Spitzer Space Telescope

932:. Cryogenic satellites that require liquid helium (LHe, T ≈ 4 K) temperatures in near-Earth orbit are typically exposed to a large heat load from Earth, and consequently require large amounts of LHe coolant, which then tends to dominate the total payload mass and limits mission life. Placing the satellite in solar orbit far from Earth allowed innovative passive cooling. The sun shield protected the rest of the spacecraft from the Sun's heat, the far side of the spacecraft was painted black to enhance passive radiation of heat, and the spacecraft bus was thermally isolated from the telescope. All of these design choices combined to drastically reduce the total mass of helium needed, resulting in an overall smaller and lighter payload, resulting in major cost savings, but with a mirror the same diameter as originally designed. This orbit also simplified telescope pointing, but did require the 878: 827:

evolving scientific instrument payload. Several flights were anticipated with a probable transition into a more extended mode of operation, possibly in association with a future space platform or space station. SIRTF would be a 1-meter class, cryogenically cooled, multi-user facility consisting of a telescope and associated focal plane instruments. It would be launched on the Space Shuttle and remain attached to the Shuttle as a Spacelab payload during astronomical observations, after which it would be returned to Earth for refurbishment prior to re-flight. The first flight was expected to occur about 1990, with the succeeding flights anticipated beginning approximately one year later. However, the Spacelab-2 flight aboard

1598: 1689: 866: 1296: 1322:, who discovered the object, believe the hot spot to be an example of early star development, with the young star collecting gas and dust from the cloud around it. Early speculation about the hot spot was that it might have been the faint light of another core that lies 10 times further from Earth but along the same line of sight as L1014. Follow-up observation from ground-based near-infrared observatories detected a faint fan-shaped glow in the same location as the object found by Spitzer. That glow is too feeble to have come from the more distant core, leading to the conclusion that the object is located within L1014. (Young 1228: 1559: 3489: 1353: 93: 814: 1242: 1468: 1217:) for use by the community, again ensuring the rapid scientific return of the mission. The international scientific community quickly realized the value of delivering products for others to use, and even though Legacy projects were no longer explicitly solicited in subsequent proposal calls, teams continued to deliver products to the community. The Spitzer Science Center later reinstated named "Legacy" projects (and later still "Exploration Science" projects) in response to this community-driven effort. 480: 1019: 1107: 29: 1055: 1587:

arise only if the dust grains had been ejected by a bipolar outflow close to the star. Such observations are consistent with an astrophysical theory, developed in the early 1990s, where it was suggested that bipolar outflows garden or transform the disks of gas and dust that surround protostars by continually ejecting reprocessed, highly heated material from the inner disk, adjacent to the protostar, to regions of the accretion disk further away from the protostar.

7491: 6074: 690: 1176:, 32 × 32 pixels at 70 μm, 2 × 20 pixels at 160 μm). The 24 μm detector is identical to one of the IRS short-wavelength modules. The 70 μm detector used gallium-doped germanium technology, and the 160 μm detector also used gallium-doped germanium, but with mechanical stress added to each pixel to lower the bandgap and extend sensitivity to this long-wavelength. The principal investigator was 802: 7503: 3954: 1745: 1196: 504: 1213:

telescope failed early and/or ran out of cryogen very quickly, these so-called Legacy Projects would ensure the best possible science could be obtained quickly in the early months of the mission. As a requirement tied to the funding these Legacy teams received, the teams had to deliver high-level data products back to the Spitzer Science Center (and the

1528:, was a series of surveys that spanned 360° of the inner region of the Milky Way galaxy, which provided the first large-scale mapping of the galaxy. It consists of more than 2 million snapshots taken in four separate wavelengths using the Infrared Array Camera. The images were taken over a 10-year period beginning in 2003 when Spitzer launched. 1288:, although it did not resolve that light into actual images. This was one of the first times the light from extrasolar planets had been directly detected; earlier observations had been indirectly made by drawing conclusions from behaviors of the stars the planets were orbiting. The telescope also discovered in April 2005 that 1696:

Spitzer was also put to work studying exoplanets thanks to creatively tweaking its hardware. This included doubling its stability by modifying its heating cycle, finding a new use for the "peak-up" camera, and analyzing the sensor at a sub-pixel level. Although in its "warm" mission, the spacecraft's

1093:

Late in the mission, ~2016, Spitzer's distance to Earth and the shape of its orbit meant the spacecraft had to pitch over at an extreme angle to aim its antenna at Earth. The solar panels were not fully illuminated at this angle, and this limited those communications to 2.5 hours due to the battery

1479:

Scientists have long wondered how tiny silicate crystals, which need high temperatures to form, have found their way into frozen comets, born in the very cold environment of the Solar System's outer edges. The crystals would have begun as non-crystallized, amorphous silicate particles, part of the

784:

and the telescope itself will radiate (glow) brightly. Additionally, the atmosphere is opaque at most infrared wavelengths. This necessitates lengthy exposure times and greatly decreases the ability to detect faint objects. It could be compared to trying to observe the stars in the optical at noon

1679:

mission was the engineering challenges of operating Spitzer in its progressing orbital phase. As the spacecraft moved farther from Earth on the same orbital path from the Sun, its antenna had to point at increasingly higher angles to communicate with ground stations; this change in angle imparted

1586:

In January 2012, it was reported that further analysis of the Spitzer observations of EX Lupi can be understood if the forsterite crystalline dust was moving away from the protostar at a remarkable average speed of 38 kilometres per second (24 mi/s). It would appear that such high speeds can

1578:

HOPS-68. The discovery of the forsterite crystals in the outer collapsing cloud of the protostar is surprising because the crystals form at lava-like high temperatures, yet they are found in the molecular cloud where the temperatures are about −170 °C (103 K; −274 °F). This led the

851:

upper stage, which would have been required to place it into its final orbit, was abandoned. The mission underwent a series of redesigns during the 1990s, primarily due to budget considerations. This resulted in a much smaller but still fully capable mission that could use the smaller Delta II

826:

Most of the early concepts envisioned repeated flights aboard the NASA Space Shuttle. This approach was developed in an era when the Shuttle program was expected to support weekly flights of up to 30 days duration. A May 1983 NASA proposal described SIRTF as a Shuttle-attached mission, with an

1212:

While some time on the telescope was reserved for participating institutions and crucial projects, astronomers around the world also had the opportunity to submit proposals for observing time. Prior to launch, there was a proposal call for large, coherent investigations using Spitzer. If the

1153:

An infrared spectrometer with four sub-modules which operate at the wavelengths 5.3–14 μm (low resolution), 10–19.5 μm (high resolution), 14–40 μm (low resolution), and 19–37 μm (high resolution). Each module used a 128×128-pixel detector—the short-wavelength pair used

1089:

Spitzer ran out of liquid helium coolant on 15 May 2009, which stopped far-IR observations. Only the IRAC instrument remained in use, and only at the two shorter wavelength bands (3.6 μm and 4.5 μm). The telescope equilibrium temperature was then around 30 K (−243 °C;

765:, jointly developed by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, to conduct the first infrared survey of the sky, whetted the appetites of scientists worldwide for follow-up space missions capitalizing on the rapid improvements in infrared detector technology. 986:

detector in the creation of the infrared detectors. These detectors are 100 times more sensitive than what was available at the beginning of the project during the 1980s. The far-infrared detectors (70–160 micrometers) were developed jointly by the University of Arizona and

569:

During the warm mission, the two short wavelength channels of IRAC operated at 28.7 K and were predicted to experience little to no degradation at this temperature compared to the nominal mission. The Spitzer data, from both the primary and warm phases, are archived at the

758:", a shuttle-borne platform. Anticipating the major results from an upcoming Explorer satellite and from the Shuttle mission, the report also favored the "study and development of ... long-duration spaceflights of infrared telescopes cooled to cryogenic temperatures." 831:

showed that the Shuttle environment was poorly suited to an onboard infrared telescope due to contamination from the relatively "dirty" vacuum associated with the orbiters. By September 1983, NASA was considering the "possibility of a long duration SIRTF mission".

1705:

techniques to perform these observations. According to NASA's Sean Carey, "We never even considered using Spitzer for studying exoplanets when it launched. ... It would have seemed ludicrous back then, but now it's an important part of what Spitzer does."

1395:

the telescope, was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. Kashlinsky and Mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the

1451:

region in multiple wavelengths. The first set of observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope was completed from 21 September 2006 through 27 September. Resulting from these observations, the team of astronomers led by Dr. Robert Gutermuth, of the

557:

supply was exhausted. This occurred on 15 May 2009. Without liquid helium to cool the telescope to the very low temperatures needed to operate, most of the instruments were no longer usable. However, the two shortest-wavelength modules of the

581:

that are named by a board of scientists, typically after famous deceased astronomers, the new name for SIRTF was obtained from a contest open to the general public. The contest led to the telescope being named in honor of astronomer

1493:

In May 2009, Spitzer researchers from Germany, Hungary, and the Netherlands found that amorphous silicate appears to have been transformed into crystalline form by an outburst from a star. They detected the infrared signature of

1713:

in 2015, which was shown to be a rocky planet about 1.5 times as large as Earth in a three-day orbit around its star; and an unnamed planet found using microlensing located about 13,000 light-years (4,000 pc) from Earth.

1628:, the first time two space telescopes have observed the same microlensing event. This method was possible because of the large separation between the two spacecraft: Swift is in low-Earth orbit while Spitzer is more than one 6221: 1632:

distant in an Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit. This separation provided significantly different perspectives of the brown dwarf, allowing for constraints to be placed on some of the object's physical characteristics.

3786: 1098:(GDSCC) instructing the telescope to go into safe mode. After receiving confirmation that the command was successful, Spitzer Project Manager Joseph Hunt officially declared that the mission had ended. 4991: 3185: 1498:

silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star EX Lupi during one of its frequent flare-ups, or outbursts, seen by Spitzer in April 2008. These crystals were not present in Spitzer

4489: 1733:, Spitzer helped measure the sizes of the seven planets and estimate the mass and density of the inner six. Further observations will help determine if there is liquid water on any of the planets. 1124:

An infrared camera which operated simultaneously on four wavelengths (3.6 μm, 4.5 μm, 5.8 μm and 8 μm). Each module used a 256×256-pixel detector—the short-wavelength pair used

2160: 2692: 2177: 3988: 1427:

at the galaxy's center, 300 light-years (92 pc) from the nebula and 25,000 light-years (7,700 pc) from Earth. This nebula was discovered by Spitzer and published in the magazine

4956: 2528: 2038: 6846: 590:

describing the advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory and how it could be realized with available or upcoming technology. He has been cited for his pioneering contributions to

6203: 3346: 3212: 7583: 1307:

In 2004, it was reported that Spitzer had spotted a faintly glowing body that may be the youngest star ever seen. The telescope was trained on a core of gas and dust known as

1154:

arsenic-doped silicon blocked impurity band technology, the long-wavelength pair used antimony-doped silicon blocked impurity band technology. The principal investigator was

2997: 2636: 1192:

All three instruments used liquid helium for cooling the sensors. Once the helium was exhausted, only the two shorter wavelengths in IRAC were used in the "warm mission".

1502:

previous observations of the star's disk during one of its quiet periods. These crystals appear to have formed by radiative heating of the dust within 0.5 AU of EX Lupi.

3659: 6227: 3427:

Poteet, Charles A.; Megeath, S. Thomas; Watson, Dan M.; Calvet, Nuria; Remming, Ian S.; McClure, Melissa K.; Sargent, Benjamin A.; Fischer, William J.; Furlan, Elise;

2906: 1423:, which is, as the name implies, twisted into a double spiral shape. This is thought to be evidence of massive magnetic fields generated by the gas disc orbiting the 4881: 3261: 3413: 2563: 6249: 613: 244: 3778: 2126:

Stauffer, John R.; Mannings, Vincent; Levine, Deborah; Chary, Ranga Ram; Wilson, Gillian; Lacy, Mark; Grillmair, Carl; Carey, Sean; Stolovy, Susan (August 2007).

534:

launched in 2003, that was deactivated when operations ended on 30 January 2020. Spitzer was the third space telescope dedicated to infrared astronomy, following

1939: 2469: 8448: 2104: 3690: 3752: 3177: 1257:

The first released images from Spitzer were designed to show off the abilities of the telescope and showed a glowing stellar nursery, a big swirling, dusty

553:

The planned mission period was to be 2.5 years with a pre-launch expectation that the mission could extend to five or slightly more years until the onboard

8059: 5938: 5644: 5620: 3721: 3023: 2073: 1303:, blue shows infrared light of 3.6 to 4.5 micrometers, green shows infrared light of 5.8 to 8 micrometers, and red shows infrared light of 24 micrometers. 7541: 6668: 5700: 4871: 3877:

Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar (25 March 2013). "A revised estimate of the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around kepler m-dwarfs".

1292:

had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed.

2127: 8837: 8179: 4961: 3360: 2684: 2605: 1594:

were reported as co-discovering one of the most distant planets ever identified: a gas giant about 13,000 light-years (4,000 pc) away from Earth.

8457: 8325: 7376: 5108: 2982: 1913: 793:, the Infrared Space Observatory) were launched during the 1980s and 1990s and great advances in astronomical technology have been made since then. 8842: 2189: 8499: 8467: 6360: 4837: 1261:, a disc of planet-forming debris, and organic material in the distant universe. Since then, many monthly press releases have highlighted Spitzer 3606: 8832: 8669: 4654: 2520: 1854: 8695: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8491: 8423: 7441: 7366: 6853: 4016: 2026: 1531:

MIPSGAL, a similar survey that complements GLIMPSE, covers 248° of the galactic disk using the 24 and 70 μm channels of the MIPS instrument.

6197: 3976: 2426: 577:

In keeping with NASA tradition, the telescope was renamed after its successful demonstration of operation, on 18 December 2003. Unlike most

8736: 6110: 2321: 562:

camera continued to operate with the same sensitivity as before the helium was exhausted, and continued to be used into early 2020 in the

8462: 8438: 8397: 8344: 8339: 8113: 7147: 7123: 6149: 4931: 1516:, which was found with the telescope; the ring is a huge, tenuous disc of material extending from 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn. 1453: 1137: 1095: 5517: 8774: 7069: 6482: 5477: 4553: 4545: 3334: 3200: 2227: 598:, as well as "his vision and leadership in articulating the advantages and benefits to be realized from the Space Telescope Program." 8754: 8731: 8660: 8570: 8295: 7157: 7076: 5028: 4981: 4328: 8714: 8710: 8483: 8475: 8304: 8300: 7152: 4251: 3958: 3110: 2000: 1625: 1591: 707: 8790:

are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

2994: 8852: 7800: 7534: 7461: 7194: 2628: 2936: 2661: 1824: 8847: 8249: 8172: 6338: 6333: 6018: 5763: 5269: 4577: 1338: 1276:

As one of its most noteworthy observations, in 2005, Spitzer became one of the first telescopes to directly capture light from

3651: 3558:

Liffman, K.; Brown, M. (October 1995). "The motion and size sorting of particles ejected from a protostellar accretion disk".

2744: 947:. The individual instruments were developed jointly by industrial, academic, and government institutions. The principals were 877: 7679: 7039: 6477: 6209: 5933: 4360: 4299: 3317: 2409: 2363: 2297: 2264: 1505:

In August 2009, the telescope found evidence of a high-speed collision between two burgeoning planets orbiting a young star.

988: 956: 3037:Ábrahám, P.; et al. (14 May 2009). "Episodic formation of cometary material in the outburst of a young Sun-like star". 8812: 7436: 7243: 6766: 5798: 5790: 5732: 4858: 2894: 2786: 3253: 7019: 6993: 6949: 5509: 5373: 5333: 4133: 3989:" Spitzer Space Telescope: Discovering "More Things in the Heavens" with NASA's Spitzer Project Scientist Michael Werner" 3405: 2555: 1779: 1508:

In October 2009, astronomers Anne J. Verbiscer, Michael F. Skrutskie, and Douglas P. Hamilton published findings of the "

1334: 152: 2873:"SSC MIPS (long wavelength 24um, 70um, & 160um) imaging photometer and spectrometer science users' information page" 1883: 1583:

from the young star may be transporting the forsterite crystals from near the star's surface to the chilly outer cloud.

8827: 8785:

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

8103: 7697: 7691: 7527: 7253: 6155: 5429: 5157: 4845: 4670: 4376: 4275: 2496: 1909: 1315:), a predecessor to Spitzer. The advanced technology of Spitzer revealed a bright red hot spot in the middle of L1014. 73: 8165: 8081: 8028: 7973: 7109: 7029: 6663: 6127: 6044: 4725: 4009: 2714: 2503: 2457: 729: 2096: 398: 8807: 8146: 7938: 7456: 7404: 7162: 6749: 6658: 6365: 6348: 6103: 4896: 4569: 3682: 3432: 940: 610: 241: 156: 3744: 2872: 2812: 1721:, all of which are approximately Earth-sized and likely rocky. Three of the discovered planets are located in the 7995: 6623: 5953: 5437: 5397: 4946: 4926: 4911: 4749: 4630: 4481: 4465: 4433: 2842: 1688: 1090:−406 °F), and IRAC continued to produce valuable images at those wavelengths as the "Spitzer Warm Mission". 1224:, or YSOs), planets, and other galaxies. Images are freely available for educational and journalistic purposes. 7236: 7226: 6924: 5838: 5501: 5381: 4646: 4521: 4513: 4408: 4291: 4195: 4179: 3713: 3015: 2062: 1717:

In September–October 2016, Spitzer was used to discover five of a total of seven known planets around the star

1330: 1094:

drain. The telescope was retired on 30 January 2020 when NASA sent a shutdown signal to the telescope from the

865: 746:

above the obscuring effects of Earth's atmosphere. In 1979, a report from the National Research Council of the

711: 511:, shown. This shows how the Spitzer IRAC camera was able to see beyond the wavelengths of Hubble's instruments. 6167: 3236: 1065: 8075: 7429: 6269: 6264: 6054: 5943: 5181: 5140: 5129: 4638: 4614: 4449: 3449: 2140: 1621: 1597: 1539: 1480:

mix of gas and dust from which the Solar System developed. This mystery has deepened with the results of the

1319: 754:, identified a Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) as "one of two major astrophysics facilities for 3364: 2597: 8822: 8141: 8001: 7685: 7588: 7092: 6961: 6215: 6185: 5998: 5988: 5983: 5846: 5261: 4901: 4002: 747: 7660: 7446: 7393: 7356: 7315: 7209: 6914: 6894: 6809: 6633: 6372: 6318: 6096: 6034: 5916: 5904: 5660: 5652: 5636: 4622: 1905: 1373: 1144: 485: 86: 5413: 8118: 7805: 7248: 7189: 7064: 6976: 6706: 6572: 5822: 5806: 5535: 5525: 5493: 5421: 5341: 5205: 5124: 4368: 4267: 4109: 2136: 1758: 1702: 1669: 1617: 1360:, thought to be generated at the galactic center by magnetic torsion 1000 times greater than the Sun's. 1312: 1037:: 5 - service module shield; 6 - star tracker; 7 - batteries; 8 - high-gain antenna; 9 - nitrogen tank; 964: 929: 790: 539: 4916: 8817: 8243: 8033: 7944: 7623: 7550: 7286: 7204: 7199: 6873: 6328: 6286: 6077: 6008: 5958: 4441: 4088: 3748: 3717: 3686: 3655: 3596: 3505: 3440: 3409: 3342: 3257: 3208: 3181: 3019: 2876: 2846: 2816: 2748: 2718: 2688: 2632: 2601: 2317: 2219: 2185: 2100: 1996: 1971: 1850: 1820: 1004: 493: 69: 1846: 1697:

passive cooling system kept the sensors at 29 K (−244 °C; −407 °F). Spitzer used the

8123: 7950: 7748: 7399: 7323: 6597: 6173: 6039: 5978: 3503:

Juhász, A.; et al. (January 2012). "The 2008 Outburst of EX Lup—Silicate Crystals in Motion".

2385: 2347: 2034: 1774: 1214: 1129: 571: 101: 80: 1227: 8108: 7667: 7594: 7231: 7168: 7143: 6988: 6841: 6487: 6448: 6407: 6308: 5580: 5572: 4966: 4072: 3428: 1490:. Many of the Stardust particles were found to have formed at temperatures in excess of 1,000 K. 1424: 1295: 1246: 1233: 933: 700: 586:, who had promoted the concept of space telescopes in the 1940s. Spitzer wrote a 1946 report for 3284:"A 24 and 70 Micron Survey of the Inner Galactic Disk with MIPS (MIPSGAL) Data Collection Atlas" 3124:

Verbiscer, Anne; Michael Skrutskie; Douglas Hamilton (7 October 2009). "Saturn's largest ring".

2434: 2313: 2256: 2250: 1636:

Reported in March 2016, Spitzer and Hubble were used to discover the most distant-known galaxy,

8586: 7876: 7820: 7673: 7649: 7618: 7471: 7414: 6936: 6919: 6865: 6828: 6628: 6602: 6557: 6313: 5927: 5854: 5445: 5100: 4936: 4829: 4529: 4235: 3779:"NASA Telescope Reveals Largest Batch of Earth-Size, Habitable-Zone Planets Around Single Star" 3433:"A Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Detection of Crystalline Silicates in a Protostellar Envelope" 1270: 665: 547: 2381:

Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980's, Volume 1: Report of the Astronomy Survey Committee)

1380:

earliest images may have captured the light of the first stars in the universe. An image of a

1341:

determined, on the basis of 400 hours of observation on the Spitzer Space Telescope, that the

1203:

viewed by different instruments in March 2004. The separate IRAC and MIPS images are at right.

7961: 7825: 7506: 7419: 7409: 7351: 7221: 7216: 7057: 6722: 6684: 6653: 6562: 6461: 6443: 6343: 4986: 4976: 4537: 4312: 3431:; Bjorkman, Jon E.; Hartmann, Lee; Muzerolle, James; Tobin, John J.; Ali, Babar (June 2011). 2289: 2282: 1482: 1385: 1181: 1118: 952: 781: 4048: 2343: 1558: 8386: 8219: 8136: 8054: 7983: 7926: 7904: 7870: 7838: 7793: 7786: 7641: 7049: 6552: 6437: 6355: 6323: 6259: 6254: 6059: 5948: 5365: 5349: 5092: 3896: 3833: 3569: 3524: 3463: 3135: 3058: 2493:

The Last of the Great Observatories: Spitzer and the Era of Faster, Better, Cheaper at NASA

2284:

The universe in a mirror: the saga of the Hubble Telescope and the visionaries who built it

2223: 2215: 2144: 1365: 1352: 1346: 1221: 633: 543: 319: 1680:

more and more solar heating on the vehicle while its solar panels received less sunlight.

8: 8515: 8204: 8193: 8189: 7889: 7734: 7572: 7565: 7336: 7302: 6833: 6814: 6403: 6191: 5910: 5889: 5862: 5604: 5149: 4996: 4773: 4425: 4203: 1944: 1769: 1538:, created by stitching together more than 800,000 snapshots, at the 212th meeting of the 1443:

Starting in September 2006, the telescope participated in a series of surveys called the

1420: 1357: 836: 352: 3900: 3837: 3573: 3528: 3467: 3310:

More Things in the Heavens: How Infrared Astronomy is Expanding Our View of the Universe

3139: 3100: 3062: 2148: 1992: 1672:, also an infrared telescope, by identifying candidates for more detailed observations. 1534:

On 3 June 2008, scientists unveiled the largest, most detailed infrared portrait of the

1311:

which had previously appeared completely dark to ground-based observatories and to ISO (

8690: 8157: 7133: 6711: 6618: 6592: 6532: 6516: 6492: 5993: 5870: 5692: 5357: 4951: 4891: 4733: 4352: 4344: 4243: 4211: 4101: 3912: 3886: 3854: 3823: 3809: 3540: 3514: 3481: 3453: 3159: 3082: 3048: 2068: 1764: 1698: 1159: 972: 948: 743: 304: 92: 3536: 3476: 3283: 8590: 7864: 7769: 7741: 7630: 7611: 7097: 6981: 6941: 6901: 6821: 6781: 6648: 6638: 6386: 5716: 5301: 5293: 5020: 5012: 4866: 4219: 4146: 4080: 3916: 3908: 3859: 3629: 3313: 3151: 3074: 2958: 2928: 2651: 2499: 2405: 2359: 2293: 2260: 1816: 1629: 1444: 1125: 976: 944: 673: 629: 372: 335: 4757: 3544: 3485: 813: 8479: 8007: 7968: 7330: 6971: 6582: 6433: 6161: 6140: 5485: 4259: 4117: 3904: 3849: 3841: 3814: 3577: 3560: 3532: 3471: 3163: 3143: 3126: 3086: 3066: 3039: 2787:"Spitzer Observers' Manual - reference for technical instrument information, Ver 8" 2752: 2656: 2397: 2389: 2351: 2152: 1750: 1472: 1429: 1405: 1289: 587: 5221: 939:

The primary instrument package (telescope and cryogenic chamber) was developed by

7911: 7858: 7832: 7779: 7702: 7309: 7279: 6742: 6716: 6643: 6567: 6542: 6537: 6497: 6413: 6049: 5588: 5469: 4421: 4040: 4025: 3386: 3240: 3001: 1580: 1241: 1177: 1000: 848: 785:

from a telescope built out of light bulbs. Previous space observatories (such as

768:

Earlier infrared observations had been made by both space-based and ground-based

531: 55: 3934: 2790: 2521:"Raytheon Technology Enables Superior Space Images From Spitzer Space Telescope" 1467: 742:

By the early 1970s, astronomers began to consider the possibility of placing an

8443: 8433: 8023: 7990: 7978: 7921: 7881: 7466: 7346: 7103: 6789: 6587: 6577: 6423: 6418: 6276: 4906: 4886: 4457: 1730: 1722: 1369: 1185: 1172:

Three detector arrays in the mid- to far-infrared (128 × 128 pixels at 24

1163: 1155: 1133: 960: 664:

contains three instruments that allowed it to perform astronomical imaging and

640: 362: 8801: 8769: 8648: 8565: 8274: 7899: 7851: 7844: 7494: 7476: 7371: 7361: 7293: 7138: 6771: 6502: 6281: 4781: 4678: 4392: 4056: 3178:"NASA's Spitzer Telescope Brings 360-Degree View of Galaxy to Our Fingertips" 2983:

Press Release: NASA's Spitzer Marks Beginning of New Age of Planetary Science

2683:

Hautaluoma, Grey; Landau, Elizabeth; Cofield, Calla, eds. (30 January 2020).

2379: 2346:. Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980's (Report). The 1872: 1457: 1388: 1018: 840: 583: 554: 479: 7519: 2401: 1601:

An illustration of a brown dwarf combined with a graph of light curves from

1436:

In May 2007, astronomers successfully mapped the atmospheric temperature of

1106: 8608: 8520: 8413: 8392: 8279: 7763: 7756: 7341: 6908: 4941: 4765: 3863: 3581: 3155: 3078: 1726: 1300: 669: 628:) orbit trailing and drifting away from Earth's orbit at approximately 0.1 621: 3123: 2722: 1940:

Ending in 2020, NASA's Infrared Spitzer Mission Leaves a Gap in Astronomy.

28: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8654: 8536: 8355: 8349: 6303: 6179: 5245: 4384: 4283: 4125: 1710: 1610: 1550:. This composite survey is now viewable with the GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL Viewer. 1509: 1437: 1281: 769: 3845: 3147: 3070: 1668:. One of the goals of this extended mission was to help prepare for the 1562:

An arrow points to the embryonic star HOPS-68, where scientists believe

1054: 8642: 8636: 7034: 6736: 6729: 6244: 5724: 5036: 4876: 4593: 2880: 2820: 2685:"NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope Ends Mission of Astronomical Discovery" 1967: 1718: 1571: 1563: 1495: 1448: 1412: 1200: 773: 714: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 625: 507:

Infrared observations can see objects hidden in visible light, such as

428: 3982: 2850: 2248: 2156: 8704: 8700: 8632: 7715: 7708: 7636: 7451: 7424: 7272: 7184: 7044: 7013: 7006: 6803: 6701: 6455: 5389: 4797: 4505: 4320: 3601: 2025:

Van Dyk, Schuyler; Werner, Michael; Silbermann, Nancy (March 2013) .

1575: 1543: 1535: 1440:, thus obtaining the first map of some kind of an extrasolar planet. 1392: 1342: 1277: 996: 777: 661: 653: 595: 578: 1027: : 1 - secondary mirror; 3 - primary mirror; 2 - outer shell; 689: 8674: 8612: 8599: 8546: 8487: 8417: 8382: 8335: 8239: 7916: 7599: 7578: 5676: 5612: 5453: 5229: 5165: 4921: 4821: 4813: 4717: 4662: 4473: 4336: 4162: 4154: 3994: 3828: 3777:

Chou, Felicia; Potter, Sean; Landau, Elizabeth (22 February 2017).

3233: 3105: 2524: 2355: 1878: 1640:. This object was seen as it appeared 13.4 billion years ago. 1547: 1401: 1397: 968: 844: 828: 755: 644: 617: 528: 508: 424: 230: 3970: 3891: 3519: 3458: 3053: 2773: 2541: 2063:"NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope Ends 16-Year Mission of Discovery" 117: 8759: 8665: 8616: 8603: 8452: 8330: 8309: 8254: 8234: 8228: 8038: 7815: 7605: 6966: 6956: 6859: 6298: 5899: 5830: 5668: 5317: 5277: 5173: 5084: 5076: 5068: 5060: 5052: 5044: 4741: 4709: 2393: 2252:

Hubble vision: further adventures with the Hubble Space Telescope

1461: 1285: 1250: 1012: 992: 983: 1570:

Spitzer observations, announced in May 2011, indicate that tiny

1128:

technology, the long-wavelength pair used arsenic-doped silicon

772:. Ground-based observatories have the drawback that at infrared 8764: 8595: 8495: 8471: 8377: 8258: 8224: 7933: 7000: 6931: 6428: 6293: 6003: 5740: 5596: 5309: 5253: 5213: 5136: 5116: 4971: 4686: 4585: 4561: 4400: 4227: 4187: 4064: 3953: 1637: 1513: 1487: 1416: 1381: 1258: 980: 801: 657: 591: 3964: 1195: 967:. The shorter-wavelength infrared detectors were developed by 8428: 8361: 7774: 7024: 6797: 6761: 6756: 6547: 5973: 5968: 5771: 5708: 5628: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5530: 5461: 5325: 5285: 5237: 5197: 5189: 4789: 4170: 2652:"RIP Spitzer, the Coolest Heat Telescope in the Solar System" 2556:"NASA's Spitzer Sees the Cosmos Through 'Warm' Infrared Eyes" 1650:

On 1 October 2016, Spitzer began its Observation Cycle 13, a

1308: 905: 752:

A Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980s

342: 329: 3597:"Newfound Alien Planet Is One of the Farthest Ever Detected" 3406:"Spitzer Sees Crystal 'Rain' in Outer Clouds of Infant Star" 1605:: Ground-based data (grey), Swift (blue), and Spitzer (red). 1173: 8098: 7810: 6119: 6013: 5963: 5921: 5894: 5814: 5405: 4805: 4497: 3782: 3204: 2932: 2902: 2559: 2465: 2430: 2125: 1486:

sample return mission, which captured particles from Comet

1141: 928:

One of the most important advances of this redesign was an

786: 762: 535: 503: 129:

Primary mission: 5 years, 8 months, 19 days

65: 819:

The launch of SIRTF in 2003 aboard the 300th Delta rocket.

3426: 3243:, University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Astronomy 2813:"SSC IRAC (Mid IR camera) science users information page" 1266: 919: 606: 220: 8187: 3234:

Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire

2843:"SSC IRS (spectrometer) science users' information page" 1709:

Examples of exoplanets discovered using Spitzer include

1526:

Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire

605:

Spitzer was launched on 25 August 2003 at 05:35:39

6088: 3991:, 'Bridging the Gaps: A Portal for Curious Minds', 2019 3201:"Where Are Stars Made? NASA's Spitzer Spies a Hot Spot" 2995:

Infrared Glow of First Stars Found: Scientific American

2682: 2554:

Clavin, Whitney B.; Harrington, J. D. (5 August 2009).

2024: 3404:

Clavin, Whitney; Perrotto, Trent, eds. (26 May 2011).

3335:"Spitzer Captures Stellar Coming of Age in Our Galaxy" 2542:

Spitzer Science Center Home Page -- Public information

1419:) nebula near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, the 843:, as was originally intended. However, after the 1986 2418: 2119: 1906:"Spitzer Space Telescope: Launch/Orbital Information" 1566:

crystals are raining down onto the central dust disk.

3810:"Figure 1: The TRAPPIST-1 system as seen by Spitzer" 3745:"NASA's Spitzer Spots Planet Deep Within Our Galaxy" 3683:"How Engineers Revamped Spitzer to Probe Exoplanets" 3630:"NASA Space Telescopes Pinpoint Elusive Brown Dwarf" 2895:"Spitzer Documentation & Tools: Legacy Programs" 1873:"300th Delta rocket launches new window on Universe" 1740: 3743:Clavin, Whitney B.; Chou, Felicia (14 April 2015). 2887: 1574:crystals might be falling down like rain on to the 1454:

Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian

1138:

Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian

542:(1995–1998). It was the first spacecraft to use an 3712:Chou, Felicia; Clavin, Whitney B. (30 July 2015). 2458:"Finding a Way: The Spitzer Space Telescope Story" 2281: 2061: 1084: 33:An artist rendering of the Spitzer Space Telescope 3808:Gillon, Michaël; et al. (23 February 2017). 3714:"NASA's Spitzer Confirms Closest Rocky Exoplanet" 3588: 2921: 2629:"How NASA's Spitzer Has Stayed Alive for So Long" 2512: 2249:Carolyn Collins Petersen; John C. Brandt (1998). 8799: 3776: 3420: 3361:"Released Images and Videos of Milky Way Mosaic" 3307: 3016:"Spitzer Catches Star Cooking Up Comet Crystals" 2737: 2553: 1692:An artist's impression of the TRAPPIST-1 system. 131:Final: 16 years, 5 months, 4 days 3772: 3770: 3644: 2707: 2598:"Spitzer Space Telescope Begins 'Beyond' Phase" 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 1866: 1864: 1169:Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) 807:The SIRTF in a Kennedy Space Center clean room. 3870: 3403: 3326: 2643: 2209: 2207: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1519: 1003:. The mission was operated and managed by the 883:Around the Sun - Frame rotating with the Earth 8173: 7549: 7535: 6104: 4010: 3801: 3170: 2547: 2020: 2018: 1839: 1725:, which means they are capable of supporting 3767: 3736: 3705: 3621: 3557: 3397: 3246: 3192: 3093: 3007: 2676: 2578: 2372: 2088: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1861: 1349:across its core than previously recognized. 1236:– The Spitzer Space Telescope (30 May 2019). 1114:Spitzer carries three instruments on board: 643:is 85 centimeters (33 in) in diameter, 3652:"Hubble Team Breaks Cosmic Distance Record" 3632:. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3312:. Princeton University Press. p. 101. 3308:Werner, Michael; Eisenhardt, Peter (2019). 2779: 2495:. The University of Arizona Press. p. 2204: 2053: 1951: 1792: 1620:detection method in a joint effort between 1132:technology. The principal investigator was 1096:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 1045: 789:, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, and 8180: 8166: 7542: 7528: 6483:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 6111: 6097: 4017: 4003: 3742: 3711: 2715:"SSC Observatory general information page" 2449: 2336: 2213: 2129:The Spitzer Warm Mission Science Prospects 2015: 1898: 1579:team of astronomers to speculate that the 1411:In March 2006, astronomers reported an 80- 1220:Important targets included forming stars ( 478: 91: 8838:Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit 7377:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images 3890: 3876: 3853: 3827: 3518: 3475: 3457: 3288:NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive (IRSA) 3052: 2279: 1928: 730:Learn how and when to remove this message 2649: 2424: 2306: 1985: 1687: 1626:Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment 1596: 1592:Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment 1557: 1466: 1351: 1294: 1240: 1226: 1194: 1105: 1017: 502: 469:Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer 8843:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets 7462:NASA International Space Apps Challenge 3680: 3349:from the original on 28 September 2023. 3254:"GLIMPSE the Galaxy All the Way Around" 3227: 3198: 3188:from the original on 28 September 2023. 3036: 2626: 2620: 2099:(Press release). Pasadena, California: 1870: 1857:from the original on 28 September 2023. 1729:given sufficient parameters. Using the 8800: 6250:Administrator and Deputy Administrator 3807: 3662:from the original on 28 September 2023 3628:Landau, Elizabeth (10 November 2016). 3627: 3609:from the original on 26 September 2023 3594: 3502: 3492:from the original on 26 February 2024. 3416:from the original on 25 February 2024. 3332: 3199:Cofield, Calla, ed. (25 August 2020). 3113:from the original on 10 December 2023. 2595: 2472:from the original on 25 September 2022 2288:. Princeton University Press. p. 2170: 2166:from the original on 27 December 2023. 2094: 1916:from the original on 24 September 2023 8833:Lockheed Martin satellites and probes 8161: 7680:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer 7523: 7040:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 6092: 3998: 3789:from the original on 16 February 2024 3755:from the original on 20 February 2024 3674: 3264:from the original on 26 December 2023 3215:from the original on 26 February 2024 2909:from the original on 10 December 2023 2639:from the original on 1 February 2024. 2608:from the original on 20 February 2024 2518: 2490: 2324:from the original on 14 February 2024 1460:, a cluster of 50 young stars in the 989:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 957:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 672:from 5.2 to 38 micrometers, and 7502: 4024: 3333:Clavin, Whitney, ed. (3 June 2008). 3026:from the original on 7 January 2024. 2939:from the original on 1 February 2024 2865: 2805: 2695:from the original on 1 February 2024 2650:Oberhaus, Daniel (29 January 2020). 2627:Cofield, Calla, ed. (13 June 2019). 2596:Landau, Elizabeth (25 August 2016). 2519:Kopec, Janet, ed. (8 January 2004). 2455: 2425:Watanabe, Susan (22 November 2007). 2314:"Spitzer Space Telescope Fast Facts" 2230:from the original on 21 January 2024 2214:Applewhite, Denise (11 March 2004). 2097:"NASA's Spitzer Begins Warm Mission" 2059: 1993:"About Spitzer: Spitzer's Telescope" 1049: 1032:: 4 - instruments; 10 - helium tank; 858:Animation of Spitzer Space Telescope 712:adding citations to reliable sources 683: 16:Infrared space telescope (2003–2020) 3681:Hadhazy, Adam (24 September 2013). 3595:Howell, Elizabeth (16 April 2015). 2835: 2531:from the original on 9 August 2018. 2427:"Studying the Universe in Infrared" 2107:from the original on 3 January 2024 2003:from the original on 3 October 2023 1871:Harwood, William (25 August 2003). 1827:from the original on 3 October 2023 1780:List of largest infrared telescopes 1184:; the flight hardware was built by 1162:; the flight hardware was built by 1140:; the flight hardware was built by 620:7920H rocket. It was placed into a 275:Deactivated in Earth-trailing orbit 13: 7692:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer 6156:National Aeronautics and Space Act 3979:by NASA's Solar System Exploration 3927: 3693:from the original on 28 March 2023 3101:"Traces of planet collision found" 3013: 2899:NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive 2566:from the original on 26 March 2023 2076:from the original on 2 August 2023 2041:from the original on 10 April 2023 1910:National Space Science Data Center 1886:from the original on 21 March 2023 1215:NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive 1110:Cryogenic Telescope Assembly (CTA) 761:The launch in January 1983 of the 668:from 3.6 to 160 micrometers, 660:(−268 °C; −450 °F). The 14: 8864: 8082:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher 8029:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 7110:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 6664:Commercial Lunar Payload Services 6045:List of proposed space telescopes 4726:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 3946: 3879:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 3724:from the original on 7 April 2023 3441:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 2774:SSC Science Information home page 2664:from the original on 24 July 2023 2135:. Spitzer Warm Mission Workshop. 1643: 1475:imaged by MIPS at 24 micrometers. 1356:An artificial color image of the 941:Ball Aerospace & Technologies 521:Space Infrared Telescope Facility 42:Space Infrared Telescope Facility 8147:Space Flight Operations Facility 7939:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 7501: 7490: 7489: 7405:Apollo 15 postal covers incident 7163:Space Flight Operations Facility 6349:Operations and Checkout Building 6073: 6072: 3952: 2959:"Spitzer Space Telescope Images" 1743: 1683: 1664:year extended mission nicknamed 1624:, Spitzer, and the ground-based 1053: 1015:campus in Pasadena, California. 876: 864: 812: 800: 688: 676:from 55 to 95 micrometers. 559: 27: 7996:Wide Field and Planetary Camera 6624:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 4947:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory 3551: 3496: 3379: 3353: 3301: 3276: 3117: 3030: 2988: 2976: 2951: 2767: 2535: 2484: 2456:Kwok, Johnny (1 October 2006). 2273: 2242: 2095:Clavin, Whitney (15 May 2009). 1590:In April 2015, Spitzer and the 1085:Warm mission and end of mission 893: Spitzer Space Telescope 835:Spitzer is the only one of the 763:Infrared Astronomical Satellite 699:needs additional citations for 8853:2003 establishments in Florida 3658:. 3 March 2016. feature16-04. 3260:. 20 March 2014. ssc2014-02a. 2344:"Strategy and Recommendations" 2060:Mann, Adam (30 January 2020). 2027:"3.2: Observatory Description" 1345:galaxy has a more substantial 1329:In 2005, astronomers from the 1265:capabilities, as the NASA and 1101: 999:. The spacecraft was built by 103: 1: 8848:Space probes launched in 2003 8076:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 6055:List of heliophysics missions 3450:American Astronomical Society 3184:. 20 March 2014. ssc2014-02. 2141:American Institute of Physics 1785: 1540:American Astronomical Society 1320:University of Texas at Austin 1231: 182:851.5 kg (1,877 lb) 8142:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking 8002:Wide Field Infrared Explorer 7686:Soil Moisture Active Passive 7589:Atmospheric infrared sounder 7442:Space program on U.S. stamps 7367:Gemini and Apollo medallions 7317:Solar System Family Portrait 7093:Joint Polar Satellite System 6962:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 6216:Vision for Space Exploration 6186:Space Exploration Initiative 3983:GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL image viewer 1376:reported that one of Spitzer 1280:, namely the "hot Jupiters" 748:National Academy of Sciences 7: 8813:Great Observatories program 7661:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 7437:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame 7394:We choose to go to the Moon 7357:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 6915:International Space Station 6895:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 6634:Great Observatories program 6478:International Space Station 6456:Roscosmos State Corporation 6373:Science Mission Directorate 6319:Manned Space Flight Network 6035:Great Observatories program 3537:10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/118 3477:10.1088/2041-8205/733/2/L32 3345:. ssc2008-11, jpl2008-095. 2103:. ssc2009-12, jpl2009-086. 1817:"About Spitzer: Fast Facts" 1736: 1609:In June and July 2015, the 1520:GLIMPSE and MIPSGAL surveys 1374:Goddard Space Flight Center 1150:Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) 1145:Goddard Space Flight Center 852:expendable launch vehicle. 656:and was cooled to 5.5 174:884 kg (1,949 lb) 166:950 kg (2,094 lb) 10: 8871: 8119:Table Mountain Observatory 7254:NASA cameras on spacecraft 7065:James Webb Space Telescope 6977:Solar Dynamics Observatory 6198:U.S. National Space Policy 5526:Orbiting Solar Observatory 3909:10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L8 2745:"SSC Observatory Overview" 2280:Zimmerman, Robert (2008). 2137:AIP Conference Proceedings 2031:Spitzer Telescope Handbook 1847:"The Solar Panel Assembly" 1759:Herschel Space Observatory 1703:gravitational microlensing 1670:James Webb Space Telescope 1618:gravitational microlensing 1456:reported the discovery of 1364:Also in 2005, astronomers 1313:Infrared Space Observatory 1234:Cepheus C & B Regions. 1207: 1022:Schematic view of Spitzer: 965:Goddard Spaceflight Center 679: 8828:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 8783: 8724: 8683: 8625: 8579: 8529: 8508: 8406: 8370: 8318: 8288: 8267: 8212: 8132: 8091: 8068: 8047: 8034:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout 8016: 7945:Solar Mesosphere Explorer 7727: 7624:Large Binocular Telescope 7557: 7551:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 7485: 7385: 7262: 7177: 7122: 7085: 6884: 6694: 6681: 6611: 6525: 6515: 6470: 6396: 6385: 6329:Vehicle Assembly Building 6237: 6136: 6126: 6078:Category:Space telescopes 6068: 6027: 5882: 5783: 5752: 5005: 4857: 4702: 4605: 4420: 4311: 4145: 4100: 4039: 4032: 3935:"A Spitzer retrospective" 3749:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3718:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3687:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3656:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3506:The Astrophysical Journal 3410:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3343:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3258:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3209:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3182:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3020:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2877:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2847:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2817:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2749:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2719:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2689:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2633:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2602:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2318:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2220:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2186:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2101:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1997:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1972:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1851:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1821:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1616:was discovered using the 1011:, located at IPAC on the 1005:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 477: 465: 457: 449: 442: 438: 434: 420: 412: 408:0.85 m (2.8 ft) 404: 394: 389: 385: 381: 371: 361: 351: 341: 328: 318: 310: 300: 295: 291: 287: 279: 271: 266: 262: 258: 250: 237: 226: 207: 202: 198: 194: 186: 178: 170: 162: 148: 143: 139: 135: 127:Planned: 2.5 to 5+ years 123: 113: 100: 79: 61: 50: 46: 38: 26: 8124:Solar System Ambassadors 7951:Spaceborne Imaging Radar 7400:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 7324:The Day the Earth Smiled 6659:Solar Terrestrial Probes 6118: 6040:List of space telescopes 2386:National Academies Press 2348:National Academies Press 2035:Infrared Science Archive 1968:"HORIZONS Web-Interface" 1775:List of space telescopes 1553: 1391:, intended only to help 1130:impurity band conduction 1046:Launch and commissioning 572:Infrared Science Archive 486:NASA Great Observatories 416:10.2 m (33 ft) 211:25 August 2003, 05:35:39 8808:Spitzer Space Telescope 8109:NASA Deep Space Network 7957:Spitzer Space Telescope 7877:Mars Exploration Rovers 7668:Mars Science Laboratory 7595:Deep Space Atomic Clock 7457:Other primates in space 7169:Deep Space Atomic Clock 6989:Mars Science Laboratory 6777:Spitzer Space Telescope 6366:Lunar Sample Laboratory 6309:Launch Services Program 3977:Spitzer Space Telescope 3971:Spitzer Space Telescope 3965:Spitzer Space Telescope 3959:Spitzer Space Telescope 3339:www.spitzer.caltech.edu 3014:Clavin, Whitney (ed.). 3000:10 October 2007 at the 2929:"IPAC Image Use Policy" 2255:. CUP Archive. p. 1425:supermassive black hole 1331:University of Wisconsin 934:NASA Deep Space Network 517:Spitzer Space Telescope 118:www.spitzer.caltech.edu 22:Spitzer Space Telescope 7674:Microwave limb sounder 7472:National Astronaut Day 7415:The Astronaut Monument 7237:Space Shuttle missions 6937:Mars Exploration Rover 6920:Hubble Space Telescope 6829:Kepler space telescope 6629:Earth Observing System 6603:Mars Exploration Rover 6314:Mercury Control Center 5366:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) 3582:10.1006/icar.1995.1126 2491:Rieke, George (2006). 2182:Spitzer Science Center 2178:"Cycle-6 Warm Mission" 1942:Jonathan O'Callaghan. 1693: 1675:Another aspect of the 1606: 1567: 1476: 1361: 1304: 1271:Hubble Space Telescope 1254: 1238: 1204: 1111: 1062:This section is empty. 1042: 1009:Spitzer Science Center 634:"Earth-trailing" orbit 512: 377:16 March 2017 00:00:00 8092:Related organizations 7420:Lunar sample displays 7410:Space Mirror Memorial 7352:Voyager Golden Record 7244:United States rockets 6436: (with the 6344:Launch Control Center 4987:Space Solar Telescope 1691: 1600: 1561: 1470: 1355: 1298: 1244: 1230: 1222:young stellar objects 1198: 1182:University of Arizona 1119:Infrared Array Camera 1109: 1021: 953:University of Arizona 506: 461:Infrared Spectrograph 453:Infrared Array Camera 301:Reference system 215:2003-08-25UTC05:35:39 144:Spacecraft properties 8449:Optus and Defence C1 8196:Orbital launches in 8137:JPL Science Division 7871:Mars Global Surveyor 7839:Mars Climate Orbiter 6438:Soviet space program 6356:Johnson Space Center 6324:Kennedy Space Center 6287:spinoff technologies 6060:List of planetariums 4957:NRO donation to NASA 3961:at Wikimedia Commons 2388:. 1982. p. 54. 2350:. 1979. p. 19. 2224:Princeton University 1877:Spaceflight Now for 1366:Alexander Kashlinsky 1318:Scientists from the 936:for communications. 930:Earth-trailing orbit 839:not launched by the 708:improve this article 564:Spitzer Warm Mission 546:, later used by the 544:Earth-trailing orbit 8823:Infrared telescopes 7447:Apollo 17 Moon mice 7303:Pillars of Creation 7210:Space Shuttle crews 6688:(human and robotic) 6682:Individual featured 6265:Ranks and positions 5756:(Mission completed) 4041:Radio and Microwave 3901:2013ApJ...767L...8K 3846:10.1038/nature21360 3838:2017Natur.542..456G 3574:1995Icar..116..275L 3529:2012ApJ...744..118J 3468:2011ApJ...733L..32P 3391:www.alienearths.org 3148:10.1038/nature08515 3140:2009Natur.461.1098V 3071:10.1038/nature08004 3063:2009Natur.459..224A 2883:on 8 November 2009. 2149:2007AIPC..943...43S 1945:Scientific American 1770:List of deep fields 1421:Double Helix Nebula 1358:Double Helix Nebula 845:Challenger disaster 837:Great Observatories 780:, both the Earth's 330:Perihelion altitude 23: 7249:NASA cancellations 7144:Deep Space Network 7134:Near Earth Network 6619:Living With a Star 6593:Project Prometheus 6573:Planetary Observer 5693:Suzaku (Astro-EII) 5518:OAO-3 (Copernicus) 5502:Mikhailo Lomonosov 5350:Hinotori (Astro-A) 4952:New Worlds Mission 3985:at Alienearths.org 3239:8 May 2021 at the 3134:(7267): 1098–100. 3109:. 11 August 2009. 2823:on 1 November 2009 2793:on 11 October 2009 2755:on 10 October 2009 2725:on 6 February 2010 2216:"Lyman Spitzer Jr" 2143:. pp. 43–66. 2069:The New York Times 1765:Infrared astronomy 1699:transit photometry 1694: 1614:OGLE-2015-BLG-1319 1607: 1603:OGLE-2015-BLG-1319 1568: 1477: 1433:on 16 March 2006. 1362: 1305: 1269:images do for the 1255: 1239: 1205: 1160:Cornell University 1112: 1043: 973:Goleta, California 949:Cornell University 744:infrared telescope 630:astronomical units 513: 296:Orbital parameters 21: 8795: 8794: 8155: 8154: 8114:Goldstone Complex 8069:Canceled missions 8048:Proposed missions 7865:Mars Polar Lander 7517: 7516: 7430:stolen or missing 7227:uncrewed missions 7205:Apollo astronauts 7200:Gemini astronauts 7118: 7117: 6902:2001 Mars Odyssey 6677: 6676: 6553:Mars Surveyor '98 6511: 6510: 6454: (with 6387:Human spaceflight 6381: 6380: 6339:Launch Complex 48 6334:Launch Complex 39 6086: 6085: 5984:SIM & SIMlite 5358:Hisaki (SPRINT-A) 5318:Hakucho (CORSA-b) 4872:Astro-1 Telescope 4698: 4697: 3957:Media related to 3822:(7642): 456–460. 3781:(Press release). 3747:(Press release). 3716:(Press release). 3685:(Press release). 3654:(Press release). 3408:(Press release). 3341:(Press release). 3319:978-0-691-17554-6 3256:(Press release). 3203:(Press release). 3180:(Press release). 3047:(7244): 224–226. 3018:(Press release). 2776:, 4 October 2009. 2687:(Press release). 2631:(Press release). 2600:(Press release). 2558:(Press release). 2523:(Press release). 2462:NASA ASK Magazine 2411:978-0-309-03249-0 2365:978-0-309-33285-9 2299:978-0-691-13297-6 2266:978-0-521-59291-8 2157:10.1063/1.2806787 2139:. Vol. 943. 1445:Gould Belt Survey 1126:indium antimonide 1082: 1081: 977:indium antimonide 945:Boulder, Colorado 740: 739: 732: 674:spectrophotometry 624:(as opposed to a 501: 500: 473: 472: 343:Aphelion altitude 8860: 8818:Space telescopes 8201: 8200: 8199: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8159: 8158: 8017:Planned missions 8008:Lunar Flashlight 7619:Keck observatory 7558:Current missions 7544: 7537: 7530: 7521: 7520: 7505: 7504: 7493: 7492: 7331:Fallen Astronaut 6972:Van Allen Probes 6692: 6691: 6598:Mars Exploration 6523: 6522: 6394: 6393: 6162:Space Task Group 6134: 6133: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6076: 6075: 5875: 5871:Hitomi (Astro-H) 5867: 5859: 5851: 5843: 5835: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5803: 5795: 5776: 5768: 5757: 5745: 5737: 5729: 5721: 5713: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5681: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5649: 5641: 5633: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5593: 5585: 5577: 5522: 5514: 5506: 5498: 5490: 5482: 5474: 5466: 5458: 5450: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5418: 5410: 5402: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5370: 5362: 5354: 5346: 5338: 5330: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5298: 5290: 5282: 5274: 5266: 5258: 5250: 5242: 5234: 5226: 5218: 5210: 5202: 5194: 5186: 5178: 5170: 5162: 5154: 5146: 5121: 5113: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5081: 5073: 5065: 5057: 5049: 5041: 5033: 5025: 5017: 4850: 4842: 4834: 4826: 4818: 4810: 4802: 4794: 4786: 4778: 4770: 4762: 4754: 4746: 4738: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4627: 4619: 4608:or unclassified) 4598: 4590: 4582: 4574: 4566: 4558: 4550: 4542: 4534: 4526: 4518: 4510: 4502: 4494: 4486: 4478: 4470: 4462: 4454: 4446: 4438: 4413: 4405: 4397: 4389: 4381: 4373: 4365: 4357: 4353:Hinode (Solar-B) 4349: 4341: 4333: 4325: 4304: 4296: 4288: 4280: 4272: 4264: 4256: 4248: 4244:Hinode (Solar-B) 4240: 4232: 4224: 4216: 4208: 4200: 4192: 4184: 4176: 4167: 4159: 4138: 4130: 4122: 4114: 4093: 4085: 4077: 4069: 4061: 4053: 4037: 4036: 4026:Space telescopes 4019: 4012: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3956: 3942: 3941:. 14 April 2020. 3921: 3920: 3894: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3857: 3831: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3522: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3479: 3461: 3437: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3363:. Archived from 3357: 3351: 3350: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3250: 3244: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3056: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3011: 3005: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2879:. Archived from 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2853:on 3 August 2009 2849:. Archived from 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2819:. Archived from 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2789:. Archived from 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2751:. Archived from 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2721:. Archived from 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2593: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2433:. Archived from 2422: 2416: 2415: 2402:2060/19830018496 2376: 2370: 2369: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2287: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2188:. Archived from 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2134: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2065: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1964: 1949: 1937: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1813: 1753: 1751:Astronomy portal 1748: 1747: 1746: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1615: 1604: 1501: 1473:Andromeda Galaxy 1447:, observing the 1406:cosmic expansion 1379: 1290:Cohen-kuhi Tau/4 1264: 1077: 1074: 1064:You can help by 1057: 1050: 1035:C Service module 975:. Raytheon used 922: 917: 908: 903: 894: 892: 880: 871:Around the Earth 868: 816: 804: 735: 728: 724: 721: 715: 692: 684: 650: 648: 604: 588:RAND Corporation 482: 445: 440: 439: 399:Ritchey–Chrétien 254:18 December 2003 218: 216: 203:Start of mission 124:Mission duration 105: 96: 95: 89: 31: 24: 20: 8870: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8779: 8720: 8679: 8621: 8575: 8525: 8504: 8458:Molniya-3 No.53 8402: 8366: 8326:Molniya-1 No.92 8314: 8284: 8263: 8208: 8207: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8186: 8156: 8151: 8128: 8087: 8064: 8043: 8012: 7859:Mars Pathfinder 7736:Cassini-Huygens 7723: 7703:Voyager program 7553: 7548: 7518: 7513: 7481: 7381: 7372:Mission patches 7347:Pioneer plaques 7310:Mystic Mountain 7287:Family Portrait 7280:The Blue Marble 7264: 7258: 7232:Apollo missions 7173: 7125: 7114: 7081: 6886: 6880: 6717:Mercury-Atlas 6 6687: 6683: 6673: 6607: 6543:Mariner Mark II 6507: 6488:Commercial Crew 6466: 6389: 6377: 6361:Mission Control 6260:Astronaut Corps 6255:Chief Scientist 6233: 6138: 6122: 6117: 6087: 6082: 6064: 6050:X-ray telescope 6023: 5905:Constellation-X 5878: 5873: 5865: 5857: 5849: 5841: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5809: 5801: 5793: 5779: 5774: 5766: 5755: 5754: 5748: 5743: 5741:Yokoh (Solar-A) 5735: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5709:Tenma (Astro-B) 5703: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5647: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5615: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5575: 5520: 5512: 5504: 5496: 5488: 5480: 5472: 5470:LISA Pathfinder 5464: 5456: 5448: 5440: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5392: 5384: 5376: 5368: 5360: 5352: 5344: 5336: 5328: 5326:HALCA (MUSES-B) 5320: 5312: 5304: 5302:Ginga (Astro-C) 5296: 5288: 5280: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5208: 5200: 5192: 5184: 5176: 5168: 5160: 5152: 5144: 5119: 5111: 5103: 5095: 5087: 5079: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5047: 5039: 5031: 5023: 5021:Akari (Astro-F) 5015: 5001: 4853: 4848: 4840: 4832: 4824: 4816: 4808: 4800: 4792: 4784: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4736: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4694: 4689: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4607: 4606:Other (particle 4601: 4596: 4588: 4580: 4572: 4564: 4556: 4548: 4540: 4532: 4524: 4516: 4508: 4500: 4492: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4460: 4452: 4444: 4436: 4416: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4387: 4379: 4371: 4363: 4355: 4347: 4339: 4331: 4323: 4307: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4206: 4198: 4190: 4182: 4174: 4165: 4157: 4141: 4136: 4128: 4120: 4112: 4096: 4091: 4083: 4075: 4067: 4059: 4051: 4028: 4023: 3949: 3933: 3930: 3928:Further reading 3925: 3924: 3875: 3871: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3775: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3593: 3589: 3556: 3552: 3501: 3497: 3435: 3425: 3421: 3402: 3398: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3367:on 4 March 2016 3359: 3358: 3354: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3241:Wayback Machine 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3197: 3193: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3122: 3118: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3035: 3031: 3012: 3008: 3002:Wayback Machine 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2648: 2644: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2594: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2464:. No. 25. 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2212: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2023: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1952: 1948:. June 4, 2019. 1938: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1869: 1862: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1815: 1814: 1793: 1788: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1686: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1613: 1602: 1581:bipolar outflow 1556: 1522: 1499: 1464:constellation. 1377: 1262: 1237: 1210: 1178:George H. Rieke 1104: 1087: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1048: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1001:Lockheed Martin 926: 925: 924: 923: 915: 914: 901: 900: 890: 889: 886: 885: 884: 881: 873: 872: 869: 860: 859: 849:Shuttle-Centaur 824: 823: 822: 821: 820: 817: 809: 808: 805: 736: 725: 719: 716: 705: 693: 682: 646: 645: 603:US$ 776 million 602: 550:planet-finder. 532:space telescope 519:, formerly the 497: 496: 489: 443: 427:, 3.6–160 283:30 January 2020 251:Entered service 214: 212: 155: 130: 128: 90: 85: 56:space telescope 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8868: 8867: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8793: 8792: 8788:Crewed flights 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8739: 8734: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8707: 8698: 8693: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8663: 8658: 8651: 8646: 8639: 8629: 8627: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8619: 8606: 8593: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8434:Progress M1-10 8431: 8426: 8421: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8380: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8333: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8298: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8252: 8247: 8231: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8203: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8162: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8095: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8079: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8024:Europa Clipper 8020: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7988: 7981: 7979:TOPEX/Poseidon 7976: 7971: 7966: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7887: 7874: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7835: 7830: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7712: 7700: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7647: 7634: 7627: 7621: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7547: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7499: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7467:Astronauts Day 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7219: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7126:and navigation 7124:Communications 7120: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7104:Europa Clipper 7100: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6986: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6890: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6831: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6787: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6689: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6558:New Millennium 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6446: 6441: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6400: 6398: 6391: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6146: 6144: 6131: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5852: 5844: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5796: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5769: 5760: 5758: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5738: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5594: 5586: 5578: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5523: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5467: 5459: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5419: 5411: 5403: 5395: 5387: 5379: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5347: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5315: 5307: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5275: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5187: 5182:Compton (CGRO) 5179: 5171: 5163: 5155: 5147: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5114: 5109:ASCA (Astro-D) 5106: 5098: 5090: 5082: 5074: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5018: 5009: 5007: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4907:Hypertelescope 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4887:Fresnel Imager 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4763: 4755: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4660: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4628: 4620: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4530:Max Valier Sat 4527: 4519: 4511: 4503: 4495: 4487: 4479: 4471: 4466:HXMT (Insight) 4463: 4458:Einstein Probe 4455: 4447: 4442:Chandra (AXAF) 4439: 4430: 4428: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4398: 4390: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4334: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4289: 4281: 4273: 4265: 4257: 4249: 4241: 4233: 4225: 4217: 4209: 4201: 4193: 4185: 4177: 4173:constellation 4168: 4160: 4151: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4123: 4115: 4106: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4086: 4078: 4070: 4062: 4054: 4045: 4043: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4022: 4021: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3973:at Caltech.edu 3968: 3962: 3948: 3947:External links 3945: 3944: 3943: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3869: 3800: 3766: 3735: 3704: 3673: 3643: 3620: 3587: 3568:(2): 275–290. 3550: 3495: 3429:Allen, Lori E. 3419: 3396: 3378: 3352: 3325: 3318: 3300: 3275: 3245: 3226: 3211:. ssc2020-14. 3191: 3169: 3116: 3092: 3029: 3006: 2987: 2975: 2950: 2920: 2886: 2864: 2834: 2804: 2778: 2766: 2736: 2706: 2691:. ssc2020-08. 2675: 2642: 2635:. ssc2019-10. 2619: 2577: 2546: 2534: 2511: 2504: 2483: 2448: 2437:on 7 July 2019 2417: 2410: 2371: 2364: 2356:10.17226/19837 2335: 2305: 2298: 2272: 2265: 2241: 2203: 2192:on 4 July 2010 2169: 2118: 2087: 2052: 2014: 1984: 1950: 1927: 1897: 1860: 1838: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1754: 1738: 1735: 1731:transit method 1723:habitable zone 1685: 1682: 1647: 1645:Spitzer Beyond 1642: 1555: 1552: 1521: 1518: 1415:long (25 1245:The Spitzer's 1209: 1206: 1190: 1189: 1186:Ball Aerospace 1170: 1167: 1164:Ball Aerospace 1156:James R. Houck 1151: 1148: 1134:Giovanni Fazio 1122: 1103: 1100: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1060: 1058: 1047: 1044: 1040:D Solar panels 961:Ball Aerospace 888: 887: 882: 875: 874: 870: 863: 862: 861: 857: 856: 855: 854: 818: 811: 810: 806: 799: 798: 797: 796: 795: 738: 737: 696: 694: 687: 681: 678: 641:primary mirror 611:Cape Canaveral 499: 498: 491: 490: 483: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 463: 462: 459: 455: 454: 451: 447: 446: 436: 435: 432: 431: 422: 418: 417: 414: 410: 409: 406: 402: 401: 396: 392: 391: 390:Main telescope 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 369: 368: 365: 359: 358: 355: 349: 348: 345: 339: 338: 332: 326: 325: 322: 316: 315: 314:Earth-trailing 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 293: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 281: 277: 276: 273: 269: 268: 267:End of mission 264: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 242:Cape Canaveral 239: 235: 234: 228: 224: 223: 209: 205: 204: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 157:Ball Aerospace 150: 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 133: 132: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 107: 98: 97: 83: 77: 76: 63: 59: 58: 52: 48: 47: 44: 43: 40: 36: 35: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8866: 8865: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8789: 8782: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8770:Ekspress AM22 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8652: 8650: 8649:Resourcesat-1 8647: 8645: 8644: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8624: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8566:Progress M-48 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8500:Cubesat XI-IV 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8468:Monitor-E GVM 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8275:Progress M-47 8273: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8202: 8191: 8183: 8178: 8176: 8171: 8169: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8055:Europa Lander 8053: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7852:Mars Observer 7849: 7846: 7845:Mars Cube One 7843: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728:Past missions 7726: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7538: 7533: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7510: 7509: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7478: 7477:Nikon NASA F4 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7362:NASA insignia 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7342:Lunar plaques 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7294:Pale Blue Dot 7291: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7222:NASA missions 7220: 7218: 7217:NASA aircraft 7215: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7139:Space Network 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7121: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6883: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6772:Space Shuttle 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6654:New Frontiers 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6563:Lunar Orbiter 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6503:Lunar Gateway 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6462:Constellation 6460: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6444:Space Shuttle 6442: 6439: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6282:NASA research 6280: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6107: 6102: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6079: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5872: 5869: 5864: 5861: 5856: 5853: 5848: 5845: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5813: 5808: 5805: 5800: 5797: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5773: 5770: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5751: 5742: 5739: 5734: 5731: 5726: 5723: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5707: 5702: 5701:Taiyo (SRATS) 5699: 5694: 5691: 5686: 5683: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5659: 5654: 5651: 5646: 5643: 5638: 5635: 5630: 5627: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5611: 5606: 5603: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5587: 5582: 5579: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5519: 5516: 5511: 5508: 5503: 5500: 5495: 5492: 5487: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5471: 5468: 5463: 5460: 5455: 5452: 5447: 5444: 5439: 5436: 5431: 5428: 5423: 5420: 5415: 5412: 5407: 5404: 5399: 5396: 5391: 5388: 5383: 5380: 5375: 5372: 5367: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5348: 5343: 5340: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5324: 5319: 5316: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5300: 5295: 5292: 5287: 5284: 5279: 5276: 5271: 5268: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5252: 5247: 5244: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5220: 5215: 5212: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5180: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5099: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5075: 5070: 5067: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5051: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5035: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4836: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4788: 4783: 4782:Solar-C EUVST 4780: 4775: 4772: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4740: 4735: 4732: 4727: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4679:Solar Orbiter 4677: 4672: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4656: 4653: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4604: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4584: 4579: 4576: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4560: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4512: 4507: 4504: 4499: 4496: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4472: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4440: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4410: 4407: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4393:Solar Orbiter 4391: 4386: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4258: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4210: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4057:Solar Orbiter 4055: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3771: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3631: 3624: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2507: 2505:0-8165-2558-7 2501: 2497: 2494: 2487: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2375: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2301: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2276: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2245: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2208: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2130: 2122: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2056: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1915: 1912:. 2003-038A. 1911: 1907: 1901: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1684:Planet hunter 1681: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1560: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524:GLIMPSE, the 1517: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1458:Serpens South 1455: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1389:constellation 1387: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1347:bar structure 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1099: 1097: 1091: 1076: 1073:December 2021 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 921: 912: 907: 898: 879: 867: 853: 850: 846: 842: 841:Space Shuttle 838: 833: 830: 815: 803: 794: 792: 788: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770:observatories 766: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 734: 731: 723: 713: 709: 703: 702: 697:This section 695: 691: 686: 685: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 642: 637: 635: 632:per year (an 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 612: 608: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584:Lyman Spitzer 580: 575: 573: 567: 565: 561: 556: 555:liquid helium 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 530: 526: 522: 518: 510: 505: 495: 492:← 488: 487: 481: 476: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 441: 437: 433: 430: 426: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400: 397: 393: 388: 384: 380: 376: 374: 370: 366: 364: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 344: 340: 337: 333: 331: 327: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 306: 303: 299: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 246: 243: 240: 236: 232: 229: 225: 222: 210: 206: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 158: 154: 151: 147: 142: 138: 134: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 108: 106: 99: 94: 88: 84: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 64: 60: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 30: 25: 19: 8787: 8709: 8670:Chuang Xin 1 8653: 8641: 8560: 8414:Mars Express 8393:Hellas Sat 2 8354: 8280:Intelsat 907 8240:SpaceHab RDM 8233: 7984: 7962: 7956: 7927: 7905: 7890: 7882: 7869: 7857: 7850: 7837: 7826: 7794: 7780: 7764:Deep Space 2 7762: 7757:Deep Space 1 7755: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7714: 7707: 7659: 7650: 7643:Perseverance 7642: 7631:Mars Odyssey 7629: 7612: 7604: 7571: 7564: 7507: 7495: 7329: 7322: 7316: 7308: 7301: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7102: 7051:Perseverance 7050: 7012: 7005: 6982: 6942: 6925: 6909:New Horizons 6907: 6900: 6893: 6866: 6858: 6834: 6822: 6815: 6802: 6790: 6782: 6776: 6743: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6450: 6434:Apollo–Soyuz 5926: 5909: 5753:Hibernating 5684: 5505:(2016–2019?) 5048:(1962, 1964) 4942:Nano-JASMINE 4766:NEO Surveyor 4690:(since 2006) 4682:(since 2020) 4674:(since 1995) 4666:(since 2019) 4658:(since 2017) 4650:(since 2008) 4642:(since 2015) 4634:(since 2015) 4626:(since 2011) 4618:(since 1997) 4597:(since 1999) 4589:(since 2024) 4581:(since 2023) 4573:(since 2022) 4565:(since 2012) 4557:(since 2017) 4549:(since 2018) 4541:(since 2009) 4533:(since 2017) 4525:(since 2004) 4517:(since 2024) 4509:(since 2019) 4501:(since 2021) 4493:(since 2020) 4485:(since 2008) 4477:(since 2002) 4469:(since 2017) 4461:(since 2024) 4453:(since 2015) 4445:(since 1999) 4437:(since 2015) 4412:(since 2004) 4404:(since 2006) 4396:(since 2020) 4388:(since 2008) 4380:(since 1995) 4372:(since 2010) 4364:(since 2013) 4356:(since 2006) 4348:(since 2021) 4340:(since 2015) 4332:(since 2022) 4324:(since 2023) 4303:(since 2018) 4295:(since 2004) 4287:(since 2008) 4279:(since 1995) 4271:(since 2010) 4263:(since 2001) 4255:(since 2013) 4247:(since 2006) 4239:(since 1990) 4231:(since 2005) 4223:(since 2013) 4215:(since 2021) 4207:(since 2023) 4199:(since 2015) 4191:(since 2019) 4183:(since 2021) 4175:(since 2013) 4166:(since 2015) 4158:(since 2018) 4137:(since 2009) 4129:(since 2008) 4121:(since 2001) 4113:(since 2022) 4092:(since 2024) 4084:(since 1994) 4076:(since 2018) 4068:(since 2006) 4060:(since 2020) 4052:(since 2018) 3938: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3819: 3813: 3803: 3791:. Retrieved 3757:. Retrieved 3751:. 2015-128. 3738: 3726:. Retrieved 3720:. 2015-251. 3707: 3695:. Retrieved 3689:. 2013-289. 3676: 3664:. Retrieved 3646: 3634:. Retrieved 3623: 3611:. Retrieved 3600: 3590: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3445: 3439: 3422: 3412:. 2011-161. 3399: 3390: 3381: 3369:. Retrieved 3365:the original 3355: 3338: 3328: 3309: 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3287: 3278: 3266:. Retrieved 3248: 3229: 3217:. Retrieved 3194: 3172: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3104: 3095: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3022:. 2009-083. 3009: 2990: 2978: 2966:. Retrieved 2962: 2953: 2941:. Retrieved 2923: 2911:. Retrieved 2898: 2889: 2881:the original 2867: 2855:. Retrieved 2851:the original 2837: 2825:. Retrieved 2821:the original 2807: 2795:. Retrieved 2791:the original 2781: 2769: 2757:. Retrieved 2753:the original 2739: 2727:. Retrieved 2723:the original 2709: 2697:. Retrieved 2678: 2666:. Retrieved 2655: 2645: 2622: 2610:. Retrieved 2604:. 2016-221. 2568:. Retrieved 2562:. 2009-116. 2549: 2537: 2514: 2492: 2486: 2474:. Retrieved 2461: 2451: 2439:. Retrieved 2435:the original 2420: 2394:10.17226/549 2380: 2374: 2338: 2326:. Retrieved 2308: 2283: 2275: 2251: 2244: 2232:. Retrieved 2196:16 September 2194:. Retrieved 2190:the original 2181: 2172: 2128: 2121: 2109:. Retrieved 2090: 2078:. Retrieved 2067: 2055: 2043:. Retrieved 2030: 2005:. Retrieved 1987: 1975:. Retrieved 1943: 1918:. Retrieved 1900: 1888:. Retrieved 1876: 1841: 1829:. Retrieved 1727:liquid water 1716: 1708: 1695: 1676: 1674: 1665: 1649: 1644: 1635: 1608: 1589: 1585: 1569: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1507: 1504: 1492: 1481: 1478: 1449:Gould's Belt 1442: 1435: 1428: 1410: 1363: 1328: 1323: 1317: 1306: 1301:Helix Nebula 1275: 1256: 1219: 1211: 1191: 1113: 1092: 1088: 1070: 1066:adding to it 1061: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1008: 938: 927: 910: 896: 834: 825: 767: 760: 751: 741: 726: 720:January 2020 717: 706:Please help 701:verification 698: 670:spectroscopy 638: 622:heliocentric 600: 576: 568: 563: 552: 524: 520: 516: 514: 484: 413:Focal length 320:Eccentricity 305:Heliocentric 179:Payload mass 149:Manufacturer 72: / 68: / 51:Mission type 18: 8750:Kosmos 2404 8746:Kosmos 2403 8742:Kosmos 2402 8696:Shen Tong 1 8655:Soyuz TMA-3 8556:Kosmos 2401 8552:Kosmos 2400 8542:Kosmos 2399 8537:EchoStar IX 8516:Opportunity 8492:AAU-Cubesat 8424:Kosmos 2398 8356:Soyuz TMA-2 8350:Kosmos 2397 7891:Opportunity 7750:Deep Impact 7337:Deep fields 7265:and artwork 7263:NASA images 6835:Opportunity 6304:NASA Social 6130:and history 5866:(2014–2015) 5818:(2012–2013) 5784:Lost/Failed 5775:(1998–2010) 5767:(1998–2005) 5744:(1991–2001) 5736:(2001–2010) 5720:(1970–1973) 5712:(1983–1985) 5704:(1975–1980) 5696:(2005–2015) 5688:(2003–2020) 5680:(2011–2019) 5672:(1979–1985) 5664:(1975–1979) 5656:(1972–1973) 5648:(1992–2004) 5640:(1995–2012) 5632:(1990–1999) 5624:(2002–2018) 5616:(1983–1984) 5608:(2009–2013) 5592:(2006–2016) 5521:(1972–1981) 5513:(1968–1973) 5497:(1996–1997) 5489:(2003–2019) 5481:(2015–2017) 5473:(2015–2017) 5465:(1997–2002) 5457:(1990–2001) 5449:(2009–2018) 5441:(1996–2004) 5433:(1978–1996) 5425:(1996–1998) 5417:(1995–1996) 5393:(1989–1993) 5385:(2000–2008) 5377:(1979–1981) 5369:(1978–1982) 5361:(2013–2023) 5353:(1981–1991) 5345:(2009–2013) 5337:(1977–1979) 5329:(1997–2005) 5321:(1979–1985) 5313:(1989–1998) 5305:(1987–1991) 5297:(1990–1992) 5289:(2003–2013) 5281:(1987–2001) 5273:(1999–2007) 5265:(1992–2001) 5257:(1983–1986) 5246:Explorer 11 5217:(2017–2019) 5209:(1989–1993) 5201:(1975–1982) 5193:(2006–2013) 5185:(1991–2000) 5177:(2003–2008) 5169:(1996–2003) 5161:(1974–1976) 5153:(1983–1991) 5112:(1993–2000) 5104:(1973–1974) 5096:(2017–2019) 5088:(1979–1982) 5080:(1974–1980) 5072:(1971–1972) 5064:(1967–1969) 5040:(1962–1972) 5032:(1993–2005) 5024:(2006–2011) 5016:(2007–2024) 4313:Ultraviolet 3967:at NASA.gov 3759:15 December 3728:15 December 3697:14 December 3666:14 December 3636:18 December 3613:14 December 2699:10 February 1761:(2009–2013) 1711:HD 219134 b 1611:brown dwarf 1510:Phoebe ring 1438:HD 189733 b 1370:John Mather 1282:HD 209458 b 1247:first light 1102:Instruments 778:frequencies 774:wavelengths 538:(1983) and 444:Instruments 421:Wavelengths 353:Inclination 280:Deactivated 238:Launch site 208:Launch date 163:Launch mass 8802:Categories 8737:Gruzomaket 8643:Shenzhou 5 8637:Horizons-1 7787:spacecraft 7653:helicopter 7425:Moon rocks 7185:Astronauts 7178:NASA lists 7035:OSIRIS-REx 6869:helicopter 6737:Pioneer 11 6730:Pioneer 10 6533:Hitchhiker 6408:suborbital 6245:Space Race 5725:Vanguard 3 5037:Alouette 1 4877:AstroSat-2 4594:XMM-Newton 4110:James Webb 3829:1703.01424 3785:. 17-015. 3513:(2): 118. 2668:29 January 2612:9 December 2570:30 January 2476:9 December 2441:8 December 2080:4 February 2045:18 October 1890:1 December 1786:References 1719:TRAPPIST-1 1572:forsterite 1564:forsterite 1496:forsterite 1413:light-year 1402:redshifted 1372:of NASA's 1339:Whitewater 1278:exoplanets 1201:Henize 206 1030:B Cryostat 782:atmosphere 666:photometry 652:, made of 626:geocentric 579:telescopes 527:), was an 367:373.2 days 8705:Yamal-202 8701:Yamal-201 8633:Galaxy 13 8580:September 8521:Rainbow 1 8463:Orbview-3 8439:Thuraya 2 8398:Beidou 1C 8345:AsiaSat-4 8340:Galaxy 12 7770:Explorers 7716:Voyager 2 7709:Voyager 1 7651:Ingenuity 7637:Mars 2020 7452:Moon tree 7273:Earthrise 7148:Goldstone 7045:Mars 2020 7014:Voyager 2 7007:Voyager 1 6943:Curiosity 6887:operating 6885:Currently 6867:Ingenuity 6804:MESSENGER 6783:Sojourner 6712:Mercury 3 6702:Apollo 11 6649:Discovery 6639:Explorers 6228:Augustine 6192:Augustine 5928:Eddington 5883:Cancelled 5390:Hipparcos 4798:Spektr-UV 4663:Mini-EUSO 4655:ISS-CREAM 4506:Spektr-RG 4426:Gamma-ray 4321:Aditya-L1 4212:Hayabusa2 4089:Queqiao 2 4033:Operating 3917:119103101 3892:1303.2649 3885:(1): L8. 3602:Space.com 3520:1110.3754 3459:1104.4498 3387:"Glimpse" 3293:26 August 3268:26 August 3219:31 August 3054:0906.3161 2968:26 August 2943:26 August 2913:26 August 2857:4 October 2827:4 October 2797:15 August 2759:4 October 2729:4 October 2328:21 August 2234:6 January 1576:protostar 1544:St. Louis 1536:Milky Way 1393:calibrate 1343:Milky Way 1249:image of 997:germanium 662:satellite 654:beryllium 616:aboard a 596:astronomy 87:2003-038A 81:COSPAR ID 54:Infrared 8775:Tan Ce 1 8725:December 8684:November 8675:SERVIS-1 8613:INSAT-3E 8600:BILSAT-1 8547:SCISAT-1 8488:QuakeSat 8418:Beagle 2 8383:Hayabusa 8336:INSAT-3A 8268:February 8220:Coriolis 7969:Surveyor 7963:Stardust 7917:QuikSCAT 7827:Magellan 7806:Herschel 7600:GRACE-FO 7579:ACRIMSAT 7496:Category 7158:Canberra 7070:timeline 7058:timeline 6994:timeline 6950:timeline 6847:observed 6842:timeline 6810:Aquarius 6750:timeline 6723:Magellan 6685:missions 6583:Surveyor 6519:programs 6449:Shuttle– 6390:programs 6222:Aldridge 6141:creation 5979:Sentinel 5677:Spektr-R 5613:RELIKT-1 5454:Kristall 5342:Herschel 5166:BeppoSAX 4922:JEM-EUSO 4917:iWF-MAXI 4859:Proposed 4822:LiteBIRD 4814:Spektr-M 4546:MinXSS-2 4474:INTEGRAL 4337:Astrosat 4163:Astrosat 4102:Infrared 3864:28230125 3787:Archived 3753:Archived 3722:Archived 3691:Archived 3660:Archived 3607:Archived 3545:53550709 3490:Archived 3486:28545814 3414:Archived 3347:Archived 3262:Archived 3237:Archived 3213:Archived 3186:Archived 3156:19812546 3111:Archived 3106:BBC News 3079:19444209 3024:Archived 2998:Archived 2963:Astropix 2937:Archived 2907:Archived 2693:Archived 2662:Archived 2637:Archived 2606:Archived 2564:Archived 2529:Archived 2525:Raytheon 2470:Archived 2322:Archived 2228:Archived 2161:Archived 2111:26 April 2105:Archived 2074:Archived 2039:Archived 2007:22 April 2001:Archived 1977:16 March 1920:26 April 1914:Archived 1884:Archived 1879:CBS News 1855:Archived 1831:22 April 1825:Archived 1823:. 2008. 1737:See also 1548:Missouri 1483:Stardust 1398:Big Bang 1326:, 2004) 1025:A Optics 1007:and the 969:Raytheon 829:STS-51-F 756:Spacelab 618:Delta II 592:rocketry 574:(IRSA). 529:infrared 509:HUDF-JD2 425:infrared 405:Diameter 347:1.026 AU 272:Disposal 231:Delta II 171:Dry mass 153:Lockheed 62:Operator 8760:USA-175 8755:USA-174 8732:USA-173 8691:FSW-3 1 8666:CBERS-2 8661:USA-172 8626:October 8617:SMART-1 8604:STSat-1 8591:Orion 5 8587:USA-171 8571:USA-170 8561:Spitzer 8453:BSAT-2c 8387:Minerva 8331:USA-169 8310:USA-168 8296:USA-167 8255:USA-166 8235:STS-107 8229:CHIPSat 8213:January 8104:Caltech 8084:(MAX-C) 8060:FINESSE 8039:SPHEREx 7985:Ulysses 7928:Rosetta 7912:Pioneer 7906:Phoenix 7847:(MarCO) 7833:Mariner 7816:Jason-1 7795:Genesis 7781:Galileo 7606:InSight 7508:Commons 7386:Related 7195:by year 7190:by name 6967:GOES 15 6957:GOES 14 6874:flights 6860:InSight 6816:Cassini 6744:Galileo 6669:SIMPLEx 6644:Voyager 6612:Current 6568:Pioneer 6538:Mariner 6517:Robotic 6498:Artemis 6471:Current 6414:Mercury 6406: ( 6299:NASA TV 6238:General 6137:History 6028:Related 5939:FINESSE 5917:Destiny 5900:Astro-G 5863:Tsubame 5855:Astro-E 5831:ABRIXAS 5685:Spitzer 5669:Solwind 5621:R/HESSI 5581:Orion 2 5573:Orion 1 5278:Kvant-1 5174:CHIPSat 5137:Astro-2 5117:Astro-1 5093:ASTERIA 5085:Ariel 6 5077:Ariel 5 5069:Ariel 4 5061:Ariel 3 5053:Ariel 2 5045:Ariel 1 5006:Retired 4997:THESEUS 4982:Solar-D 4977:PhoENiX 4817:(2030+) 4774:JASMINE 4742:Xuntian 4710:SPHEREx 4703:Planned 4252:NEOSSat 4147:Optical 4073:Queqiao 3897:Bibcode 3855:5330437 3834:Bibcode 3793:3 March 3570:Bibcode 3525:Bibcode 3464:Bibcode 3452:: L32. 3164:4349726 3136:Bibcode 3087:4426934 3059:Bibcode 2145:Bibcode 1659:⁄ 1462:Serpens 1384:in the 1335:Madison 1286:TrES-1b 1251:IC 1396 1208:Results 1180:of the 1013:Caltech 995:-doped 993:gallium 984:silicon 680:History 614:SLC-17B 494:Chandra 245:SLC-17B 213: ( 114:Website 102:SATCAT 74:Caltech 8765:Amos-2 8715:IGS-2B 8711:IGS-2A 8609:e-Bird 8596:UK-DMC 8530:August 8496:CanX-1 8484:Cute-I 8476:DTUSat 8472:MIMOSA 8444:Spirit 8378:GSAT-2 8305:IGS-1B 8301:IGS-1A 8259:XSS-10 8225:ICESat 8205:2004 → 8190:← 2002 8004:(WIRE) 7998:(WFPC) 7991:Viking 7941:(SRTM) 7934:Seasat 7922:Ranger 7883:Spirit 7821:Kepler 7688:(SMAP) 7682:(MISR) 7591:(AIRS) 7573:Psyche 7566:Euclid 7153:Madrid 7086:Future 7001:NuSTAR 6932:THEMIS 6854:RHESSI 6791:Spirit 6588:Viking 6578:Ranger 6429:Skylab 6424:Apollo 6419:Gemini 6277:Budget 6230:(2009) 6224:(2004) 6218:(2004) 6212:(2003) 6206:(2002) 6204:CFUSAI 6200:(1996) 6194:(1990) 6188:(1989) 6182:(1987) 6176:(1986) 6174:Rogers 6170:(1986) 6164:(1958) 6158:(1958) 6152:(1915) 6128:Policy 6004:TAUVEX 5911:Darwin 5890:Aelita 5874:(2016) 5858:(2000) 5850:(1999) 5842:(1996) 5839:HETE-1 5834:(1999) 5826:(1965) 5810:(1976) 5802:(1970) 5794:(1966) 5728:(1959) 5645:SAMPEX 5605:Planck 5600:(2018) 5597:PicSat 5589:PAMELA 5584:(1973) 5576:(1971) 5478:MinXSS 5446:Kepler 5409:(1983) 5401:(2024) 5382:HETE-2 5374:HEAO-3 5334:HEAO-1 5310:Granat 5254:EXOSAT 5249:(1961) 5241:(2010) 5233:(2008) 5225:(1993) 5214:CXBN-2 5150:Astron 5145:(1995) 5120:(1990) 5056:(1964) 5029:ALEXIS 4972:PETREL 4932:LUVOIR 4882:EXCEDE 4849:(2035) 4841:(2035) 4838:Athena 4833:(2033) 4825:(2032) 4809:(2030) 4801:(2030) 4793:(2029) 4785:(2028) 4777:(2028) 4769:(2027) 4761:(2027) 4753:(2027) 4745:(2026) 4737:(2026) 4729:(2026) 4721:(2026) 4718:K-EUSO 4713:(2025) 4687:STEREO 4623:AMS-02 4586:XPoSat 4562:NuSTAR 4401:STEREO 4345:Hibari 4236:Hubble 4228:HiRISE 4204:Euclid 4196:DSCOVR 4188:CHEOPS 4065:STEREO 3939:Nature 3915: 3862: 3852: 3815:Nature 3561:Icarus 3543: 3484: 3371:11 May 3316: 3207:& 3162: 3154: 3127:Nature 3085: 3077: 3040:Nature 2935:IPAC. 2502: 2408: 2384:. The 2362: 2296: 2263: 2222:& 1677:Beyond 1666:Beyond 1638:GN-z11 1514:Saturn 1500:'s 1488:Wild 2 1430:Nature 1382:quasar 1378:'s 1324:et al. 1263:'s 1259:galaxy 1121:(IRAC) 991:using 979:and a 963:, and 955:, the 951:, the 918: 916: 911:· 909: 904: 902: 897:· 895: 891: 847:, the 548:Kepler 363:Period 334:1.003 311:Regime 227:Rocket 219: 8429:AMC-9 8362:GALEX 8319:April 8289:March 8250:SORCE 8078:(AFL) 7974:SVLBI 7953:(SIR) 7947:(SME) 7900:NSCAT 7893:rover 7885:rover 7801:GRACE 7775:GALEX 7694:(TES) 7676:(MLS) 7670:(MSL) 7664:(MRO) 7645:rover 7626:(LBT) 7584:ASTER 7098:NISAR 7053:rover 7025:MAVEN 6945:rover 6926:Swift 6837:rover 6798:LADEE 6793:rover 6785:rover 6762:GRAIL 6757:GALEX 6548:MESUR 6493:Orion 6294:NASA+ 6270:Chief 6168:Paine 5999:SPOrt 5994:SPICA 5974:OSO K 5969:OSO J 5823:OSO C 5807:CORSA 5799:OAO-B 5791:OAO-1 5772:TRACE 5717:Uhuru 5661:SAS-C 5653:SAS-B 5629:ROSAT 5566:OSO 8 5561:OSO 7 5556:OSO 6 5551:OSO 5 5546:OSO 4 5541:OSO 3 5536:OSO B 5531:OSO 1 5510:OAO-2 5462:LEGRI 5398:ILO-X 5294:Gamma 5286:GALEX 5238:EPOXI 5230:EPOCh 5198:Cos-B 5190:CoRoT 5125:BBXRT 5013:AGILE 4992:THEIA 4962:ORBIS 4912:ILO-1 4897:HabEx 4892:FOCAL 4867:Arcus 4830:Taiji 4790:ARIEL 4734:PLATO 4639:DAMPE 4631:CALET 4578:XRISM 4554:NICER 4522:Swift 4490:GECAM 4482:Fermi 4450:DAMPE 4434:CALET 4422:X-ray 4409:Swift 4385:SOLAR 4329:ASO-S 4292:Swift 4284:SOLAR 4180:CHASE 4171:BRITE 4126:SOLAR 3913:S2CID 3887:arXiv 3824:arXiv 3541:S2CID 3515:arXiv 3482:S2CID 3454:arXiv 3448:(2). 3436:(PDF) 3160:S2CID 3083:S2CID 3049:arXiv 2657:Wired 2164:(PDF) 2133:(PDF) 1622:Swift 1554:2010s 1512:" of 1386:Draco 1309:L1014 981:doped 943:, in 913: 906:Earth 899: 609:from 525:SIRTF 373:Epoch 357:1.13° 324:0.011 233:7920H 190:427 W 187:Power 109:27871 39:Names 8509:July 8480:MOST 8407:June 8198:2003 8099:NASA 7811:IRAS 7743:Dawn 7698:SWOT 7613:Juno 7077:PACE 7020:WISE 6983:Juno 6823:Dawn 6767:WMAP 6707:COBE 6695:Past 6526:Past 6404:X-15 6397:Past 6210:CAIB 6180:Ride 6150:NACA 6120:NASA 6019:XIPE 6014:XEUS 5989:SNAP 5964:LOFT 5959:JDEM 5944:GEMS 5934:FAME 5922:EChO 5895:AOSO 5847:WIRE 5815:CXBN 5764:SWAS 5733:WMAP 5637:RXTE 5486:MOST 5438:IXAE 5414:IRTS 5406:IRAS 5270:FUSE 5262:EUVE 5206:COBE 4937:Lynx 4927:LUCI 4846:LISA 4806:UVEX 4758:LORD 4750:COSI 4671:SOHO 4647:IBEX 4570:LEIA 4538:MAXI 4514:SVOM 4498:IXPE 4424:and 4377:SOHO 4361:IRIS 4300:TESS 4276:SOHO 4260:Odin 4220:Gaia 4134:WISE 4118:Odin 4081:Wind 4049:NCLE 3860:PMID 3795:2017 3783:NASA 3761:2016 3730:2016 3699:2016 3668:2016 3638:2016 3615:2016 3373:2014 3314:ISBN 3295:2020 3270:2020 3221:2020 3205:NASA 3152:PMID 3075:PMID 2970:2020 2945:2020 2933:NASA 2915:2020 2903:NASA 2859:2009 2829:2009 2799:2008 2761:2009 2731:2009 2701:2020 2670:2020 2614:2016 2572:2016 2560:NASA 2500:ISBN 2478:2007 2466:NASA 2443:2007 2431:NASA 2406:ISBN 2360:ISBN 2330:2020 2294:ISBN 2261:ISBN 2236:2009 2198:2009 2113:2015 2082:2020 2047:2015 2009:2007 1979:2017 1922:2015 1892:2016 1833:2007 1701:and 1471:The 1368:and 1337:and 1299:The 1284:and 1232:The 1142:NASA 787:IRAS 639:The 601:The 594:and 560:IRAC 536:IRAS 515:The 466:MIPS 450:IRAC 395:Type 66:NASA 8371:May 8244:EDO 7030:MMS 6451:Mir 6009:TPF 5954:IXO 5949:HOP 5494:MSX 5430:IUE 5422:ISO 5222:DXS 5158:ANS 5141:HUT 5130:HUT 5101:ATM 4967:OST 4902:HWO 4615:ACE 4369:SDO 4268:SDO 4155:Aoi 3905:doi 3883:767 3850:PMC 3842:doi 3820:542 3578:doi 3566:116 3533:doi 3511:744 3472:doi 3446:733 3144:doi 3132:461 3067:doi 3045:459 2398:hdl 2390:doi 2352:doi 2257:193 2153:doi 1542:in 1404:by 1333:at 1267:ESA 1158:of 1136:of 1068:. 971:in 920:Sun 791:ISO 776:or 710:by 649:/12 636:). 607:UTC 540:ISO 458:IRS 221:UTC 104:no. 70:JPL 8804:: 8748:, 8744:, 8713:, 8703:, 8668:, 8615:, 8611:, 8602:, 8598:, 8589:/ 8554:, 8498:, 8494:, 8490:, 8486:, 8482:, 8478:, 8474:, 8470:, 8451:, 8338:, 8303:, 8257:, 8242:, 8227:, 5143:) 3937:. 3911:. 3903:. 3895:. 3881:. 3858:. 3848:. 3840:. 3832:. 3818:. 3812:. 3769:^ 3605:. 3599:. 3576:. 3564:. 3539:. 3531:. 3523:. 3509:. 3488:. 3480:. 3470:. 3462:. 3444:. 3438:. 3389:. 3337:. 3286:. 3158:. 3150:. 3142:. 3130:. 3103:. 3081:. 3073:. 3065:. 3057:. 3043:. 2961:. 2931:. 2905:. 2901:. 2897:. 2875:. 2845:. 2815:. 2747:. 2717:. 2660:. 2654:. 2580:^ 2527:. 2498:. 2468:. 2460:. 2429:. 2404:. 2396:. 2358:. 2320:. 2316:. 2292:. 2290:10 2259:. 2226:. 2218:. 2206:^ 2184:. 2180:. 2159:. 2151:. 2072:. 2066:. 2037:. 2033:. 2029:. 2017:^ 1999:. 1995:. 1970:. 1953:^ 1930:^ 1908:. 1882:. 1875:. 1863:^ 1853:. 1849:. 1819:. 1794:^ 1630:AU 1546:, 1417:pc 1408:. 1400:, 1273:. 1199:A 1174:μm 959:, 750:, 566:. 429:μm 336:AU 8635:/ 8420:) 8416:( 8389:) 8385:( 8246:) 8238:( 8181:e 8174:t 8167:v 7543:e 7536:t 7529:v 7396:" 7392:" 7165:) 7146:( 6458:) 6440:) 6410:) 6143:) 6139:( 6112:e 6105:t 6098:v 5139:( 4018:e 4011:t 4004:v 3919:. 3907:: 3899:: 3889:: 3866:. 3844:: 3836:: 3826:: 3797:. 3763:. 3732:. 3701:. 3670:. 3640:. 3617:. 3584:. 3580:: 3572:: 3547:. 3535:: 3527:: 3517:: 3474:: 3466:: 3456:: 3393:. 3375:. 3322:. 3297:. 3272:. 3223:. 3166:. 3146:: 3138:: 3089:. 3069:: 3061:: 3051:: 3004:. 2985:. 2972:. 2947:. 2917:. 2861:. 2831:. 2801:. 2763:. 2733:. 2703:. 2672:. 2616:. 2574:. 2544:. 2508:. 2480:. 2445:. 2414:. 2400:: 2392:: 2368:. 2354:: 2332:. 2302:. 2269:. 2238:. 2200:. 2155:: 2147:: 2115:. 2084:. 2049:. 2011:. 1981:. 1924:. 1894:. 1835:. 1661:2 1657:1 1654:+ 1652:2 1253:. 1188:. 1166:. 1147:. 1075:) 1071:( 733:) 727:( 722:) 718:( 704:. 658:K 647:f 523:( 217:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Spitzer Space Telescope

Index