:
1252: – Serious trauma to the cranium
1186: – Serious trauma to the cranium
707:can cause brain damage to the neural
175:
141:from an outside source, and the term
2606:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
2471:International Anesthesiology Clinics
2377:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1031:(brain or spinal cord). However, in
943:, such as those working in hospital
305:), speech or movement problems, and
159:Primary and secondary brain injuries
2288:
2245:Butterworth, Roger F (1981-07-01).
2048:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
1272:"What is an Acquired Brain Injury?"
286:that can vary greatly in severity.
172:by forming new neural connections.
13:
3349:
3168:Li, Linda; Liu, Jianghong (2013).
2878:10.1097/01.phm.0000193507.28759.37
2658:Alderson, P.; Roberts, I. (1997).
2515:
2467:"Cytokines, Inflammation and Pain"
2215:. October 22, 2015. Archived from
1991:. Michael E. Duffy. Archived from
1264:
1226:Primary and secondary brain injury
1014:Primary and secondary brain injury
14:
3744:
3442:to help reach a consensus. ›
3416:to help reach a consensus. ›
3375:
2526:"What Is the Glasgow Coma Scale?"
1325:
990:neuropsychological rehabilitation
883:In the case of brain damage from
769:
3581:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
3186:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04414.x
1506:"Broca's and Wernicke's Aphasia"
1503:
1232:Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)
1210: – Damage to nervous tissue
1137:
1123:
1109:
860:for which cutting a hole in the
515:chronic traumatic encephalopathy
3616:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
3488:
3334:from the original on 2019-11-01
3287:
3267:
3218:
3161:
3045:
3034:from the original on 2023-03-17
3016:
2957:
2900:
2857:
2813:
2732:
2702:
2651:
2640:from the original on 2024-07-26
2593:
2568:
2543:
2532:from the original on 2016-11-15
2458:
2401:
2390:from the original on 2018-01-08
2371:
2320:
2309:from the original on 2016-07-04
2277:from the original on 2024-07-26
2201:
2176:from the original on 2016-09-23
2157:
2100:
2035:
2024:from the original on 2018-07-30
2006:
1981:
1970:from the original on 2016-11-15
1952:
1937:
1926:from the original on 2016-11-11
1854:
1843:from the original on 2016-11-12
1825:
1814:from the original on 2016-11-09
1796:
1785:from the original on 2016-11-12
1771:
1720:
1660:
1625:
1566:
1555:from the original on 2022-05-15
1536:
1486:from the original on 2020-05-22
1457:from the original on 2016-12-20
1428:from the original on 2020-04-26
1348:from the original on 2016-11-15
1314:from the original on 2018-11-10
1198: – Neurosurgical operation
1172:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
832:magnetic resonance spectroscopy
786:Body's response to brain injury
699:
324:, unknowingly making up words (
87:Depending on brain area injured
61:A CT of the head years after a
3294:Guenther, Katja (2013-11-01).
2925:10.1002/14651858.CD004170.pub3
2018:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
1527:
1497:
1468:
1439:
1410:
1359:
1296:
1010:Focal and diffuse brain injury
490:provider should be consulted.
238:Moderate/severe brain injuries
163:focal and diffuse brain injury
1:
3427:
3401:
3140:"Myths & Facts About TBI"
1257:
849:
753:
454:, or impairment of language.
343:), sound production changes,
21:Brain damage (disambiguation)
3106:Holtz, Pamela (2015-06-09).
2589:– via Access Medicine.
2564:– via Access Medicine.
2483:10.1097/AIA.0b013e318034194e
1964:www.traumaticbraininjury.com
1808:National Aphasia Association
1480:National Aphasia Association
1180: – Type of brain injury
1033:neural development in humans
999:
836:positron emission tomography
807:
254:, brain pulsation, abnormal
7:
3519:Intraventricular hemorrhage
3514:Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
3300:Modern Intellectual History
1634:Journal of Psychophysiology
1102:
925:clinical neuropsychologists
732:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
727:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
401:, and bilateral lesions to
315:persistent vegetative state
10:
3749:
2068:10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.003
1066:
894:
824:magnetic resonance imaging
721:loss of cognitive function
465:may become permanent, and
248:disorders of consciousness
25:
18:
3692:Injury of accessory nerve
3660:
3606:
3496:
3383:
3312:10.1017/S147924431300022X
2835:10.1191/0269215503cr620oa
2753:10.1080/02699050801998250
2677:10.1136/bmj.314.7098.1855
2618:10.1016/j.jns.2020.117069
2579:. McGraw-Hill Education.
2554:. McGraw-Hill Education.
2426:10.1016/j.clp.2008.07.011
2125:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104820
1948:. Far Communications Ltd.
1741:10.1080/13803390490919245
1646:10.1027/0269-8803/a000014
1549:Neuroscience. 2nd Edition
1380:10.1038/s41582-019-0282-1
1277:. Headway. Archived from
1228: – Medical condition
1025:peripheral nervous system
568:, including birth hypoxia
493:
385:, for example, can cause
91:
81:
69:
60:
51:
47:Brain damage, neurotrauma
43:
38:
3566:Post-concussion syndrome
3440:templates for discussion
3414:templates for discussion
2983:10.4103/0253-7176.183086
2799:10.1179/ptr.2001.6.4.233
2787:Physical Therapy Reviews
2709:Bhaskar S (3 Aug 2017).
2346:10.3389/fneur.2016.00178
1944:Währborg, Peter (1991).
1880:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00473
1592:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02029
1368:Nature Reviews Neurology
854:
828:diffusion tensor imaging
301:(often, to be specific,
3675:Peripheral nerve injury
3641:Posterior cord syndrome
3598:Penetrating head injury
3539:Subarachnoid hemorrhage
3506:Intracranial hemorrhage
2823:Clinical Rehabilitation
2414:Clinics in Perinatology
2380:"Diffuse axonal injury"
2113:Neurobiology of Disease
1867:Frontiers in Psychology
1837:www.merriam-webster.com
1833:"Definition of Amnesia"
1579:Frontiers in Psychology
937:Occupational therapists
887:, dexamethasone and/or
682:falling off from height
421:Non-localizing features
330:superior temporal gyrus
307:intellectual disability
295:neurocognitive deficits
3728:Neurological disorders
3697:Brachial plexus injury
3687:Wallerian degeneration
3621:Brown-SĂ©quard syndrome
3571:Second-impact syndrome
3498:Traumatic brain injury
2333:Frontiers in Neurology
2251:Alcohol and Alcoholism
1681:10.1055/s-2008-1050309
1244:Traumatic brain injury
1029:central nervous system
1006:Traumatic brain injury
963:traumatic brain injury
885:traumatic brain injury
802:traumatic brain injury
635:Substance use disorder
519:coup-contrecoup injury
503:
448:Post-traumatic amnesia
303:monothematic delusions
131:traumatic brain injury
100:traumatic brain injury
63:traumatic brain injury
28:Brain Injury (journal)
3631:Central cord syndrome
3626:Cauda equina syndrome
3588:Diffuse axonal injury
3243:10.1136/jnnp.71.6.761
2219:on September 23, 2016
1804:"Aphasia Definitions"
1088:and Broca's Aphasia.
775:Diffuse axonal injury
540:Deceleration injuries
501:
377:Other lesions to the
143:acquired brain injury
108:primary and secondary
96:Acquired brain injury
3576:Dementia pugilistica
1476:"Wernicke's Aphasia"
945:intensive care units
750:and gastric bypass.
612:Neurological illness
546:; for example, from
293:is great, including
266:Symptoms in children
260:loss of coordination
256:dilation of the eyes
246:, and coma or other
185:Severity of injuries
149:from injury, from a
3593:Abusive head trauma
3556:Cerebral laceration
3225:Haas L. F. (2001).
3071:10.1155/2015/902802
2060:2018ToxAP.354..101P
1504:Kean, Mary Louise.
1178:Frontal lobe injury
1061:executive functions
961:. In the case of a
820:computed tomography
740:Korsakoff psychosis
715:cells that produce
624:Parkinson's disease
588:, which may follow
190:Mild brain injuries
155:congenital disorder
3608:Spinal cord injury
3551:Cerebral contusion
3360:. Back Bay Books.
3280:2021-11-18 at the
3112:Task & Purpose
2715:Clinics in Surgery
2213:Cancer Research UK
1510:www-rohan.sdsu.edu
1342:www.mayoclinic.org
949:Glasgow Coma Scale
921:Neuropsychologists
813:Glasgow Coma Scale
531:closed head injury
504:
176:Signs and symptoms
3710:
3709:
3702:Traumatic neuroma
3662:Peripheral nerves
3534:Epidural hematoma
3529:Subdural hematoma
3397:
3396:
3356:Sam Kean (2015).
3058:Neural Plasticity
2670:(7098): 1855–59.
2586:978-0-07-179329-2
2561:978-0-07-179329-2
1308:www.ninds.nih.gov
1145:Psychology portal
1131:Philosophy portal
1079:Ten years later,
1023:can occur in the
1021:neuroregeneration
941:Registered nurses
554:and compounds of
391:calcarine fissure
153:(GBI), or from a
113:
112:
33:Medical condition
3740:
3546:Brain herniation
3483:
3476:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3381:
3380:
3371:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3291:
3285:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3146:. Archived from
3136:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3114:. Archived from
3103:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2985:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2919:(12): CD004170.
2904:
2898:
2897:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2717:. Archived from
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2348:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2170:www.oncolink.org
2161:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1594:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1512:. Archived from
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
955:Physiotherapists
606:arteriosclerosis
561:Genetic disorder
526:open head injury
415:amorphosynthesis
365:often result in
151:genetic disorder
133:(TBI) following
104:focal or diffuse
56:
36:
35:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3733:Causes of death
3713:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3656:
3602:
3492:
3487:
3443:
3417:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3378:
3368:
3352:
3350:Further reading
3347:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3292:
3288:
3282:Wayback Machine
3272:
3268:
3223:
3219:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3104:
3097:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3017:
2962:
2958:
2905:
2901:
2862:
2858:
2818:
2814:
2783:
2776:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2707:
2703:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2463:
2459:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2386:. Radiopaedia.
2384:radiopaedia.org
2376:
2372:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2303:medlineplus.gov
2297:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2243:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2158:
2105:
2101:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1735:(8): 977–1021.
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1665:
1661:
1630:
1626:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:Medicine portal
1115:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1097:Wernicke's area
1069:
1037:neuroplasticity
1002:
897:
857:
852:
810:
788:
779:shearing forces
772:
756:
729:
713:oligodendrocyte
702:
691:Acute total or
674:Suicide attempt
664:West Nile fever
604:, and cerebral
496:
436:
423:
399:color-blindness
361:Lesions to the
276:
268:
240:
230:, attention or
192:
187:
178:
170:neuroplasticity
135:physical trauma
34:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3680:classification
3677:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:(Quadriplegia)
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3425:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:Classification
3377:
3376:External links
3374:
3373:
3372:
3367:978-0316182355
3366:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3306:(3): 569–601.
3286:
3266:
3217:
3160:
3128:
3095:
3044:
3015:
2956:
2899:
2856:
2812:
2774:
2731:
2701:
2650:
2592:
2585:
2567:
2560:
2542:
2514:
2457:
2400:
2370:
2319:
2287:
2257:(4): 271–279.
2230:
2200:
2156:
2099:
2034:
2005:
1980:
1951:
1936:
1904:
1853:
1824:
1795:
1781:. 2008-07-25.
1770:
1719:
1710:
1675:(12): 627–34.
1659:
1624:
1565:
1535:
1526:
1496:
1467:
1438:
1424:. 2017-12-01.
1409:
1358:
1324:
1295:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1238:Synaptogenesis
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1214:Neurocognition
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1160:Encephalopathy
1157:
1154:Cerebral palsy
1150:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1120:
1104:
1101:
1068:
1065:
1001:
998:
933:rehabilitation
901:rehabilitation
896:
893:
856:
853:
851:
848:
809:
806:
787:
784:
771:
770:Diffuse axonal
768:
755:
752:
728:
725:
701:
698:
697:
696:
689:
671:
637:
632:
627:
620:cerebral palsy
609:
579:
574:
569:
563:
558:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
528:
495:
492:
435:
432:
422:
419:
409:may result in
407:parietal lobes
363:fusiform gyrus
335:Damage to the
275:
272:
267:
264:
244:slurred speech
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212:sleep patterns
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3209:
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3171:
3164:
3150:on 2016-11-27
3149:
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3135:
3133:
3118:on 2016-08-02
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3019:
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2984:
2979:
2976:(3): 172–81.
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2836:
2832:
2829:(4): 355–62.
2828:
2824:
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2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:(4): 233–49.
2792:
2788:
2781:
2779:
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2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:(5): 365–73.
2746:
2742:
2735:
2721:on 2020-01-16
2720:
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2223:September 22,
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2019:
2015:
2009:
1995:on 2013-08-05
1994:
1990:
1984:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
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1925:
1921:
1920:www.msktc.org
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1674:
1671:(in German).
1670:
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1539:
1530:
1516:on 2017-01-04
1515:
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1500:
1485:
1481:
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1471:
1456:
1452:
1451:www.dnalc.org
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1309:
1305:
1299:
1284:on 2016-07-05
1280:
1273:
1267:
1263:
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1248:
1245:
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1221:
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1215:
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1209:
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1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:Infinity Walk
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
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1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
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1132:
1121:
1118:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:Carl Wernicke
1089:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:frontal brain
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:psychotherapy
983:
978:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:psychologists
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:neurosurgeons
906:
902:
892:
891:may be used.
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
805:
803:
799:
794:
783:
780:
777:is caused by
776:
767:
765:
761:
751:
747:
745:
741:
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733:
724:
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718:
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431:
427:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:. Lesions to
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:visual cortex
375:
372:
368:
367:prosopagnosia
364:
359:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
271:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
228:concentration
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:, changes in
209:
205:
201:
197:
182:
173:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
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144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
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117:
109:
105:
101:
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84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
50:
46:
42:
37:
29:
22:
3670:Nerve injury
3525:Extra-axial
3510:Intra-axial
3489:
3445:Brain injury
3433:
3419:Brain injury
3407:
3357:
3336:. Retrieved
3303:
3299:
3289:
3269:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3180:(1): 37–45.
3177:
3173:
3163:
3152:. Retrieved
3148:the original
3143:
3120:. Retrieved
3116:the original
3111:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3036:. Retrieved
3027:
3018:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2872:(1): 68–74.
2869:
2865:
2859:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2790:
2786:
2744:
2741:Brain Injury
2740:
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:the original
2714:
2704:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2642:. Retrieved
2609:
2605:
2595:
2576:
2570:
2551:
2545:
2534:. Retrieved
2477:(2): 27–37.
2474:
2470:
2460:
2420:(4): 643–v.
2417:
2413:
2403:
2392:. Retrieved
2383:
2378:Gaillard F.
2373:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2311:. Retrieved
2302:
2279:. Retrieved
2254:
2250:
2221:. Retrieved
2217:the original
2212:
2203:
2178:. Retrieved
2169:
2159:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2026:. Retrieved
2017:
2008:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:the original
1983:
1972:. Retrieved
1963:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1928:. Retrieved
1919:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1845:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1816:. Retrieved
1807:
1798:
1787:. Retrieved
1773:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1640:(2): 62–67.
1637:
1633:
1627:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1548:
1538:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1509:
1499:
1488:. Retrieved
1479:
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1450:
1441:
1430:. Retrieved
1421:
1412:
1374:(1): 43–55.
1371:
1367:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1341:
1316:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1288:19 September
1286:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1266:
1208:Nerve injury
1090:
1086:Broca's area
1078:
1073:Phineas Gage
1070:
1045:
1041:
1019:In general,
1018:
1003:
979:
975:
967:contractures
959:brain injury
958:
953:
935:strategies.
923:(especially
913:physiatrists
905:Neurologists
898:
882:
870:anti-seizure
858:
844:
817:
811:
789:
773:
760:neurosurgery
757:
748:
730:
705:Chemotherapy
703:
700:Chemotherapy
646:exposure or
548:heavy metals
505:
488:
480:
456:
440:brain injury
439:
437:
428:
424:
376:
360:
353:
337:Broca's area
334:
319:
288:
277:
269:
241:
193:
179:
167:
128:
119:
116:Brain injury
115:
114:
39:Brain injury
3723:Neurotrauma
3651:Tetraplegia
3490:Neurotrauma
3428:‹ The
3402:‹ The
3028:Mayo Clinic
1250:Head injury
1184:Head injury
838:(PET), and
822:(CT) scan,
744:lactic acid
660:Aspergillus
640:Neurotoxins
584:leading to
356:pure alexia
341:agrammatism
252:convulsions
139:head injury
124:brain cells
44:Other names
3717:Categories
3636:Paraplegia
3561:Concussion
3338:2016-12-10
3237:(6): 761.
3154:2016-12-09
3122:2016-12-09
3064:: 902802.
3038:2023-03-17
2725:2020-01-23
2644:2024-06-05
2612:: 117069.
2536:2016-11-15
2394:2018-01-07
2313:2016-11-15
2281:2022-11-26
2180:2016-09-22
2119:: 104820.
2054:: 101–14.
2028:2016-12-09
1999:2013-07-27
1974:2016-11-15
1930:2016-11-12
1847:2016-11-12
1818:2016-11-12
1789:2016-11-12
1559:2020-01-23
1520:2016-12-09
1490:2016-12-09
1461:2016-12-09
1432:2020-01-23
1352:2016-11-15
1318:2018-11-09
1258:References
1202:Myogenesis
1081:Paul Broca
1048:concussion
982:medication
971:spasticity
917:physicians
850:Management
754:Iatrogenic
709:stem cells
668:meningitis
652:Annonaceae
650:exposure (
648:biological
590:thrombosis
577:Infections
550:including
484:counseling
397:can cause
387:blindsight
349:dysgraphia
326:neologisms
291:disability
284:disability
200:confusions
3320:1479-2443
3194:1469-8749
2992:0253-7176
2933:1469-493X
2626:0022-510X
2491:0020-5907
2434:0095-5108
2133:0969-9961
2076:0041-008X
1749:1380-3395
1705:260195187
1689:0023-2165
1654:0269-8803
1601:1664-1078
1422:BrainLine
1404:208302688
1388:1759-4766
1220:Neurology
1000:Prognosis
992:, and/or
878:Mouse NGF
866:diuretics
808:Diagnosis
793:Cytokines
644:pollution
616:disorders
602:aneurysms
594:embolisms
544:Poisoning
299:delusions
196:headaches
76:Neurology
71:Specialty
3430:template
3404:template
3332:Archived
3328:16372696
3278:Archived
3261:11723197
3212:22998525
3090:26347352
3032:Archived
3010:27335510
2951:26694853
2894:44957954
2886:16357551
2851:36841611
2843:12785242
2807:71247575
2769:13374136
2761:18415716
2638:Archived
2634:32798840
2530:Archived
2509:17426506
2452:19026332
2388:Archived
2365:27812349
2307:Archived
2275:Archived
2189:cite web
2174:Archived
2151:32087293
2094:29428530
2022:Archived
1968:Archived
1924:Archived
1899:24904487
1841:Archived
1812:Archived
1783:Archived
1765:17967490
1757:16207622
1619:28119645
1585:: 2029.
1553:Archived
1484:Archived
1455:Archived
1426:Archived
1396:31772339
1346:Archived
1312:Archived
1196:Lobotomy
1166:Epilepsy
1103:See also
1053:cortical
889:Mannitol
764:epilepsy
736:thiamine
676:such as
666:, Viral
662:spores,
656:rotenone
618:such as
598:angiomas
371:amygdala
345:dyslexia
313:or even
232:thinking
220:behavior
204:tinnitus
83:Symptoms
3432:below (
3406:below (
3252:1737620
3203:3593091
3081:4539485
3001:4904751
2942:8629646
2696:9224126
2687:2126994
2500:2785020
2443:3657129
2356:5071911
2339:: 178.
2271:2675860
2142:7593848
2085:6082736
2056:Bibcode
1890:4033127
1873:: 473.
1697:3265459
1610:5222876
1067:History
994:surgery
895:Chronic
834:(MRS),
826:(MRI),
686:firearm
678:hanging
630:Surgery
586:infarct
566:Hypoxia
552:mercury
475:Apraxia
471:Aphasia
467:apraxia
463:aphasia
459:amnesia
452:aphasia
444:neurons
411:agnosia
208:fatigue
157:(CBI).
102:(TBI),
98:(ABI),
3449:Curlie
3435:Curlie
3423:Curlie
3409:Curlie
3364:
3326:
3318:
3259:
3249:
3210:
3200:
3192:
3088:
3078:
3008:
2998:
2990:
2949:
2939:
2931:
2892:
2884:
2849:
2841:
2805:
2767:
2759:
2694:
2684:
2632:
2624:
2583:
2558:
2507:
2497:
2489:
2450:
2440:
2432:
2363:
2353:
2269:
2149:
2139:
2131:
2092:
2082:
2074:
1897:
1887:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1652:
1617:
1607:
1599:
1402:
1394:
1386:
927:) are
911:, and
830:(DTI)
717:myelin
688:, etc.
626:, etc.
582:Stroke
572:Tumors
511:Trauma
494:Causes
478:time.
322:anomia
280:Lesion
224:memory
3324:S2CID
3144:CBIRT
2890:S2CID
2847:S2CID
2803:S2CID
2765:S2CID
1761:S2CID
1701:S2CID
1400:S2CID
1282:(PDF)
1275:(PDF)
862:skull
855:Acute
403:MT/V5
147:birth
92:Types
3362:ISBN
3316:ISSN
3257:PMID
3208:PMID
3190:ISSN
3086:PMID
3062:2015
3006:PMID
2988:ISSN
2947:PMID
2929:ISSN
2917:2015
2882:PMID
2839:PMID
2757:PMID
2692:PMID
2630:PMID
2622:ISSN
2581:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2505:PMID
2487:ISSN
2448:PMID
2430:ISSN
2361:PMID
2267:PMID
2225:2016
2195:link
2147:PMID
2129:ISSN
2090:PMID
2072:ISSN
1895:PMID
1753:PMID
1745:ISSN
1693:PMID
1685:ISSN
1650:ISSN
1615:PMID
1597:ISSN
1392:PMID
1384:ISSN
1290:2016
973:.
915:are
874:coma
798:TNFα
711:and
556:lead
517:. A
461:and
311:coma
216:mood
3447:at
3421:at
3308:doi
3247:PMC
3239:doi
3198:PMC
3182:doi
3076:PMC
3066:doi
2996:PMC
2978:doi
2937:PMC
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