206:, including Frank Martin and Charlie Pellerin. NASA's "Great Observatories" program used four separate satellites, each designed to cover a different part of the spectrum in ways which terrestrial systems could not. This perspective enabled the proposed X-ray and InfraRed observatories to be appropriately seen as a continuation of the astronomical program begun with Hubble and CGRO rather than competitors or replacements. Two explanatory documents published by NASA and created for the NASA Astrophysics Division and the NASA Astrophysics Management Working Group laid out the rationale for the suite of observatories and questions that could be addressed across the spectrum. They had an important role in the campaign to win and sustain approval for the four telescopes.
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844:(JWST) launched in December 2021 and works simultaneously with Hubble. Its segmented, deployable mirror is over twice as wide as the Hubble's, increasing angular resolution noticeably, and sensitivity dramatically. Unlike Hubble, JWST observes in the infrared, in order to penetrate dust at cosmological distances. This means it continues some Spitzer capabilities, while some Hubble capabilities are lost in the visible and especially the ultraviolet wavelengths. JWST exceeds Spitzer's performance in near-infrared. The
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386:(HEAO-2), into orbit. Work continued on the Chandra project through the 1980s and 1990s. In 1992, to reduce costs, the spacecraft was redesigned. Four of the twelve planned mirrors were eliminated, as were two of the six scientific instruments. Chandra's planned orbit was changed to an elliptical one, reaching one third of the way to the Moon's at its farthest point. This eliminated the possibility of improvement or repair by the
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of new, interesting objects. Hubble has had a much larger public and media impact than the other telescopes, although at optical wavelengths Hubble has provided a more modest improvement in sensitivity and resolution over existing instruments. Hubble's capability for uniform high-quality imaging of any astronomical object at any time has allowed accurate surveys and comparisons of large numbers of astronomical objects. The
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862:(FGRST), formerly known as the Gamma Ray Large Area Space Telescope, is a follow-on to Compton launched on 11 June 2008. FGRST is more narrowly defined, and much smaller; it carries only one main instrument and a secondary experiment, the Large Area Telescope (LAT) and the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM). FGRST is complemented by
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All four telescopes have had a substantial impact on astronomy. The opening up of new wavebands to high resolution, high sensitivity observations by the
Compton, Chandra and Spitzer has revolutionized our understanding of a wide range of astronomical objects, and has led to the detection of thousands
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Aside from inherent mission capabilities (particularly sensitivities, which cannot be replicated by ground observatories), the Great
Observatories program allows missions to interact for greater science return. Different objects shine in different wavelengths, but training two or more observatories
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telescope. Spitzer's instruments took advantage of the rapid advances in infrared detector technology since IRAS, combined with its large aperture, favorable fields of view, and long life. Science returns were accordingly outstanding. Infrared observations are necessary for very distant astronomical
702:
High-energy studies (in X-rays and gamma rays) have had only moderate imaging resolutions so far. Studying X-ray and gamma-ray objects with Hubble, as well as
Chandra and Compton, gives accurate size and positional data. In particular, Hubble's resolution can often discern whether the target is a
595:
from reaching the ground, space missions were essential for the
Compton, Chandra and Spitzer observatories. Hubble also benefits from being above the atmosphere, as the atmosphere blurs ground-based observations of very faint objects, decreasing spatial resolution (however brighter objects can be
255:
with a 3-meter mirror, known provisionally as the Large
Orbiting Telescope or Large Space Telescope (LST), with a launch slated for 1979. Congress eventually approved funding of US$ 36 million for 1978, and the design of the LST began in earnest, aiming for a launch date of 1983. During the early
734:
nor the available time to study all interesting objects. Worthwhile targets are often found with ground telescopes, which are cheaper, or with smaller space observatories, which are sometimes expressly designed to cover large areas of the sky. Also, the other three Great
Observatories have found
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Ultraviolet studies with Hubble also reveal the temporal states of high-energy objects. X-rays and gamma rays are harder to detect with current technologies than visible and ultraviolet. Therefore, Chandra and
Compton needed long integration times to gather enough photons. However, objects which
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on the
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory failed in December 1999. Although the observatory was fully functional with two gyroscopes, NASA judged that failure of a second gyroscope would result in inability to control the satellite during its eventual return to Earth due to orbital decay. NASA chose
726:
The ability of
Spitzer to see through dust and thick gases is good for galactic nuclei observations. Massive objects at the hearts of galaxies shine in X-rays, gamma rays, and radio waves, but infrared studies into these clouded regions can reveal the number and positions of objects.
420:. Most of the early concepts, envisioned repeated flights aboard the NASA Space Shuttle. This approach was developed in an era when the Shuttle program was presumed to be capable of supporting weekly flights of up to 30 days duration. In 1979, a National Research Council of the
888:, Europe's INTErnational Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, launched in 2002. It observes in similar frequencies to Compton. INTEGRAL uses a fundamentally different telescope technology, coded-aperture masks. Thus, its capabilities are complementary to Compton and Fermi.
818:
observations have been very important for studies of distant galaxies, as they provide rest-frame ultraviolet images of these objects with a similar number of pixels across the galaxies as previous ultraviolet images of closer galaxies, allowing direct comparison.
608:, allowing Hubble to make observations of ultrafaint objects. Ground-based telescopes cannot compensate for airglow on ultrafaint objects, and so very faint objects require unwieldy and inefficient exposure times. Hubble can also observe at
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707:. Similarly, the smaller aperture of Spitzer means that Hubble can add finer spatial information to a Spitzer image. Reported in March 2016, Spitzer and Hubble were used to discover the most distant-known galaxy,
877:(RHESSI), launched in 2002, observes in some Compton and Chandra wavelengths, but is pointed at the Sun at all times. Occasionally it observes high-energy objects which happen to be in the view around the
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survey of the sky led to anticipation of an instrument using new infrared detector technology. By
September 1983, NASA was considering the "possibility of a long duration SIRTF mission". The 1985
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331:(CGRO), was designed to take advantage of the major advances in detector technology during the 1980s. Following 14 years of effort, the CGRO was launched on 5 April 1991. One of the three
2751:
615:
Each observatory was designed to push the state of technology in its region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Compton was much larger than any gamma-ray instruments flown on the previous
604:). Larger, ground-based telescopes have only recently matched Hubble in resolution for near-infrared wavelengths of faint objects. Being above the atmosphere eliminates the problem of
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758:. The maximum size can be determined by Spitzer through knowledge of the body's temperature, which is largely known from its orbit. Thus, the body's true size is bracketed. Further
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energy range, which complemented each other's sensitivities, resolutions, and fields of view. Gamma rays are emitted by various high-energy and high-temperature sources, such as
182:
coolant in 2009 reduced its functionality, leaving it with only two short-wavelength imaging modules. It was removed from service and placed into safe-mode on January 30, 2020.
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confirmed the Shuttle environment was not well suited to an onboard infrared telescope, and a free-flying design was better. The first word of the name was changed from
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into an elliptical high-Earth orbit, and was initially named the Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility (AXAF). It remains in active operation as of July 2024.
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Acuña, Mario H.; Keith W. Ogilvie; Robert A. Hoffman; Donald H. Fairfield; Steven A. Curtis; James L. Green; William H. Mish; the GGS Science Teams (1 May 1997).
194:
report "A Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980s". This report laid the essential groundwork for the Great Observatories and was chaired by
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by Spitzer can determine the chemical composition of the object's surface, which limits its possible albedos, and therefore sharpens the low size estimate.
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923:(ISTP), in the spirit of the Great Observatories program, is a group of instruments to study the Sun and related electromagnetic phenomena near Earth.
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shine in X-rays and gamma rays can be small, and can vary on timescales of minutes or seconds. Such objects then call for followup with Hubble or the
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Spitzer was the only one of the Great Observatories not launched by the Space Shuttle. It was originally intended to be so launched, but after the
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723:, which can measure details in angular seconds or fractions of a second, due to different designs. Rossi's last full year of operation was 2011.
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missions demonstrated the important role space-based observations could play in astronomy. In 1968, NASA developed firm plans for a space-based
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instruments (comparable to optical telescopes), with an enormous improvement in sensitivity. Chandra's large size, high orbit, and sensitive
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servicing mission refurbished the telescope and extended its projected service life. It remains in active operation as of July 2024.
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By the early 1970s, astronomers began to consider the possibility of placing an infrared telescope above the obscuring effects of
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855:) airborne platform observed in near- and mid-infrared. SOFIA had a larger aperture than Spitzer, but lower relative sensitivity.
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pattern determined by brightness, not size. However, the minimum size can be deduced by Hubble through knowledge of the body's
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launched between 1990 and 2003. They were built with different technology to examine specific wavelength/energy regions of the
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Spitzer also observes at wavelength largely inaccessible to ground telescopes. It was preceded in space by NASA's smaller
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to infrared wavelengths, for cool objects which emit little visible light, and for regions optically obscured by dust.
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A detailed description of NASA's Great Observatories, including STS-93 primary payload, the Chandra X-ray Observatory
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914:, to differentiate them from the current generation. However, they are not a part of the Great Observatories program.
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202:(through publication). In the mid-1980s, it was further advanced by all of the astrophysics Division Directors at
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and asteroids, are too small and/or distant to be directly resolved even by Hubble; their image appears as a
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standalone object, or part of a parent galaxy, and if a bright object is in the nucleus, arms, or halo of a
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launch vehicles were canceled for cost reasons. After redesign and lightening, it was launched in 2003 by a
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that compromised the telescope's capabilities. The optics were corrected to their intended quality by the
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Armus, L.; et al. (2021). "Great Observatories: The Past and Future of Panchromatic Astrophysics".
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instead to preemptively de-orbit Compton on 4 June 2000. Parts that survived reentry splashed into the
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as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the Chandra X-ray Observatory
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A labeled space image comparing views of a supernova remnant by three different Great observatories.
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Note: Gamma-rays from space can be detected indirectly from the ground by a technique known as
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506:(SIRTF) before launch. The telescope was deactivated when operations ended on 30 January 2020.
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Gamma rays had been examined above the atmosphere by several early space missions. During its
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missions, opening entirely new areas of observation. It had four instruments covering the 20
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851:, operational from 2009 to 2013, has exceeded Spitzer in the far-infrared. The SOFIA (
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in 1968 and several newer telescopes have been built in various countries since then.
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REPORT TO PROJECT RAND: Astronomical Advantages of an Extra-Terrestrial Observatory
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382:(SAO). In the meantime, in 1978, NASA launched the first imaging X-ray telescope,
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769:, observations made with Hubble, Spitzer and Chandra have been combined in the
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The history of the Hubble Space Telescope can be traced back to 1946, when the
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The concept of a Great Observatory program was first proposed in the 1979
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Chandra similarly had no ground predecessors. It followed the three NASA
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244:. Spitzer devoted much of his career to pushing for a space telescope.
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imaged in much higher resolution than by Hubble from the ground using
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959:. In 2019, the four teams will turn their final reports over to the
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committee advises NASA on which mission should take top priority.
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271:, but the retrieval plan was later abandoned. On 31 October 2006,
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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in 1977, NASA announced plans to build a "great observatory" for
279:
110:
1120:"Exploring the Universe: Space-Based Astronomy and Astrophysics"
278:
gave the go-ahead for a final refurbishment mission. The 11-day
93:, but its main mirror had been ground incorrectly, resulting in
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1982:
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711:. This object was seen as it appeared 13.4 billion years ago. (
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Hubble was originally intended to be retrieved and returned to
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98:
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654:, giving spatial resolution an order of magnitude better than
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1965:
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A Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980s
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so it would be called the Space Infrared Telescope Facility.
426:
A Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980s
264:
52:
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Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR)
443:, an Explorer-class satellite designed to conduct the first
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Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS)
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Spitzer, Lyman S (1979), "History of the Space Telescope",
970:
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185:
29:
921:
International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative
735:
interesting new objects, which merit diversion of Hubble.
432:(SIRTF) as "one of two major astrophysics facilities for
242:
Astronomical advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory
1785:
Great Observatories Interactive using WorldWide Telescope
1334:"NASA space telescope heads for fiery crash into Pacific"
1293:"Gamma-Ray Astronomy in the Compton Era: The Instruments"
878:
624:
620:
1773:
STS-125: Final Shuttle Mission to Hubble Space Telescope
3883:
985:(HabEX) proposals. The administration also created the
831:
Primary mirror size comparison of Spitzer, Hubble, and
406:
Spitzer points its high-gain antenna towards the Earth.
1552:"NASA's Shuttle and Rocket Missions — Launch Schedule"
1052:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1979.
178:
into an Earth-trailing solar orbit. Depletion of its
999:
875:
Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager
822:
572:
Chandra, Hubble, and Spitzer composite image of the
1227:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
612:wavelengths which do not penetrate the atmosphere.
1657:"NASA Considers Its Next Flagship Space Telescope"
1394:"Finding a Way: The Spitzer Space Telescope Story"
1180:
1158:
662:allowed observations of very faint X-ray sources.
650:, which was the first to demonstrate the power of
366:(called AXAF at the time) was proposed to NASA by
5743:
1240:"NASA Updates Space Shuttle Target Launch Dates"
1189:"The Great Observatories for Space Astrophysics"
1187:Harwit, Martin; Neal, Valerie (1 January 1991).
1167:"The Great Observatories for Space Astrophysics"
1165:Harwit, Martin; Neal, Valerie (9 January 1986).
853:Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
483:that would have been required to push it into a
300:
5431:Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS/HRS)
1650:
1648:
1484:"Spitzer Space Telescope Begins "Beyond" Phase"
1443:
374:. Preliminary work began the following year at
5330:
3899:
1805:
1453:. Spitzer Space Telescope. NASA. 3 March 2016
713:List of the most distant astronomical objects
530:
518:Timeline of NASA Great Observatories Program
1645:
1475:
910:(LISA) have been referred to by NASA as the
699:on an object allows a deeper understanding.
343:
5380:Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)
1451:"Hubble Team Breaks Cosmic Distance Record"
1436:or IACT for short. It was pioneered by the
1025:(Far infrared space observatory, 2009–2013)
977:(HWO) in 2023, a successor building on the
902:will seek to develop new areas of science.
327:. The Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO), renamed
174:spectrum. It was launched in 2003 aboard a
5344:
5337:
5323:
4278:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
3906:
3892:
1812:
1798:
1258:
1186:
1164:
884:Another large, high-energy observatory is
646:satellites, notably the highly successful
537:
523:
397:
390:but put the observatory above the Earth's
105:servicing mission added capability in the
5446:Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2)
5172:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
1733:
1267:"NASA gives green light to Hubble rescue"
927:
321:High Energy Astronomy Observatory Program
214:
1354:
826:
689:
652:grazing-incidence, focusing X-ray optics
567:
401:
347:
304:
218:
186:Origins of the Great Observatory program
128:as well. It was launched in 1991 aboard
101:servicing mission in 1993. In 1997, the
20:
5640:Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey
5257:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
1034:
773:to yield a multi-wavelength picture of
771:Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey
678:objects where all the visible light is
5744:
5441:Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC)
4045:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
1704:"Great Observatory Maturation Program"
1654:
1516:"About the James Webb Space Telescope"
1481:
1297:Gamma-Ray Astronomy in the Compton Era
1040:
866:, launched in 2004, and previously by
738:One example of observatory synergy is
580:Since the Earth's atmosphere prevents
209:
5318:
4835:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
3887:
1793:
1264:
1117:
1080:
746:studies. Small bodies, such as small
380:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
256:1980s, the telescope was named after
82:. It was launched in 1990 aboard the
5724:
5297:
1819:
1753:. NASA. 9 April 2002. Archived from
1482:Landau, Elizabeth (25 August 2016).
1391:
1355:Watanabe, Susan (22 November 2007).
1081:Stern, David P. (12 December 2004).
1074:
987:Great Observatory Maturation Program
1357:"Studying the Universe in Infrared"
1331:
983:Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission
945:Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission
730:Hubble, meanwhile, has neither the
430:Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility
41:space-based astronomical telescopes
13:
3951:National Aeronautics and Space Act
1721:
1089:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
979:Large UV Optical Infrared Surveyor
949:Large UV Optical Infrared Surveyor
908:Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
142:in 2000 after a gyroscope failed.
14:
5793:
5671:Space Telescope Science Institute
5365:Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)
5360:Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)
4905:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
4459:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
3840:List of proposed space telescopes
2521:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1743:
936:began considering four different
892:
823:Successors to Great Observatories
504:Space Infrared Telescope Facility
249:Orbiting Astronomical Observatory
153:. It was launched in 1999 aboard
5723:
5712:
5711:
5399:
5393:
5296:
5285:
5284:
5200:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
4958:Space Flight Operations Facility
4144:Operations and Checkout Building
3868:
3867:
1633:
1596:
1556:
1532:
1496:
1463:
1414:
1373:
1313:
1146:
1099:
1002:
786:
198:(through June 1977) and then by
5426:Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)
4419:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
2742:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
1696:
1674:
1655:Scoles, Sarah (30 March 2016).
1608:
1568:
1544:
1508:
1434:Imaging Air Cherenkov Technique
1426:
1385:
1348:
1325:
1285:
1265:Boyle, Alan (31 October 2006).
1083:"Seeing the Sun in a New Light"
860:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
441:Infrared Astronomical Satellite
1682:"Habitable Worlds Observatory"
1232:
1219:
1202:
1111:
775:galaxy formation and evolution
1:
3850:List of heliophysics missions
1623:. Goddard Space Flight Center
1299:. NASA (GSFC). Archived from
487:was banned from Shuttle use.
436:," a Shuttle-borne platform.
329:Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory
315:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
309:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
301:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
118:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
5237:Space program on U.S. stamps
5162:Gemini and Apollo medallions
5112:Solar System Family Portrait
4888:Joint Polar Satellite System
4757:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
4011:Vision for Space Exploration
3981:Space Exploration Initiative
1087:From Stargazers to Starships
991:Habitable Worlds Observatory
975:Habitable Worlds Observatory
961:National Academy of Sciences
912:Einstein Great Observatories
685:
598:astronomical interferometers
563:
422:National Academy of Sciences
376:Marshall Space Flight Center
7:
5752:Great Observatories program
5676:Goddard Space Flight Center
5666:Great Observatories program
5436:High Speed Photometer (HSP)
5232:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
5189:We choose to go to the Moon
5152:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
4710:International Space Station
4690:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
4429:Great Observatories program
4273:International Space Station
4251:Roscosmos State Corporation
4168:Science Mission Directorate
4114:Manned Space Flight Network
3830:Great Observatories program
1751:"Preflight Videos (STS-93)"
1520:Goddard Space Flight Center
1196:NASA document number NP-128
1174:NASA document number 21M585
1118:Roman, Nancy Grace (2001).
995:
989:for the development of the
765:At the opposite end of the
721:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
509:
502:instead. It was called the
295:Cosmic Origins Spectrograph
10:
5798:
5385:Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3)
5370:Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)
5049:NASA cameras on spacecraft
4860:James Webb Space Telescope
4772:Solar Dynamics Observatory
3993:U.S. National Space Policy
3321:Orbiting Solar Observatory
1621:ISTP-GGS/SOLARMAX Proposal
1392:Kwok, Johnny (Fall 2006).
1269:. NBC News. Archived from
849:Herschel Space Observatory
842:James Webb Space Telescope
409:
355:
312:
226:
124:, though it extended into
120:(CGRO) primarily observed
5777:Chandra X-ray Observatory
5707:
5658:
5624:Hubble eXtreme Deep Field
5554:
5454:
5421:Faint Object Camera (FOC)
5408:
5391:
5352:
5280:
5180:
5057:
4972:
4917:
4880:
4679:
4489:
4476:
4406:
4320:
4310:
4265:
4191:
4180:
4124:Vehicle Assembly Building
4032:
3931:
3921:
3873:Category:Space telescopes
3863:
3822:
3677:
3578:
3547:
2800:
2652:
2497:
2400:
2215:
2106:
1940:
1895:
1834:
1827:
1398:Academy Sharing Knowledge
808:
364:Chandra X-ray Observatory
358:Chandra X-ray Observatory
352:Chandra X-ray Observatory
344:Chandra X-ray Observatory
149:(CXO) primarily observes
147:Chandra X-ray Observatory
74:(HST) primarily observes
39:are four large, powerful
16:Series of NASA satellites
5195:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
5119:The Day the Earth Smiled
4454:Solar Terrestrial Probes
3913:
3835:List of space telescopes
1029:List of space telescopes
1023:Herschel Space Telescope
45:electromagnetic spectrum
25:Four Great Observatories
5767:Spitzer Space Telescope
5590:Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
5582:Hubble Deep Field South
5252:Other primates in space
4964:Deep Space Atomic Clock
4784:Mars Science Laboratory
4572:Spitzer Space Telescope
4161:Lunar Sample Laboratory
4104:Launch Services Program
1018:Beyond Einstein program
953:Origins Space Telescope
900:Beyond Einstein program
846:European Space Agency's
412:Spitzer Space Telescope
398:Spitzer Space Telescope
394:for most of its orbit.
168:Spitzer Space Telescope
109:range, and in 2009 the
5772:Hubble Space Telescope
5346:Hubble Space Telescope
5267:National Astronaut Day
5210:The Astronaut Monument
5032:Space Shuttle missions
4732:Mars Exploration Rover
4715:Hubble Space Telescope
4624:Kepler space telescope
4424:Earth Observing System
4398:Mars Exploration Rover
4109:Mercury Control Center
3161:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
1582:. NASA. Archived from
1400:. NASA. Archived from
1359:. NASA. Archived from
1242:. NASA. Archived from
1216:volume 7, p. 131, 1990
1129:. NASA. Archived from
957:Lynx X-ray Observatory
928:Next Great Observatory
836:
767:cosmic distance ladder
695:
577:
407:
353:
310:
229:Hubble Space Telescope
224:
223:Hubble Space Telescope
215:Hubble Space Telescope
72:Hubble Space Telescope
26:
5215:Lunar sample displays
5205:Space Mirror Memorial
5147:Voyager Golden Record
5039:United States rockets
4231: (with the
4139:Launch Control Center
2782:Space Solar Telescope
1576:"Great Observatories"
830:
693:
671:European Space Agency
571:
405:
351:
308:
222:
24:
5782:Gamma-ray telescopes
5699:Hubble Origins Probe
5598:Extended Groth Strip
5409:Previous instruments
4233:Soviet space program
4151:Johnson Space Center
4119:Kennedy Space Center
4082:spinoff technologies
3855:List of planetariums
2752:NRO donation to NASA
1778:16 July 2015 at the
1554:. NASA. 5 June 2008.
1127:Exploring the Cosmos
1035:Notes and references
963:, whose independent
648:Einstein Observatory
384:Einstein Observatory
253:reflecting telescope
95:spherical aberration
5650:List of deep fields
5632:Hubble Legacy Field
5565:Pillars of Creation
5353:Current instruments
5242:Apollo 17 Moon mice
5098:Pillars of Creation
5005:Space Shuttle crews
4483:(human and robotic)
4477:Individual featured
4060:Ranks and positions
3551:(Mission completed)
1836:Radio and Microwave
1661:Scientific American
1438:Whipple Observatory
1404:on 8 September 2007
1303:on 24 February 2009
1214:Astronomy Quarterly
870:, launched in 2000.
418:atmosphere of Earth
325:gamma-ray astronomy
291:Wide Field Camera 3
210:Great Observatories
170:(SST) observed the
34:Great Observatories
5695:(2010 documentary)
5645:Anniversary images
5044:NASA cancellations
4939:Deep Space Network
4929:Near Earth Network
4414:Living With a Star
4388:Project Prometheus
4368:Planetary Observer
3488:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
3313:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
3297:Mikhailo Lomonosov
3145:Hinotori (Astro-A)
2747:New Worlds Mission
1757:on 9 December 2007
1586:on 3 November 2007
1332:Harwood, William.
1273:on 4 November 2013
1010:Spaceflight portal
837:
696:
578:
485:heliocentric orbit
439:The launch of the
408:
354:
311:
276:Michael D. Griffin
273:NASA Administrator
225:
27:
5739:
5738:
5636:
5628:
5620:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5574:Hubble Deep Field
5570:
5547:
5533:
5519:
5507:
5495:
5478:
5312:
5311:
5225:stolen or missing
5022:uncrewed missions
5000:Apollo astronauts
4995:Gemini astronauts
4913:
4912:
4697:2001 Mars Odyssey
4472:
4471:
4348:Mars Surveyor '98
4306:
4305:
4249: (with
4182:Human spaceflight
4176:
4175:
4134:Launch Complex 48
4129:Launch Complex 39
3881:
3880:
3779:SIM & SIMlite
3153:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
3113:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
2667:Astro-1 Telescope
2493:
2492:
1617:"The GGS Program"
1336:. Spaceflight Now
1067:978-0-309-12341-9
816:Hubble Deep Field
560:
559:
368:Riccardo Giacconi
204:NASA headquarters
61:ultraviolet light
5789:
5757:Space telescopes
5727:
5726:
5715:
5714:
5634:
5626:
5618:
5608:
5600:
5592:
5584:
5576:
5568:
5539:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5487:
5470:
5403:
5397:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5300:
5299:
5288:
5287:
5126:Fallen Astronaut
4767:Van Allen Probes
4487:
4486:
4393:Mars Exploration
4318:
4317:
4189:
4188:
3957:Space Task Group
3929:
3928:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3871:
3870:
3670:
3666:Hitomi (Astro-H)
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3571:
3563:
3552:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2403:or unclassified)
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2148:Hinode (Solar-B)
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2039:Hinode (Solar-B)
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1954:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1832:
1831:
1821:Space telescopes
1814:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1739:
1737:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1044:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
941:space telescopes
790:
539:
532:
525:
515:
514:
372:Harvey Tananbaum
240:wrote the paper
80:near-ultraviolet
5797:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5703:
5654:
5615:Mystic Mountain
5556:
5550:
5450:
5404:
5398:
5389:
5348:
5343:
5313:
5308:
5276:
5176:
5167:Mission patches
5142:Pioneer plaques
5105:Mystic Mountain
5082:Family Portrait
5075:The Blue Marble
5059:
5053:
5027:Apollo missions
4968:
4920:
4909:
4876:
4681:
4675:
4512:Mercury-Atlas 6
4482:
4478:
4468:
4402:
4338:Mariner Mark II
4302:
4283:Commercial Crew
4261:
4184:
4172:
4156:Mission Control
4055:Astronaut Corps
4050:Chief Scientist
4028:
3933:
3917:
3912:
3882:
3877:
3859:
3845:X-ray telescope
3818:
3700:Constellation-X
3673:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3574:
3569:
3561:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3536:Yokoh (Solar-A)
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3504:Tenma (Astro-B)
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3265:LISA Pathfinder
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3121:HALCA (MUSES-B)
3115:
3107:
3099:
3097:Ginga (Astro-C)
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2816:Akari (Astro-F)
2810:
2796:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2402:
2401:Other (particle
2396:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2102:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1891:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1823:
1818:
1780:Wayback Machine
1760:
1758:
1749:
1746:
1724:
1722:Further reading
1719:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1646:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1609:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1580:Beyond Einstein
1574:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1212:, reprinted in
1207:
1203:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1008:
1003:
1001:
998:
943:, they are the
930:
904:Constellation-X
895:
825:
811:
806:
805:
804:
801:Galactic Center
796:
791:
688:
602:adaptive optics
566:
561:
556:
554:
543:
512:
428:, identified a
414:
400:
392:radiation belts
378:(MSFC) and the
360:
346:
317:
303:
231:
217:
212:
200:Harlan J. Smith
188:
176:Delta II rocket
17:
12:
11:
5:
5795:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5721:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5629:
5621:
5611:
5603:
5595:
5587:
5579:
5571:
5560:
5558:
5555:Special fields
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5534:
5520:
5508:
5496:
5479:
5461:
5459:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5294:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5262:Astronauts Day
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5078:
5071:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4921:and navigation
4919:Communications
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4899:Europa Clipper
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4658:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4626:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4602:
4595:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:New Millennium
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4195:
4193:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2977:Compton (CGRO)
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2909:
2904:ASCA (Astro-D)
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Hypertelescope
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Fresnel Imager
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2325:Max Valier Sat
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2261:HXMT (Insight)
2258:
2253:Einstein Probe
2250:
2242:
2237:Chandra (AXAF)
2234:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1968:constellation
1963:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1770:
1745:
1744:External links
1742:
1741:
1740:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1695:
1673:
1644:
1607:
1567:
1543:
1507:
1474:
1442:
1425:
1384:
1363:on 7 July 2019
1347:
1324:
1284:
1257:
1231:
1229:, v. 20, p. 29
1218:
1201:
1179:
1157:
1136:on 27 May 2005
1110:
1073:
1066:
1058:10.17226/12377
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1013:
997:
994:
973:announced the
965:Decadal Survey
929:
926:
925:
924:
916:
915:
894:
893:Later programs
891:
890:
889:
882:
871:
856:
824:
821:
810:
807:
793:
792:
785:
784:
783:
687:
684:
673:(ESA)'s large
565:
562:
558:
557:
548:
545:
544:
542:
541:
534:
527:
519:
513:
511:
508:
500:launch vehicle
451:flight aboard
410:Main article:
399:
396:
356:Main article:
345:
342:
313:Main article:
302:
299:
284:Space Shuttle
247:The 1966–1972
227:Main article:
216:
213:
211:
208:
187:
184:
84:Space Shuttle
65:infrared light
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5794:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:NASA programs
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5732:
5731:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5633:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5604:
5599:
5596:
5591:
5588:
5583:
5580:
5575:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5545:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:Space Shuttle
5453:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5333:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5305:
5304:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5273:
5272:Nikon NASA F4
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:NASA insignia
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5137:Lunar plaques
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5089:Pale Blue Dot
5086:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5017:NASA missions
5015:
5013:
5012:NASA aircraft
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:Space Network
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:Space Shuttle
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:New Frontiers
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Lunar Orbiter
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4298:Lunar Gateway
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4257:Constellation
4255:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4239:Space Shuttle
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:NASA research
4075:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
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3496:Taiyo (SRATS)
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2577:Solar-C EUVST
2575:
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2514:
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2500:
2496:
2483:
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2474:Solar Orbiter
2472:
2467:
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2197:
2194:
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2188:Solar Orbiter
2186:
2181:
2178:
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2162:
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2141:
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2024:
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2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1976:
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1967:
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1852:Solar Orbiter
1850:
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1826:
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1640:public domain
1622:
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1603:public domain
1585:
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1564:
1563:public domain
1553:
1547:
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1539:public domain
1521:
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1503:public domain
1485:
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1470:public domain
1452:
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1421:public domain
1403:
1399:
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1380:public domain
1362:
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1335:
1328:
1321:
1320:public domain
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1246:on 8 May 2017
1245:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1208:Spitzer, L.,
1205:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1153:public domain
1132:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1106:public domain
1088:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1000:
993:
992:
988:
984:
981:(LUVOIR) and
980:
976:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
939:
935:
922:
918:
917:
913:
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905:
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880:
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869:
865:
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843:
839:
838:
834:
829:
820:
817:
802:
799:
795:
789:
782:
780:
777:in the early
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
733:
732:field of view
728:
724:
722:
716:
714:
710:
706:
705:spiral galaxy
700:
692:
683:
681:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
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594:
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583:
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547:
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535:
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528:
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520:
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516:
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460:
458:
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450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
413:
404:
395:
393:
389:
388:Space Shuttle
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
359:
350:
341:
339:
338:Pacific Ocean
334:
330:
326:
322:
316:
307:
298:
296:
292:
288:
287:
281:
277:
274:
270:
269:Space Shuttle
266:
261:
259:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
238:Lyman Spitzer
236:
230:
221:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
183:
181:
180:liquid helium
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
107:near-infrared
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:
81:
77:
76:visible light
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
35:
32:'s series of
31:
23:
19:
5729:
5717:
5690:
5686:Edwin Hubble
5665:
5613:
5563:
5542:
5528:
5515:
5503:
5490:
5481:
5473:
5464:
5302:
5290:
5124:
5117:
5111:
5103:
5096:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5066:
4897:
4846:Perseverance
4845:
4807:
4800:
4777:
4737:
4720:
4704:New Horizons
4702:
4695:
4688:
4661:
4653:
4629:
4617:
4610:
4597:
4585:
4577:
4538:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4428:
4245:
4229:Apollo–Soyuz
3829:
3721:
3704:
3548:Hibernating
3300:(2016–2019?)
2843:(1962, 1964)
2737:Nano-JASMINE
2561:NEO Surveyor
2485:(since 2006)
2477:(since 2020)
2469:(since 1995)
2461:(since 2019)
2453:(since 2017)
2445:(since 2008)
2437:(since 2015)
2429:(since 2015)
2421:(since 2011)
2413:(since 1997)
2392:(since 1999)
2384:(since 2024)
2376:(since 2023)
2368:(since 2022)
2360:(since 2012)
2352:(since 2017)
2344:(since 2018)
2336:(since 2009)
2328:(since 2017)
2320:(since 2004)
2312:(since 2024)
2304:(since 2019)
2296:(since 2021)
2288:(since 2020)
2280:(since 2008)
2272:(since 2002)
2264:(since 2017)
2256:(since 2024)
2248:(since 2015)
2240:(since 1999)
2232:(since 2015)
2207:(since 2004)
2199:(since 2006)
2191:(since 2020)
2183:(since 2008)
2175:(since 1995)
2167:(since 2010)
2159:(since 2013)
2151:(since 2006)
2143:(since 2021)
2135:(since 2015)
2127:(since 2022)
2119:(since 2023)
2098:(since 2018)
2090:(since 2004)
2082:(since 2008)
2074:(since 1995)
2066:(since 2010)
2058:(since 2001)
2050:(since 2013)
2042:(since 2006)
2034:(since 1990)
2026:(since 2005)
2018:(since 2013)
2010:(since 2021)
2002:(since 2023)
1994:(since 2015)
1986:(since 2019)
1978:(since 2021)
1970:(since 2013)
1961:(since 2015)
1953:(since 2018)
1932:(since 2009)
1924:(since 2008)
1916:(since 2001)
1908:(since 2022)
1887:(since 2024)
1879:(since 1994)
1871:(since 2018)
1863:(since 2006)
1855:(since 2020)
1847:(since 2018)
1766:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1708:. Retrieved
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:
1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1610:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:the original
1579:
1570:
1546:
1524:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1488:. Retrieved
1477:
1455:. Retrieved
1445:
1428:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1397:
1387:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1327:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1296:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:the original
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:the original
1234:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1182:
1173:
1160:
1138:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1126:
1113:
1091:. Retrieved
1086:
1076:
1048:
1042:
969:
931:
812:
764:
760:spectroscopy
740:Solar System
737:
729:
725:
717:
701:
697:
669:mission and
664:
644:HEAO Program
641:
614:
590:far-infrared
579:
464:
461:
456:
438:
429:
425:
415:
362:In 1976 the
361:
318:
285:
262:
258:Edwin Hubble
246:
241:
232:
189:
165:
154:
144:
129:
115:
85:
69:
33:
28:
18:
5132:Deep fields
5060:and artwork
5058:NASA images
4630:Opportunity
4099:NASA Social
3925:and history
3661:(2014–2015)
3613:(2012–2013)
3579:Lost/Failed
3570:(1998–2010)
3562:(1998–2005)
3539:(1991–2001)
3531:(2001–2010)
3515:(1970–1973)
3507:(1983–1985)
3499:(1975–1980)
3491:(2005–2015)
3483:(2003–2020)
3475:(2011–2019)
3467:(1979–1985)
3459:(1975–1979)
3451:(1972–1973)
3443:(1992–2004)
3435:(1995–2012)
3427:(1990–1999)
3419:(2002–2018)
3411:(1983–1984)
3403:(2009–2013)
3387:(2006–2016)
3316:(1972–1981)
3308:(1968–1973)
3292:(1996–1997)
3284:(2003–2019)
3276:(2015–2017)
3268:(2015–2017)
3260:(1997–2002)
3252:(1990–2001)
3244:(2009–2018)
3236:(1996–2004)
3228:(1978–1996)
3220:(1996–1998)
3212:(1995–1996)
3188:(1989–1993)
3180:(2000–2008)
3172:(1979–1981)
3164:(1978–1982)
3156:(2013–2023)
3148:(1981–1991)
3140:(2009–2013)
3132:(1977–1979)
3124:(1997–2005)
3116:(1979–1985)
3108:(1989–1998)
3100:(1987–1991)
3092:(1990–1992)
3084:(2003–2013)
3076:(1987–2001)
3068:(1999–2007)
3060:(1992–2001)
3052:(1983–1986)
3041:Explorer 11
3012:(2017–2019)
3004:(1989–1993)
2996:(1975–1982)
2988:(2006–2013)
2980:(1991–2000)
2972:(2003–2008)
2964:(1996–2003)
2956:(1974–1976)
2948:(1983–1991)
2907:(1993–2000)
2899:(1973–1974)
2891:(2017–2019)
2883:(1979–1982)
2875:(1974–1980)
2867:(1971–1972)
2859:(1967–1969)
2835:(1962–1972)
2827:(1993–2005)
2819:(2006–2011)
2811:(2007–2024)
2108:Ultraviolet
1761:27 November
1590:28 November
1526:20 December
1457:14 December
955:(OST), and
752:diffraction
629:black holes
610:ultraviolet
574:Crab Nebula
481:upper stage
282:mission by
196:Peter Meyer
151:soft X-rays
126:hard x-rays
5746:Categories
5557:and images
5482:Servicing:
5220:Moon rocks
4980:Astronauts
4973:NASA lists
4830:OSIRIS-REx
4664:helicopter
4532:Pioneer 11
4525:Pioneer 10
4328:Hitchhiker
4203:suborbital
4040:Space Race
3520:Vanguard 3
2832:Alouette 1
2672:AstroSat-2
2389:XMM-Newton
1905:James Webb
1735:2104.00023
1666:15 October
1627:3 December
1490:9 December
1408:9 December
1367:8 December
1340:2 February
1307:7 December
1277:10 January
1140:8 December
1093:7 December
951:(LUVOIR),
835:telescopes
680:redshifted
656:collimated
637:supernovae
586:gamma-rays
465:Challenger
449:Spacelab-2
333:gyroscopes
235:astronomer
140:de-orbited
122:gamma rays
49:gamma rays
37:satellites
5601:(2004–05)
5593:(2003–04)
5516:Discovery
5504:Discovery
5491:Endeavour
5474:Discovery
5247:Moon tree
5068:Earthrise
4943:Goldstone
4840:Mars 2020
4809:Voyager 2
4802:Voyager 1
4738:Curiosity
4682:operating
4680:Currently
4662:Ingenuity
4599:MESSENGER
4578:Sojourner
4507:Mercury 3
4497:Apollo 11
4444:Discovery
4434:Explorers
4023:Augustine
3987:Augustine
3723:Eddington
3678:Cancelled
3185:Hipparcos
2593:Spektr-UV
2458:Mini-EUSO
2450:ISS-CREAM
2301:Spektr-RG
2221:Gamma-ray
2116:Aditya-L1
2007:Hayabusa2
1884:Queqiao 2
1828:Operating
947:(HabEx),
932:In 2016,
798:Milky Way
686:Synergies
593:radiation
564:Strengths
138:. It was
86:Discovery
5718:Category
5543:Atlantis
5529:Columbia
5458:missions
5291:Category
4953:Canberra
4865:timeline
4853:timeline
4789:timeline
4745:timeline
4642:observed
4637:timeline
4605:Aquarius
4545:timeline
4518:Magellan
4480:missions
4378:Surveyor
4314:programs
4244:Shuttle–
4185:programs
4017:Aldridge
3936:creation
3774:Sentinel
3472:Spektr-R
3408:RELIKT-1
3249:Kristall
3137:Herschel
2961:BeppoSAX
2717:JEM-EUSO
2712:iWF-MAXI
2654:Proposed
2617:LiteBIRD
2609:Spektr-M
2341:MinXSS-2
2269:INTEGRAL
2132:Astrosat
1958:Astrosat
1897:Infrared
1776:Archived
996:See also
938:Flagship
906:and the
886:INTEGRAL
779:Universe
744:asteroid
510:Timeline
497:Delta II
467:disaster
453:STS-51-F
445:infrared
434:Spacelab
424:report,
293:and the
286:Atlantis
172:infrared
156:Columbia
131:Atlantis
5730:Commons
5659:Related
5540:(2009,
5537:STS-125
5526:(2002,
5523:STS-109
5514:(1999,
5511:STS-103
5502:(1997,
5488:(1993,
5471:(1990,
5465:Launch:
5303:Commons
5181:Related
4990:by year
4985:by name
4762:GOES 15
4752:GOES 14
4669:flights
4655:InSight
4611:Cassini
4539:Galileo
4464:SIMPLEx
4439:Voyager
4407:Current
4363:Pioneer
4333:Mariner
4312:Robotic
4293:Artemis
4266:Current
4209:Mercury
4201: (
4094:NASA TV
4033:General
3932:History
3823:Related
3734:FINESSE
3712:Destiny
3695:Astro-G
3658:Tsubame
3650:Astro-E
3626:ABRIXAS
3480:Spitzer
3464:Solwind
3416:R/HESSI
3376:Orion 2
3368:Orion 1
3073:Kvant-1
2969:CHIPSat
2932:Astro-2
2912:Astro-1
2888:ASTERIA
2880:Ariel 6
2872:Ariel 5
2864:Ariel 4
2856:Ariel 3
2848:Ariel 2
2840:Ariel 1
2801:Retired
2792:THESEUS
2777:Solar-D
2772:PhoENiX
2612:(2030+)
2569:JASMINE
2537:Xuntian
2505:SPHEREx
2498:Planned
2047:NEOSSat
1942:Optical
1868:Queqiao
1198:. NASA.
1176:. NASA.
633:pulsars
606:airglow
471:Centaur
457:Shuttle
280:STS-125
267:by the
159:during
134:during
111:STS-125
89:during
57:visible
5692:Hubble
5635:(2019)
5627:(2012)
5619:(2010)
5609:(2006)
5606:SWEEPS
5585:(1998)
5577:(1995)
5569:(1995)
5499:STS-82
5485:STS-61
5468:STS-31
4948:Madrid
4881:Future
4796:NuSTAR
4727:THEMIS
4649:RHESSI
4586:Spirit
4383:Viking
4373:Ranger
4224:Skylab
4219:Apollo
4214:Gemini
4072:Budget
4025:(2009)
4019:(2004)
4013:(2004)
4007:(2003)
4001:(2002)
3999:CFUSAI
3995:(1996)
3989:(1990)
3983:(1989)
3977:(1987)
3971:(1986)
3969:Rogers
3965:(1986)
3959:(1958)
3953:(1958)
3947:(1915)
3923:Policy
3799:TAUVEX
3706:Darwin
3685:Aelita
3669:(2016)
3653:(2000)
3645:(1999)
3637:(1996)
3634:HETE-1
3629:(1999)
3621:(1965)
3605:(1976)
3597:(1970)
3589:(1966)
3523:(1959)
3440:SAMPEX
3400:Planck
3395:(2018)
3392:PicSat
3384:PAMELA
3379:(1973)
3371:(1971)
3273:MinXSS
3241:Kepler
3204:(1983)
3196:(2024)
3177:HETE-2
3169:HEAO-3
3129:HEAO-1
3105:Granat
3049:EXOSAT
3044:(1961)
3036:(2010)
3028:(2008)
3020:(1993)
3009:CXBN-2
2945:Astron
2940:(1995)
2915:(1990)
2851:(1964)
2824:ALEXIS
2767:PETREL
2727:LUVOIR
2677:EXCEDE
2644:(2035)
2636:(2035)
2633:Athena
2628:(2033)
2620:(2032)
2604:(2030)
2596:(2030)
2588:(2029)
2580:(2028)
2572:(2028)
2564:(2027)
2556:(2027)
2548:(2027)
2540:(2026)
2532:(2026)
2524:(2026)
2516:(2026)
2513:K-EUSO
2508:(2025)
2482:STEREO
2418:AMS-02
2381:XPoSat
2357:NuSTAR
2196:STEREO
2140:Hibari
2031:Hubble
2023:HiRISE
1999:Euclid
1991:DSCOVR
1983:CHEOPS
1860:STEREO
1710:4 June
1706:. NASA
1688:4 June
1684:. NASA
1522:. NASA
1486:. NASA
1250:22 May
1064:
868:HETE-2
809:Impact
756:albedo
709:GN-z11
635:, and
623:to 30
582:X-rays
576:(2009)
469:, the
161:STS-93
136:STS-37
103:STS-82
99:STS-61
91:STS-31
63:, and
53:X-rays
4893:NISAR
4848:rover
4820:MAVEN
4740:rover
4721:Swift
4632:rover
4593:LADEE
4588:rover
4580:rover
4557:GRAIL
4552:GALEX
4343:MESUR
4288:Orion
4089:NASA+
4065:Chief
3963:Paine
3794:SPOrt
3789:SPICA
3769:OSO K
3764:OSO J
3618:OSO C
3602:CORSA
3594:OAO-B
3586:OAO-1
3567:TRACE
3512:Uhuru
3456:SAS-C
3448:SAS-B
3424:ROSAT
3361:OSO 8
3356:OSO 7
3351:OSO 6
3346:OSO 5
3341:OSO 4
3336:OSO 3
3331:OSO B
3326:OSO 1
3305:OAO-2
3257:LEGRI
3193:ILO-X
3089:Gamma
3081:GALEX
3033:EPOXI
3025:EPOCh
2993:Cos-B
2985:CoRoT
2920:BBXRT
2808:AGILE
2787:THEIA
2757:ORBIS
2707:ILO-1
2692:HabEx
2687:FOCAL
2662:Arcus
2625:Taiji
2585:ARIEL
2529:PLATO
2434:DAMPE
2426:CALET
2373:XRISM
2349:NICER
2317:Swift
2285:GECAM
2277:Fermi
2245:DAMPE
2229:CALET
2217:X-ray
2204:Swift
2180:SOLAR
2124:ASO-S
2087:Swift
2079:SOLAR
1975:CHASE
1966:BRITE
1921:SOLAR
1730:arXiv
1192:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
1134:(PDF)
1123:(PDF)
864:Swift
748:moons
493:Atlas
489:Titan
265:Earth
5681:NASA
4872:PACE
4815:WISE
4778:Juno
4618:Dawn
4562:WMAP
4502:COBE
4490:Past
4321:Past
4199:X-15
4192:Past
4005:CAIB
3975:Ride
3945:NACA
3915:NASA
3814:XIPE
3809:XEUS
3784:SNAP
3759:LOFT
3754:JDEM
3739:GEMS
3729:FAME
3717:EChO
3690:AOSO
3642:WIRE
3610:CXBN
3559:SWAS
3528:WMAP
3432:RXTE
3281:MOST
3233:IXAE
3209:IRTS
3201:IRAS
3065:FUSE
3057:EUVE
3001:COBE
2732:Lynx
2722:LUCI
2641:LISA
2601:UVEX
2553:LORD
2545:COSI
2466:SOHO
2442:IBEX
2365:LEIA
2333:MAXI
2309:SVOM
2293:IXPE
2219:and
2172:SOHO
2156:IRIS
2095:TESS
2071:SOHO
2055:Odin
2015:Gaia
1929:WISE
1913:Odin
1876:Wind
1844:NCLE
1763:2007
1712:2024
1690:2024
1668:2017
1629:2007
1592:2007
1528:2018
1492:2016
1459:2016
1410:2007
1369:2007
1342:2020
1309:2007
1279:2007
1252:2008
1142:2007
1095:2007
1062:ISBN
971:NASA
934:NASA
919:The
898:The
873:The
858:The
840:The
833:Webb
742:and
667:IRAS
660:CCDs
617:HEAO
588:and
491:and
370:and
166:The
145:The
116:The
78:and
70:The
59:and
30:NASA
4825:MMS
4246:Mir
3804:TPF
3749:IXO
3744:HOP
3289:MSX
3225:IUE
3217:ISO
3017:DXS
2953:ANS
2936:HUT
2925:HUT
2896:ATM
2762:OST
2697:HWO
2410:ACE
2164:SDO
2063:SDO
1950:Aoi
1054:doi
879:Sun
675:ISO
625:GeV
621:keV
600:or
478:LOX
474:LH2
192:NRC
5748::
2938:)
1765:.
1659:.
1647:^
1619:.
1578:.
1518:.
1396:.
1295:.
1194:.
1172:.
1125:.
1085:.
1060:.
781:.
715:)
639:.
631:,
584:,
340:.
297:.
260:.
67:.
55:,
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5546:)
5532:)
5518:)
5506:)
5494:)
5477:)
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4960:)
4941:(
4253:)
4235:)
4205:)
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1732::
1714:.
1692:.
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1642:.
1631:.
1605:.
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1565:.
1541:.
1530:.
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1494:.
1472:.
1461:.
1423:.
1412:.
1382:.
1371:.
1344:.
1322:.
1311:.
1281:.
1254:.
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1108:.
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1070:.
1056::
881:.
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524:v
476:/
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