251:
191:
239:
126:
above 4,500 m (14,800 ft), with such observatories constructed in India, Mexico, and most notably the
Atacama Desert in northern Chile, now the site of several of the world's highest observatories. The scientific benefits of these sites outweigh the numerous logistical and physiological challenges which must be overcome during the construction and operation of observatories in remote mountain locations, even in desert, polar, and tropical island sites which magnify the challenges but confer additional observational advantages.
215:
203:
19:
227:
2905:
2595:
5780:
5804:
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5792:
5768:
125:
located near the summit of a 4,205 m (13,796 ft) volcano in Hawaii, which has grown to include over a dozen major telescopes during the four decades since it was founded. In the first decade of the 21st century, there has been a new wave of observatory construction at very high altitudes
120:
Since the mid-20th century, an increasing number of high altitude observatory sites have been developed at locations around the world, including numerous sites in
Arizona, Hawaii, Chile, and the Canary Islands. The initial wave of high-altitude sites were mostly in the 2,000–2,500 m
4600:
43:
or instrument packages. For large observatories with numerous telescopes at a single location, only a single entry is included listing the main elevation of the observatory or of the highest operational instrument if that information is available.
3157:
959:
1199:
1388:
3337:
1943:
2537:
560:
2102:
4272:
2192:
61:
from artificial lighting increased during the
Industrial Revolution, astronomers sought observatory sites in remote locations with clear and dark skies, naturally drawing them towards the mountains. The first permanent
405:
52:
Prior to the late 19th century, almost all astronomical observatories throughout history were located at modest elevations, often close to cities and educational institutions for the simple reason of convenience. As
3745:
724:
482:
1614:
4692:
105:, were both located on mid-elevation mountaintops of about 1,700 m (5,600 ft) in southern California. The stunning successes and discoveries made there using the world's largest telescopes, the 100-inch
4500:
3831:
2940:
This is a selected list of the most important and notable high altitude observatories between 1700 and 3000 m; it is not intended to list all of the numerous observatories worldwide in this elevation range:
22:
View showing several of the world's highest observatory sites in Chile, looking north across the Llano de
Chajnantor and ALMA site, with the peaks of Cerro Toco (right center) and Cerro Chajnantor (right) rising
1782:
2023:
137:
with its associated weather, turbulence, and diminished clarity. In particular, sites on mountaintops within about 80 km (50 mi) of the ocean often have excellent observing conditions above a stable
3259:
3560:
4780:
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3412:
2997:
2761:
2443:
1857:
326:
4117:
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796:
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4860:
4037:
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4199:
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121:(6,600–8,200 ft) range, but astronomers soon sought even higher sites above 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Among the largest, best developed, and most renowned of these high altitude sites is the
4425:
3498:
1036:
876:
633:
1919:
178:
in
Bolivia, which at 5,230 m (17,160 ft) was the world's highest permanent astronomical observatory from the time of its construction during the 1940s until surpassed in 2009 by the new
1706:
2840:
2364:
1120:
1274:
1461:
5494:
Marrone DP, Blundell R, Tong E, Paine SN, Loudkov D, Kawamura JH, Luhr D, Barrientos C (2005). "Observations in the 1.3 and 1.5 THz
Atmospheric Windows with the Receiver Lab Telescope".
39:. The main list includes only permanent observatories with facilities constructed at a fixed location, followed by a supplementary list for temporary observatories such as transportable
4578:
4574:
2278:
113:, spurred the move to ever higher sites for the new generation of observatories and telescopes after World War II, along with a worldwide search for locations which had the best
5595:
5405:
170:, high altitude observations once again offers significant advantages, enough that many experiments at these wavelengths have been conducted by balloon-borne or even by
2254:
5616:
97:
in
Switzerland) were constructed through the first half of the 20th century. However, the two most important and prominent of the early 20th century observatories,
5133:"The 1m telescope at the Atacama Observatory has Started Scientific Operation, detecting the Hydrogen Emission Line from the Galactic Center in the Infrared Light"
158:
at longer wavelengths, so relatively few radio telescopes are located at such sites. At the far end of the spectrum, for the extremely short wavelengths of
5177:
2526:
2505:
1592:
196:
Particle detector at
Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory, the highest permanent astronomical observatory in the world from the 1940s through 2009.
220:
View looking northeast across the Llano de
Chajnantor and the first two ALMA antennas in late 2009, with Cerro Chajnantor rising above at right.
2262:
5548:
5707:
82:
in the French
Pyrenees starting in 1878, with its first telescope and dome installed in 1904. Astronomical observations were also made from
154:
as those wavelengths are strongly absorbed by water vapor. On the other hand, high altitude does not offer as significant an advantage for
5358:
3313:
3220:
1927:
923:
5426:
5384:
3553:
5452:
1364:
5734:
4250:
301:
179:
5729:
2157:
2078:
232:
The Indian Astronomical Observatory stands at an altitude of 4,500 m (14,800 ft) on Mount Saraswati in Ladakh, India.
2161:
843:
773:
5724:
5311:
2912:
2602:
5824:
4935:
3807:
2340:
5692:
5671:
5650:
3721:
3130:
2512:
1349:
1333:
2916:
2606:
5829:
4654:
3467:
1010:
854:
611:
4476:
1357:
684:
5216:
3568:
4563:
2243:
1345:
688:
3321:
244:
Aerial view of part of the Mauna Kea Observatory, showing Subaru, Keck, and IRTF telescopes (left to right).
4555:
3902:
3224:
1684:
1096:
5719:
3235:
1999:
1908:
536:
71:
5746:
5155:
4319:
4000:
3898:
934:
5283:
4764:
2973:
2153:
5552:
4951:
Note: References for most elevations can be found in the linked main article for each observatory.
4756:
4567:
4168:
4095:
4084:
3906:
3894:
3463:
3388:
3146:
2829:
2750:
2007:
1516:
171:
98:
4940:
4925:
4911:
3729:
2501:
1188:
713:
151:
139:
182:, an optical-infrared telescope on a remote 5,640 m (18,500 ft) mountaintop in Chile.
4326:
3996:
3910:
3815:
3123:
3056:
3048:
1329:
174:, although a number of high-altitude ground-based sites have also been used. These include the
79:
5362:
4409:
2981:
2419:
1833:
1250:
134:
122:
5091:
Zanini, A.; Storini, M.; Saavedra, O. (2009). "Cosmic rays at High Mountain Observatories".
4751:
Lijiang 2.4m telescope, Fuxian Lake 1m solar tower, ynao 1m telescope, 10m radio telescope.
4339:
70:
constructed from 1876 to 1887, at the modest elevation of 1,283 m (4,209 ft) atop
5509:
5192:
5100:
4015:
3710:
3216:
2333:
1673:
36:
8:
5808:
4930:
4836:
4164:
4088:
3635:
2730:
1445:
1353:
927:
163:
114:
102:
5513:
5196:
5104:
5796:
5784:
5574:
5499:
4746:
4589:
4183:
4175:
3877:
3705:
3549:
3544:
2886:
2234:
2069:
1758:
1503:
1341:
1337:
1320:
1166:
1078:
372:
147:
94:
90:
5688:
5682:
5667:
5661:
5646:
5208:
5020:
4902:
4822:
4734:
4642:
4542:
4392:
4314:
4241:
4159:
4079:
3983:
3917:
3890:
3873:
3787:
3714:
3701:
3626:
3540:
3454:
3379:
3306:
3301:
3207:
3114:
2882:
2816:
2803:
2579:
2485:
2144:
2065:
1985:
1899:
1824:
1748:
1656:
1316:
1162:
1086:
766:
368:
142:
throughout much of the year. High altitude sites are also above most of atmosphere's
130:
5337:
5760:
5200:
5132:
5108:
5012:
4844:
4559:
4401:
4008:
106:
67:
5204:
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4738:
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3987:
3881:
3796:
3458:
3396:
3326:
3243:
3203:
3118:
2489:
2348:
1903:
1583:
1507:
1021:
675:
208:
Atacama Cosmology Telescope on Cerro Toco, just north of the Llano de Chajnantor.
159:
155:
58:
18:
5473:
5315:
3482:
3474:
5288:[YBJ International Cosmic Ray Observatory] (in Chinese). Archived from
5016:
4907:
4261:
4106:
4026:
3934:
3925:
3824:
3648:
3487:
3248:
2673:
2353:
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1104:
865:
622:
549:
544:
471:
466:
315:
310:
110:
5112:
5818:
4876:
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4853:
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4773:
4708:
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4616:
4602:
4516:
4502:
4493:
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4427:
4418:
4366:
4352:
4288:
4274:
4215:
4201:
4192:
4133:
4119:
4053:
4039:
4004:
3957:
3943:
3847:
3833:
3761:
3747:
3738:
3675:
3661:
3643:
3600:
3586:
3514:
3500:
3428:
3414:
3405:
3353:
3339:
3275:
3261:
3211:
3173:
3159:
3088:
3074:
3013:
2999:
2890:
2856:
2842:
2807:
2777:
2763:
2726:
2700:
2686:
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2539:
2521:
2459:
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2410:
2380:
2366:
2330:
2326:
2294:
2280:
2238:
2208:
2194:
2148:
2118:
2104:
2095:
2039:
2025:
2016:
1959:
1945:
1873:
1859:
1850:
1798:
1784:
1722:
1708:
1666:
1630:
1616:
1557:
1543:
1534:
1477:
1463:
1454:
1404:
1390:
1324:
1290:
1276:
1267:
1215:
1201:
1136:
1122:
1113:
1052:
1038:
975:
961:
918:
892:
878:
838:
812:
798:
740:
726:
679:
649:
635:
576:
562:
498:
484:
421:
407:
342:
328:
75:
54:
5772:
5212:
5024:
2181:
2086:
1771:
1766:
1372:
943:
5003:
Richalet, Jean-Paul (2001). "The Scientific Observatories on Mont Blanc".
5527:
5504:
2185:
1775:
143:
32:
5262:
4849:
4769:
4414:
4334:
3401:
3150:
3141:
2833:
2754:
2668:
2494:
2176:
2168:
2012:
1677:
1450:
1241:
1183:
1175:
447:
389:
381:
175:
167:
83:
47:
4484:
3991:
3885:
3791:
3199:
2427:
1841:
1669:
1607:
1525:
1430:
1258:
1082:
1001:
789:
707:
602:
529:
524:
451:
133:
and provide optimal seeing, being above a significant portion of the
40:
5710:
3573:
4628:
Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
3930:
3820:
3577:
3061:
1932:
1109:
847:
5241:
78:
observatory was constructed atop the 2,877 m (9,439 ft)
4677:
4663:
4489:
4188:
3800:
3734:
3185:
Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Martin A. Pomerantz Observatory
3039:
2986:
2530:
2406:
2320:
2091:
1695:
398:
5496:
Sixteenth International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology
4681:
4667:
4593:
3330:
3065:
2824:
2745:
2432:
2271:
1846:
1530:
1381:
1377:
1263:
1025:
952:
948:
63:
4982:
Chapter 6: Harvard, Lick, Yerkes, and the rise of astrophysics
2935:
4685:
4671:
4647:
4343:
4265:
4110:
4030:
3652:
3491:
3252:
2990:
2677:
2498:
2357:
2247:
1912:
1603:
1192:
1029:
869:
785:
717:
692:
626:
553:
475:
394:
319:
5640:
5135:(Press release). School of Science, the University of Tokyo
3228:
1936:
1699:
5767:
5289:
1416:
High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory
1365:
High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory
5684:
An Acre of Glass: A History and Forecast of the Telescope
256:
Haleakala Observatory at 3,036 m (9,961 ft), Maui, Hawaii
5493:
5359:"Barcroft Observatory, White Mountain Research Station"
5178:"World-Class Observatory Rising on 'Roof of the World'"
5744:
5090:
89:
A few other high altitude observatories (such as the
48:
History of high altitude astronomical observatories
2625:
263:
5816:
1642:Llano del Hato National Astronomical Observatory
1593:Llano del Hato National Astronomical Observatory
5427:"Cometa NEOWISE visto desde Cambrune, Moquegua"
1227:Yangbajing International Cosmic Ray Observatory
1176:Yangbajing International Cosmic Ray Observatory
5131:Yoshii, Yuzuru; et al. (11 August 2009).
4831:Hale Telescope (60"), Hooker Telescope (100")
29:list of the highest astronomical observatories
5641:Brunier, Serge; Lagrange, Anne-Marie (2005).
5617:"Topographic Map of Las Campanas Observatory"
3612:National Astronomical Observatory (Colombia)
3561:National Astronomical Observatory (Colombia)
752:Shiquanhe Observatory (NAOC Ali Observatory)
31:in the world, considering only ground-based
5163:The 11th Asian-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting
2936:Other important high altitude observatories
5659:
5385:"USGS Topographic Map, Mount Barcroft, CA"
5312:"YBJ International Cosmic Ray Observatory"
3365:National Astronomical Observatory (Mexico)
3314:National Astronomical Observatory (Mexico)
987:Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano
5596:"Topographic Map of La Silla Observatory"
5503:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5551:. 100 Hours of Astronomy. Archived from
5406:"Topographic Map of VLBA Mauna Kea Site"
5052:Chapter 4: The Rise of the Great Centers
5002:
2565:Notre Dame University-Louaiz Observatory
17:
5549:"Concordia station, Dome C, Antarctica"
4300:Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
4251:Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
2630:Temporary observatories above 3,000 m:
1994:m optical telescope in Astroshell dome
354:University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory
302:University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory
180:University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory
5817:
5687:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
5680:
5242:"Indian Astronomical Observatory Site"
5130:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5079:
2130:Mount Graham International Observatory
2079:Mount Graham International Observatory
268:Permanent observatories above 3,000 m:
5338:"Mauna Kea Observatories, Summit Map"
5175:
824:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
774:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
129:Sites at high altitude are ideal for
5528:"PLATO – Dome A robotic observatory"
5453:"USGS Topographic Map, Kilohana, HI"
5005:High Altitude Medicine & Biology
2899:
2589:
1971:Observatorio Astronómico de Moquegua
1920:Observatorio Astronómico de Moquegua
433:Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory
382:Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory
176:Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory
5176:Stone, Richard (7 September 2012).
5153:
5119:
1569:Very Long Baseline Array, Mauna Kea
1091:Himalayan Chandra Telescope, HAGAR
13:
4936:List of astronomical observatories
3859:Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
3808:Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
2392:European Extremely Large Telescope
2341:European Extremely Large Telescope
14:
5841:
5663:Astronomical Centers of the World
5575:"Martin A. Pomerantz Observatory"
5156:"The NAOC Ali Observatory, Tibet"
4579:of the Russian Academy of Science
4575:Special Astrophysical Observatory
3773:Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
3722:Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
3131:Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
66:astronomical observatory was the
5802:
5790:
5778:
5766:
5754:
5643:Great Observatories of the World
5039:Chapter 7: Mt Wilson and Palomar
3135:Martin A. Pomerantz Observatory
2903:
2593:
249:
237:
225:
213:
201:
189:
5609:
5588:
5567:
5541:
5520:
5487:
5466:
5445:
5419:
5398:
5377:
5351:
5330:
5304:
5276:
5263:"2m Optical Infrared Telescope"
5255:
5234:
5169:
5147:
4720:Yunnan Astronomical Observatory
4655:Yunnan Astronomical Observatory
2626:Highest temporary observatories
1064:Indian Astronomical Observatory
1011:Indian Astronomical Observatory
904:Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
855:Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
661:Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
612:Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
264:Highest permanent observatories
5666:. Cambridge University Press.
5070:
5057:
5044:
5031:
4996:
4987:
4974:
4961:
4528:Kitt Peak National Observatory
4477:Kitt Peak National Observatory
2821:3,233 m (10,607 ft)
2742:4,091 m (13,422 ft)
2665:5,525 m (18,127 ft)
2518:3,073 m (10,082 ft)
2345:3,060 m (10,040 ft)
2259:3,127 m (10,259 ft)
2173:3,135 m (10,285 ft)
2083:3,191 m (10,469 ft)
2004:3,230 m (10,600 ft)
1924:3,305 m (10,843 ft)
1838:3,394 m (11,135 ft)
1763:3,571 m (11,716 ft)
1689:3,600 m (11,800 ft)
1597:3,600 m (11,800 ft)
1522:3,730 m (12,240 ft)
1442:3,890 m (12,760 ft)
1369:4,100 m (13,500 ft)
1255:4,190 m (13,750 ft)
1180:4,300 m (14,100 ft)
1101:4,312 m (14,147 ft)
1015:4,500 m (14,800 ft)
940:4,580 m (15,030 ft)
859:4,800 m (15,700 ft)
779:4,825 m (15,830 ft)
704:5,100 m (16,700 ft)
616:5,104 m (16,745 ft)
541:5,190 m (17,030 ft)
463:5,200 m (17,100 ft)
386:5,230 m (17,160 ft)
307:5,640 m (18,500 ft)
1:
5205:10.1126/science.337.6099.1156
5154:Yao, Y.; et al. (2011).
4946:
4841:1,712 m (5,617 ft)
4761:1,742 m (5,715 ft)
4659:2,014 m (6,608 ft)
4583:2,070 m (6,790 ft)
4481:2,096 m (6,877 ft)
4406:2,124 m (6,969 ft)
4331:2,168 m (7,113 ft)
4255:2,200 m (7,200 ft)
4180:2,210 m (7,250 ft)
4100:2,380 m (7,810 ft)
4020:2,380 m (7,810 ft)
3922:2,390 m (7,840 ft)
3812:2,396 m (7,861 ft)
3726:2,606 m (8,550 ft)
3640:2,635 m (8,645 ft)
3565:2,640 m (8,660 ft)
3479:2,722 m (8,930 ft)
3393:2,788 m (9,147 ft)
3318:2,800 m (9,200 ft)
3240:2,817 m (9,242 ft)
3138:2,835 m (9,301 ft)
3053:2,877 m (9,439 ft)
2978:2,896 m (9,501 ft)
2513:Notre Dame University–Louaize
2424:3,036 m (9,961 ft)
2244:Gornergrat Infrared Telescope
4898:
4818:
4730:
4638:
4538:
4463:
4388:
4310:
4237:
4155:
4075:
3979:
3869:
3783:
3697:
3622:
3536:
3450:
3375:
3297:
3195:
3110:
3035:
2878:
2799:
2739:PLATO (PLATeau Observatory)
2722:
2575:
2481:
2402:
2316:
2230:
2140:
2061:
1981:
1895:
1820:
1744:
1734:Iranian National Observatory
1685:Iranian National Observatory
1652:
1579:
1499:
1426:
1312:
1237:
1158:
1074:
997:
914:
834:
762:
671:
598:
520:
443:
364:
7:
5735:GPX (secondary coordinates)
4919:
3569:Metropolitan Area of Bogotá
3287:Cerro Armazones Observatory
3236:Cerro Armazones Observatory
2789:PLATO (PLATeau Observatory)
2554:34.25042722°N 36.01056139°E
2325:2-m Ritchey-Chretien-Coude
2051:Magdalena Ridge Observatory
2000:Magdalena Ridge Observatory
1909:Mauna Loa Solar Observatory
1676:and a 50-cm Askania double
588:Atacama Cosmology Telescope
537:Atacama Cosmology Telescope
57:from industrialization and
10:
5846:
5825:Astronomical observatories
5660:Krisciunas, Kevin (1988).
5093:Advances in Space Research
5076:Krisciunas (1988), p. 141.
5017:10.1089/152702901750067936
4320:Victor M. Blanco Telescope
3322:Sierra de San Pedro Mártir
935:Large Millimeter Telescope
5730:GPX (primary coordinates)
5705:Map all coordinates using
5113:10.1016/j.asr.2008.10.039
3025:Sierra Nevada Observatory
2974:Sierra Nevada Observatory
1960:16.8281250°S 70.6784917°W
166:, along with high-energy
74:in California. The first
35:and ordered by elevation
5713:Download coordinates as:
5681:Zirker, Jack B. (2005).
5474:"Receiver Lab Telescope"
5284:
4993:Brunier (2005), p.20-21.
4808:Mount Wilson Observatory
4757:Mount Wilson Observatory
4145:Las Campanas Observatory
4096:Las Campanas Observatory
3440:Apache Point Observatory
3389:Apache Point Observatory
3147:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
2830:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
2751:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
2559:34.25042722; 36.01056139
2306:Peak Terskol Observatory
2255:Peak Terskol Observatory
1965:-16.8281250; -70.6784917
1517:Very Long Baseline Array
1148:Meyer-Womble Observatory
1097:Meyer–Womble Observatory
146:, making them ideal for
99:Mount Wilson Observatory
5830:Lists of highest points
5063:Krisciunas (1988), see
5037:Krisciunas (1988), see
4980:Krisciunas (1988), see
4967:Krisciunas (1988), see
4941:Observational astronomy
4926:List of telescope types
4912:Samuel Oschin telescope
3100:Pic du Midi Observatory
3049:Pic du Midi Observatory
2662:Receiver Lab Telescope
2502:Faulkes Telescope North
1519:(VLBA), Mauna Kea Site
1189:Tibet Autonomous Region
714:Tibet Autonomous Region
701:(NAOC Ali Observatory)
152:submillimeter astronomy
5065:Chapter 8: The Present
4877:33.35583°N 116.86389°W
4797:34.22389°N 118.06167°W
4709:25.03333°N 102.78333°E
4517:31.95833°N 111.59667°W
4442:34.07861°N 107.61833°W
4378:Calar Alto Observatory
4327:Calar Alto Observatory
4216:35.20278°N 111.66444°W
3816:Roque de los Muchachos
3762:31.68111°N 110.87833°W
3429:32.78028°N 105.82028°W
3354:31.04417°N 115.46361°W
3124:Bernard Lyot Telescope
3057:Pic du Midi de Bigorre
2712:Receiver Lab Telescope
2460:20.70833°N 156.25750°W
2220:Gornergrat Observatory
2169:Gornergrat Observatory
2119:32.70139°N 109.89194°W
2040:33.97667°N 107.18472°W
1874:19.53611°N 155.57611°W
1558:19.80139°N 155.45556°W
1478:37.58861°N 118.24194°W
1291:19.82444°N 155.47333°W
1137:39.58667°N 105.64000°W
699:Shiquanhe Observatory
80:Pic du Midi de Bigorre
24:
5725:GPX (all coordinates)
4617:43.64694°N 41.44056°E
4410:Plains of San Agustin
4289:30.16917°S 70.80583°W
4134:29.01500°S 70.69222°W
4054:29.25417°S 70.73944°W
3958:28.30000°N 16.50972°W
3676:24.62722°S 70.40417°W
3515:30.24083°S 70.73667°W
3276:24.59833°S 70.20111°W
2701:22.71667°S 67.89167°W
2669:Cerro Sairecabur
2471:Haleakala Observatory
2420:Haleakala Observatory
2381:24.58889°S 70.19222°W
2295:43.27472°N 42.50083°E
1885:Mauna Loa Observatory
1834:Mauna Loa Observatory
1723:33.67417°N 51.31861°E
1439:Barcroft Observatory
1405:18.99444°N 97.30917°W
1302:Mauna Kea Observatory
1251:Mauna Kea Observatory
1053:32.77944°N 78.96417°E
976:18.98500°N 97.31472°W
893:22.97139°S 67.70278°W
813:24.19194°S 66.47472°W
741:32.32528°N 80.02667°E
650:23.02278°S 67.75472°W
577:22.95861°S 67.78778°W
499:22.95833°S 67.78611°W
460:James Ax Observatory
422:16.35333°S 68.13139°W
343:22.98667°S 67.74222°W
311:Cerro Chajnantor
123:Mauna Kea Observatory
21:
4882:33.35583; -116.86389
4802:34.22389; -118.06167
4522:31.95833; -111.59667
4447:34.07861; -107.61833
4367:37.22361°N 2.54611°W
4294:-30.16917; -70.80583
4221:35.20278; -111.66444
4139:-29.01500; -70.69222
4065:La Silla Observatory
4059:-29.25417; -70.73944
4016:La Silla Observatory
3767:31.68111; -110.87833
3681:-24.62722; -70.40417
3601:4.59611°N 74.07750°W
3520:-30.24083; -70.73667
3468:Dunn Solar Telescope
3434:32.78028; -105.82028
3359:31.04417; -115.46361
3281:-24.59833; -70.20111
3089:42.93639°N 0.14278°E
3014:37.06417°N 3.38472°W
2965:Type of Observatory
2917:adding missing items
2706:-22.71667; -67.89167
2654:Type of Observatory
2607:adding missing items
2465:20.70833; -156.25750
2386:-24.58889; -70.19222
2209:45.98444°N 7.78583°E
2124:32.70139; -109.89194
2045:33.97667; -107.18472
1879:19.53611; -155.57611
1799:46.54750°N 7.98500°E
1631:8.78639°N 70.87194°W
1563:19.80139; -155.45556
1489:Barcroft Observatory
1483:37.58861; -118.24194
1296:19.82444; -155.47333
1142:39.58667; -105.64000
898:-22.97139; -67.70278
818:-24.19194; -66.47472
655:-23.02278; -67.75472
619:Llano de Chajnantor
582:-22.95861; -67.78778
510:James Ax Observatory
504:-22.95833; -67.78611
427:-16.35333; -68.13139
348:-22.98667; -67.74222
293:Type of Observatory
37:above mean sea level
5514:2005stt..conf...64M
5197:2012Sci...337.1156S
5105:2009AdSpR..44.1160Z
5050:Zirker (2005), see
4931:Lists of telescopes
4888:Palomar Observatory
4872: /
4837:Palomar Observatory
4792: /
4714:25.03333; 102.78333
4704: /
4612: /
4512: /
4437: /
4362: /
4284: /
4211: /
4165:Magellan Telescopes
4129: /
4103:Cerro Las Campanas
4049: /
3963:28.30000; -16.50972
3953: /
3843: /
3757: /
3687:Paranal Observatory
3671: /
3636:Paranal Observatory
3596: /
3510: /
3424: /
3349: /
3271: /
3169: /
3084: /
3009: /
2852: /
2773: /
2696: /
2584:Under Construction
2549: /
2455: /
2376: /
2290: /
2204: /
2114: /
2035: /
1955: /
1869: /
1794: /
1753:Under Construction
1718: /
1626: /
1553: /
1473: /
1446:White Mountain Peak
1410:18.99444; -97.30917
1400: /
1286: /
1211: /
1132: /
1048: /
981:18.98500; -97.31472
971: /
888: /
835:Under Construction
808: /
736: /
645: /
572: /
494: /
417: /
338: /
164:gamma ray astronomy
115:astronomical seeing
103:Palomar Observatory
86:in the late 1800s.
5431:Government of Peru
5318:on 21 October 2009
5292:on 11 January 2011
5222:on 29 October 2013
4622:43.64694; 41.44056
4590:Caucasus Mountains
4372:37.22361; -2.54611
4227:Lowell Observatory
4176:Lowell Observatory
3606:4.59611; -74.07750
3019:37.06417; -3.38472
2968:Major Instruments
2915:; you can help by
2857:75.100°S 123.333°E
2657:Major Instruments
2605:; you can help by
2329:since 1995, 60-cm
2300:43.27472; 42.50083
1810:Sphinx Observatory
1759:Sphinx Observatory
1728:33.67417; 51.31861
1636:8.78639; -70.87194
1058:32.77944; 78.96417
782:Alto de Chorillos
746:32.32528; 80.02667
296:Major Instruments
148:infrared astronomy
135:Earth's atmosphere
95:Sphinx Observatory
91:Lowell Observatory
25:
5645:. Firefly Books.
4917:
4916:
4903:Optical telescope
4735:Optical telescope
4643:Optical telescope
4393:Optical telescope
4315:Optical telescope
4242:Optical telescope
4160:Optical telescope
4080:Optical telescope
3969:Teide Observatory
3918:Teide Observatory
3848:28.767°N 17.883°W
3627:Optical telescope
3380:Optical telescope
3307:Hexapod-Telescope
3302:Optical telescope
3174:89.9983°S 0.000°E
3094:42.93639; 0.14278
2953:Observatory Site
2947:Observatory Name
2933:
2932:
2898:
2897:
2868:Concordia Station
2817:Concordia Station
2778:80.367°S 77.350°E
2642:Observatory Site
2636:Observatory Name
2623:
2622:
2588:
2587:
2580:Optical telescope
2214:45.98444; 7.78583
1825:Optical telescope
1804:46.54750; 7.98500
1749:Optical telescope
1657:Optical telescope
1216:30.083°N 90.550°E
281:Observatory Site
275:Observatory Name
131:optical astronomy
5837:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5771:
5770:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5750:
5698:
5677:
5656:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5613:
5607:
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5604:
5602:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5555:on 29 April 2010
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5507:
5505:astro-ph/0505273
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5470:
5464:
5463:
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5459:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5361:. Archived from
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5314:. Archived from
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5221:
5215:. Archived from
5191:(6099): 1156–7.
5182:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5160:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5128:
5117:
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5055:
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4991:
4985:
4978:
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4893:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4845:Palomar Mountain
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
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4789:
4788:
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4697:
4636:
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4633:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4586:Mount Pastukhov
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:Very Large Array
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4402:Very Large Array
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4374:
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4368:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
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4280:
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3613:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
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3534:
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3531:
3530:
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3527:
3522:
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3508:
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3503:
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3015:
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2925:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:-75.100; 123.333
2858:
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2848:
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2797:
2796:
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1993:
1979:
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1953:
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1948:
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1059:
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1044:
1041:
1018:Mount Saraswati
995:
994:
992:
991:
990:
988:
983:
982:
977:
972:
969:
968:
967:
964:
937:Alfonso Serrano
912:
911:
909:
908:
907:
905:
900:
899:
894:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
832:
831:
829:
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827:
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820:
819:
814:
809:
806:
805:
804:
801:
760:
759:
757:
756:
755:
753:
748:
747:
742:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
710:, Ngari Plateau
669:
668:
666:
665:
664:
662:
657:
656:
651:
646:
643:
642:
641:
638:
596:
595:
593:
592:
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589:
584:
583:
578:
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568:
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518:
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429:
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331:
272:
271:
253:
252:
241:
240:
229:
228:
217:
216:
205:
204:
193:
192:
172:space telescopes
107:Hooker Telescope
68:Lick Observatory
5845:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5803:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5779:
5777:
5765:
5755:
5753:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5695:
5674:
5653:
5632:
5631:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5492:
5488:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5368:
5366:
5365:on 11 June 2010
5357:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5295:
5293:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5180:
5174:
5170:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5129:
5120:
5089:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5062:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5036:
5032:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4979:
4975:
4966:
4962:
4949:
4922:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4577:
4551:radio telescope
4527:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4468:Radio telescope
4452:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4035:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3858:
3856:
3853:28.767; -17.883
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3397:Sacramento Peak
3364:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3327:Baja California
3286:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3244:Cerro Armazones
3184:
3182:
3179:-89.9983; 0.000
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3134:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2904:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2788:
2786:
2783:-80.367; 77.350
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2594:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2490:millimeter wave
2470:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2349:Cerro Armazones
2305:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2021:
1991:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1904:millimeter wave
1884:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1600:Llano del Hato
1584:Radio telescope
1568:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1508:millimeter wave
1488:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1034:
986:
984:
980:
978:
974:
973:
970:
965:
962:
960:
958:
957:
903:
901:
897:
895:
891:
890:
887:
882:
879:
877:
875:
874:
823:
821:
817:
815:
811:
810:
807:
802:
799:
797:
795:
794:
751:
749:
745:
743:
739:
738:
735:
730:
727:
725:
723:
722:
700:
676:Millimeter wave
660:
658:
654:
652:
648:
647:
644:
639:
636:
634:
632:
631:
587:
585:
581:
579:
575:
574:
571:
566:
563:
561:
559:
558:
509:
507:
503:
501:
497:
496:
493:
488:
485:
483:
481:
480:
432:
430:
426:
424:
420:
419:
416:
411:
408:
406:
404:
403:
353:
351:
347:
345:
341:
340:
337:
332:
329:
327:
325:
324:
269:
266:
261:
260:
259:
258:
257:
254:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
156:radio astronomy
140:inversion layer
93:in Arizona and
59:light pollution
50:
12:
11:
5:
5843:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5812:
5811:
5799:
5787:
5775:
5763:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5693:
5678:
5672:
5657:
5651:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5608:
5587:
5566:
5540:
5519:
5486:
5465:
5444:
5418:
5397:
5376:
5350:
5329:
5303:
5275:
5254:
5233:
5168:
5146:
5118:
5099:(10): 1160–5.
5078:
5069:
5056:
5043:
5030:
4995:
4986:
4973:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4908:Hale Telescope
4905:
4900:
4897:
4856:
4847:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4820:
4817:
4776:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4732:
4729:
4688:
4674:
4660:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4596:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4553:
4540:
4537:
4496:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4421:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4346:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4309:
4268:
4262:Atacama Desert
4259:
4256:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4195:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4113:
4107:Atacama Desert
4104:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4033:
4027:Atacama Desert
4024:
4021:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3994:
3981:
3978:
3937:
3935:Canary Islands
3928:
3926:Pico del Teide
3923:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3888:
3871:
3868:
3827:
3825:Canary Islands
3818:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3782:
3741:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3696:
3655:
3649:Atacama Desert
3646:
3641:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3580:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3535:
3494:
3488:Atacama Desert
3485:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3449:
3408:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3333:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3255:
3249:Atacama Desert
3246:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3214:
3197:
3194:
3153:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3112:
3109:
3068:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3034:
2993:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2910:
2908:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2880:
2877:
2836:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2798:
2757:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2680:
2674:Atacama Desert
2671:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2614:September 2019
2600:
2598:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2576:Not completed
2574:
2533:
2527:Peak Al-Znanir
2524:
2519:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2492:
2483:
2480:
2439:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2403:Not completed
2401:
2360:
2354:Atacama Desert
2351:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2274:
2268:North Caucasus
2265:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2229:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2151:
2142:
2139:
2098:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2060:
2019:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1939:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1853:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1778:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1702:
1693:
1692:Mount Gargash
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1672:, a 1-m Zeiss
1663:Schmidt camera
1659:
1654:
1651:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1537:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1498:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1327:
1314:
1311:
1270:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1221:30.083; 90.550
1195:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1157:
1116:
1107:
1105:Mount Blue Sky
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1076:
1073:
1032:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
999:
996:
955:
946:
941:
938:
931:
930:
921:
916:
913:
872:
866:Atacama Desert
863:
862:Pampa La Bola
860:
857:
851:
850:
841:
836:
833:
792:
783:
780:
777:
770:
769:
764:
761:
720:
711:
705:
702:
696:
695:
682:
673:
670:
629:
623:Atacama Desert
620:
617:
614:
608:
607:
605:
600:
597:
556:
550:Atacama Desert
547:
542:
539:
533:
532:
527:
522:
519:
478:
472:Atacama Desert
469:
464:
461:
457:
456:
454:
445:
442:
401:
392:
387:
384:
378:
377:
375:
366:
363:
322:
316:Atacama Desert
313:
308:
305:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
265:
262:
255:
248:
247:
243:
236:
235:
231:
224:
223:
219:
212:
211:
207:
200:
199:
195:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
111:Hale Telescope
72:Mount Hamilton
49:
46:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5842:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5810:
5800:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5776:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5762:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5708:OpenStreetMap
5706:
5696:
5694:0-8018-8234-6
5690:
5686:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5673:0-521-30278-1
5669:
5665:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5652:1-55407-055-4
5648:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5618:
5612:
5597:
5591:
5576:
5570:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5529:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5475:
5469:
5454:
5448:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5407:
5401:
5386:
5380:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5339:
5333:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5291:
5287:
5279:
5264:
5258:
5243:
5237:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5134:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5073:
5066:
5060:
5053:
5047:
5040:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4990:
4983:
4977:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4894:
4857:
4855:
4854:United States
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4814:
4777:
4775:
4774:United States
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4726:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4634:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4564:McMath-Pierce
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4534:
4497:
4495:
4494:United States
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4459:
4422:
4420:
4419:United States
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4384:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4306:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:Cerro Tololo
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4233:
4196:
4194:
4193:United States
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4151:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4071:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3975:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3865:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3779:
3742:
3740:
3739:United States
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Mount Hopkins
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3693:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Cerro Paranal
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3618:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3532:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3446:
3409:
3407:
3406:United States
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3371:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3293:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:submillimeter
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3191:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3106:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3031:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Sierra Nevada
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2927:
2924:February 2011
2918:
2914:
2911:This list is
2909:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2891:submillimeter
2888:
2884:
2881:
2874:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:submillimeter
2805:
2802:
2795:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:Submillimeter
2725:
2718:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2617:
2608:
2604:
2601:This list is
2599:
2592:
2591:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2571:
2544:36°0′38.021″E
2541:34°15′1.538″N
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Mount Lebanon
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2477:
2440:
2438:
2437:United States
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:near infrared
2408:
2405:
2398:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2312:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2239:submillimeter
2236:
2233:
2226:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:submillimeter
2146:
2143:
2136:
2099:
2097:
2096:United States
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2020:
2018:
2017:United States
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1950:70°40′42.57″W
1947:16°49′41.25″S
1940:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1891:
1854:
1852:
1851:United States
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1816:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1648:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1538:
1536:
1535:United States
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1458:
1456:
1455:United States
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1422:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:submillimeter
1322:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1271:
1269:
1268:United States
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1117:
1115:
1114:United States
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
993:
956:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
932:
929:
925:
922:
920:
919:Submillimeter
917:
910:
873:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
849:
845:
842:
840:
839:Submillimeter
837:
830:
793:
791:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:
768:
765:
758:
721:
719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
698:
697:
694:
690:
686:
683:
681:
680:submillimeter
677:
674:
667:
630:
628:
624:
621:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
606:
604:
601:
594:
557:
555:
551:
548:
546:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
531:
528:
526:
523:
516:
479:
477:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
459:
458:
455:
453:
449:
446:
439:
402:
400:
396:
393:
391:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
376:
374:
370:
367:
360:
323:
321:
317:
314:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
299:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:
270:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
124:
118:
116:
112:
109:and 200-inch
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
76:high altitude
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
55:air pollution
45:
42:
38:
34:
33:observatories
30:
20:
16:
5809:Solar System
5712:
5711:
5704:
5683:
5662:
5642:
5635:Bibliography
5620:. Retrieved
5611:
5599:. Retrieved
5590:
5578:. Retrieved
5569:
5557:. Retrieved
5553:the original
5543:
5531:. Retrieved
5522:
5495:
5489:
5477:. Retrieved
5468:
5456:. Retrieved
5447:
5435:. Retrieved
5433:(in Spanish)
5430:
5421:
5409:. Retrieved
5400:
5388:. Retrieved
5379:
5367:. Retrieved
5363:the original
5353:
5341:. Retrieved
5332:
5320:. Retrieved
5316:the original
5306:
5294:. Retrieved
5290:the original
5278:
5266:. Retrieved
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5236:
5224:. Retrieved
5217:the original
5188:
5184:
5171:
5162:
5149:
5137:. Retrieved
5096:
5092:
5072:
5064:
5059:
5051:
5046:
5038:
5033:
5011:(1): 57–68.
5008:
5004:
4998:
4989:
4981:
4976:
4969:Chapters 1–5
4968:
4963:
4950:
4765:Mount Wilson
3550:Gemini South
3526:Cerro Pachón
3483:Cerro Pachón
3475:Cerro Pachón
2962:Established
2959:Coordinates
2939:
2921:
2651:Established
2648:Coordinates
2629:
2611:
2515:Observatory
2263:Peak Terskol
2182:Pennine Alps
2087:Mount Graham
1772:Bernese Alps
1767:Jungfraujoch
1661:1-m Askania
1373:Sierra Negra
1338:Gemini North
944:Sierra Negra
290:Established
287:Coordinates
267:
128:
119:
88:
51:
28:
26:
15:
5797:Outer space
5785:Spaceflight
5622:28 December
5601:28 December
5580:28 December
5559:24 December
5533:21 December
5479:21 December
5458:21 December
5437:17 February
5411:21 December
5390:21 December
5369:21 December
5343:21 December
5322:21 December
5296:21 December
5268:21 December
5247:21 December
5139:21 December
4880: /
4867:116°51′50″W
4800: /
4787:118°03′42″W
4712: /
4699:102°47′00″E
4620: /
4520: /
4507:111°35′48″W
4445: /
4432:107°37′06″W
4370: /
4292: /
4219: /
4206:111°39′52″W
4137: /
4057: /
3961: /
3851: /
3765: /
3752:110°52′42″W
3679: /
3604: /
3518: /
3432: /
3419:105°49′13″W
3357: /
3344:115°27′49″W
3279: /
3177: /
3092: /
3017: /
2860: /
2781: /
2704: /
2557: /
2463: /
2450:156°15′27″W
2384: /
2298: /
2212: /
2186:Switzerland
2122: /
2109:109°53′31″W
2043: /
2030:107°11′05″W
2008:South Baldy
1963: /
1877: /
1864:155°34′34″W
1802: /
1776:Switzerland
1726: /
1634: /
1561: /
1548:155°27′20″W
1481: /
1468:118°14′31″W
1408: /
1294: /
1281:155°28′24″W
1219: /
1140: /
1127:105°38′24″W
1056: /
979: /
896: /
816: /
744: /
653: /
580: /
502: /
425: /
346: /
168:cosmic rays
144:water vapor
64:mountaintop
5819:Categories
5226:26 October
4947:References
4886: (
4864:33°21′21″N
4850:California
4806: (
4784:34°13′26″N
4770:California
4718: (
4696:25°02′00″N
4626: (
4607:41°26′26″E
4604:43°38′49″N
4526: (
4504:31°57′30″N
4451: (
4429:34°04′43″N
4415:New Mexico
4376: (
4354:37°13′25″N
4335:Calar Alto
4298: (
4279:70°48′21″W
4225: (
4203:35°12′10″N
4143: (
4124:70°41′32″W
4121:29°00′54″S
4063: (
4044:70°44′22″W
4041:29°15′15″S
3967: (
3948:16°30′35″W
3945:28°18′00″N
3857: (
3771: (
3749:31°40′52″N
3685: (
3666:70°24′15″W
3663:24°37′38″S
3610: (
3591:74°04′39″W
3588:04°35′46″N
3524: (
3505:70°44′12″W
3502:30°14′27″S
3438: (
3416:32°46′49″N
3402:New Mexico
3363: (
3341:31°02′39″N
3285: (
3266:70°12′04″W
3263:24°35′54″S
3204:millimeter
3183: (
3151:Antarctica
3142:South Pole
3098: (
3079:00°08′34″E
3076:42°56′11″N
3023: (
3004:03°23′05″W
3001:37°03′51″N
2950:Elevation
2913:incomplete
2866: (
2834:Antarctica
2787: (
2755:Antarctica
2710: (
2691:67°53′30″W
2639:Elevation
2603:incomplete
2563: (
2495:Pan-STARRS
2469: (
2447:20°42′30″N
2390: (
2371:70°11′32″W
2368:24°35′20″S
2304: (
2285:42°30′03″E
2282:43°16′29″N
2218: (
2196:45°59′04″N
2177:Gornergrat
2128: (
2106:32°42′05″N
2049: (
2027:33°58′36″N
2013:New Mexico
1969: (
1883: (
1861:19°32′10″N
1808: (
1786:46°32′51″N
1732: (
1713:51°19′07″E
1710:33°40′27″N
1678:astrograph
1665:, a 65-cm
1640: (
1621:70°52′19″W
1567: (
1545:19°48′05″N
1487: (
1465:37°35′19″N
1451:California
1414: (
1395:97°18′33″W
1392:18°59′40″N
1300: (
1278:19°49′28″N
1242:Cosmic ray
1225: (
1184:Yangbajain
1146: (
1124:39°35′12″N
1062: (
1043:78°57′51″E
1040:32°46′46″N
985: (
966:97°18′53″W
963:18°59′06″N
902: (
883:67°42′10″W
880:22°58′17″S
822: (
803:66°28′29″W
800:24°11′31″S
750: (
731:80°01′36″E
728:32°19′31″N
659: (
640:67°45′17″W
637:23°01′22″S
586: (
567:67°47′16″W
564:22°57′31″S
545:Cerro Toco
508: (
489:67°47′10″W
486:22°57′30″S
467:Cerro Toco
448:Cosmic ray
431: (
412:68°07′53″W
409:16°21′12″S
390:Chacaltaya
352: (
333:67°44′32″W
330:22°59′12″S
278:Elevation
84:Mont Blanc
41:telescopes
27:This is a
5761:Astronomy
4955:Citations
4485:Kitt Peak
4357:2°32′46″W
4276:30°10′9″S
4184:Flagstaff
4023:La Silla
3992:microwave
3886:gamma ray
3792:gamma ray
3200:Microwave
3161:89°59.9′S
2956:Location
2688:22°43′0″S
2645:Location
2428:Haleakala
2334:reflector
2199:7°47′09″E
1842:Mauna Loa
1674:reflector
1670:refractor
1618:8°47′11″N
1608:Venezuela
1526:Mauna Kea
1431:Gamma ray
1259:Mauna Kea
1083:gamma ray
1002:Microwave
790:Argentina
708:Shiquanhe
603:Microwave
530:POLARBEAR
525:Microwave
452:gamma ray
284:Location
5213:22955808
5025:11252700
4920:See also
4910:(200"),
4747:Infrared
3931:Tenerife
3878:infrared
3821:La Palma
3706:infrared
3578:Colombia
3545:infrared
3208:neutrino
3062:Pyrenees
2887:infrared
2847:123°20′E
2235:Infrared
2070:infrared
1933:Moquegua
1928:Cambrune
1789:7°59′6″E
1504:Infrared
1321:infrared
1167:Infrared
1110:Colorado
1079:Infrared
776:(LLAMA)
373:infrared
5747:Portals
5510:Bibcode
5193:Bibcode
5185:Science
5101:Bibcode
4823:Optical
4678:Kunming
4664:Kunming
4543:Optical
4490:Arizona
4340:Almería
4189:Arizona
3984:Optical
3874:Optical
3838:17°53′W
3835:28°46′N
3801:VERITAS
3788:Optical
3735:Arizona
3702:Optical
3541:Optical
3455:Optical
3225:IceCube
3115:Optical
3040:Optical
2987:Granada
2883:Optical
2844:75°06′S
2804:Optical
2768:77°21′E
2765:80°22′S
2531:Lebanon
2486:Optical
2407:Optical
2321:Optical
2145:Optical
2092:Arizona
2066:Optical
1986:Optical
1900:Optical
1696:Isfahan
1317:Optical
1206:90°33′E
1203:30°05′N
1163:Optical
1087:Optical
928:NANTEN2
767:Optical
399:Bolivia
369:Optical
5691:
5670:
5649:
5498:: 64.
5285:羊八井观测站
5211:
5023:
4682:Yunnan
4676:rural
4668:Yunnan
4662:rural
4594:Russia
4556:Mayall
3574:Bogotá
3331:Mexico
3221:AMANDA
3164:0°00′E
3066:France
2825:Dome C
2746:Dome A
2729:, 1–2
2433:Hawaii
2272:Russia
1992:
1847:Hawaii
1745:2010s
1653:1970s
1531:Hawaii
1382:Mexico
1378:Puebla
1342:Subaru
1264:Hawaii
1026:Ladakh
953:Mexico
949:Puebla
304:(TAO)
23:above.
5773:Stars
5500:arXiv
5220:(PDF)
5181:(PDF)
5159:(PDF)
4899:1936
4827:solar
4819:1908
4743:Solar
4739:Radio
4731:1972
4686:China
4672:China
4648:BTA-6
4639:1966
4547:solar
4539:1960
4464:1975
4389:1975
4344:Spain
4311:1967
4266:Chile
4238:1894
4156:1971
4111:Chile
4076:1969
4031:Chile
3988:solar
3980:1964
3891:MAGIC
3882:solar
3870:1979
3784:1966
3715:VISTA
3698:1999
3653:Chile
3623:1803
3537:2000
3492:Chile
3459:solar
3451:1984
3376:1967
3298:1995
3253:Chile
3196:1994
3119:solar
3111:1878
3036:1981
2991:Spain
2879:2005
2800:2008
2723:2002
2678:Chile
2499:LCOGT
2482:1964
2358:Chile
2331:Zeiss
2327:Zeiss
2317:1980
2248:KOSMA
2231:1967
2141:1993
2062:1999
1982:2022
1913:AMiBA
1896:1957
1821:1937
1667:Zeiss
1604:Andes
1580:1986
1500:1976
1427:2013
1334:UKIRT
1313:1967
1238:1990
1193:China
1159:1996
1075:2001
1030:India
1022:Hanle
998:2006
915:2002
870:Chile
848:QUBIC
844:LLAMA
786:Salta
763:2011
718:China
693:QUIET
672:1999
627:Chile
599:2007
554:Chile
521:2011
476:Chile
444:1946
395:Andes
365:2009
320:Chile
160:x-ray
5689:ISBN
5668:ISBN
5647:ISBN
5624:2009
5603:2009
5582:2009
5561:2009
5535:2009
5481:2009
5460:2009
5439:2023
5413:2009
5392:2009
5371:2009
5345:2009
5324:2009
5298:2009
5270:2009
5249:2009
5228:2013
5209:PMID
5141:2009
5021:PMID
4568:VLBA
4560:WIYN
3554:SOAR
3464:SDSS
3229:QUaD
2506:AEOS
2162:VATT
2158:HHST
1937:Peru
1700:Iran
1358:CFHT
1346:JCMT
1330:Keck
924:ASTE
689:APEX
685:ALMA
162:and
150:and
101:and
5720:KML
5201:doi
5189:337
5109:doi
5013:doi
4169:GMT
4089:ESO
4085:NTT
4009:VSA
4005:OGS
4001:BRT
3997:VTT
3911:INT
3907:NOT
3903:TNG
3899:WHT
3895:GTC
3797:MMT
3711:VLT
3217:SPT
2919:.
2731:THz
2609:.
2154:LBT
1354:SMA
1350:CSO
5821::
5508:.
5429:.
5207:.
5199:.
5187:.
5183:.
5161:.
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5107:.
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1935:,
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