Knowledge

List of ancient Greek and Roman monoliths

Source πŸ“

2861: 2933: 2878: 19: 2989: 3006: 2972: 3040: 3058: 3023: 2915: 3093: 3076: 2844: 2900: 2955: 2877: 3173:
Although the mausoleum reflects Ostrogothic style, the method for moving the monolithic roof slab and positioning it on top of the building relied on the continuity of Roman techniques into the reign of
2932: 2860: 95:
It should be stressed that all numbers are estimations since only in the rarest cases have monoliths been actually weighed. Rather, weight is calculated by multiplying
3860: 4104: 4099: 3706:(2001), "Stone Quarrying in the Eastern Desert with Particular Reference to Mons Claudianus and Mons Porphyrites", in Mattingly, David J.; Salmon, John (eds.), 3798: 3768: 4084: 3853: 4094: 1069:
From about that time on, cranes are assumed to have become common on Greek construction sites, leading to a sharp reduction of block sizes.
3938: 4109: 3115: 108: 3846: 107:
and 2.25 t/m for other stone. For an explanation of the large margin of error, which often leads to widely differing numbers, see
3120: 3039: 2988: 4053: 3979: 3888: 3092: 3999: 3746: 3057: 2416: 2370: 2333: 3005: 2914: 80:
Transporting was done by land or water (or a combination of both), in the later case often by special-built ships such as
4074: 1283: 1248: 1214: 1180: 1146: 1111: 2939: 3984: 3918: 3715: 2971: 4035: 4030: 3667: 3592: 3022: 3570:
Adam, Jean-Pierre (1977), "Γ€ propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mΓ©galithes",
4089: 3953: 2843: 2899: 4040: 3943: 18: 3908: 3637:
Jones, Mark Wilson (1993), "One Hundred Feet and a Spiral Stair: The Problem of Designing Trajan's Column",
4025: 3869: 3075: 3883: 3832: 3065: 2680: 531: 497: 463: 3391: 2954: 3963: 3933: 3724:
Ruprechtsberger, Erwin M. (1999), "Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon)",
2885: 3994: 3928: 3710:, Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society, vol. 9, London: Routledge, pp. 143–170, 1866: 4004: 3125: 3082: 2995: 2961: 2752: 2289: 2201: 3989: 3893: 2978: 2245: 1426: 1389: 357: 322: 89: 4079: 3948: 3913: 3100: 2850: 2796: 2617: 154: 2631: 2445: 2403: 3898: 2805: 2761: 2725: 2612: 2575: 2541: 2505: 2298: 2254: 2210: 1262: 1125: 4020: 3903: 3766:
Wirsching, Armin (2000), "How the Obelisks Reached Rome: Evidence of Roman Double-Ships",
2126:
Below a selection of Roman monoliths sorted by their date; the list also includes work on
8: 3923: 2905: 2822: 837: 85: 3524: 4114: 3815: 3811: 3785: 3781: 3692: 3684: 3654: 3617: 3609: 3047: 3029: 3012: 2603: 2566: 2532: 2496: 675: 638: 223: 46: 42: 3819: 3789: 3711: 3696: 3658: 3621: 2730: 2694: 2473: 1829: 1331: 721: 600: 511: 218: 1460: 3807: 3777: 3755: 3703: 3676: 3646: 3601: 3579: 1317: 568: 536: 502: 468: 3744:
Lewis, M. J. T. (1984–85), "Roman Methods of Transporting and Erecting Obelisks",
2889: 2464: 1977: 1431: 1394: 81: 3958: 2097: 1969: 1939: 1907: 1875: 1806: 1768: 1730: 1695: 1657: 1619: 1581: 1543: 1506: 1435: 1398: 1086: 748: 716: 294: 227: 3650: 4068: 3796:
Wirsching, Armin (2003), "Supplementary Remarks on the Roman Obelisk-Ships",
2867: 2716: 2425: 2379: 2342: 1469: 285: 3583: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3838: 3525:"NOVA Online | Mysteries of the Nile | A World of Obelisks: Rome" 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 2922: 2784: 2321: 2277: 2233: 2127: 984: 906: 874: 842: 23: 3759: 2780: 2689: 2468: 2317: 2273: 2229: 1797: 1759: 1736: 1721: 1326: 943: 910: 878: 846: 437: 401: 366: 331: 163: 3237: 2884:
The existence of the U-shaped channels on the stone blocks (here at the
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quarried, moved and lifted clear off the ground into their position (
27: 1968:, the weight of the lifted blocks begins to match again that of the 3680: 3605: 2510: 406: 53: 2801: 2766: 2458: 2430: 2421: 2375: 2338: 2303: 2259: 2215: 1834: 1465: 1297: 1288: 1253: 1219: 1185: 1151: 1116: 1049: 934: 744: 712: 605: 433: 397: 290: 253: 100: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 2649: 2644: 2580: 2388: 2347: 2167: 2093: 2059: 2054: 2034: 2025: 2020: 1993: 1988: 1944: 1871: 1838: 1802: 1773: 1764: 1726: 1691: 1662: 1653: 1624: 1615: 1577: 1548: 1539: 1502: 1361: 1322: 1292: 1257: 1223: 1189: 1155: 1120: 1091: 1082: 1044: 1012: 980: 975: 948: 883: 851: 812: 780: 684: 647: 572: 540: 506: 472: 371: 299: 262: 195: 168: 104: 96: 73: 31: 3590:
Coulton, J. J. (1974), "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture",
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In case of Egyptian obelisks, date of ship transport to Rome.
2151: 1973: 1965: 1935: 1903: 939: 362: 327: 257: 159: 140: 3369:, pp. 17–19 (appendix), remaining data taken from text 2757: 2721: 2608: 2571: 2537: 2501: 2294: 2250: 2206: 2068: 119:
Below a selection of Greek monoliths sorted by their date.
1963: 1068: 3442: 3440: 103:. The main source, J. J. Coulton, assumes 2.75 t/m for 3483: 3481: 3479: 3665:
Lancaster, Lynne (1999), "Building Trajan's Column",
3203: 3201: 3437: 72:
quarried, moved and erected in an upright position (
3708:
Economies Beyond Agriculture in the Classical World
3627: 3541: 3476: 3392:"LacusCurtius β€’ Vitruvius on Architecture β€” Book X" 3198: 3799:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 3769:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 4066: 4105:Lists of ancient Greek buildings and structures 4100:Lists of ancient Roman buildings and structures 3835:– Technical investigation of Roman public works 3723: 3547: 2813: 2771: 2735: 2699: 2663: 2622: 2586: 2549: 2515: 2479: 2436: 2394: 2353: 2308: 2264: 2220: 2184: 2108: 2073: 2039: 2005: 1949: 1917: 1885: 1848: 1814: 1779: 1741: 1703: 1668: 1630: 1592: 1554: 1516: 1479: 1445: 1408: 1371: 1336: 1302: 1268: 1233: 1199: 1165: 1131: 1096: 1054: 1022: 990: 953: 918: 888: 856: 822: 790: 758: 726: 694: 657: 620: 582: 550: 516: 482: 447: 412: 376: 339: 304: 267: 235: 203: 173: 88:were employed since ca. 515 BC, such as in the 4054:Architectural records of the Greco-Roman World 3854: 3628:Heidenreich, Robert; Johannes, Heinz (1971), 3868: 2791: 2747: 2711: 2675: 2639: 2598: 2561: 2527: 2491: 2453: 2411: 2365: 2328: 2284: 2240: 2196: 2162: 22:Man amidst the collapsed giant columns of a 3861: 3847: 3795: 3765: 3664: 3487: 3470: 3431: 3419: 3219: 3193: 3743: 3702: 3458: 2130:which was continued into the Roman era. 17: 3589: 3553: 3446: 3378: 3366: 3231: 3207: 4085:Ancient Greek buildings and structures 4067: 3151: 3149: 3121:List of largest monoliths in the world 3842: 3636: 3499: 3116:Record-holding monoliths in antiquity 4095:Ancient Roman architectural elements 3747:Transactions of the Newcomen Society 3569: 3511: 2946: 2835: 3146: 13: 3812:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2003.tb01438.x 3782:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2000.tb01456.x 3737: 3630:Das Grabmal Theoderichs zu Ravenna 2940:Temple of Olympian Zeus, Agrigento 2121: 114: 14: 4126: 4110:Lists of buildings and structures 3826: 3726:Linzer ArchΓ€ologische Forschungen 3632:, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag 3091: 3074: 3056: 3038: 3021: 3004: 2987: 2970: 2953: 2931: 2913: 2898: 2876: 2859: 2842: 3668:American Journal of Archaeology 3593:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 3542:Heidenreich & Johannes 1971 3535: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3464: 3452: 3425: 3384: 3167: 1960: 1065: 90:construction of Trajan's Column 3372: 3225: 3213: 3187: 3158: 3137: 1972:, indicating a mastery of the 1: 3180: 3639:Journal of Roman Archaeology 2892:for lifting them into place. 7: 3109: 10: 4131: 4075:Ancient Greek architecture 3563: 2830: 1811:Ceiling beam, north porch 109:these introductory remarks 84:. For lifting operations, 4049: 4013: 3972: 3876: 3651:10.1017/S1047759400011454 2156: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 1700:Ceiling beam, west porch 145: 136: 133: 130: 127: 124: 39:list of ancient monoliths 3870:Roman architecture lists 3131: 3126:List of obelisks in Rome 1037:Temple of Apollo ('GT') 1005:Temple of Apollo ('GT') 968:Temple of Apollo ('GT') 3584:10.3406/syria.1977.6623 3422:, p. 271 (table 1) 2888:) points at the use of 2634:to height of 34 m 2448:to height of 19 m 2406:to height of 19 m 358:Colossus of the Naxians 323:Colossus of the Naxians 59:quarried, but not moved 3101:Mausoleum of Theodoric 2797:Mausoleum of Theodoric 155:Dedication of Nikandre 41:found in all types of 34: 4090:Ancient Roman temples 4000:Roman Forum monuments 3396:penelope.uchicago.edu 21: 4021:Lists of Roman sites 3760:10.1179/tns.1984.005 3704:Maxfield, Valerie A. 2938:Huge doric capital, 2906:Colossos of Apollona 1461:Temple of 'Poseidon' 3919:Dams and reservoirs 2851:Nikandre Dedication 838:Kouros of Apollonas 188:Fortification wall 3222:, pp. 419–439 3013:Stone of the South 2921:Column drum(s) in 2886:Temple of Heracles 2821:Constructed under 2139:Building / Object 430:Temple of Artemis 394:Temple of Artemis 219:Temple of Poseidon 128:Building / Object 62:quarried and moved 35: 4062: 4061: 4036:Villas in England 4031:Villas in Belgium 3985:Ancient monuments 3449:, pp. 16, 19 3143:If in two blocks. 2979:Campensis Obelisk 2962:Flaminian Obelisk 2828: 2827: 2417:Temple of Jupiter 2371:Temple of Jupiter 2334:Temple of Jupiter 2246:Campensis Obelisk 2202:Flaminian Obelisk 2119: 2118: 1830:Temple of Segesta 903:Temple of Apollo 871:Temple of Apollo 741:Temple of Apollo 709:Temple of Apollo 601:Temple of Artemis 4122: 3954:Triumphal arches 3863: 3856: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3822: 3792: 3762: 3733: 3720: 3699: 3661: 3633: 3624: 3586: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3400: 3399: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3210:, pp. 7, 16 3205: 3196: 3191: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3144: 3141: 3095: 3078: 3060: 3042: 3030:Unnamed monolith 3025: 3008: 2991: 2974: 2957: 2935: 2917: 2902: 2880: 2863: 2846: 2818: 2816: 2793: 2776: 2774: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2713: 2704: 2702: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2659:Architrave block 2645:Temple of Apollo 2641: 2627: 2625: 2600: 2591: 2589: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2529: 2520: 2518: 2493: 2484: 2482: 2455: 2441: 2439: 2413: 2399: 2397: 2367: 2358: 2356: 2330: 2313: 2311: 2286: 2269: 2267: 2242: 2225: 2223: 2198: 2189: 2187: 2164: 2133: 2132: 2113: 2111: 2103:Architrave block 2078: 2076: 2055:Temple of Apollo 2044: 2042: 2021:Temple of Apollo 2010: 2008: 1989:Temple of Apollo 1954: 1952: 1922: 1920: 1913:Architrave block 1890: 1888: 1881:Architrave block 1867:Temple of Apollo 1862: 1853: 1851: 1844:Architrave block 1819: 1817: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1755: 1746: 1744: 1717: 1708: 1706: 1682: 1673: 1671: 1644: 1635: 1633: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1587:Architrave block 1568: 1559: 1557: 1530: 1521: 1519: 1512:Architrave block 1493: 1484: 1482: 1475:Architrave block 1450: 1448: 1441:Architrave block 1422: 1413: 1411: 1385: 1376: 1374: 1367:Architrave block 1350: 1341: 1339: 1318:Temple of Aphaia 1307: 1305: 1273: 1271: 1265:, lower (angle) 1238: 1236: 1229:Architrave block 1204: 1202: 1195:Architrave block 1170: 1168: 1161:Architrave block 1136: 1134: 1101: 1099: 1059: 1057: 1027: 1025: 1018:Architrave block 995: 993: 958: 956: 923: 921: 893: 891: 861: 859: 827: 825: 818:Architrave block 795: 793: 786:Architrave block 763: 761: 754:Architrave block 731: 729: 699: 697: 690:Architrave block 671: 662: 660: 634: 625: 623: 615:Architrave block 596: 587: 585: 555: 553: 546:Architrave block 532:Temple of Apollo 521: 519: 498:Temple of Apollo 487: 485: 464:Temple of Apollo 452: 450: 443:Architrave block 426: 417: 415: 390: 381: 379: 353: 344: 342: 318: 309: 307: 281: 272: 270: 240: 238: 208: 206: 178: 176: 122: 121: 82:obelisk carriers 4130: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4045: 4041:Villas in Wales 4014:Other countries 4009: 3968: 3959:Victory columns 3872: 3867: 3829: 3740: 3738:Further reading 3718: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3514:, pp. 50f. 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3403: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3199: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3112: 3105: 3104: 3096: 3087: 3086: 3083:Lateran Obelisk 3079: 3070: 3069: 3066:Pompey's Pillar 3061: 3052: 3051: 3048:Trajan's Column 3043: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3015:(~1,000 t) 3009: 3000: 2999: 2996:Vatican Obelisk 2992: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2949: 2947:Roman monoliths 2942: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2909: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2864: 2855: 2854: 2847: 2838: 2836:Greek monoliths 2833: 2814: 2772: 2753:Lateran Obelisk 2736: 2700: 2681:Pompey's Pillar 2664: 2623: 2604:Trajan's Column 2587: 2567:Trajan's Column 2550: 2533:Trajan's Column 2516: 2497:Trajan's Column 2480: 2465:Mons Claudianus 2437: 2395: 2354: 2309: 2290:Vatican Obelisk 2265: 2221: 2185: 2149: 2124: 2122:Roman monoliths 2109: 2074: 2040: 2006: 1978:compound pulley 1950: 1932:Temple of Zeus 1918: 1900:Temple of Zeus 1886: 1860: 1849: 1815: 1791: 1780: 1753: 1742: 1715: 1704: 1680: 1669: 1642: 1631: 1604: 1593: 1566: 1555: 1528: 1517: 1491: 1480: 1446: 1420: 1409: 1404:Stylobate block 1383: 1372: 1348: 1337: 1303: 1269: 1234: 1200: 1166: 1132: 1097: 1055: 1023: 991: 954: 919: 889: 857: 823: 791: 759: 727: 695: 669: 658: 653:Stylobate block 632: 621: 594: 583: 578:Stylobate block 551: 517: 483: 478:Stylobate block 448: 424: 413: 388: 377: 351: 340: 316: 305: 279: 268: 236: 204: 174: 138: 117: 115:Greek monoliths 47:Roman buildings 12: 11: 5: 4128: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4026:Sites in Spain 4023: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3828: 3827:External links 3825: 3824: 3823: 3806:(1): 121–123, 3793: 3776:(2): 273–283, 3763: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3721: 3716: 3700: 3681:10.2307/506969 3675:(3): 419–439, 3662: 3634: 3625: 3606:10.2307/630416 3587: 3578:(1/2): 31–63, 3565: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3488:Lancaster 1999 3475: 3471:Lancaster 1999 3463: 3451: 3436: 3432:Lancaster 1999 3424: 3420:Wirsching 2000 3401: 3383: 3371: 3236: 3224: 3220:Lancaster 1999 3212: 3197: 3194:Wirsching 2000 3185: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3166: 3157: 3155:If monolithic. 3145: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3097: 3090: 3088: 3081: 3080: 3073: 3071: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3032:(1,242 t) 3028: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3011: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2977: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2920: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2895: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2868:Sounion Kouros 2866: 2865: 2858: 2856: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2819: 2811: 2808: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2777: 2769: 2764: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2733: 2728: 2719: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2697: 2692: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2656: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2615: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2584: 2578: 2569: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2547: 2544: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2513: 2508: 2499: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2471: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2434: 2428: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2382: 2373: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2345: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2314: 2306: 2301: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2270: 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1608: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1590: 1584: 1582:Greek mainland 1575: 1570: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1552: 1546: 1544:Greek mainland 1537: 1532: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1514: 1509: 1507:Greek mainland 1500: 1495: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1477: 1472: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1436:Greek mainland 1429: 1427:Temple of Zeus 1424: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1406: 1401: 1399:Greek mainland 1392: 1390:Temple of Zeus 1387: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1369: 1364: 1355: 1352: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1334: 1329: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1300: 1295: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1266: 1260: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1231: 1226: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1197: 1192: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1163: 1158: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1129: 1123: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1087:Greek mainland 1080: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1052: 1047: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1020: 1015: 1006: 1003: 999: 998: 996: 988: 978: 969: 966: 962: 961: 959: 951: 946: 937: 931: 927: 926: 924: 916: 913: 904: 901: 897: 896: 894: 886: 881: 872: 869: 865: 864: 862: 854: 849: 840: 835: 831: 830: 828: 820: 815: 806: 803: 799: 798: 796: 788: 783: 774: 771: 767: 766: 764: 756: 751: 749:Greek mainland 742: 739: 735: 734: 732: 724: 719: 717:Greek mainland 710: 707: 703: 702: 700: 692: 687: 678: 673: 666: 665: 663: 655: 650: 641: 636: 629: 628: 626: 618: 612: 603: 598: 591: 590: 588: 580: 575: 566: 563: 559: 558: 556: 548: 543: 534: 529: 525: 524: 522: 514: 509: 500: 495: 491: 490: 488: 480: 475: 466: 461: 457: 456: 454: 445: 440: 431: 428: 421: 420: 418: 410: 404: 395: 392: 385: 384: 382: 374: 369: 360: 355: 348: 347: 345: 337: 334: 325: 320: 313: 312: 310: 302: 297: 295:Greek mainland 288: 286:Sounion Kouros 283: 276: 275: 273: 265: 260: 251: 248: 244: 243: 241: 233: 230: 228:Greek mainland 221: 216: 212: 211: 209: 201: 198: 189: 186: 182: 181: 179: 171: 166: 157: 152: 148: 147: 144: 135: 132: 129: 126: 116: 113: 86:ancient cranes 78: 77: 70: 63: 60: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4127: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4080:Greek temples 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3944:Spiral stairs 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3884:Amphitheatres 3882: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3717:0-415-21253-7 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3490:, p. 426 3489: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3473:, p. 430 3472: 3467: 3461:, p. 158 3460: 3459:Maxfield 2001 3455: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3434:, p. 428 3433: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3150: 3140: 3136: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3102: 3099:Roof slab of 3094: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3059: 3054: 3050:(53.3 t) 3049: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2941: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2853:(0.25 t) 2852: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2717:Basilica Nova 2715: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2432: 2431:Cornice block 2429: 2427: 2426:Roman Lebanon 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2380:Roman Lebanon 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2343:Roman Lebanon 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2161: 2160: 2153: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2128:Greek temples 2115: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1956: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1778: 1776:, north door 1775: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1667: 1665:, relieving 1664: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1470:Magna Graecia 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1301: 1299: 1298:Cornice block 1296: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1064: 1061: 1053: 1051: 1050:Cornice block 1048: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 989: 986: 982: 979: 977: 973: 970: 967: 964: 963: 960: 952: 950: 947: 945: 941: 938: 936: 932: 929: 928: 925: 917: 914: 912: 908: 905: 902: 899: 898: 895: 887: 885: 882: 880: 876: 873: 870: 867: 866: 863: 855: 853: 850: 848: 844: 841: 839: 836: 833: 832: 829: 821: 819: 816: 814: 810: 807: 804: 801: 800: 797: 789: 787: 784: 782: 778: 775: 772: 769: 768: 765: 757: 755: 752: 750: 746: 743: 740: 737: 736: 733: 725: 723: 720: 718: 714: 711: 708: 705: 704: 701: 693: 691: 688: 686: 682: 679: 677: 674: 668: 667: 664: 656: 654: 651: 649: 645: 642: 640: 637: 631: 630: 627: 619: 616: 613: 611: 607: 604: 602: 599: 593: 592: 589: 581: 579: 576: 574: 570: 567: 564: 561: 560: 557: 549: 547: 544: 542: 538: 535: 533: 530: 527: 526: 523: 515: 513: 510: 508: 504: 501: 499: 496: 493: 492: 489: 481: 479: 476: 474: 470: 467: 465: 462: 459: 458: 455: 446: 444: 441: 439: 435: 432: 429: 423: 422: 419: 411: 408: 407:Pediment slab 405: 403: 399: 396: 393: 387: 386: 383: 375: 373: 370: 368: 364: 361: 359: 356: 350: 349: 346: 338: 335: 333: 329: 326: 324: 321: 315: 314: 311: 303: 301: 298: 296: 292: 289: 287: 284: 278: 277: 274: 266: 264: 261: 259: 255: 252: 249: 246: 245: 242: 234: 231: 229: 225: 222: 220: 217: 214: 213: 210: 202: 199: 197: 193: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 172: 170: 167: 165: 161: 158: 156: 153: 150: 149: 142: 123: 120: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 93: 91: 87: 83: 75: 71: 68: 64: 61: 58: 57: 56: 55: 50: 48: 44: 40: 33: 29: 25: 20: 16: 3973:City of Rome 3934:Public baths 3877:Roman Empire 3803: 3797: 3773: 3767: 3751: 3745: 3729: 3725: 3707: 3672: 3666: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3597: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3554:Coulton 1974 3549: 3544:, p. 63 3537: 3528: 3519: 3507: 3502:, p. 32 3495: 3466: 3454: 3447:Coulton 1974 3427: 3395: 3386: 3381:, p. 16 3379:Coulton 1974 3374: 3367:Coulton 1974 3234:, p. 14 3232:Coulton 1974 3227: 3215: 3208:Coulton 1974 3189: 3169: 3160: 3139: 3103:(230 t) 3085:(455 t) 3068:(285 t) 2998:(330 t) 2981:(230 t) 2964:(263 t) 2923:Cave di Cusa 2908:(~69 t) 2785:obelisk ship 2731:Column shaft 2695:Column shaft 2474:Column shaft 2389:frieze block 2322:obelisk ship 2278:obelisk ship 2234:obelisk ship 2173: 2125: 2035:Lintel block 1945:Lintel block 1774:Lintel block 1663:Lintel block 1625:Lintel block 1549:Lintel block 1332:Column shaft 1280:~500–406 BC 1263:Metope block 1245:~500–406 BC 1211:~500–406 BC 1177:~500–406 BC 1143:~500–406 BC 1126:Abacus block 1108:~500–406 BC 1034:~520–409 BC 1002:~520–409 BC 985:Cave di Cusa 965:~520–409 BC 949:Lintel block 884:Lintel block 722:Column shaft 512:Column shaft 232:Wall blocks 200:Wall blocks 118: 94: 79: 52:It contains 51: 38: 36: 24:Greek temple 15: 3556:, p. 7 3529:www.pbs.org 3046:Capital of 2925:(73 t) 2870:(~2 t) 2781:Roman Egypt 2690:Roman Egypt 2581:Column drum 2469:Roman Egypt 2348:Column drum 2318:Roman Egypt 2274:Roman Egypt 2230:Roman Egypt 1863:366–326 BC 1798:Erechtheion 1794:421–405 BC 1760:Erechtheion 1756:421–405 BC 1737:Pandroseion 1735:Block over 1722:Erechtheion 1718:421–405 BC 1683:437–432 BC 1645:437–432 BC 1607:437–432 BC 1569:437–432 BC 1531:448–437 BC 1494:448–437 BC 1423:468–457 BC 1386:468–457 BC 1351:480–460 BC 1327:Greek isles 1092:Column drum 983:in quarry ( 981:Column drum 944:Greek isles 911:Greek isles 879:Greek isles 847:Greek isles 672:550–530 BC 635:550–530 BC 597:560–550 BC 565:Olympieion 438:Greek isles 427:590–580 BC 402:Greek isles 391:590–580 BC 367:Greek isles 354:610–590 BC 332:Greek isles 319:610–590 BC 282:610–590 BC 263:Frieze slab 164:Greek isles 67:architraves 4069:Categories 3964:Watermills 3754:: 87–110, 3500:Jones 1993 3181:References 3174:Theoderic. 2823:Ostrogoths 2810:Roof slab 2686:Alexandria 2654:Asia Minor 2630:Lifted by 2583:, typical 2476:in quarry 2454:1st–3rd c. 2444:Lifted by 2412:1st–2nd c. 2402:Lifted by 2391:, central 2385:Architrave 2366:1st–2nd c. 2329:1st–2nd c. 2105:, largest 2089:Olympieion 2064:Asia Minor 2030:Asia Minor 2002:Threshold 1998:Asia Minor 1627:, largest 1589:, central 1551:, largest 1354:Temple ER 1284:Olympieion 1249:Olympieion 1215:Olympieion 1181:Olympieion 1147:Olympieion 1128:, central 1112:Olympieion 1078:Olympieion 933:Temple at 915:Threshold 805:Temple FS 617:, central 610:Asia Minor 409:, central 37:This is a 4115:Monoliths 3995:Fountains 3980:Aqueducts 3929:Monoliths 3894:Basilicas 3889:Aqueducts 3820:233246649 3790:162710923 3697:192986322 3659:250348951 3645:: 23–38, 3622:162973494 3512:Adam 1977 3064:Shaft of 2433:, corner 2163:1st c. BC 2145:Monolith 2142:Location 1964:First in 1687:Propylaia 1649:Propylaia 1611:Propylaia 1573:Propylaia 1535:Parthenon 1498:Parthenon 1358:Selinunte 1041:Selinunte 1009:Selinunte 972:Selinunte 809:Selinunte 777:Selinunte 773:Temple D 681:Selinunte 644:Selinunte 250:Temple A 192:Leontinoi 134:Monolith 131:Location 54:monoliths 28:Selinunte 4005:Obelisks 3949:Theatres 3914:Cisterns 3909:Circuses 3833:Traianus 3600:: 1–19, 3110:See also 2511:Pedestal 2350:, lower 2285:37–41 AD 2157:Comment 2085:~170 BC 2051:~310 BC 2017:~310 BC 1985:~310 BC 1961:~350 BC 1929:~340 BC 1897:~340 BC 1826:~420 BC 1457:~460 BC 1314:~500 BC 1074:~515 BC 1066:~515 BC 930:~520 BC 900:~520 BC 868:~520 BC 834:~520 BC 802:~525 BC 770:~535 BC 738:~540 BC 706:~540 BC 676:Temple C 639:Temple C 569:Syracuse 562:~555 BC 537:Syracuse 528:~565 BC 503:Syracuse 494:~565 BC 469:Syracuse 460:~565 BC 453:or 6.25 247:~630 BC 215:~640 BC 185:~650 BC 151:~650 BC 146:Comment 3990:Bridges 3899:Bridges 3564:Sources 2831:Gallery 2802:Ravenna 2767:Obelisk 2712:306–313 2640:2nd c.? 2618:Capital 2461:column 2459:Granite 2422:Baalbek 2376:Baalbek 2339:Baalbek 2304:Obelisk 2260:Obelisk 2216:Obelisk 2177:10.2.13 2170:statue 2148:Weight 1835:Segesta 1466:Paestum 1432:Olympia 1395:Olympia 1289:Akragas 1254:Akragas 1220:Akragas 1186:Akragas 1152:Akragas 1117:Akragas 935:Parikia 745:Corinth 713:Corinth 606:Ephesos 434:Kerkyra 398:Kerkyra 291:Sounion 254:Prinias 224:Isthmus 137:Weight 101:density 74:columns 3904:Canals 3818:  3788:  3732:: 7–56 3714:  3695:  3689:506969 3687:  3657:  3620:  3614:630416 3612:  2890:cranes 2806:Italia 2762:Italia 2726:Italia 2650:Didyma 2632:cranes 2613:Italia 2576:Italia 2542:Italia 2506:Italia 2446:cranes 2404:cranes 2299:Italia 2255:Italia 2211:Italia 2168:Apollo 2136:Date 2094:Athens 2060:Didyma 2026:Didyma 1994:Didyma 1872:Delphi 1839:Sicily 1803:Athens 1765:Athens 1727:Athens 1692:Athens 1654:Athens 1616:Athens 1578:Athens 1540:Athens 1503:Athens 1362:Sicily 1323:Aigina 1293:Sicily 1258:Sicily 1224:Sicily 1190:Sicily 1156:Sicily 1121:Sicily 1083:Athens 1045:Sicily 1013:Sicily 976:Sicily 852:Figure 813:Sicily 781:Sicily 685:Sicily 648:Sicily 573:Sicily 541:Sicily 507:Sicily 473:Sicily 372:Figure 300:Figure 196:Sicily 169:Figure 105:marble 97:volume 32:Sicily 3939:Roofs 3924:Domes 3816:S2CID 3786:S2CID 3693:S2CID 3685:JSTOR 3655:S2CID 3618:S2CID 3610:JSTOR 3572:Syria 3132:Notes 2779:From 2546:Base 2316:From 2272:From 2241:10 BC 2228:From 2197:10 BC 2181:Base 2175:Vitr. 2112:23.25 2009:46.75 1974:winch 1966:Ionia 1936:Nemea 1904:Nemea 1634:12.25 940:Paros 922:22.25 907:Naxos 875:Naxos 843:Naxos 794:13.75 624:41.25 586:20.25 554:20.25 363:Delos 336:Base 328:Delos 258:Crete 160:Delos 125:Date 76:etc.) 69:etc.) 43:Greek 3712:ISBN 2758:Rome 2722:Rome 2667:20.5 2626:53.3 2609:Rome 2572:Rome 2538:Rome 2502:Rome 2357:48.5 2295:Rome 2251:Rome 2207:Rome 2150:(in 2077:71.5 2069:Jamb 1976:and 1953:8.75 1951:~111 1921:6.75 1919:~111 1889:9.25 1887:~111 1852:12.5 1783:7.25 1781:~111 1745:11.5 1672:8.75 1670:~111 1596:12.5 1556:~111 1518:~111 1483:11.5 1449:16.5 1410:~111 1338:~111 1306:11.5 1272:13.5 1169:9.25 1167:~111 1135:11.5 1098:~111 1058:12.5 661:12.5 449:~111 416:3.25 414:~111 269:~111 237:~111 207:1.75 205:~111 177:0.25 175:~111 139:(in 45:and 3808:doi 3778:doi 3756:doi 3677:doi 3673:103 3647:doi 3602:doi 3580:doi 2817:230 2792:530 2783:by 2775:455 2748:357 2739:103 2703:285 2676:297 2665:~11 2624:~11 2599:113 2590:~32 2562:113 2551:~11 2528:113 2519:~77 2492:113 2483:207 2440:108 2396:~11 2355:~11 2320:by 2312:361 2276:by 2268:230 2232:by 2224:263 2188:51? 2186:~11 2110:~11 2075:~11 2041:~11 2007:~11 1850:~11 1816:~11 1743:~11 1705:~11 1632:~11 1594:~11 1520:9.5 1481:~11 1447:~11 1412:8.5 1373:~11 1304:~11 1270:~11 1235:~11 1201:~11 1133:~11 1056:~11 1024:~11 992:~11 957:~22 920:~11 890:~11 860:~69 824:~11 792:~11 760:~11 728:~11 696:~11 659:~11 622:~11 584:~11 552:~11 518:~11 484:~11 380:~23 341:~11 306:111 271:0.5 239:0.5 99:by 26:at 4071:: 3814:, 3804:32 3802:, 3784:, 3774:29 3772:, 3752:56 3750:, 3730:30 3728:, 3691:, 3683:, 3671:, 3653:, 3641:, 3616:, 3608:, 3598:94 3596:, 3576:54 3574:, 3527:. 3478:^ 3439:^ 3404:^ 3394:. 3239:^ 3200:^ 3148:^ 2815:~1 2804:, 2773:~1 2760:, 2737:~1 2724:, 2701:~1 2688:, 2652:, 2611:, 2588:11 2574:, 2553:55 2540:, 2517:11 2504:, 2481:~1 2467:, 2438:~1 2424:, 2398:63 2378:, 2341:, 2310:~1 2297:, 2266:~1 2253:, 2222:~1 2209:, 2154:) 2096:, 2062:, 2043:48 2028:, 1996:, 1938:, 1906:, 1874:, 1837:, 1818:10 1805:, 1767:, 1729:, 1707:10 1694:, 1656:, 1618:, 1580:, 1542:, 1505:, 1468:, 1434:, 1397:, 1375:17 1360:, 1325:, 1291:, 1256:, 1237:14 1222:, 1203:11 1188:, 1154:, 1119:, 1085:, 1043:, 1026:40 1011:, 994:73 987:) 974:, 955:11 942:, 909:, 892:22 877:, 858:11 845:, 826:21 811:, 779:, 762:10 747:, 730:26 715:, 698:16 683:, 646:, 608:, 571:, 539:, 520:35 505:, 486:24 471:, 436:, 400:, 378:11 365:, 343:34 330:, 308:~2 293:, 256:, 226:, 194:, 162:, 143:) 111:. 92:. 49:. 30:, 3862:e 3855:t 3848:v 3810:: 3780:: 3758:: 3679:: 3649:: 3643:6 3604:: 3582:: 3531:. 3398:. 2387:- 2152:t 1861:~ 1792:~ 1754:~ 1716:~ 1681:~ 1643:~ 1605:~ 1567:~ 1558:9 1529:~ 1492:~ 1421:~ 1384:~ 1349:~ 1340:6 1100:9 670:~ 633:~ 595:~ 451:5 425:~ 389:~ 352:~ 317:~ 280:~ 141:t

Index


Greek temple
Selinunte
Sicily
Greek
Roman buildings
monoliths
architraves
columns
obelisk carriers
ancient cranes
construction of Trajan's Column
volume
density
marble
these introductory remarks
t
Dedication of Nikandre
Delos
Greek isles
Figure
Leontinoi
Sicily
Temple of Poseidon
Isthmus
Greek mainland
Prinias
Crete
Frieze slab
Sounion Kouros

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