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to Yerkes
Observatory by Helen Snow of Chicago. George Ellery Hale, then director of Yerkes, had the telescope brought to Mount Wilson to put it into service as a proper scientific instrument. Its 24-inch (61 cm) primary mirror with a 60-foot (18 m) focal length, coupled with a spectrograph, did groundbreaking work on the spectra of sunspots, doppler shift of the rotating solar disc and daily solar images in several wavelengths. Stellar research soon followed as the brightest stars could have their spectra recorded with very long exposures on glass plates. The Snow solar telescope is mostly used by undergraduate students who get hands-on training in solar physics and spectroscopy. It was also used publicly for the May 9, 2016 transit of Mercury across the face of the Sun.
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993:, is an interferometer formed from six 1 meter telescopes arranged along three axes with a maximum separation of 330 m. The light beams travel through vacuum pipes and are delayed and combined optically, requiring a building 100 meters long with movable mirrors on carts to keep the light in phase as the Earth rotates. CHARA began scientific use in 2002 and "routine operations" in early 2004. In the infrared, the integrated image can resolve down to 0.0005 arcseconds. Six telescopes are in regular use for scientific observations and as of late 2005 imaging results are routinely acquired. The array captured the first image of the surface of a
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telescope and used the telescope as a guiding platform to maintain alignment with the stars being studied. By
December 1920, Michelson and Pease were able to use the equipment to determine the precise diameter of a star, the red giant Betelgeuse, the first time the angular size of a star had ever been measured. In the next year, Michelson and Pease measured the diameters of six more red giants before reaching the resolution limit of the 20-foot beam interferometer.
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floors around the optics. This design allowed complete isolation of the optics from the effect of wind swaying the tower. Two mirrors feed sunlight to a 12-inch (30 cm) lens which focuses light down at the ground floor. It was first completed in 1910, but unsatisfactory optics caused a two-year delay before a suitable doublet lens was installed. Research included solar rotation, sunspot polarities, daily
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869:, which ran the observatory, handed it over to the non-profit Mount Wilson Institute. At that time, the 2.5-meter telescope was deactivated, but it was restarted in 1992 and in 1995 it was outfitted with a visible light adaptive optics system and later in 1997, it hosted the UnISIS, laser guide star adaptive optics system.
1144:. Given that the observatory is no longer able to do significant research due to light pollution, it receives no scientific funding; the concerts therefore provide a significant portion of the budget needed to maintain the observatory as an historic landmark, along with ticketed events such as public viewing nights.
945:, is an array of three 1.65 meter telescopes operating in the mid-infrared. The telescopes are fully mobile and their current site on Mount Wilson allows for placements as far as 70 meters apart, giving the resolution of a telescope of that diameter. The signals are converted to radio frequencies through
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On one Sunday each month during the warmer months of the year, Mt. Wilson
Observatory hosts a chamber music or jazz concert in the dome. The idea to use the dome as a venue for live music originated in 2017 from a conversation between Dan Kohne, a board member of the Mt. Wilson Institute, and Cécilia
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As the use of the telescope for scientific work diminished again, a decision was made to convert it to use for visual observing. Because of the high position of the
Cassegrain focus above the observing floor, a system of mirrors and lenses was developed to allow viewing from a position at the bottom
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The Snow Solar
Telescope was the first telescope installed at the fledgling Mount Wilson Solar Observatory. It was the world's first permanently mounted solar telescope. Solar telescopes had previously been portable so they could be taken to solar eclipses around the world. The telescope was donated
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has a rich history at Mount Wilson. No fewer than seven interferometers have been located here. The reason for this is the extremely steady air over Mount Wilson is well suited to interferometry, the use of multiple viewing points to increase resolution enough to allow for the direct measurement of
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The 150-foot (46 m) focal length solar tower expanded on the solar tower design with its tower-in-a-tower design. (The tower is actually 176 feet (54 m) tall.) An inner tower supports the optics above, while an outer tower, which completely surrounds the inner tower, supports the dome and
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in the spectrum of a sunspot, showing for the first time that magnetic fields existed somewhere besides the Earth. A later discovery was of the reversed polarity in sunspots of the new solar cycle of 1912. The success of the 60-foot Tower prompted Hale to pursue yet another, taller tower telescope.
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The 60-foot (18 m) Solar Tower soon built on the work started at the Snow telescope. At its completion in 1908, the vertical tower design of the 60-foot focal length solar telescope allowed much higher resolution of the solar image and spectrum than the Snow telescope could achieve. The higher
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provided funds to complete the telescope and dome. The Saint-Gobain factory was again chosen to cast a blank in 1906, which it completed in 1908. After considerable trouble over the blank (and potential replacements), the Hooker telescope was completed and saw "first light" on
November 2, 1917. As
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To expand on the work of the 20-foot interferometer, Pease, Michelson and George E. Hale designed a 50-foot interferometer which was installed at Mount Wilson
Observatory in 1929. It successfully measured the diameter of Betelgeuse, but, other than beta Andromedae, could not measure any stars not
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The telescope is used for public outreach as the second largest telescope in the world devoted to the general public. Custom made 10 cm eyepieces are fitted to its focus using the bent cassegrain configuration to provide views of the Moon, planetary, and deep-sky objects. Groups may book the
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The first of these interferometers was the 20-foot
Stellar Interferometer. In 1919 the 100-inch Hooker telescope was equipped with a special attachment, a 20-foot optical astronomical interferometer developed by Albert A. Michelson and Francis G. Pease. It was attached to the end of the 100-inch
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In 1935 the silver coating used since 1917 on the Hooker mirror was replaced with a more modern and longer lasting aluminum coating that reflected 50% more light than the older silver coating. The newer method of coating for the telescope mirrors was first tested on the older 1.5 meter mirror.
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in France, in 1896 as a gift from his father, William Hale. It was a glass disk 19 cm thick and weighing 860 kg. However it was not until 1904 that Hale received funding from the
Carnegie Institution to build an observatory. Grinding began in 1905 and took two years. The mounting and
517:
Although slightly smaller than the
Leviathan, the 60-inch had many advantages including a far better site, a glass mirror instead of speculum metal, and a precision mount which could accurately track any direction in the sky, so the 60-inch was a major advance.
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of the telescope tube. With the conversion completed in 2014, the 2.5 meter telescope began its new life as the world's largest telescope dedicated to public use. Regularly scheduled observing began with the 2015 observing season.
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configurations. It is currently used in the bent Cassegrain configuration. It became one of the most productive and successful telescopes in astronomical history. Its design and light-gathering power allowed the pioneering of
1115:, an epic poem about the history of science. According to his account of the night, the first object viewed in the telescope was Jupiter, and Noyes himself was the first to see one of the planet's moons through the telescope.
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due to the growth of greater Los Angeles has limited the ability of the observatory to engage in deep space astronomy, but it remains a productive center, with the CHARA array continuing important stellar research.
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Optical interferometry reached the limit of the available technology and it took about thirty years for faster computing, electronic detectors and lasers to make larger interferometers possible again.
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By the 1980s, the focus of astronomy research had turned to deep space observation, which required darker skies than what could be found in the Los Angeles area, due to the ever-increasing problem of
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In the 1960s, Robert Leighton discovered the Sun had a 5-minute oscillation and the field of helioseismology was born. The 60-foot Tower is operated by the Department of Physics and Astronomy at
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in the spiral nebula of Andromeda using the 2.5-meter telescope. This discovery allowed him to calculate the distance to the spiral nebula of Andromeda and show that it was actually a
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resolution came from situating the optics higher above the ground, thereby avoiding the distortion caused by the heating of the ground by the Sun. On June 25, 1908, Hale would record
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to make observations with which he produced two fundamental results which changed the scientific view of the Universe. Using observations he made in 1922–1923, Hubble was
2024:
1915:
1081:. A small room is dedicated to a collection of unusual letters and theories received by the observatory circa 1915–1935. These letters were also collected in the book
796:, much larger than the one he had used to measure Jupiter's satellites. Michelson was able to use the equipment to determine the precise diameter of stars, such as
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Tsan, an internationally recognized cellist. Tsan agreed that the acoustics in the dome were "extraordinary", comparable to such world-renowned venues as the
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in Arizona in 1962. In 1985, UCLA took over operation of the solar tower from the Carnegie Observatories after they decided to stop funding the observatory.
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469:, and many magnetic field studies. The solar telescope would be the world's largest for 50 years until the McMath-Pierce Solar telescope was completed at
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1968:
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581:(ACE). The 69-channel system improved the potential resolving power of the telescope from 0.5 to 1.0 arc sec to 0.07 arc sec. ACE was developed by
1462:"The Greatest Telescope in the World; Monster Instrument Ordered by Carnegie Institution Will Far Exceed in Power All Other Watchers of the Skies"
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at the Library of Congress. Kohne and Tsan worked together to create the series, which has run every concert season except for a break during the
953:. The longest, 70-meter baseline provides a resolution of 0.003 arcsec at a wavelength of 11 micrometers. On July 9, 2003, ISI recorded the first
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in 1904, leasing the land from the owners of the Mount Wilson Hotel in 1904. Among the conditions of the lease was that it allow public access.
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over Los Angeles, Mount Wilson has steadier air than any other location in North America, making it ideal for astronomy and in particular for
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1122:. Flames approached within 500 feet (150 m) of the observatory on September 15, but the observatory was declared safe on September 19.
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was present for the "first light" of the Hooker telescope on November 2, 1917. Noyes used this night as the setting in the opening of
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with the sixty-inch telescope, the bearings are assisted by the use of mercury floats to support the 100 ton weight of the telescope.
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completed in 1905, the 60 foot (18 m) solar tower completed in 1908, the 150 foot (46 m) solar tower completed in 1912, and the
2020:
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Edwin Hubble performed many critical calculations from work on the Hooker telescope. In 1923, Hubble discovered the first
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at Mount Wilson Observatory. Just one of these telescopes, the 60-foot Solar Tower, is still used for solar research.
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2102:"Saving Mt. Wilson Observatory: Inside the long battle to maintain the spot where we found our place in the universe"
1916:"Bobcat Fire grows to nearly 38,300 acres, jumping contingency line; Sierra Madre residents urged to prepare to flee"
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Once the sixty-inch telescope project was well underway, Hale immediately set about creating a larger telescope.
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confirm that the Universe is expanding, measure its expansion rate, and measure the size of the known Universe
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which was the largest operational telescope in the world when it was completed in 1908. It also contains the
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The observatory was the primary setting of "Nothing Behind the Door," the first episode of the radio series
1719:"The Radiative Pattern and Asymmetry of IRC +10216 at 11 μm Measured with Interferometry and Closure Phase"
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A 61 cm telescope fitted with an infrared detector purchased from a military contractor was used by
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The initial efforts to mount a telescope to Mount Wilson occurred in the 1880s by one of the founders of
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was December 8, 1908. It was, at the time, the largest operational telescope in the world. Lord Rosse's
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1969:"Evacuations ordered in parts of Antelope Valley as Bobcat fire moves within 1 mile of Juniper Hills"
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342:, which was the largest aperture telescope in the world from its completion in 1917 to 1949, and the
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397:, then the world's largest telescope. The Mount Wilson Solar Observatory was first funded by the
389:, but he died without finishing the funding effort. The observatory was conceived and founded by
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2075:"Interview: Cellist Cécilia Tsan On Combining Her Musical Artistry With CONCERTS Programming"
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2021:"One of the most magnificent concert venues in L.A. is the dome of this 100-inch telescope"
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Space Sciences Laboratory and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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No One May Ever Have the Same Knowledge Again: Letters to Mt. Wilson Observatory 1915–1935
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The observatory contains two historically important telescopes: the 100-inch (2.5 m)
8:
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Letters to the Mount Wilson Observatory are the subject of a permanent exhibition at the
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provided crucial funding of $ 45,000 for the purchase and grinding of the mirror, while
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nine years later, the 60-inch telescope remained one of the largest in use for decades.
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In 1968, the first large-area near-IR (2.2 μm) survey of the sky was conducted by
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In 1919 the Hooker telescope was equipped with a special attachment, a 6-meter optical
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514:, a 72-inch (1.8-meter) telescope built in 1845, was, by the 1890s, out of commission.
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in many galaxies and published a paper in 1929 that showed the universe is expanding.
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1424:"The battle to save Mt. Wilson Observatory, where we found our place in the universe"
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The Hooker's reign of three decades as the largest telescope came to an end when the
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using a 157 cm reflecting dish they had built in the early 1960s. Known as the
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stars, which double the size of the known universe previously calculated by Hubble
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1942:"Bobcat fire threatens multiple fronts, from Mt. Wilson to foothill neighborhoods"
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developed his star classification system based on observations using the Hooker.
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Station fire likely to hit historic Mt. Wilson observatory, fire officials say.
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U-M astronomers capture the first image of surface features on a sun-like star
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Image of the sixty inch telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory, 1920-1939.
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506:. Transporting the pieces to the top of Mount Wilson was an enormous task.
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2195:
Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections,
1891:"Bobcat Fire: Blaze Grows To Over 38K Acres; Serious Threat To Mt. Wilson"
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1717:
A. A. Chandler; K. Tatebe; D. D. S. Hale; C. H. Townes (March 10, 2007).
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List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths
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were millions of light-years away. He then showed that the universe was
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that the Universe extends beyond the Milky Way galaxy, and that several
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circuits and then combined electronically using techniques copied from
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History of Mount Wilson Observatory - Building the 2.5 meter Telescope
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Looking down on the top of Mount Wilson, including the historic 100"
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The observatory was a filming location in a space-themed episode of
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1399:"Astronomical Observing through the Mount Wilson 60-inch Telescope"
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read out on paper charts. The telescope is now on display at the
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27:
Astronomical observatory in Los Angeles County, California, USA
51:(center), the 60" telescope (center left), and the CHARA array
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In September 2020, the observatory was evacuated due to the
800:, the first time the size of a star had ever been measured.
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1693:"Infrared Spatial Interferometer Array – System Overview"
846:-Carnegie consortium completed its 200-inch (5.1 m)
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Workmen assembling the polar axis of the Hooker telescope
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fundamentally changed the scientific view of the Universe
537:
The 60-inch telescope is a reflector telescope built for
1506:"Aluminum-Coated Mirrors Boost Power of Giant Telescope"
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In 1992, the 60-inch telescope was fitted with an early
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received the 60-inch (1.5 m) mirror blank, cast by
393:, who had previously built the 1 meter telescope at the
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Educational buildings in Los Angeles County, California
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until 1949. It is one of the most famous telescopes in
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List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century
858:. The Hale Telescope saw first light in January 1949.
2206:
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The mirror of the Hooker telescope on its way up the
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Discoveries made with the Hooker 100-inch telescope:
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Five-foot telescope being transported up the mountain
2048:"Jazz Concerts in the Dome, Mt. Wilson Observatory"
1995:"Mount Wilson Observatory Survives a Trial by Fire"
1503:
1459:
1096:The historic monument came under threat during the
2179:"Telescope's Five Ton Eye Is Restored With Silver"
1490:. Article written by Mike Simmons in 1984 for the
926:
914:
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633:, California, was completed in 1917, and was the
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2176:
920:already measured by the 20-foot interferometer.
485:The 60-inch (1.5 m) telescope at Mt. Wilson
263:
1180:List of largest optical telescopes historically
745:and to the discovery of two different types of
1654:"Interferometer Measurement of Star Diameters"
1260:
1258:
1219:"Mount Wilson Observatory an astronomical gem"
567:
339:
217:
1175:List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
566:photography. Though surpassed in size by the
437:Top of the Solar tower containing the mirrors
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997:other than the Sun published in early 2007.
987:Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy
876:The telescope has a resolving power of 0.05
600:
2039:
1845:
1571:"Laird A. Thompson: Professor of Astronomy"
1255:
741:'s observations lead to the distinction of
533:Steel dome of the 60-inch telescope in 1909
2137:
1524:"Engineering and Science monthly May 1949"
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168:
104:
81:
61:
41:
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2012:
1827:"Reflecting Telescope, Infrared, Caltech"
1319:
498:structure for the telescope was built in
327:, a 5,710-foot (1,740-meter) peak in the
2323:Astronomical observatories in California
2167:Mount Wilson Observatory Clear Sky Clock
1565:
1460:Serviss, Garrett P. (January 27, 1907),
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1009:Caltech Infrared Telescope in the museum
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413:At the base of the 150-foot Solar Tower.
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2338:San Gabriel Mountains National Monument
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1992:
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1251:Window to other worlds - SGVTribune.com
1017:in 1966 to determine the center of the
681:to be external to the Milky Way galaxy
597:telescope for an evening of observing.
459:
424:
323:, United States. The MWO is located on
14:
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1993:Overbye, Dennis (September 19, 2020).
1652:Vaughan, Arthur H. Jr. (August 1967).
1345:
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441:
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2201:University of California, Los Angeles
2054:from the original on December 3, 2023
1966:
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1352:University of California, Los Angeles
1212:
1210:
1156:which originally aired June 8, 1947.
1147:
1127:Sunday Afternoon Concerts in the Dome
677:Edwin Hubble conclusively proves the
2100:Purtill, Corinne (October 3, 2023).
2072:
2018:
1967:Smith, Hayley (September 17, 2020).
1697:University of California at Berkeley
1492:Mount Wilson Observatory Association
1422:Purtill, Corinne (October 3, 2023).
1322:"History of the 60 Foot Solar Tower"
641:of the 20th century. It was used by
476:
272:Location of Mount Wilson Observatory
1659:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1348:"The 150-Foot Solar Tower: History"
1293:"The CUREA Program at Mount Wilson"
1000:
579:Atmospheric Compensation Experiment
404:
24:
2108:from the original on June 15, 2024
2081:from the original on July 27, 2021
2027:from the original on March 2, 2024
1960:
1512:. Bonnier Corporation. p. 17.
1290:
1239:Sixty Years in Southern California
1207:
1162:Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule
960:measurements in the mid infrared.
943:University of California, Berkeley
399:Carnegie Institution of Washington
242:6 40-inch (~1.02 meter) reflectors
232:3 65-inch (~1.65 meter) reflectors
25:
2369:
2197:Charles E. Young Research Library
2177:Hearst Magazines (January 1931).
2150:150-Foot Solar Tower Webcam Image
2124:
1888:
1504:Bonnier Corporation (July 1935).
1326:University of Southern California
1320:Pinkerton, Stephen; Chen, Casey.
883:
609:The 100-inch Hooker telescope at
454:University of Southern California
383:University of Southern California
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2240:
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2216:
1878:. New York, Frederick A. Stokes.
1851:Mozingo, Joe (August 30, 2009).
1111:the first volume in his trilogy
1098:August 2009 California wildfires
1054:Smithsonian Air and Space Museum
902:details such as star diameters.
835:, observed the magnitude of the
630:
610:
593:funded the civilian conversion.
568:§ 100-inch Hooker telescope
283:
262:
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77:Carnegie Institution for Science
2343:History of Pasadena, California
2046:Adamek, Pauline (August 2021).
1986:
1934:
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1068:The Snow solar telescope (1906)
989:(CHARA), built and operated by
939:Infrared Spatial Interferometer
933:Infrared Spatial Interferometer
927:Infrared Spatial Interferometer
755:
228:Infrared Spatial Interferometer
2185:. Hearst Magazines. p. 1.
2019:Braz, Anna (August 21, 2023).
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1339:
1313:
1284:
1244:
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1217:Hansen, Wendy (July 6, 2008).
974:
915:50-foot Stellar Interferometer
906:20-foot Stellar Interferometer
321:Los Angeles County, California
13:
1:
2172:Letters to the MWO, 1915-1935
2145:The 100-inch Hooker Telescope
1831:National Air and Space Museum
1810:Pennsylvania State University
1788:"1968: Two Micron Sky Survey"
1200:
1075:Museum of Jurassic Technology
1036:, it operated in an unguided
967:One of six telescopes of the
167:1,742 m (5,715 ft)
941:(ISI), run by an arm of the
856:San Diego County, California
734:
711:
697:
685:
673:
587:Strategic Defense Initiative
335:, northeast of Los Angeles.
7:
2073:Kaan, Gil (July 21, 2021).
1168:
899:Astronomical interferometry
890:Astronomical interferometer
790:astronomical interferometer
591:National Science Foundation
489:For the 60-inch telescope,
10:
2374:
1756:"Monster of the Milky Way"
1627:"Mount Wilson Observatory"
1601:"Mount Wilson Observatory"
1541:"Mount Wilson Observatory"
1373:"Mount Wilson Observatory"
1266:"Mount Wilson Observatory"
1034:Caltech Infrared Telescope
978:
930:
887:
625:The 100-inch (2.5 m)
621:Hooker Telescope enclosure
1136:(Opéra de Paris) and the
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635:world's largest telescope
601:100-inch Hooker telescope
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2348:Landmarks in Los Angeles
1448:Chicago Tribune archives
991:Georgia State University
854:, 144 km south, in
718:finds two satellites of
665:
631:Mount Wilson Observatory
512:Leviathan of Parsonstown
502:and barely survived the
365:that traps warm air and
356:Georgia State University
317:astronomical observatory
309:Mount Wilson Observatory
289:Related media on Commons
36:Mount Wilson Observatory
1079:Los Angeles, California
639:observational astronomy
1743:University of Michigan
1450:- Retrieved 2017-05-16
1195:Mount Wilson Toll Road
1069:
1010:
971:
831:. Hubble, assisted by
816:
773:
766:Mount Wilson Toll Road
622:
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534:
526:
486:
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148:34.22503°N 118.05719°W
57:Alternative names
2333:San Gabriel Mountains
2104:. Los Angeles Times.
2077:. BroadwayWorld.com.
2023:. Los Angeles Times.
1569:(September 2, 2013).
1411:on December 28, 2013.
1190:List of observatories
1067:
1008:
966:
888:Further information:
814:
763:
620:
608:
532:
524:
484:
436:
412:
329:San Gabriel Mountains
95:Observatory code
2353:Myron Hunt buildings
1948:. September 16, 2020
1922:. September 14, 2020
1607:on September 5, 2015
1581:on September 5, 2015
1379:on September 5, 2015
1346:Gilman, Pam (2003).
1109:Watchers of the Sky,
1021:for the first time.
867:Carnegie Institution
802:Henry Norris Russell
460:150-foot Solar Tower
425:Snow Solar Telescope
387:Edward Falles Spence
348:Snow solar telescope
153:34.22503; -118.05719
1875:Watchers of the Sky
1672:1967ASPL...10...57V
1138:Coolidge Auditorium
852:Palomar Observatory
794:Albert A. Michelson
743:stellar populations
704:finds evidence for
662:
442:60-foot Solar Tower
222:2.5 meter reflector
212:1.5 meter reflector
144: /
37:
2050:. ArtsBeatLA.com.
1999:The New York Times
1768:. October 31, 2006
1567:Thompson, Laird A.
1486:2015-09-05 at the
1148:In popular culture
1070:
1030:Robert B. Leighton
1011:
995:main sequence star
972:
958:aperture synthesis
817:
774:
660:
623:
615:
535:
527:
491:George Ellery Hale
487:
439:
415:
395:Yerkes Observatory
391:George Ellery Hale
35:
2193:Los Angeles Times
2183:Popular Mechanics
1973:Los Angeles Times
1946:Los Angeles Times
1857:Los Angeles Times
1428:Los Angeles Times
1291:Turner, Paula C.
1224:Los Angeles Times
1142:Covid-19 pandemic
1103:The English poet
1050:Udvar-Hazy Center
833:Milton L. Humason
753:
752:
722:, referred to as
562:photography, and
477:60-inch telescope
373:. The increasing
344:60-inch telescope
305:
304:
246:
245:
208:60-inch telescope
16:(Redirected from
2365:
2305:
2304:
2293:
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2269:
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2233:
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2220:
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2186:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2133:Official website
2118:
2117:
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2097:
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2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
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2016:
2010:
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1990:
1984:
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1901:
1886:
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1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1833:. March 20, 2016
1823:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1793:. Archived from
1792:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1752:
1746:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1714:
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1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
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1649:
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1642:
1640:
1638:
1633:on July 12, 2015
1629:. Archived from
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1603:. Archived from
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:. Archived from
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:. Archived from
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1501:
1495:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1404:. Archived from
1403:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1375:. Archived from
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1272:on July 12, 2015
1268:. Archived from
1262:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1237:Harris Newmark,
1235:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1113:The Torchbearers
1042:lead(II) sulfide
1026:Gerry Neugebauer
1001:Other telescopes
821:Cepheid variable
747:Cepheid variable
679:Andromeda nebula
663:
659:
627:Hooker telescope
589:system, and the
467:sunspot drawings
449:Zeeman splitting
419:solar telescopes
417:There are three
405:Solar telescopes
340:Hooker telescope
298:edit on Wikidata
287:
266:
265:
259:
218:Hooker telescope
204:
203:
193:
188:
185:
183:
172:
159:
158:
156:
155:
154:
149:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
120:, California, US
109:
108:
86:
85:
65:
49:Hooker telescope
45:
38:
34:
21:
18:Hooker Telescope
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2277:
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2265:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1889:Staff, -LAist.
1887:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1803:
1801:
1800:on May 28, 2008
1797:
1790:
1786:
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1771:
1769:
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1733:
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1610:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1547:on May 29, 2015
1539:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1510:Popular Science
1502:
1498:
1488:Wayback Machine
1479:
1475:
1464:
1458:
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1446:
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1416:
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1215:
1208:
1203:
1171:
1150:
1129:
1062:
1046:photomultiplier
1003:
983:
977:
951:radio astronomy
935:
929:
917:
908:
896:
886:
865:. In 1989, the
863:light pollution
782:Andrew Carnegie
758:
603:
575:adaptive optics
504:1906 earthquake
479:
462:
444:
427:
407:
375:light pollution
363:inversion layer
301:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
269:
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180:
152:
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146:
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103:
89:
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2169:
2164:
2159:
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2147:
2126:
2125:External links
2123:
2120:
2119:
2092:
2065:
2038:
2011:
1985:
1959:
1933:
1907:
1881:
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1515:
1496:
1473:
1469:New York Times
1452:
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1390:
1364:
1338:
1312:
1300:Kenyon College
1283:
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1230:
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1198:
1197:
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1177:
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1134:Palais Garnier
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1101:
1094:
1061:
1058:
1052:, part of the
1038:drift scanning
1002:
999:
979:Main article:
976:
973:
931:Main article:
928:
925:
916:
913:
907:
904:
885:
884:Interferometry
882:
848:Hale Telescope
778:John D. Hooker
757:
754:
751:
750:
736:
732:
731:
716:Seth Nickolson
713:
709:
708:
699:
695:
694:
691:Milton Humason
687:
683:
682:
675:
671:
670:
667:
602:
599:
558:measurements,
478:
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371:interferometry
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2162:The ISI Array
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2015:
2004:September 20,
2000:
1996:
1989:
1978:September 18,
1974:
1970:
1963:
1952:September 18,
1947:
1943:
1937:
1926:September 15,
1921:
1917:
1911:
1900:September 15,
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:Noyes, Alfred
1865:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1804:September 21,
1796:
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1772:September 21,
1767:
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1677:September 21,
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1357:September 21,
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1327:
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1301:
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1154:Quiet, Please
1145:
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1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:0-9647215-0-3
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:mode using a
1039:
1035:
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1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1007:
998:
996:
992:
988:
982:
970:
965:
961:
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955:closure phase
952:
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845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
813:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
792:developed by
791:
786:
783:
779:
771:
767:
762:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
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721:
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700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:
656:
652:
648:
647:able to prove
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
619:
612:
607:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
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561:
557:
553:
552:spectroscopic
548:
544:
540:
531:
523:
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:San Francisco
496:
492:
483:
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468:
457:
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157:
129:
127:
123:
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107:
101:
98:
96:
92:
84:
78:
75:
74:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
50:
44:
39:
30:
19:
2358:Edwin Hubble
2283:Solar System
2182:
2110:. Retrieved
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1945:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1919:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1830:
1808:– via
1802:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1759:
1750:
1745:, 2007-05-31
1734:
1725:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1663:
1657:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:the original
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1574:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1535:
1518:
1509:
1499:
1491:
1476:
1468:
1455:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1417:
1406:the original
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1246:
1238:
1233:
1222:
1160:
1158:
1151:
1130:
1112:
1108:
1105:Alfred Noyes
1082:
1033:
1023:
1015:Eric Becklin
1012:
984:
936:
922:
918:
909:
897:
875:
871:
860:
841:
827:outside the
818:
806:
787:
775:
756:Construction
739:Walter Baade
702:Fritz Zwicky
669:Description
643:Edwin Hubble
626:
624:
595:
578:
577:system, the
572:
536:
516:
495:Saint-Gobain
488:
463:
445:
428:
416:
380:
360:
337:
325:Mount Wilson
312:
308:
306:
118:Mount Wilson
70:Organization
29:
2271:Outer space
2259:Spaceflight
1666:(458): 57.
1120:Bobcat Fire
981:CHARA array
975:CHARA array
969:CHARA array
706:dark matter
689:Hubble and
629:located at
564:photometric
508:First light
361:Due to the
354:, built by
352:CHARA array
238:CHARA array
151: /
139:118°03′26″W
126:Coordinates
32:Observatory
2317:Categories
2223:California
1702:August 31,
1637:August 20,
1611:August 11,
1551:August 11,
1433:October 3,
1383:August 11,
1276:August 11,
1201:References
947:heterodyne
798:Betelgeuse
770:Mack Truck
554:analysis,
543:Cassegrain
198:Telescopes
136:34°13′30″N
2295:Education
2235:Astronomy
1837:March 19,
1019:Milky Way
878:arcsecond
829:Milky Way
655:expanding
611:Mt Wilson
539:Newtonian
471:Kitt Peak
184:.mtwilson
2112:June 15,
2106:Archived
2085:June 15,
2079:Archived
2058:June 15,
2052:Archived
2031:June 15,
2025:Archived
1872:(1922).
1575:jc-t.com
1484:Archived
1169:See also
837:redshift
585:for the
556:parallax
333:Pasadena
315:) is an
164:Altitude
114:Location
2307:Science
2209:Portals
1668:Bibcode
1494:(MWOA).
1241:(1916).
844:Caltech
772:in 1917
720:Jupiter
651:nebulae
177:Website
60:672 MW
1089:
1060:Events
1044:(PbS)
825:galaxy
560:nebula
282:
102:
79:
2247:Stars
2157:CHARA
1895:LAist
1798:(PDF)
1791:(PDF)
1722:(PDF)
1527:(PDF)
1465:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
1402:(PDF)
1296:(PDF)
768:on a
735:1940s
698:1930s
583:DARPA
547:coudé
331:near
296:[
2114:2024
2087:2024
2060:2024
2033:2024
2006:2020
1980:2020
1954:2020
1928:2020
1920:KTLA
1902:2020
1839:2018
1806:2020
1774:2020
1761:NOVA
1704:2015
1679:2020
1639:2015
1613:2015
1587:2020
1553:2015
1435:2023
1385:2015
1359:2020
1333:2020
1307:2020
1278:2015
1087:ISBN
1028:and
985:The
937:The
892:and
726:and
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