738:
729:
354:
393:
25:
207:
230:
2488:
199:
2500:
460:
334:. It continued working in 3.6 and 4.5 micrometer bands. Since then, other infrared telescopes helped find new stars that are forming, nebulae, and stellar nurseries. Infrared telescopes have opened up a whole new part of the galaxy for us. They are also useful for observing extremely distant things, like
815:
Many space telescopes detect electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range that overlaps at least to some degree with the infrared wavelength range. Therefore it is difficult to define which space telescopes are infrared telescopes. Here the definition of "infrared space telescope" is taken to be
467:
The principal limitation on infrared sensitivity from ground-based telescopes is the Earth's atmosphere. Water vapor absorbs a significant amount of infrared radiation, and the atmosphere itself emits at infrared wavelengths. For this reason, most infrared telescopes are built in very dry places at
368:
Infrared radiation with wavelengths just longer than visible light, known as near-infrared, behaves in a very similar way to visible light, and can be detected using similar solid state devices (because of this, many quasars, stars, and galaxies were discovered). For this reason, the near infrared
225:
the visible spectrum, just beyond the red color. That the temperature increase was highest at infrared wavelengths was due to the spectral response of the prism rather than properties of the Sun, but the fact that there was any temperature increase at all prompted
Herschel to deduce that there was
436:
at infrared wavelengths. If infrared detectors were not kept cooled, the radiation from the detector itself would contribute noise that would dwarf the radiation from any celestial source. This is particularly important in the mid-infrared and far-infrared regions of the spectrum.
424:. Examples of such embedded star clusters are FSR 1424, FSR 1432, Camargo 394, Camargo 399, Majaess 30, and Majaess 99. Infrared telescopes, which includes most major optical telescopes as well as a few dedicated infrared telescopes, need to be chilled with
288:
and sensitive to a few hundreds of stars. The field was mostly neglected by traditional astronomers until the 1960s, with most scientists who practiced infrared astronomy having actually been trained
241:
Efforts were made starting in the 1830s and continuing through the 19th century to detect infrared radiation from other astronomical sources. Radiation from the Moon was first detected in 1856 by
217:
The discovery of infrared radiation is attributed to
William Herschel, who performed an experiment in 1800 where he placed a thermometer in sunlight of different colors after it passed through a
345:
greatly dims the light of distant galaxies. In actuality, galaxies are almost twice as bright as they look. The dust absorbs much of the visible light and re-emits it as infrared light.
948:
For many space telescopes, only some of the instruments are capable of infrared observation. Below are listed some of the most notable of these space observatories and instruments:
794:
Low temperature is often achieved by a coolant, which can run out. Space missions have either ended or shifted to "warm" observations when the coolant supply used up. For example,
226:
invisible radiation from the Sun. He dubbed this radiation "calorific rays", and went on to show that it could be reflected, transmitted, and absorbed just like visible light.
338:. Quasars move away from Earth. The resulting large redshift make them difficult targets with an optical telescope. Infrared telescopes give much more information about them.
688:
As is the case for visible light telescopes, space is the ideal place for infrared telescopes. Telescopes in space can achieve higher resolution, as they do not suffer from
985:
Three airplane-based observatories have been used (other aircraft have also been used occasionally to host infrared space studies) to study the sky in infrared. They are:
768:
arrays. These operate well between 0.6 and 5 micrometre wavelengths. For longer wavelength observations or higher sensitivity other detectors may be used, including other
448:. The effective resolution of an interferometer is set by the distance between the telescopes, rather than the size of the individual telescopes. When used together with
1188:
1100:
692:
caused by the Earth's atmosphere, and are also free from infrared absorption caused by the Earth's atmosphere. Current infrared telescopes in space include the
174:, so most infrared telescopes are at high elevations in dry places, above as much of the atmosphere as possible. There have also been infrared observatories
1606:
966:
2418:
720:. These observatories fly above most, but not all, of the atmosphere, and water vapor in the atmosphere absorbs some of infrared light from space.
713:
123:
in 1800. Early progress was limited, and it was not until the early 20th century that conclusive detections of astronomical objects other than the
2425:
322:, previously known as the Space Infrared Telescope Facility. In 2009, the telescope ran out of liquid helium and lost the ability to see
1759:
1638:
1669:
135:, astronomers realized the information available outside the visible wavelength range, and modern infrared astronomy was established.
1696:
783:
Special requirements for infrared astronomy include: very low dark currents to allow long integration times, associated low noise
452:, infrared interferometers, such as two 10 meter telescopes at Keck Observatory or the four 8.2 meter telescopes that make up the
2137:
925:
Many other smaller space-missions and space-based detectors of infrared radiation have been operated in space. These include the
296:
technology, prompted more astronomers to take notice, and infrared astronomy became well established as a subfield of astronomy.
956:
937:
847:
163:
1178:
1104:
1070:
883:
795:
701:
417:
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region of the spectrum is commonly incorporated as part of the "optical" spectrum, along with the near ultraviolet. Many
245:, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, during an expedition to Tenerife to test his ideas about mountain top astronomy.
1248:
1038:
919:
468:
high altitude, so that they are above most of the water vapor in the atmosphere. Suitable locations on Earth include
68:
46:
39:
2530:
2256:
1043:
154:
are usually effective over a wavelength range that includes both visible and infrared light. Both fields also use
2074:
1610:
1514:"Towards a census of the Galactic anticentre star clusters – III. Tracing the spiral structure in the outer disc"
1264:
823:
1752:
234:
2525:
2360:
382:
2026:
1048:
737:
728:
492:, or wavelengths where the Earth's atmosphere is transparent. The main infrared windows are listed below:
377:, operate effectively in the near infrared as well as at visible wavelengths. The far-infrared extends to
999:
989:
717:
445:
2503:
2411:
2193:
1985:
1240:
952:
893:
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843:
833:
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and shielded from warm objects. The reason for this is that objects with temperatures of a few hundred
308:
187:
183:
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2432:
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2214:
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2054:
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405:
155:
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2221:
769:
353:
89:
33:
1646:
940:(SWAS) is sometimes mentioned as an infrared satellite, although it is a submillimeter satellite.
261:, but Nichols deemed the results inconclusive. Even so, the ratio of flux he reported for the two
2316:
2102:
1961:
1940:
1899:
1863:
1831:
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392:
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319:
179:
2369:
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2158:
1952:
1556:
1060:
962:
357:
285:
131:
were made in infrared light. After a number of discoveries were made in the 1950s and 1960s in
50:
1456:
292:. The success of radio astronomy during the 1950s and 1960s, combined with the improvement of
119:
Infrared astronomy began in the 1830s, a few decades after the discovery of infrared light by
2339:
2033:
1971:
1824:
1794:
1065:
469:
386:
273:
171:
1425:
2331:
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2081:
2019:
1810:
1787:
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1478:
1421:
1362:
1140:
709:
453:
420:
astronomical surveys have been particularly effective at unveiling previously undiscovered
269:
gives
Nichols credit for the first detection of a star other than our own in the infrared.
242:
488:. Even at high altitudes, the transparency of the Earth's atmosphere is limited except in
272:
The field of infrared astronomy continued to develop slowly in the early 20th century, as
8:
2462:
2404:
2200:
2151:
2047:
1994:
1817:
973:
903:
473:
327:
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in 1998, it discovered protostars and water in our universe (even on Saturn and Uranus).
113:
93:
1582:
1482:
1366:
1144:
922:(NGRST), originally known as the Wide Field InfraRed Space Telescope (WFIRST), in 2027.
2491:
2390:
2095:
2065:
2012:
1895:
1870:
1568:
1494:
1468:
1437:
1411:
1380:
1352:
1341:"A systematic survey for infrared star clusters with |b| <20° using 2MASS"
1156:
441:
342:
250:
246:
1399:
2397:
2383:
2182:
2167:
2144:
2088:
1856:
1498:
1441:
1375:
1340:
1244:
1160:
1033:
863:
798:
ran out of coolant in
October 2010, about ten months after being launched. (See also
750:
604:
588:
572:
556:
540:
370:
331:
293:
139:
1384:
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2116:
2109:
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1535:
1525:
1486:
1429:
1370:
1148:
1075:
374:
361:
120:
918:
is a telescope scheduled for launch in 2025. NASA is also planning to launch the
206:
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2040:
1978:
1933:
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1490:
777:
489:
449:
425:
300:
229:
175:
132:
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2228:
2130:
1289:
1179:"President Biden reveals the James Webb Space Telescope's stunning first image"
1029:
Many ground-based infrared telescopes exist around the world. The largest are:
764:
One of the most common infrared detector arrays used at research telescopes is
433:
218:
1433:
1314:
1152:
400:, a single galaxy glowing in infrared light as intensely as 350 trillion Suns.
2519:
2353:
930:
421:
312:
277:
159:
151:
105:
104:
of infrared light ranges from 0.75 to 300 micrometers, and falls in between
2309:
2288:
1906:
1591:
1530:
1513:
341:
During May 2008, a group of international infrared astronomers proved that
323:
266:
221:. He noticed that the temperature increase induced by sunlight was highest
2376:
1357:
1131:
Rieke, George H. (2009). "History of infrared telescopes and astronomy".
459:
167:
2346:
2323:
1803:
1642:
1540:
819:
Eight infrared space telescopes have been operated in space. They are:
504:
397:
307:
made an all-sky survey. In 1995, the
European Space Agency created the
281:
101:
1727:
2441:
1768:
773:
577:
Most major optical telescopes and most dedicated infrared telescopes
561:
Most major optical telescopes and most dedicated infrared telescopes
545:
Most major optical telescopes and most dedicated infrared telescopes
485:
289:
143:
109:
85:
1573:
926:
409:
254:
198:
97:
1473:
1457:"New Galactic embedded clusters and candidates from a WISE Survey"
1416:
816:
a space telescope whose main mission is detecting infrared light.
213:
is an infrared telescope in an aircraft, shown here in a 2009 test
915:
708:. Since putting telescopes in orbit is expensive, there are also
1697:"NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Roman Space Telescope"
2471:
1732:
799:
765:
666:
Some dedicated infrared telescopes and some optical telescopes
653:
Some dedicated infrared telescopes and some optical telescopes
639:
Some dedicated infrared telescopes and some optical telescopes
625:
Most dedicated infrared telescopes and some optical telescopes
620:
609:
Most dedicated infrared telescopes and some optical telescopes
593:
Most dedicated infrared telescopes and some optical telescopes
481:
429:
335:
147:
1557:"Tracing the Galactic spiral structure with embedded clusters"
1009:
788:
746:
477:
413:
210:
1737:
1670:"PUNCH Announces Rideshare with SPHEREx and New Launch Date"
1701:
1674:
1013:
1003:
993:
943:
897:
887:
867:
857:
827:
304:
262:
258:
128:
1455:
Camargo, Denilso; Bica, Eduardo; Bonatto, Charles (2015).
826:(IRAS), operated 1983 (10 months). A joint mission of US (
1913:
1400:"Discovering protostars and their host clusters via WISE"
1183:
907:
877:
837:
124:
1728:
Cool Cosmos (Caltech/IPAC IR educational resource site)
237:
provides an extraordinary place for infrared astronomy.
1338:
456:
Interferometer, can achieve high angular resolution.
408:, infrared is utilized by astronomers to study the
158:detectors, though the specific type of solid state
1554:
1511:
1454:
1339:Froebrich, D.; Scholz, A.; Raftery, C. L. (2007).
1095:
1093:
1091:
967:Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer
1561:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1518:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1345:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2517:
1290:"Unravelling the web of a cosmic creeply-crawly"
1211:"First Results from the ESO Ultra HD Expedition"
1130:
714:Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
480:and regions of high altitude ice-desert such as
444:, some infrared telescopes are combined to form
253:in an attempt to detect infrared radiation from
1599:
1088:
381:, which are observed by telescopes such as the
1315:"Artist's impression of the galaxy W2246-0526"
1753:
1689:
1661:
1024:
412:. Indeed, infrared measurements taken by the
202:Hubble's ground-breaking near-infrared NICMOS
348:
1639:"Last-minute Reprieve Extends WISE Mission"
1555:Camargo, D.; Bonatto, C.; Bica, E. (2015).
1512:Camargo, D.; Bica, E.; Bonatto, C. (2013).
1760:
1746:
1667:
1176:
969:(NICMOS) instrument (1997-1999, 2002-2008)
1632:
1630:
1628:
1590:
1572:
1539:
1529:
1472:
1415:
1374:
1356:
980:
753:ejecta producing planet-forming material.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
976:(WFC3) camera (2009-) observes infrared.
944:Infrared instruments on space telescopes
458:
391:
352:
265:is consistent with the modern value, so
228:
205:
197:
108:radiation, which ranges from 380 to 750
32:This article includes a list of general
1548:
1448:
1397:
1126:
1124:
1122:
284:detectors capable of accurate infrared
2518:
1636:
1625:
1391:
957:Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment
938:Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite
810:
759:
162:used are different. Infrared light is
1741:
1332:
1234:
318:On 25 August 2003, NASA launched the
2499:
1172:
1170:
1119:
472:at 4205 meters above sea level, the
463:Atmospheric windows in the infrared.
233:High on the Chajnantor Plateau, the
18:
1668:Interrante, Abbey (3 August 2022).
1177:Strickland, Ashley (11 July 2022).
1101:"Herschel Discovers Infrared Light"
1071:List of largest infrared telescopes
884:Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
702:Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
311:. Before this satellite ran out of
142:are often practiced using the same
16:Observation of infrared wavelengths
13:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2547:
1721:
1191:from the original on 12 July 2022
1167:
920:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
2498:
2487:
2486:
2257:Southern African Large Telescope
1637:Werner, Debra (5 October 2010).
1376:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11148.x
805:
736:
727:
326:. It had discovered stars, the
23:
1505:
1265:"Science in Context - Document"
824:Infrared Astronomical Satellite
1404:Astrophysics and Space Science
1307:
1282:
1257:
1237:Handbook of Infrared Astronomy
1228:
1203:
1020:mission. Was active 2010-2022.
1006:mission. Was active 1974-1995.
996:mission. Was active 1965-1973.
235:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1:
1767:
1705:(Press release). 19 July 2022
1609:. Cool Cosmos. Archived from
1103:. Cool Cosmos. Archived from
1081:
955:(COBE) satellite (1989-1993)
529:All major optical telescopes
383:James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
1491:10.1016/j.newast.2014.05.007
886:(WISE), operated 2009-2024,
446:astronomical interferometers
396:Artist impression of galaxy
7:
1054:
1000:Kuiper Airborne Observatory
906:telescope, operated 2023-,
846:(MSX), operated 1996-1997,
836:(ISO), operated 1995-1998,
802:, Spitzer Space Telescope)
772:detectors, low temperature
718:Kuiper Airborne Observatory
10:
2552:
1241:Cambridge University Press
1025:Ground-based observatories
953:Cosmic Background Explorer
894:James Webb Space Telescope
874:Herschel Space Observatory
844:Midcourse Space Experiment
834:Infrared Space Observatory
830:), UK and the Netherlands.
776:arrays or photon-counting
706:James Webb Space Telescope
694:Herschel Space Observatory
496:
309:Infrared Space Observatory
303:entered service. In 1983,
193:
188:James Webb Space Telescope
184:Herschel Space Observatory
2481:
2273:
2250:Large Binocular Telescope
2215:Extremely Large Telescope
2208:Extremely large telescope
2181:
2064:
2004:
1925:
1887:
1848:
1841:
1775:
1607:"IR Atmospheric Windwows"
1434:10.1007/s10509-012-1308-y
1153:10.1007/s10686-009-9148-7
929:(IRT) that flew with the
682:Submillimeter telescopes
514:
509:
500:
497:
406:electromagnetic radiation
379:submillimeter wavelengths
349:Modern infrared astronomy
88:which specializes in the
2222:Gran Telescopio Canarias
1733:Infrared Science Archive
1294:ESA/Hubble Press Release
896:(JWST), operated 2022-,
787:and sometimes very high
780:Tunnel Junction arrays.
770:narrow gap semiconductor
404:Like all other forms of
186:, and more recently the
2531:Observational astronomy
2317:Astrology and astronomy
2027:Gravitational radiation
1426:2013Ap&SS.344..175M
972:Hubble Space Telescope
854:Spitzer Space Telescope
698:Spitzer Space Telescope
320:Spitzer Space Telescope
180:Spitzer Space Telescope
166:at many wavelengths by
84:is a sub-discipline of
53:more precise citations.
2236:Hubble Space Telescope
1239:. Cambridge, England:
1235:Glass, Ian S. (1999).
1133:Experimental Astronomy
1061:Far-infrared astronomy
981:Airborne Observatories
963:Hubble Space Telescope
876:, operated 2009-2013,
866:, operated 2006-2011,
856:, operated 2003-2020,
710:airborne observatories
464:
401:
365:
238:
214:
203:
2340:Astroparticle physics
2075:Australian Aboriginal
1066:Infrared spectroscopy
470:Mauna Kea Observatory
462:
395:
387:Mauna Kea Observatory
360:infrared view of the
356:
274:Seth Barnes Nicholson
232:
209:
201:
2526:Astronomical imaging
2332:Astronomers Monument
2264:Very Large Telescope
1811:Astronomical symbols
1592:10.1093/mnras/stv840
1531:10.1093/mnras/stt703
1398:Majaess, D. (2013).
454:Very Large Telescope
243:Charles Piazzi Smyth
100:(IR) radiation. The
94:astronomical objects
2405:List of astronomers
1818:Astronomical object
1583:2015MNRAS.450.4150C
1483:2015NewA...34...84C
1367:2007MNRAS.374..399F
1145:2009ExA....25..125R
1107:on 25 February 2012
990:Galileo Observatory
974:Wide Field Camera 3
811:Space observatories
760:Infrared technology
474:Paranal Observatory
432:emit most of their
373:, such as those at
328:Double Helix Nebula
2391:Physical cosmology
1649:on 9 December 2012
1613:on 11 October 2018
1269:link.galegroup.com
959:(DIRBE) instrument
927:Infrared Telescope
476:at 2635 meters in
465:
442:angular resolution
440:To achieve higher
402:
371:optical telescopes
366:
343:intergalactic dust
332:extrasolar planets
251:Crookes radiometer
247:Ernest Fox Nichols
239:
215:
204:
172:Earth's atmosphere
82:Infrared astronomy
2513:
2512:
2398:Quantum cosmology
2384:Planetary geology
2177:
2176:
1888:Celestial subject
751:supernova remnant
686:
685:
330:, and light from
294:infrared detector
140:optical astronomy
79:
78:
71:
2543:
2536:Infrared imaging
2506:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2474:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2419:Medieval Islamic
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2303:Astroinformatics
2298:
2291:
2284:
2282:Archaeoastronomy
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2243:Keck Observatory
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2170:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2138:Medieval Islamic
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1955:
1943:
1936:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1790:
1783:
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1755:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1645:. Archived from
1634:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1576:
1567:(4): 4150–4160.
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1524:(4): 3349–3360.
1509:
1503:
1502:
1476:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1419:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1360:
1358:astro-ph/0610146
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1311:
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1304:
1302:
1300:
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1279:
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1255:
1254:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1215:ESO Announcement
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1139:(1–3): 125–141.
1128:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1076:Radio Galaxy Zoo
785:readout circuits
740:
731:
495:
494:
490:infrared windows
375:Keck Observatory
362:Tarantula Nebula
301:space telescopes
249:used a modified
178:, including the
121:William Herschel
92:and analysis of
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
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2541:
2540:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2477:
2470:
2461:
2454:
2449:X-ray telescope
2447:
2440:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2359:
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2345:
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2322:
2315:
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2301:
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2255:
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2234:
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2199:
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2173:
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2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2060:
2055:Multi-messenger
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1932:
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1912:
1905:
1894:
1883:
1878:Space telescope
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778:Superconducting
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450:adaptive optics
426:liquid nitrogen
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133:radio astronomy
75:
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45:Please help to
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2296:Astrochemistry
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2229:Hale Telescope
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2008:
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1962:Visible-light
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1722:External links
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914:In addition,
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566:Near Infrared
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550:Near Infrared
547:
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534:Near Infrared
531:
530:
527:
526:R and I bands
524:
521:
520:Near Infrared
517:
516:
513:
508:
499:
434:thermal energy
350:
347:
195:
192:
160:photodetectors
146:, as the same
77:
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31:
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15:
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2354:Constellation
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2017:
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2005:Other methods
2003:
1996:
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1969:
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1959:
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1941:Submillimetre
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1864:Observational
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1461:New Astronomy
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931:Space Shuttle
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806:Observatories
803:
801:
797:
792:
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771:
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748:
739:
730:
721:
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707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
681:
679:
678:submillimeter
676:
673:
671:Far Infrared
670:
669:
665:
663:
660:
658:Far Infrared
657:
656:
652:
649:
646:
644:Far Infrared
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
630:Mid Infrared
629:
628:
624:
622:
619:
616:
614:Mid Infrared
613:
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431:
427:
423:
422:star clusters
419:
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363:
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355:
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321:
316:
314:
313:liquid helium
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
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287:
283:
279:
278:Edison Pettit
275:
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264:
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138:Infrared and
136:
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117:
115:
114:submillimeter
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
73:
70:
62:
59:November 2022
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2330:
2310:Astrophysics
2289:Astrobiology
1953:Far-infrared
1947:
1907:Local system
1842:Astronomy by
1832:... in space
1707:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1673:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:the original
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1601:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:
1284:
1274:25 September
1272:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1236:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1182:
1136:
1132:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1028:
984:
947:
935:
924:
913:
818:
814:
793:
782:
763:
687:
617:7.5 to 14.5
523:0.65 to 1.0
510:Astronomical
466:
439:
403:
367:
340:
324:far infrared
317:
298:
271:
267:George Rieke
240:
222:
216:
137:
118:
81:
80:
65:
56:
37:
2377:Planetarium
2034:High-energy
2020:Cosmic rays
1972:Ultraviolet
1541:10183/93387
661:330 to 370
601:4.6 to 5.0
585:3.0 to 4.0
569:2.0 to 2.4
553:1.5 to 1.8
537:1.1 to 1.4
515:Telescopes
505:micrometres
168:water vapor
156:solid state
90:observation
51:introducing
2520:Categories
2370:Photometry
2347:Binoculars
2324:Astrometry
2185:telescopes
2082:Babylonian
1926:EM methods
1804:Astronomer
1653:14 January
1643:Space News
1574:1505.01829
1410:(1): 175.
1351:(2): 399.
1324:18 January
1299:18 January
1082:References
749:science —
501:Wavelength
398:W2246-0526
290:physicists
286:photometry
282:thermopile
280:developed
144:telescopes
110:nanometers
102:wavelength
34:references
2442:Telescope
2048:Spherical
1995:Gamma-ray
1964:(optical)
1769:Astronomy
1499:119002533
1474:1406.3099
1467:: 84–97.
1442:118455708
1417:1211.4032
1161:121996857
774:bolometer
647:28 to 40
633:17 to 25
498:Spectrum
486:Antarctic
299:Infrared
86:astronomy
2492:Category
2201:Category
2096:Egyptian
2013:Neutrino
1948:Infrared
1896:Galactic
1871:Sidewalk
1825:Glossary
1795:Timeline
1681:3 August
1385:15339002
1189:Archived
1055:See also
965:(1990-)
910:mission.
900:mission.
890:mission.
880:mission.
870:mission.
860:mission.
850:mission.
840:mission.
791:counts.
716:and the
704:and the
690:blurring
410:universe
255:Arcturus
176:in space
164:absorbed
98:infrared
2504:Commons
2456:history
2426:Russian
2274:Related
2183:Optical
2168:Tibetan
2152:Serbian
2145:Persian
2089:Chinese
2066:Culture
1986:History
1857:Amateur
1788:History
1781:Outline
1709:19 July
1617:9 April
1579:Bibcode
1479:Bibcode
1422:Bibcode
1363:Bibcode
1319:ESO.org
1195:12 July
1141:Bibcode
1111:9 April
916:SPHEREx
650:Z band
636:Q band
430:kelvins
336:quasars
223:outside
194:History
170:in the
148:mirrors
116:waves.
106:visible
47:improve
2472:Zodiac
2412:French
2117:Indian
2110:Hebrew
1849:Manner
1497:
1440:
1383:
1247:
1220:10 May
1159:
904:Euclid
800:NICMOS
766:HgCdTe
700:, the
696:, the
621:N band
605:M band
589:L band
573:K band
557:H band
541:J band
512:bands
482:Dome C
358:Hubble
182:, the
152:lenses
112:, and
96:using
36:, but
2463:lists
2433:Women
2124:Inuit
2103:Greek
2041:Radar
1979:X-ray
1934:Radio
1914:Solar
1569:arXiv
1495:S2CID
1469:arXiv
1438:S2CID
1412:arXiv
1381:S2CID
1353:arXiv
1157:S2CID
1039:UKIRT
1034:VISTA
1010:SOFIA
864:Akari
789:pixel
747:SOFIA
478:Chile
414:2MASS
263:stars
219:prism
211:SOFIA
2194:List
2159:folk
2131:Maya
1711:2022
1702:NASA
1683:2022
1675:NASA
1655:2014
1619:2009
1326:2016
1301:2014
1276:2017
1245:ISBN
1222:2014
1197:2022
1113:2010
1049:WIRO
1044:IRTF
1014:NASA
1012:, a
1004:NASA
1002:, a
994:NASA
992:, a
936:The
898:NASA
888:NASA
868:JAXA
858:NASA
848:BMDO
828:NASA
796:WISE
674:450
418:WISE
416:and
305:IRAS
276:and
259:Vega
257:and
129:Moon
127:and
2361:IAU
1587:doi
1565:450
1536:hdl
1526:doi
1522:432
1487:doi
1430:doi
1408:344
1371:doi
1349:374
1184:CNN
1149:doi
1018:DLR
908:ESA
878:ESA
838:ESA
484:in
385:at
150:or
125:Sun
2522::
1898:/
1699:.
1672:.
1641:.
1627:^
1585:.
1577:.
1563:.
1559:.
1534:.
1520:.
1516:.
1493:.
1485:.
1477:.
1465:34
1463:.
1459:.
1436:.
1428:.
1420:.
1406:.
1402:.
1379:.
1369:.
1361:.
1347:.
1343:.
1317:.
1292:.
1267:.
1243:.
1213:.
1187:.
1181:.
1169:^
1155:.
1147:.
1137:25
1135:.
1121:^
1090:^
933:.
507:)
389:.
364:.
190:.
1956:)
1950:(
1761:e
1754:t
1747:v
1713:.
1685:.
1657:.
1621:.
1595:.
1589::
1581::
1571::
1544:.
1538::
1528::
1501:.
1489::
1481::
1471::
1444:.
1432::
1424::
1414::
1387:.
1373::
1365::
1355::
1328:.
1303:.
1278:.
1253:.
1224:.
1199:.
1163:.
1151::
1143::
1115:.
1016:-
503:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.