410:
345:
1982:
2947:
1994:
22:
1970:
461:, the sharp distinction between the English- and Welsh-speaking populations has been referred to as the "Englishry" and the "Welshry". As mentioned by Owen, the cultural differences between Little England and the "Welshry" extend beyond language. Manorial villages are more common in Little England, particularly on the banks of the
222:
had Rhos and Penfro in Dyved, and settled there as loyal men to the king. And he placed
English among them to teach them the English language, and they are now English, and the plague of Dyved and South Wales on account of their deceit and lies, in which they exceeded any settlers in any part of the Island of Britain.
453:
allowed that "Breve domini regis non currit in
Walliam"; yet by many records still extant, it is clear that the king's writs did run into what Camden calls "Anglia transwallina", including the jurisdiction of the earldom of Pembroke, which extended only to those parts of it where the English tongue was spoken.
364:, around 1870. This shows a further shrinkage since Owen's time. From 1891 onward, linguistic affiliation in Wales has been assessed in the census. The overall picture is that the boundary has moved to a significant, but small degree. Furthermore, the boundary has always been described as sharp. In 1972,
468:
On the other hand, Little
England and the Welshry have many similarities. Typical Welsh surnames of patronymic origin (e.g. Edwards, Richards, Phillips etc.) were almost universal in the Welshry in Owen's time, but they also accounted for 40 per cent of names in Little England. According to John, the
221:
Sent to his castellans and officers, and the
Frenchmen and Welsh who were well affected to him, with a command to receive the Flemings and give them means of subsistence, under condition that they should take arms when required by the king and those faithful to him. And so it was. And those strangers
1207:
Leslie, Stephen; Winney, Bruce; Hellenthal, Garrett; Davison, Dan; Boumertit, Abdelhamid; Day, Tammy; Hutnik, Katarzyna; Royrvik, Ellen C.; Cunliffe, Barry; Lawson, Daniel J.; Falush, Daniel; Freeman, Colin; Pirinen, Matti; Myers, Simon; Robinson, Mark; Donnelly, Peter; Bodmer, Walter; Donnelly, P.;
270:
in the early 12th century. Gerald says this took place specifically in Roose. The
Flemish were noted for their skill in the construction of castles, which were built throughout the Norman territories in Pembrokeshire. The previous inhabitants were said to have "lost their land", but this could mean
452:
No wonder then that such part of this county as was so colonized, and continued to inherit prejudices (not yet fairly eradicated) to keep them a separate people, should be called Little
England beyond Wales, and in the eye of the law considered as part of England; for at a time when the maxim was
186:
removed all the
Flemings in England into Wales. England contained so many of these Flemings...that the country was overburthened with them. Wherefore with the two-fold intent of clearing the land, and repressing the brutal audacity of the foe, he settled them with all their property and goods in
204:
In the year 1108 the rage of the sea did overflow and drowne a great part of the lowe countrie of
Flanders in such sort that the inhabitants were driven to seek themselves other dwelling places, who came to King Henrie and desired him to give them some void place to remain in, who being verie
319:(and sometimes in the same parish), nor commerce nor buy but in open fairs, so that you shall find in one parish a pathway parting the Welsh and English, and the one side speak all English, the other all Welsh, and differing in tilling and in measuring of their land, and divers other matters.
444:...from the first introduction of foreigners into this country, the greater proportion were Saxon or English, whom the first Norman kings were as desirous of getting rid of as they afterwards were of the Flemish; and to that may be ascribed the predominancy of the English language.
327:(They) keep their language among themselves without receiving the Welsh speech or learning any part thereof, and hold themselves so close to the same that to this day they wonder at a Welshman coming among them, the one neighbour saying to the other "Look there goeth a Welshman".
292:'s war of independence in the early 15th century, in which no fighting took place in "little England", came draconian laws affecting Wales, though these were, for reasons historians have not been able to ascertain, applied less rigorously here than elsewhere in Wales.
275:
as the castle and borough controlling Roose dates from this period; this plantation occurred under the auspices of the Norman invaders. The
Normans placed the whole of southwest Wales under military control, establishing castles over the entire area, as far north as
195:
The fact that they came via
England, and that at that time the Flemish language was not markedly different from English, was likely to have influenced the English language becoming, and remaining, the dominant language of the area. Another contemporary writer,
311:), completed in 1603. The work is essentially a geographical analysis of the languages in the county, and his writings provide the vital source for all subsequent commentators. He is the first to emphasize the sharpness of the linguistic boundary. He said:
287:
in the late 13th century, was 100 years of peace, particularly in "Little England", marked by subjugation of the Welsh by the English crown, which must have compounded the tendency of Welsh to become a minor language in the region. With the failure of
48:, which has been English in language and culture for many centuries despite its remoteness from England. Its origins may lie in the Irish, Norse, Norman, Flemish and Saxon settlement that took place in this area more than in other areas of
401:, was criticised for using the phrase "Made for you in little England beyond Wales" in their packaging. The company agreed to remove the reference in future, and replace it "with messaging that more clearly celebrates our Welshness".
75:
is more commonly spoken, sometimes known as the Landsker Line, is noted for its sharpness and resilience. Although it is probably much older, the first known approximation of "Little England beyond Wales" was in the 16th century, when
505:
were not particularly high – it was not possible to tell whether the high levels in "Little England" were caused "by rampaging Vikings or by a few cartloads of Belgians". Sykes also commented that, based on the findings of his
528:
Researchers at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics reported in 2015 "unexpectedly stark differences between inhabitants in the north and south of the Welsh county of Pembrokeshire" in DNA signatures.
331:
Owen described the linguistic frontier in some detail, and his 1603 line is shown on the map. His description indicates that some northern parts had been re-colonised by Welsh speakers. The disruptions of the
209:, or West Wales, where Pembroke, Tenby and Haverford are now built, and where they remaine to this daie, as may well be perceived by their speach and condition farre differing from the rest of the countrie.
492:
in South Pembrokeshire were 5–10 per cent higher than in surrounding areas. Watkin suggested that this was due to Viking settlement in the area, rather than the forcible transfer of a colony of
371:
Aspects of the South Pembrokeshire dialect were noted from a talk at the British Library given by Marloes inhabitants in 1976; their dialect showed distinctive similarities to the English spoken in the
476:
Most recently, David Austin labels "Little England" a myth and questions the process by which the language came about, attributing it to a combination of land manipulation and Tudor "aspirant gentry".
315:...yet do these two nations keep each from dealings with the other, as mere strangers, so that the meaner sort of people will not, or do not usually, join together in marriage, although they be in one
976:
360:
of 1810 observed that churches in the south of the county were more likely to have spires than those in the north. Quantitative descriptions of the linguistic geography of the area start with that of
2803:
514:) in South Wales in general, which was strong evidence against Viking settlement, and meant that Watkin's theory regarding the high frequency of type A blood in "Little England" was wrong.
120:(920–1197), but it is unclear when it became distinguished from other parts of Wales. Welsh scholar Dr B. G. Charles surveyed the evidence for early non-Welsh settlements in the area. The
368:
said of the linguistic boundary that it "is a cultural feature of surprising tenacity; it is quite as discernible, and only a little less strong, than the divide of four centuries ago."
59:
A number of writers and scholars, ancient and modern, have discussed how and when this difference came about, and why it should persist, with no clear explanation coming to the fore.
2666:
2661:
432:
in the rest of Little England, although these areas were certainly English-speaking. Flemish names, Fenton noted, are rarely found in early documents, supporting Owen's statement:
2653:
1868:
2271:
390:
The differences in the proportion of Welsh speakers persist, illustrated by the map derived from the 2011 census, and the name has persisted into the 21st century; in 2015
2628:
2884:
548:
2648:
2288:
2350:
1018:
2156:
2971:
2673:
2621:
2224:
952:
2463:
2833:
2283:
2256:
1902:
1512:
2633:
485:
2776:
2547:
2453:
2266:
2771:
2721:
2345:
2278:
2122:
2052:
299:
at Pembroke Castle and his eventual accession to the throne of England after beginning his campaign in southwest Wales. At the end of the
2308:
469:
majority of English-speaking Little England natives today regard themselves as Welsh, as did Gerald, who was born on the south coast at
2389:
1844:
1839:
1484:
2616:
2166:
2093:
2981:
1913:
2840:
2134:
2298:
1834:
620:
2828:
2569:
162:
Both the Flemynges that woneth in the west side of Wales. Nabbeth y left here strange speech, and speketh Saxon lych y now.
271:
either a total expulsion of the existing population, or merely a replacement of the land-owning class. The development of
2976:
2195:
2127:
1897:
1829:
1449:
A linguistic map of Wales according to the 1931 census, with some observations on its historical and geographical setting
494:
924:
2991:
2377:
2303:
2293:
2229:
2098:
352:
Although Little England is described by several later writers (other than Edward Laws), they do little but quote Owen.
1405:
Welsh and English in Wales, 1750–1971: A Spatial Analysis Based on the Linguistic Affiliation of Parochial Communities
2783:
2409:
2355:
2318:
1367:
1353:
1339:
1291:
765:
735:
665:
596:
2927:
2716:
2640:
2313:
2045:
409:
380:
1022:
2865:
2860:
2473:
2144:
2072:
1860:
1508:
2596:
1477:
465:, while the north has characteristically Welsh scattered settlements. Forms of agriculture are also distinct.
2697:
2458:
2360:
2180:
1806:
316:
2709:
1876:
421:
2950:
2680:
2394:
2251:
2212:
2038:
2608:
2496:
2399:
2185:
1707:
1526:
538:
2986:
2731:
2603:
2564:
2523:
2372:
2246:
2019:
1821:
1788:
1779:
1470:
902:
2823:
2749:
2692:
2335:
2323:
2236:
2207:
2105:
2014:
1949:
1670:
267:
213:
A second batch of Flemings were sent to southwest Wales by King Henry in about 1113. According to
3001:
2877:
2754:
2535:
2367:
2340:
2190:
1811:
2996:
2766:
2506:
2241:
1801:
542:
489:
361:
241:
994:
977:
Conor Gogarty, "Welsh ice cream maker apologises for 'little England beyond Wales' branding",
838:
2872:
2556:
2468:
2417:
2330:
2088:
1077:
197:
176:
2922:
2491:
2427:
1796:
1622:
1221:
296:
277:
1325:
8:
2161:
1632:
1617:
1534:
284:
253:
1225:
295:
National awareness of the region was made much of in the 15th century with the birth of
2685:
2511:
2139:
2061:
2008:
1752:
1747:
1675:
1582:
1462:
1242:
1209:
1132:
522:
227:
183:
175:
immigration from England, rather than directly from Flanders, is given by contemporary
2932:
2704:
2518:
2483:
2202:
1907:
1363:
1349:
1335:
1287:
1247:
1136:
1124:
761:
731:
661:
616:
592:
142:
420:
As for placenames, the greatest concentration of Anglo-Saxon names is in the former
344:
2813:
2759:
2726:
2448:
2219:
1974:
1768:
1690:
1685:
1658:
1653:
1567:
1562:
1493:
1237:
1229:
1116:
636:
436:
In the swaynes and laborers of the countrey you may often trace a Flemish origin...
429:
256:, a third wave of Flemings were sent to Rhys ap Gruffydd's West Wales territories.
206:
154:, sometimes with people of unspecified origin. The Saxons influenced the language.
109:
49:
289:
2818:
2501:
2174:
1986:
1602:
1051:
929:
813:
784:
703:
497:
to the area, by King Henry I, in the early 12th century. However, the geneticist
458:
259:
133:
68:
41:
394:
was quoted as being "traditionally the heart of Little England beyond Wales".
124:
raided in the 9th and 10th centuries, and some may have settled, as they did in
2795:
2434:
2422:
2149:
2110:
1597:
1317:
834:
511:
353:
172:
77:
72:
2965:
2899:
2891:
2586:
2115:
1954:
1938:
1762:
1627:
1128:
502:
462:
425:
398:
272:
236:
231:
188:
150:) in the pre-Norman period. Sometimes these were stated to be conflicts with
147:
137:
113:
53:
37:
26:
1120:
266:
recorded that "Flemings" were settled in south Pembrokeshire soon after the
2591:
2439:
1998:
1251:
518:
373:
300:
240:(1327) stated that Flemish was by his time extinct in southwest Wales, and
155:
151:
104:. The Déisi merged with the local Welsh, with the regional name underlying
1104:
387:(now the Senedd), it was reported that Pembrokeshire's vote could be key.
2261:
1757:
1742:
1737:
1680:
1648:
1557:
1165:
1149:
498:
333:
129:
1981:
1392:
1233:
1045:
807:
778:
510:, there was a lack of patrilineal Y-chromosomes from the "Sigurd" clan (
428:, which had pre-Norman origins, while there are considerable numbers of
2530:
1727:
1702:
1697:
1530:
1521:
365:
117:
205:
liberall of that which was not his owne, gave them the land of Ros in
2382:
2030:
1944:
1880:
1732:
1665:
1612:
1551:
470:
953:"Welsh school for resort in heart of 'Little England Beyond Wales'"
121:
863:
On the Celtic languages of the British Isles; a statistical survey
376:
of England, as opposed to the English spoken in south east Wales.
146:
mentions many battles in southwest Wales and sackings of Menevia (
95:
21:
2581:
2576:
1607:
1435:
Linguistic divides in South Wales: a historico-geographical study
125:
100:
501:
later commented that – while the levels of blood group A in the
384:
1206:
391:
45:
1210:"The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population"
2808:
1082:
The Land of Britain, Report of the Land Utilisation Survey
1021:. The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. Archived from
883:
The Linguistic Significance of the Pembrokeshire Landsker
1492:
999:. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & co. pp. 203–204
843:. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & co. pp. 149–151
549:
Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English
517:
A 2003 Y-chromosome study in Haverfordwest revealed an
36:
is a name that has been applied to an area of southern
637:"Dictionary of Welsh Biography: Bertie George Charles"
1298:
Wales: a Physical, Historical and Regional Geography
1019:"Gower: Historical Processes, Themes and Background"
71:
between this region and the area to the north where
1420:
The geographical distribution of the Welsh language
1360:
The Welsh language and its social domains 1801–1911
1332:
The Welsh Language before the Industrial Revolution
1284:
The Welsh Language 1961–1981: an interpretive atlas
1105:"Little England Beyond Wales: Re-defining the Myth"
244:in 1603 was adamant that Flemish was long extinct.
397:In 2022, the ice cream maker Upton Farm, based at
760:Dillwyn Miles (Ed) (Gomer Press, Llandysul 1994)
94:Between 350 and 400, an Irish tribe known as the
2963:
1903:South West Wales Integrated Transport Consortium
660:, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, 1992,
728:Languages of the British Isles past and present
2046:
1910:(North Wales excluding Meirionydd in Gwynedd)
1478:
606:
604:
98:settled in the region known to the Romans as
950:
2889:
1916:(Mid Wales including Meirionydd in Gwynedd)
1324:. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme &Co, 1811
1268:. New Scientist. 21 March 2015. p. 10.
112:(410–920), which existed as an independent
81:
2972:English-speaking countries and territories
2053:
2039:
1845:South West Wales Corporate Joint Committee
1840:South East Wales Corporate Joint Committee
1485:
1471:
1389:The History of Little England Beyond Wales
1346:Language and Community in the 19th Century
1187:A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles
1047:The History of Little England Beyond Wales
809:The History of Little England Beyond Wales
780:The History of Little England Beyond Wales
705:The History of Little England Beyond Wales
601:
348:Proportion of Welsh speakers (2011 census)
283:What followed, starting with the reign of
1241:
679:Brut y Tywysogyon, Peniarth MS 20 Version
116:. The area became part of the kingdom of
1282:Aitchison, John W., and Carter, Harold,
925:"In Wales: Little England holds the key"
867:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
408:
383:, which resulted in the creation of the
343:
52:. Its northern boundary is known as the
20:
1409:Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
1372:Jones, Emrys, and Griffiths, Ieuan L.,
1322:A historical tour through Pembrokeshire
996:A historical tour through Pembrokeshire
840:A historical tour through Pembrokeshire
2964:
2060:
1102:
992:
833:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
610:
589:Cymraeg Sir Benfro/Pembrokeshire Welsh
230:did not survive in the local dialect.
132:placenames in the area, mostly in the
2034:
1835:North Wales Corporate Joint Committee
1466:
1266:Roman invasion left no genetic legacy
922:
521:population similar to populations in
252:In 1155, under the orders of the new
247:
1865:South West Wales Tourism Partnership
1494:Regions and regional bodies of Wales
1043:
805:
776:
701:
1898:South East Wales Transport Alliance
1830:Mid Wales Corporate Joint Committee
903:"British Library: Sounds familiar?"
741:
684:
128:further north. There are scattered
13:
1305:Penfro Gymreig a Seisnig a'i Phobl
1276:
479:
14:
3013:
2225:fossiliferous stratigraphic units
951:Davies, Ruth (19 December 2015).
2946:
2945:
2928:Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil
1992:
1980:
1968:
758:The Description of Pembrokeshire
708:. Bell, London. pp. 107–119
381:1997 Welsh devolution referendum
339:
166:
2073:Geography of the United Kingdom
1861:Tourism Partnership North Wales
1374:A linguistic map of Wales: 1961
1258:
1200:
1175:
1159:
1143:
1096:
1087:
1066:
1037:
1011:
986:
970:
944:
916:
895:
875:
855:
827:
799:
658:The Placenames of Pembrokeshire
561:
200:(fl. 1135), was more explicit:
140:. The medieval Welsh chronicle
2982:Genetics in the United Kingdom
1854:Tourism partnerships (defunct)
923:Heath, Tony (14 August 1997).
770:
720:
671:
650:
629:
581:
171:Early documentary evidence of
1:
2861:Social geography and identity
1891:Transport consortia (defunct)
1869:Tourism Partnership Mid Wales
1807:Growing Mid Wales Partnership
1172:(Bantam, 2006) pages 227, 238
574:
336:period may account for this.
323:Of Little England, he added:
2804:General forms of place-names
1877:Forgotten Landscapes Project
1208:Bodmer, W. (19 March 2015).
508:Oxford Genetic Atlas Project
62:
7:
2905:Little England beyond Wales
2007:may be grouped together as
1935:Little England beyond Wales
1399:Little England Beyond Wales
1358:Jenkins, Geraint. H., (ed)
1344:Jenkins, Geraint. H., (ed)
1330:Jenkins, Geraint. H., (ed)
887:The Pembrokeshire Historian
532:
404:
385:National Assembly for Wales
305:Description of Penbrokshire
303:, George Owen produced his
34:Little England beyond Wales
10:
3018:
2977:Geography of Pembrokeshire
1822:Corporate Joint Committees
1708:West Wales and the Valleys
1527:West Wales and the Valleys
681:, UoW Press, Cardiff, 1952
567:See further reading, below
539:Landsker Borderlands Trail
226:Unsurprisingly, then, the
89:
2992:Medieval history of Wales
2941:
2915:
2853:
2794:
2742:
2555:
2546:
2482:
2408:
2081:
2068:
1963:
1927:
1890:
1853:
1820:
1787:
1778:
1720:
1641:
1590:
1581:
1544:
1507:
1500:
1076:, Part 32 (pp 75–170) of
1050:. Bell, London. pp.
983:. Retrieved 24 April 2022
783:. Bell, London. pp.
158:, writing in 1387, said:
2824:Welsh Place-Name Society
2009:Mid and South West Wales
1950:Senedd electoral regions
1671:Mid and South West Wales
1459:, part 2, 1937, p 146-51
1453:The Geographical Journal
1430:, part 1, 1956, pp 71–79
1424:The Geographical Journal
1378:The Geographical Journal
993:Fenton, Richard (1811).
812:. Bell, London. p.
554:
268:Norman invasion of Wales
179:(1095–1143), who wrote:
136:, north and west of the
1812:Swansea Bay City Region
1439:Archaeologia Cambrensis
1121:10.1179/lan.2005.6.2.30
730:, Andre Deutsch, 1975,
488:claimed that levels of
2896:(Welsh-speaking areas)
2890:
2464:Habitats of importance
1873:Capital Region Tourism
1802:Cardiff Capital Region
1156:(Bantam, 2006) page 90
1103:Austin, David (2005).
677:Jones, Thomas, (ed.),
543:long-distance footpath
455:
446:
438:
417:
362:Ernst Georg Ravenstein
349:
329:
321:
224:
211:
193:
164:
82:
30:
2885:Anglo–Welsh relations
2634:by population in 1971
2469:Marine Character Area
2213:Temperate rainforests
1447:Williams, D. Trevor,
1433:Williams, D. Trevor,
1384:, part 2, 1963, p 195
1296:Bowen, E. G., (Ed.),
1044:Laws, Edward (1888).
806:Laws, Edward (1888).
777:Laws, Edward (1888).
702:Laws, Edward (1888).
611:Davies, John (1994).
587:Awbery, Gwenllian M,
450:
442:
434:
412:
347:
325:
313:
219:
202:
198:Caradoc of Llancarfan
181:
177:William of Malmesbury
160:
24:
2923:Geography of Cardiff
2834:in the United States
2459:Environmental issues
2162:Reservoir management
1797:Ambition North Wales
1326:Internet Archive PDF
545:through this region.
262:(c.1146-c.1223) and
83:Anglia Transwalliana
2257:Mountains and hills
2157:Dams and reservoirs
2106:Border with England
1771:(claims in England)
1633:Welsh Lake District
1618:South Wales Valleys
1535:South Wales Valleys
1418:Thomas, J. Gareth,
1362:, UoW Press, 2000,
1348:, UoW Press, 1998,
1334:, UoW Press, 1997,
1314:, 1914, pp 233–238.
1286:, UoW Press, 1985,
1234:10.1038/nature14230
1226:2015Natur.519..309.
1025:on 11 December 2008
861:Ravenstein, E. G.,
615:. London: Penguin.
191:, a Welsh province.
2866:North–South divide
2841:Standardised Welsh
2829:In other countries
2681:Preserved counties
2629:1844–1974 exclaves
2454:Conservation areas
2062:Geography of Wales
1753:Rhwng Gwy a Hafren
1748:Rhos (North Wales)
1676:Mid and West Wales
1197:, 2003, pp 979–984
1170:Blood of the Isles
1154:Blood of the Isles
613:A History of Wales
591:, Llanrwst, 1991,
523:South West England
463:Daugleddau estuary
418:
350:
248:Post-Norman period
31:
2959:
2958:
2933:Lammas Ecovillage
2849:
2848:
2609:Historic counties
2497:Natural resources
2390:Extinct volcanoes
2028:
2027:
1923:
1922:
1908:Taith Joint Board
1716:
1715:
1577:
1576:
1444:, 1935, pp 239–66
1403:Pryce, W. T. R.,
1220:(7543): 309–314.
957:Western Telegraph
726:Lockwood, W. B.,
622:978-0-14-014581-6
416:(Flemish chimney)
264:Brut y Tywysogyon
215:Brut y Tywysogyon
143:Brut y Tywysogion
69:language boundary
40:and southwestern
3009:
2987:History of Wales
2949:
2948:
2895:
2645:Local districts
2565:Local government
2553:
2552:
2383:for military-use
2055:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2031:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1785:
1784:
1780:Local governance
1769:Welsh Lost Lands
1691:South East Wales
1686:South West Wales
1659:North West Wales
1654:North East Wales
1588:
1587:
1568:South West Wales
1563:South East Wales
1505:
1504:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1415:, 1978, pp 1–36.
1393:Internet Archive
1303:Davies, Thomas,
1270:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1204:
1198:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1100:
1094:
1093:John, pp. 19–20.
1091:
1085:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
990:
984:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
899:
893:
892:, 1972. pp. 7–29
881:John, Brian S.,
879:
873:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
774:
768:
754:
739:
724:
718:
717:
715:
713:
699:
682:
675:
669:
656:Charles, B. G.,
654:
648:
647:
645:
643:
633:
627:
626:
608:
599:
585:
568:
565:
495:Flemish refugees
430:Welsh placenames
228:Flemish language
134:Hundred of Roose
85:
80:called the area
50:South West Wales
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2937:
2911:
2845:
2790:
2738:
2717:Electoral wards
2693:Principal areas
2641:Poor law unions
2542:
2536:Slate quarrying
2478:
2404:
2356:Nature reserves
2336:Protected areas
2175:Desert of Wales
2077:
2064:
2059:
2029:
2024:
1993:
1991:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1919:
1886:
1849:
1816:
1774:
1712:
1637:
1603:Desert of Wales
1573:
1540:
1496:
1491:
1397:Mais, S. P. B.
1391:, London, 1888
1318:Fenton, Richard
1300:, Methuen, 1957
1279:
1277:Further reading
1274:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1205:
1201:
1191:Current Biology
1180:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1148:
1144:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1072:Davies, M. F.,
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
991:
987:
981:, 23 April 2022
975:
971:
961:
959:
949:
945:
935:
933:
930:The Independent
921:
917:
907:
905:
901:
900:
896:
880:
876:
872:, 1879, 579–636
860:
856:
846:
844:
835:Fenton, Richard
832:
828:
818:
816:
804:
800:
790:
788:
775:
771:
755:
742:
725:
721:
711:
709:
700:
685:
676:
672:
655:
651:
641:
639:
635:
634:
630:
623:
609:
602:
586:
582:
577:
572:
571:
566:
562:
557:
535:
484:Welsh academic
482:
480:Genetic studies
459:Gower Peninsula
407:
358:Historical Tour
342:
260:Gerald of Wales
250:
169:
92:
65:
42:Carmarthenshire
17:
12:
11:
5:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3002:Welsh language
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2722:Built-up areas
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2548:Administrative
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2524:re-forestation
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:National parks
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2191:Extreme points
2188:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1765:(cross-border)
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Brecon Beacons
1594:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1445:
1431:
1416:
1401:
1395:
1387:Laws, Edward.
1385:
1370:
1356:
1342:
1328:
1315:
1301:
1294:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1257:
1199:
1174:
1158:
1142:
1095:
1086:
1084:, London, 1939
1065:
1036:
1010:
985:
969:
943:
915:
894:
874:
854:
826:
798:
769:
756:Owen, George,
740:
719:
683:
670:
649:
628:
621:
600:
579:
578:
576:
573:
570:
569:
559:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:– a waymarked
534:
531:
512:haplogroup R1a
481:
478:
406:
403:
354:Richard Fenton
341:
338:
249:
246:
168:
165:
108:evolving into
91:
88:
78:William Camden
64:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3014:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Welsh English
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2900:Landsker Line
2898:
2894:
2893:
2892:Y Fro Gymraeg
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2777:with Brittany
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2474:Precipitation
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Coastal paths
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1955:Y Fro Gymraeg
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:Landsker Line
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:Welsh Marches
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Vale of Clwyd
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1368:0-7083-1604-2
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:0-7083-1467-8
1351:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:0-7083-1418-X
1337:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:0-7083-0906-2
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:Capelli, C.,
1178:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Pembrokeshire
1069:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1024:
1020:
1014:
998:
997:
989:
982:
980:
973:
958:
954:
947:
932:
931:
926:
919:
904:
898:
891:
888:
884:
878:
871:
868:
864:
858:
842:
841:
836:
830:
815:
811:
810:
802:
786:
782:
781:
773:
767:
766:1-85902-120-4
763:
759:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
737:
736:0-233-96666-8
733:
729:
723:
707:
706:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
680:
674:
668:, pp xxxv–lii
667:
666:0-907158-58-7
663:
659:
653:
638:
632:
624:
618:
614:
607:
605:
598:
597:0-86381-181-7
594:
590:
584:
580:
564:
560:
550:
547:
544:
540:
537:
536:
530:
526:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
504:
503:Low Countries
500:
496:
491:
487:
486:Morgan Watkin
477:
474:
472:
466:
464:
460:
454:
449:
448:Fenton adds:
445:
441:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
415:
414:Carew Chimney
411:
402:
400:
399:Pembroke Dock
395:
393:
388:
386:
382:
379:Prior to the
377:
375:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
346:
340:Modern period
337:
335:
328:
324:
320:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
290:Owain Glyndŵr
286:
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27:Landsker Line
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16:Area in Wales
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2557:Subdivisions
2418:Biodiversity
2181:Dune systems
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1789:City regions
1583:Geographical
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1166:Sykes, Brian
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1150:Sykes, Brian
1145:
1115:(2): 30–62.
1112:
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1098:
1089:
1081:
1078:Stamp, L. D.
1073:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1046:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:the original
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
995:
988:
979:Wales Online
978:
972:
960:. Retrieved
956:
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934:. Retrieved
928:
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906:. Retrieved
897:
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710:. Retrieved
704:
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640:. Retrieved
631:
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519:Anglo-Celtic
516:
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156:John Trevisa
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130:Scandinavian
105:
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33:
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2743:Settlements
2732:for economy
2705:Communities
2507:Coal mining
2492:Agriculture
2410:Environment
2267:County tops
2111:Offa's Dyke
1758:Ystrad Tywi
1743:Perfeddwlad
1738:Meirionnydd
1681:South Wales
1649:North Wales
1623:Swansea Bay
1558:North Wales
1501:Statistical
936:26 December
908:15 February
712:26 February
499:Brian Sykes
334:Black Death
297:Henry Tudor
242:George Owen
2966:Categories
2873:Demography
2772:Twin towns
2658:1896–1974
2395:Waterfalls
2331:Peninsulas
2116:Wat's Dyke
1728:Deheubarth
1721:Historical
1703:West Wales
1698:East Wales
1545:StatsWales
1531:West Wales
1522:East Wales
1511:(formerly
1109:Landscapes
1058:21 January
1003:9 February
962:13 January
847:8 February
819:24 January
791:24 January
642:24 January
575:References
440:but that:
366:Brian John
184:King Henry
148:St David's
118:Deheubarth
2784:by county
2686:districts
2649:1848–1894
2284:by height
2252:Moorlands
2208:Broadleaf
2186:Estuaries
2167:by volume
2140:Coastline
2099:Blue Flag
1975:Geography
1945:Mach Loop
1881:Blaenavon
1733:Edeirnion
1666:Mid Wales
1613:Snowdonia
1552:Mid Wales
1309:Y Berniad
1137:144239150
1129:1466-2035
473:in 1146.
471:Manorbier
63:Etymology
2951:Category
2796:Toponymy
2613:by area
2604:Hundreds
2519:Forestry
2484:Land use
2400:Wetlands
2299:Marilyns
2272:historic
2150:heritage
2082:Physical
2020:Category
1987:Politics
1591:Physical
1533:and the
1252:25788095
837:(1811).
533:See also
405:Overview
285:Edward I
278:Cardigan
2878:Cardiff
2760:capital
2727:Regions
2654:1894–95
2587:Marches
2582:Commote
2577:Cantref
2570:history
2449:Climate
2373:Springs
2304:Nuttall
2294:highest
2247:Meadows
2237:Islands
2220:Geology
2203:Forests
2128:history
2094:Beaches
1608:Elenydd
1243:4632200
1222:Bibcode
1080:(Ed.),
738:, p 235
457:On the
422:hundred
356:in his
317:hundred
234:in his
173:Flemish
126:Gwynedd
106:Demetae
101:Demetae
90:History
29:in 1901
2854:Social
2755:Cities
2750:Places
2502:Mining
2440:Apples
2428:Breeds
2368:Rivers
2361:Ramsar
2324:rescue
2319:ranges
2314:passes
2289:Hewitt
2279:Furths
2230:faults
2196:centre
2123:Canals
1366:
1352:
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1290:
1250:
1240:
1214:Nature
1183:et al.
1135:
1127:
1029:6 July
764:
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619:
595:
152:Saxons
2916:Other
2767:Towns
2592:lords
2435:Flora
2423:Fauna
2378:Vales
2351:SSSIs
2346:AONBs
2309:P600s
2262:3000s
2242:Lakes
2135:Caves
1999:Wales
1928:Other
1914:TraCC
1642:Other
1451:, in
1437:, in
1422:, in
1376:, in
1189:, in
1133:S2CID
865:, in
555:Notes
426:Roose
392:Tenby
332:post-
207:Dyvet
122:Norse
110:Dyfed
96:Déisi
73:Welsh
46:Wales
2814:Llan
2809:Caer
2710:list
2698:list
2674:1973
2622:1891
2617:1831
2531:Gold
2512:tips
2089:Bays
2015:List
1513:NUTS
1364:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1248:PMID
1125:ISSN
1060:2019
1054:–300
1031:2005
1005:2019
964:2018
938:2021
910:2019
870:XLII
849:2019
821:2019
793:2019
787:–178
762:ISBN
732:ISBN
714:2023
662:ISBN
644:2019
617:ISBN
593:ISBN
217:he:
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2667:RDs
2662:UDs
2597:law
1509:ITL
1428:122
1407:in
1382:129
1307:in
1238:PMC
1230:doi
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