53:: focal injury occurs in a specific location, while diffuse injury occurs over a more widespread area. It is common for both focal and diffuse damage to occur as a result of the same event; many traumatic brain injuries have aspects of both focal and diffuse injury. Focal injuries are commonly associated with an injury in which the head strikes or is struck by an object; diffuse injuries are more often found in
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93:. Focal injuries typically have symptoms that are related to the damaged area of the brain. Stroke can produce focal damage that is associated with signs and symptoms that correspond to the part of the brain that was damaged. For example, if a speech center of the brain such as
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Vascular injury usually causes death shortly after an injury. Although it is a diffuse type of brain injury itself, diffuse vascular injury is generally more likely to be caused by focal than diffuse injury.
57:/deceleration injuries, in which the head does not necessarily contact anything, but brain tissue is damaged because tissue types with varying densities accelerate at different rates. In addition to
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Although brain injuries are often described as diffuse or focal in nature, in reality many traumatic brain injuries have both focal and diffuse components.
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A focal traumatic injury results from direct mechanical forces (such as occur when the head strikes a windshield in a
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Lovell MK, Franzen MD (1994). "Neuropsychological assessment". In Silver JM, Yudofsky SC, Hales RE (eds.).
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is a bruise of brain tissue that commonly results from contact of the brain with the inside of the skull.
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Traumatic Brain Injury: Methods for
Clinical & Forensic Neuropsychiatric Assessment, Second Edition
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brain injury resulting from an insufficient blood supply to the brain, is one of the leading causes of
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are a common cause of diffuse injuries; these forces are common in diffuse injuries such as
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of the brain that usually results from acceleration/deceleration types of injury.
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Swelling, commonly seen after TBI, can lead to dangerous increases in
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326:. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 27–34.
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and the skull. It is commonly associated with damage to the
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LaPlaca MC, Simon CM, Prado GR, Cullen DR (27 July 2007).
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Neurotrauma: New
Insights Into Pathology and Treatment
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is bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid.
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322:. In Silver JM, McAllister TW, Yudofsky SC (eds.).
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360:"CNS injury biomechanics and experimental models"
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36:Epidural hematoma, an example of a focal injury
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278:Neuropsychiatry of Traumatic Brain Injury
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205:Diffuse injuries include the following:
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100:Focal injuries include the following:
240:from either focal or diffuse injury.
424:. Boca Raton: CRC. pp. 26–33.
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451:Hammeke TA, Gennarelli TA (2003).
324:Textbook Of Traumatic Brain Injury
71:primary and secondary brain injury
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318:Gennarelli GA, Graham DI (2005).
113:is a brain injury in which the
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212:is widespread damage to the
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155:Intraventricular hemorrhage
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453:"Traumatic brain injury"
251:Focal neurologic deficit
149:Intracerebral hemorrhage
127:is bleeding between the
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157:is bleeding within the
133:middle meningeal artery
87:penetrating head injury
224:secondary brain damage
418:Granacher RP (2007).
362:. In Weber JT (ed.).
234:intracranial pressure
210:Diffuse axonal injury
200:diffuse axonal injury
49:are ways to classify
47:diffuse brain injury
172:multifocal injuries
143:Subdural hemorrhage
125:Epidural hemorrhage
111:Cerebral laceration
226:after head trauma.
105:Cerebral contusion
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192:Rotational forces
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214:white matter
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95:Broca's area
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63:brain injury
55:acceleration
51:brain injury
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552:Neurotrauma
188:microscopic
73:processes.
472:2008-06-16
437:2008-07-06
379:2008-06-10
339:2008-06-10
294:2008-06-17
257:References
196:concussion
180:meningitis
159:ventricles
129:dura mater
65:, such as
119:arachnoid
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245:See also
220:Ischemic
121:is torn.
530:D001930
176:hypoxia
166:Diffuse
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238:result
67:stroke
519:S06.3
515:S06.2
77:Focal
43:Focal
525:MeSH
461:ISBN
426:ISBN
368:ISBN
328:ISBN
283:ISBN
198:and
45:and
506:ICD
115:pia
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