Ancient Greek architecture

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signs of the particular artistic character that defines ancient Greek architecture are to be seen in the pottery of the Dorian Greeks from the 10th century BC. Already at this period it is created with a sense of proportion, symmetry and balance not apparent in similar pottery from Crete and Mycenae. The decoration is precisely geometric, and ordered neatly into zones on defined areas of each vessel. These qualities were to manifest themselves not only through a millennium of Greek pottery making, but also in the architecture that was to emerge in the 6th century. The major development that occurred was in the growing use of the human figure as the major decorative motif, and the increasing surety with which humanity, its mythology, activities and passions were depicted.

1778:, which elevates the structure above the ground on which it stands. Early examples, such as the Temple of Zeus at Olympus, have two steps, but the majority, like the Parthenon, have three, with the exceptional example of the Temple of Apollo at Didyma having six. The core of the building is a masonry-built "naos" within which is a cella, a windowless room originally housing the statue of the god. The cella generally has a porch or "pronaos" before it, and perhaps a second chamber or "antenaos" serving as a treasury or repository for trophies and gifts. The chambers were lit by a single large doorway, fitted with a wrought iron grill. Some rooms appear to have been illuminated by skylights. 1038: 1379:" form, i.e. it is composed of upright beams (posts) supporting horizontal beams (lintels). Although the existent buildings of the era are constructed in stone, it is clear that the origin of the style lies in simple wooden structures, with vertical posts supporting beams which carried a ridged roof. The posts and beams divided the walls into regular compartments which could be left as openings, or filled with sun dried bricks, lathes or straw and covered with clay daub or plaster. Alternately, the spaces might be filled with rubble. It is likely that many early houses and temples were constructed with an open porch or "pronaos" above which rose a low pitched gable or pediment. 1596:. It appears that, although the architecture of ancient Greece was initially of wooden construction, the early builders did not have the concept of the diagonal truss as a stabilising member. This is evidenced by the nature of temple construction in the 6th century BC, where the rows of columns supporting the roof the cella rise higher than the outer walls, unnecessary if roof trusses are employed as an integral part of the wooden roof. The indication is that initially all the rafters were supported directly by the entablature, walls and hypostyle, rather than on a trussed wooden frame, which came into use in Greek architecture only in the 3rd century BC. 2561: 1267: 1252: 2097: 916: 2117: 2269: 653: 1236: 635:, was different in character. Its people built citadels, fortifications and tombs, and decorated their pottery with bands of marching soldiers rather than octopus and seaweed. Both these civilizations came to an end around 1100 BC, that of Crete possibly because of volcanic devastation, and that of Mycenae because of an invasion by the Dorian people who lived on the Greek mainland. Following these events, there was a period from which only a village level of culture seems to have existed. This period is thus often referred to as the 2016: 2433: 2886: 2870: 1070: 1542: 2032: 1054: 65: 54: 2749: 2570: 2670:, a frieze of stylised foliage or the ornate sculpture of the pediment, is all essential to the architecture of which it is a part. In the Doric order, there is no variation in its placement. Reliefs never decorate walls in an arbitrary way. The sculpture is always located in several predetermined areas, the metopes and the pediment. In later Ionic architecture, there is greater diversity in the types and numbers of mouldings and decorations, particularly around doorways, where voluted 952: 722: 707: 2854: 1987:

concave and for the fact that columns that are viewed against the sky look different from those adjacent that are viewed against a shadowed wall. Because of these factors, the architects adjusted the plans so that the major lines of any significant building are rarely straight. The most obvious adjustment is to the profile of columns, which narrow from base to top. However, the narrowing is not regular, but gently curved so that each column appears to have a slight swelling, called

274: 2491:, meaning "teeth", but their origin is clearly in narrow wooden slats which supported the roof of a timber structure. The Ionic order is altogether lighter in appearance than the Doric, with the columns, including base and capital, having a 9:1 ratio with the diameter, while the whole entablature was also much narrower and less heavy than the Doric entablature. There was some variation in the distribution of decoration. Formalised bands of motifs such as alternating forms known as 2442: 2615: 76: 2631: 2004: 940: 928: 2765:. The pedimental sculpture represents the Gods of Olympus, while the frieze shows the Panathenaic procession and ceremonial events that took place every four years to honour the titular Goddess of Athens. The frieze and remaining figures of the eastern pediment show a profound understanding of the human body, and how it varies depending upon its position and the stresses that action and emotion place upon it. Benjamin Robert Haydon described the reclining figure of 1507: 8929: 1490:

on the interior, which carried wooden lintels. Door and window openings narrowed towards the top. Temples were constructed without windows, the light to the naos entering through the door. It has been suggested that some temples were lit from openings in the roof. A door of the Ionic Order at the Erechtheion (17 feet high and 7.5 feet wide at the top) retains many of its features intact, including mouldings, and an entablature supported on console brackets.

2458: 1085: 2902: 2310: 2278: 1527: 8939: 1650:. Being more expensive and labour-intensive to produce than thatch, their introduction has been explained by the fact that their fireproof quality would have given desired protection to the costly temples. As a side-effect, it has been assumed that the new stone and tile construction also ushered in the end of overhanging eaves in Greek architecture, as they made the need for an extended roof as rain protection for the mudbrick walls obsolete. 8949: 1557: 576: 1691: 520:

rocky outcrops and seashore. This clarity is alternated with periods of haze that varies in colour to the light on it. In this characteristic environment, the ancient Greek architects constructed buildings that were marked by the precision of detail. The gleaming marble surfaces were smooth, curved, fluted, or ornately sculpted to reflect the sun, cast graded shadows and change in colour with the ever-changing light of day.

2737:(500–450 BC) is represented by the pedimental sculptures of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia (470–456 BC). The eastern pediment shows a moment of stillness and "impending drama" before the beginning of a chariot race, the figures of Zeus and the competitors being severe and idealised representations of the human form. The western pediment has Apollo as the central figure, "majestic" and "remote", presiding over a battle of 669: 2923: 2354:, small strips that appear to connect the triglyphs to the architrave below. A triglyph is located above the centre of each capital, and above the centre of each lintel. However, at the corners of the building, the triglyphs do not fall over the centre the column. The ancient architects took a pragmatic approach to the apparent "rules", simply extending the width of the last two metopes at each end of the building. 545: 529: 560: 512:. This finely grained material was a major contributing factor to precision of detail, both architectural and sculptural, that adorned ancient Greek architecture. Deposits of high-quality potter's clay were found throughout Greece and the Islands, with major deposits near Athens. It was used not only for pottery vessels but also roof tiles and architectural decoration. 2723:. Both images parallel the stylised depiction of the Gorgons on the black figure name vase decorated by the Nessos painter (c. 600 BC), with the face and shoulders turned frontally, and the legs in a running or kneeling position. At this date, images of terrifying monsters have predominance over the emphasis on the human figure that developed with Humanist philosophy. 1294: 795:

a reason, and promoted a passion for enquiry, logic, challenge, and problem-solving. The architecture of the ancient Greeks, and in particular, temple architecture, responds to these challenges with a passion for beauty, and for order and symmetry which is the product of a continual search for perfection, rather than a simple application of a set of working rules.

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development towards idealised but increasingly lifelike depictions of gods in human form. This development had a direct effect on the sculptural decoration of temples, as many of the greatest extant works of ancient Greek sculpture once adorned temples, and many of the largest recorded statues of the age, such as the lost

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reinforcing the load-bearing strength of the lintel itself. Likewise, the columns always have bases, a necessity in wooden architecture to spread the load and protect the base of a comparatively thin upright. The columns are fluted with narrow, shallow flutes that do not meet at a sharp edge but have a flat band or

2659:. Early decorative elements were generally semi-circular, but later of roughly triangular shape with moulded ornament, often palmate. Ionic cornices were often set with a row of lion's masks, with open mouths that ejected rainwater. From the Late Classical period, acroteria were sometimes sculptured figures (see 2796:. The scene appears to have filled the space with figures carefully arranged to fit the slope and shape available, as with the earlier east pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympus. But the figures are more violent in action, the central space taken up, not with a commanding God, but with the dynamic figure of 791:, the god of wine and fruit-bearing plants. Worship, like many other activities, was done in the community, in the open. However, by 600 BC, the gods were often represented by large statues and it was necessary to provide a building in which each of these could be housed. This led to the development of temples. 971:

The construction of many houses employed walls of sun-dried clay bricks or wooden framework filled with fibrous material such as straw or seaweed covered with clay or plaster, on a base of stone which protected the more vulnerable elements from damp. The roofs were probably of thatch with eaves which

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The art history of the Hellenic era is generally subdivided into four periods: the Protogeometric (1100–900 BC), the Geometric (900–700 BC), the Archaic (700–500 BC) and the Classical (500–323 BC) with sculpture being further divided into Severe Classical, High Classical and Late Classical. The first

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The climate of Greece is maritime, with both the coldness of winter and the heat of summer tempered by sea breezes. This led to a lifestyle where many activities took place outdoors. Hence temples were placed on hilltops, their exteriors designed as a visual focus of gatherings and processions, while

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curves upward so that its centres at either end rise about 65 millimetres (2.6 inches) above the outer corners, and 110 mm (4.3 in) on the longer sides. A slightly greater adjustment has been made to the entablature. The columns at the ends of the building are not vertical but are inclined

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The ancient Greeks perceived order in the universe, and in turn, applied order and reason to their creations. Their humanist philosophy put mankind at the centre of things and promoted well-ordered societies and the development of democracy. At the same time, the respect for human intellect demanded

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Historians divide ancient Greek civilization into two eras, the Hellenic period (from around 900 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC), and the Hellenistic period (323 BC – 30 AD). During the earlier Hellenic period, substantial works of architecture began to appear around 600 BC. During

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of Corinth, who took his inspiration from a basket of offerings that had been placed on a grave, with a flat tile on top to protect the goods. The basket had been placed on the root of an acanthus plant which had grown up around it. The ratio of the column height to diameter is generally 10:1, with

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Like the Doric order, the Ionic order retains signs of having its origins in wooden architecture. The horizontal spread of a flat timber plate across the top of a column is a common device in wooden construction, giving a thin upright a wider area on which to bear the lintel, while at the same time

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Door and window openings were spanned with a lintel, which in a stone building limited the possible width of the opening. The distance between columns was similarly affected by the nature of the lintel, columns on the exterior of buildings and carrying stone lintels being closer together than those

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The Minoan architecture of Crete was of the trabeated form like that of ancient Greece. It employed wooden columns with capitals, but the wooden columns were of a very different form to Doric columns, being narrow at the base and splaying upward. The earliest forms of columns in Greece seem to have

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was a form of nature worship that grew out of the beliefs of earlier cultures. However, unlike earlier cultures, man was no longer perceived as being threatened by nature, but as its sublime product. The natural elements were personified as gods of the complete human form, and very human behaviour.

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The development in the depiction of the human form in pottery was accompanied by a similar development in sculpture. The tiny stylised bronzes of the Geometric period gave way to life-sized highly formalised monolithic representation in the Archaic period. The Classical period was marked by a rapid

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The light of Greece may be another important factor in the development of the particular character of ancient Greek architecture. The light is often extremely bright, with both the sky and the sea vividly blue. The clear light and sharp shadows give a precision to the details of the landscape, pale

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sometimes occur supporting an ornamental cornice over a door, such as that at the Erechtheion. A much applied narrow moulding is called "bead and reel" and is symmetrical, stemming from turned wooden prototypes. Wider mouldings include one with tongue-like or pointed leaf shapes, which are grooved

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revetments in the form of rectangular panels, and ornamental discs. Many fragments of these have outlived the buildings that they decorated and demonstrate a wealth of formal border designs of geometric scrolls, overlapping patterns and foliate motifs. With the introduction of stone-built temples,

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A few of these temples are very large, with several, such as the Temple of Zeus Olympus and the Olympians at Athens being well over 300 feet in length, but most were less than half this size. It appears that some of the large temples began as wooden constructions in which the columns were replaced

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Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalised characteristics, both of structure and decoration. This is particularly so in the case of temples where each building appears to have been conceived as a sculptural entity within the landscape, most often raised on high ground so

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shell or ram's horn. In plan, the capital is rectangular. It is designed to be viewed frontally but the capitals at the corners of buildings are modified with an additional scroll so as to appear regular on two adjoining faces. In the Hellenistic period, four-fronted Ionic capitals became common.

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The Corinthian order does not have its origin in wooden architecture. It grew directly out of the Ionic in the mid 5th century BC, and was initially of much the same style and proportion, but distinguished by its more ornate capitals. The capital was very much deeper than either the Doric or the

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The ancient Greek architects took a philosophic approach to the rules and proportions. The determining factor in the mathematics of any notable work of architecture was its ultimate appearance. The architects calculated for perspective, for the optical illusions that make edges of objects appear

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at Syracuse, Sicily, may have a height to base diameter ratio of only 4:1 and a column height to entablature ratio of 2:1, with relatively crude details. A column height to diameter of 6:1 became more usual, while the column height to entablature ratio at the Parthenon is about 3:1. During the

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masonry was usually employed for temple walls, in regular courses and large sizes to minimise the joints. The blocks were rough hewn and hauled from quarries to be cut and bedded very precisely, with mortar hardly ever being used. Blocks, particularly those of columns and parts of the building

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The earliest temples, built to enshrine statues of deities, were probably of wooden construction, later replaced by the more durable stone temples many of which are still in evidence today. The signs of the original timber nature of the architecture were maintained in the stone buildings.

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halls within the larger temples. The evolution that occurred in architecture was towards the public building, first and foremost the temple, rather than towards grand domestic architecture such as had evolved in Crete, if the Cretan "palaces" were indeed domestic, which remains uncertain.

1456:, which is generally ornately decorated on its lower edge. The cornice retains the shape of the beams that would once have supported the wooden roof at each end of the building. At the front and rear of each temple, the entablature supports a triangular structure called the pediment. The 499:

The mainland and islands of Greece are very rocky, with deeply indented coastline, and rugged mountain ranges with few substantial forests. The most freely available building material is stone. Limestone was readily available and easily worked. There is an abundance of high quality white

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The architrave of the Ionic order is sometimes undecorated, but more often rises in three outwardly-stepped bands like overlapping timber planks. The frieze, which runs in a continuous band, is separated from the other members by rows of small projecting blocks. They are referred to as

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in Athens, and then on a huge scale at the Temple of Zeus Olympia in Athens (174 BC–132 AD). It was popularised by the Romans, who added a number of refinements and decorative details. During the Hellenistic period, Corinthian columns were sometimes built without fluting.

1407:. The part of the capital that rises from the column itself is called the echinus. It differs according to the order, being plain in the Doric order, fluted in the Ionic and foliate in the Corinthian. Doric and usually Ionic capitals are cut with vertical grooves known as 982:

City houses were built with adjoining walls and were divided into small blocks by narrow streets. Shops were sometimes located in the rooms towards the street. City houses were inward-facing, with major openings looking onto the central courtyard, rather than the street.

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were a feature of the Ionic entablatures, along with the bands of dentils. The external frieze often contained a continuous band of figurative sculpture or ornament, but this was not always the case. Sometimes a decorative frieze occurred around the upper part of the

2824:(c. 180–160 BC) has a frieze (120 metres long by 2.3 metres high) of figures in very high relief. The frieze represents the battle for supremacy of Gods and Titans, and employs many dramatic devices: frenzy, pathos and triumph, to convey the sense of conflict. 1441:. The frieze is one of the major decorative elements of the building and carries a sculptured relief. In the case of Ionic and Corinthian architecture, the relief decoration runs in a continuous band, but in the Doric order, it is divided into sections called 1781:

On the stylobate, often completely surrounding the naos, stand rows of columns. Each temple is defined as being of a particular type, with two terms: one describing the number of columns across the entrance front, and the other defining their distribution.

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regarded, now as in ancient times, as the prime example. Most remains are very incomplete ruins, but a number survive substantially intact, mostly outside modern Greece. The second important type of building that survives all over the Hellenic world is the

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theatres were often an enhancement of a naturally occurring sloping site where people could sit, rather than a containing structure. Colonnades encircling buildings, or surrounding courtyards provided shelter from the sun and from sudden winter storms.

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The stone columns are made of a series of solid stone cylinders or "drums" that rest on each other without mortar, but were sometimes centred with a bronze pin. The columns are wider at the base than at the top, tapering with an outward curve known as

2342:. The architrave is composed of the stone lintels which span the space between the columns, with a joint occurring above the centre of each abacus. On this rests the frieze, one of the major areas of sculptural decoration. The frieze is divided into 2730:, and the late free-standing ones were often in terracotta, which has survived only in fragments. The sculptures were covered with a layer of stucco and painted or, if terracotta, painted with the more restrained fired colours of Greek pottery. 2706:

showed a development from early Archaic examples through Severe Classical, High Classical, Late Classical and Hellenistic. Remnants of Archaic architectural sculpture (700–500 BC) exist from the early 6th century BC with the earliest surviving

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overhung the permeable walls. Many larger houses, such as those at Delos, were built of stone and plastered. The roofing material for the substantial house was tile. Houses of the wealthy had mosaic floors and demonstrated the Classical style.

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on which rest the lintels. The echinus appears flat and splayed in early examples, deeper and with greater curve in later, more refined examples, and smaller and straight-sided in Hellenistic examples. A refinement of the Doric column is the

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The reliefs and three-dimensional sculpture which adorned the frieze and pediments, respectively, of the Parthenon, are the lifelike products of the High Classical style (450–400 BC) and were created under the direction of the sculptor

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were sculptured by Timotheus, except for that at the centre of the east pediment which is the work of the architect. The palmate acroteria have been replaced here with small figures, the eastern pediment being surmounted by a winged

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are sometimes found on Doric buildings, notably the Parthenon. Some temples, like the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, had friezes of figures around the lower drum of each column, separated from the fluted section by a bold moulding.

1162:. These were used for both public meetings as well as dramatic performances. The theatre was usually set in a hillside outside the town, and had rows of tiered seating set in a semicircle around the central performance area, the 2154:, the names reflecting their regional origins within the Greek world. While the three orders are most easily recognizable by their capitals, they also governed the form, proportions, details and relationships of the columns, 1893:

The ideal of proportion that was used by ancient Greek architects in designing temples was not a simple mathematical progression using a square module. The math involved a more complex geometrical progression, the so-called

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towards the centre, with those at the corners being out of plumb by about 65 mm (2.6 in). These outer columns are both slightly wider than their neighbours and are slightly closer than any of the others.

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shells, fern fronds, and vine tendrils and which were a source of decorative motifs employed by ancient Greek architects as particularly in evidence in the volutes of capitals of the Ionic and Corinthian Orders.

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Doric columns are almost always cut with grooves, known as "fluting", which run the length of the column and are usually 20 in number, although sometimes fewer. The flutes meet at sharp edges called

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the later (Hellenistic) period, Greek culture spread as a result of Alexander's conquest of other lands, and later as a result of the rise of the Roman Empire, which adopted much of Greek culture.

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Many houses centred on a wide passage or "pasta" which ran the length of the house and opened at one side onto a small courtyard which admitted light and air. Larger houses had a fully developed

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have kept alive not only the precise forms and ordered details of Greek architecture, but also its concept of architectural beauty based on balance and proportion. The successive styles of

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refers to its "unsurpassable excellence", to be surveyed, studied and emulated by architects of later ages. Yet, as Gardner points out, there is hardly a straight line in the building.

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Hellenistic architectural sculpture (323–31 BC) was to become more flamboyant, both in the rendering of expression and motion, which is often emphasised by flowing draperies, the

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is marked by massive fortifications, typically surrounding a citadel with a royal palace, much smaller than the rambling Minoan "palaces", and relatively few other buildings. The

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The entablature is the major horizontal structural element supporting the roof and encircling the entire building. It is composed of three parts. Resting on the columns is the

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Sideris, Athanasios (2008). "Re-contextualized Antiquity: Interpretative VR Visualisation of Ancient Art and Architecture". In Mikropoulos, T. A.; Papachristos, N. M. (eds.).

999:, which contained a central throne room, vestibule, and porch. The temple did not serve the same function as a modern church, since the altar stood under the open sky in the 4984: 2408:

of similar shape to that of the Doric order, but decorated with stylised ornament, is surmounted by a horizontal band that scrolls under to either side, forming spirals or

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Ancient Greek buildings of timber, clay and plaster construction were probably roofed with thatch. With the rise of stone architecture came the appearance of fired ceramic

1013:, such as statues, helmets and weapons. Some Greek temples appear to have been oriented astronomically. The temple was generally part of a religious precinct known as the 2388:

fills the space at the Parthenon (448–432 BC) with a complex array of draped and undraped figures of deities, who appear in attitudes of sublime relaxation and elegance.

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The clay ornaments were limited to the roof of buildings, decorating the cornice, the corners and surmounting the pediment. At the corners of pediments they were called

1909: 979:(courtyard) at the centre, with the rooms arranged around it. Some houses had an upper floor which appears to have been reserved for the use of the women of the family. 4989: 4974: 4918: 4959: 2193:. It did not reach a clearly defined form until the mid 5th century BC. The early Ionic temples of Asia Minor were particularly ambitious in scale, such as the 2249:

Hellenistic period, Doric conventions of solidity and masculinity dropped away, with the slender and unfluted columns reaching a height to diameter ratio of 7.5:1.

4979: 2361:, which overhangs and protects the ornamented frieze, like the edge of an overhanging wooden-framed roof. It is decorated on the underside with projecting blocks, 4331: 1476:. Masonry walls were employed for temples from about 600 BC onwards. Masonry of all types was used for ancient Greek buildings, including rubble, but the finest 2365:, further suggesting the wooden nature of the prototype. At either end of the building the pediment rises from the cornice, framed by moulding of similar form. 4560: 1660:

were not generally used, but begin to appear in tombs (in a "beehive" or cantilevered form such as used in Mycenaea) and occasionally, as an external feature,

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and as a storage place or strong room for the treasury associated with the cult of the god in question, and as a place for devotees of the god to leave their

4434: 2511:, draped female figures used as supporting members to carry the entablature, were a feature of the Ionic order, occurring at several buildings including the 1124:. Towns were also equipped with a public fountain where water could be collected for household use. The development of regular town plans is associated with 1995:

is never sufficiently pronounced as to make the swelling wider than the base; it is controlled by a slight reduction in the rate of decrease of diameter.

1763:, in diameter. The great majority of temples are between 30 and 60 metres (approx. 100–200 feet) in length. A small group of Doric temples, including the 4544: 1481:

bearing loads were sometimes fixed in place or reinforced with iron clamps, dowels and rods of wood, bronze or iron fixed in lead to minimise corrosion.

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made of a series of stone "lintels" that spanned the space between the columns, and meet each other at a joint directly above the centre of each column.

1195:, the social centre for male citizens which included spectator areas, baths, toilets and club rooms. Other buildings associated with sports include the 4508: 4092: 2226:, a gentle convex swelling to the profile of the column, which prevents an optical illusion of concavity. This is more pronounced in earlier examples. 1741:

Most ancient Greek temples were rectangular, and were approximately twice as long as they were wide, with some notable exceptions such as the enormous

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leaves above which rose voluted tendrils, supporting the corners of the abacus, which, no longer perfectly square, splayed above them. According to

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cultures and that of the ancient Greeks, with much of the techniques and an understanding of their style being lost when these civilisations fell.

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refers to "the plastic shape of the temple placed before us with a physical presence more intense, more alive than that of any later building".

6076: 2235:. At the top of the columns, slightly below the narrowest point, and crossing the terminating arrises, are three horizontal grooves known as the 1023:, "the site should be a spot seen far and wide, which gives good elevation to virtue and towers over the neighbourhood". Small circular temples, 1449:. The triglyphs are vertically grooved like the Doric columns, and retain the form of the wooden beams that would once have supported the roof. 2837: 1460:

is the triangular space framed by the cornices and the location of the most significant sculptural decoration on the exterior of the building.

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did not carry over into the architecture of ancient Greece, but reappeared about 400 BC in the interior of large monumental tombs such as the

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and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, with the earliest remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC.

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and fighting men who are falling, kneeling and lying in attitudes that fit the size and angle of each part of the space. The famous sculptor

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developed independently. As with Minoan architecture, ancient Greek domestic architecture centred on open spaces or courtyards surrounded by

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Rostoker, William; Gebhard, Elizabeth (Summer 1981). "The Reproduction of Rooftiles for the Archaic Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia, Greece".

1767:, are between 60 and 80 metres (approx. 200–260 feet) in length. The largest temples, mainly Ionic and Corinthian, but including the Doric 2804:

and stabs him. The remaining fragments give the impression of a range of human emotions, fear, horror, cruelty and lust for conquest. The

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is the most common and best-known form of Greek public architecture. This rectilinear structure borrows from the Late Helladic, Mycenaean

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between them. The usual number of flutes is twenty-four but there may be as many as forty-four. The base has two convex mouldings called

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between 700 and 650 BC. Spreading rapidly, roof tiles were within fifty years in evidence for a large number of sites around the Eastern

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statues of Zeus at the Temple of Zeus at Olympia and Athena at the Parthenon, Athens, both over 40 feet high, were once housed in them.

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The formal vocabulary of ancient Greek architecture, in particular the division of architectural style into three defined orders: the

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Public buildings became "dignified and gracious structures", and were sited so that they related to each other architecturally. The

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Ancient Greek architecture of the most formal type, for temples and other public buildings, is divided stylistically into three

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During the late 5th and 4th centuries BC, town planning became an important consideration of Greek builders, with towns such as

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Proceedings: International Symposium on "Information and Communication Technologies in Cultural Heritage" October 16–18, 2008

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and sometimes turned upward at the tip, and "egg and dart" moulding which alternates ovoid shapes with narrow pointed ones.

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or porch, formed the entrance to temple sanctuaries and other significant sites with the best-surviving example being the

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had sculpture by Timotheos working with the architect Theodotos. Fragments of the eastern pediment survive, showing the

7686: 7376: 7069: 7003: 5836: 5625: 5300: 4880: 4693: 4453: 2788:, but their works are known mainly from Roman copies. Little architectural sculpture of the period remains intact. The 2545:

the capital taking up more than 1/10 of the height. The ratio of capital height to diameter is generally about 1.16:1.

1172:, which served as a store-room, a dressing room, and also as a backdrop to the action taking place in the orchestra. A 1029:

were also constructed, as well as small temple-like buildings that served as treasuries for specific groups of donors.

469: 17: 850:

Some Mycenaean tombs are marked by circular structures and tapered domes with flat-bedded, cantilevered courses. This

7074: 7049: 4718: 4073: 4052: 4004: 3973: 3912: 3893: 2981: 1898:. The ratio is similar to that of the growth patterns of many spiral forms that occur in nature such as rams' horns, 2380:

at Olympia (486–460 BC), the sculptors had solved the problem by having a standing central figure framed by rearing

8883: 7632: 7059: 7054: 5707: 5687: 5554: 5468: 5138: 5104: 2789: 1203:

for foot racing, 600 feet in length, of which examples exist at Olympia, Delphi, Epidaurus and Ephesus, while the

7526: 7386: 7381: 6658: 5576: 4803: 4798: 4601: 4503: 4225: 2587: 1742: 1140: 1566:, the hypostyle columns rise in two tiers, to a height greater than the walls, to support a roof without struts. 8973: 8910: 7551: 6965: 6062: 5804: 5762: 5588: 5514: 5333: 5256: 4448: 4371: 4362: 2696: 1607:) thick and weighing around 30 kg (66 lb) apiece. Only stone walls, which were replacing the earlier 1207:

in Athens, which seats 45,000 people, was restored in the 19th century and was used in the 1896, 1906 and 2004

1173: 1155:). Remnants of bouleuterion survive at Athens, Olympia and Miletus, the latter having held up to 1,200 people. 207:

that the elegance of its proportions and the effects of light on its surfaces might be viewed from all angles.

2173:(Italy). It was firmly established and well-defined in its characteristics by the time of the building of the 8905: 8462: 7955: 7471: 7391: 7089: 6799: 5692: 5610: 5605: 5463: 5378: 5363: 5171: 4582: 4438: 4401: 3870: 2971: 2057: 1685: 1037: 462: 1411:. This fluting or grooving of the columns is a retention of an element of the original wooden architecture. 715:

Right: Recreation of the colossal statue of Athena, once housed in the Parthenon, with sculptor Alan LeQuire

8878: 7407: 6861: 5897: 5841: 5697: 5657: 5640: 5630: 5534: 5529: 4902: 2817: 2425:

The Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens: a building of asymmetrical plan, for the display of offerings to Athena

1759:. The smallest temples are less than 25 metres (approx. 75 feet) in length, or in the case of the circular 3389: 2643:

Early wooden structures, particularly temples, were ornamented and in part protected by fired and painted

1794:

describes a small temple with two columns at the front, which are set between the projecting walls of the

234:

grew out of that of Greece and maintained its influence in Italy unbroken until the present day. From the

7933: 7541: 7417: 7079: 7033: 6988: 6764: 6453: 5799: 5667: 5615: 5524: 5261: 5166: 4865: 4565: 4483: 4473: 2245: 619:(c. 1500–1100 BC). Minoan is the name given by modern historians to the culture of the people of ancient 415: 8472: 2666:

In the three orders of ancient Greek architecture, the sculptural decoration, be it a simple half round

2636:

The lion's head gargoyle is fixed to a revetment on which elements of a formal frieze have been painted.

8594: 8467: 7600: 7571: 7481: 6998: 6096: 5953: 5777: 5757: 5712: 5675: 5620: 5509: 5504: 5206: 5015: 4793: 4773: 4753: 4658: 4493: 4305: 2941: 1673: 1192: 392: 247: 231: 5179: 8952: 8895: 7851: 7654: 7639: 7561: 7496: 6816: 6711: 6185: 6119: 6011: 5994: 5958: 5814: 5650: 5583: 5398: 5373: 5358: 5085: 5070: 5065: 4969: 4768: 4728: 4577: 4478: 4463: 4377: 4367: 2976: 2715:. A metope from a temple known as "Temple C" at Selinus, Sicily, shows, in a better preserved state, 2712: 2575:

The tall capital combines both semi-naturalistic leaves and highly stylised tendrils forming volutes.

2463:

Frieze of stylised alternating palms and reeds, and a cornice decorated with "egg and dart" moulding.

1579: 438: 346: 243: 34: 7463: 7443: 6641: 6299: 2772:

The names of many famous sculptors are known from the Late Classical period (400–323 BC), including

7649: 7612: 7546: 7212: 7099: 5432: 5310: 5055: 4890: 4850: 4845: 4825: 4678: 4207: 2648:

the revetments no longer served a protective purpose and sculptured decoration became more common.

2560: 2174: 1976:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\varphi }}=\varphi -1;\;\varphi ={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\approx 1.618} 1755:

times its width. A number of surviving temple-like structures are circular, and are referred to as

1615: 662:, Atalante painter (500–490 BC), shows proportion and style that are hallmarks of ancient Greek art 298: 1815:

indicates that the columns are four in number, like those of the Temple on the Ilissus in Athens.

8932: 8056: 7856: 7841: 7644: 7627: 7607: 7576: 7476: 7412: 7028: 7013: 6983: 6944: 6821: 6673: 6175: 6028: 5902: 5571: 5328: 5223: 5143: 5127: 5080: 5035: 4885: 4830: 4783: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4723: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4683: 4668: 4663: 4653: 4643: 4638: 4468: 4357: 2703: 2660: 2377: 1457: 1300: 1181: 351: 257: 227: 5184: 2711:

being fragments of a Gorgon flanked by heraldic panthers from the centre of the pediment of the

8890: 7893: 7664: 7622: 7556: 7521: 6973: 6957: 6653: 6594: 6443: 6438: 5989: 5912: 5892: 5829: 5458: 5248: 5196: 5161: 5020: 5005: 4923: 4875: 4870: 4860: 4840: 4835: 4813: 4808: 4788: 4758: 4713: 4688: 4624: 4397: 4321: 4278: 2951: 2946: 2671: 2541: 1408: 1400: 1388: 1365: 1349: 1152: 819: 732: 448: 2181:, c. 600 BC. The Ionic order co-existed with the Doric, being favoured by the Greek cities of 1588:, or inner chamber. In a large building, this space contains columns to support the roof, the 8942: 8171: 8161: 8151: 8136: 7826: 7566: 7536: 7491: 7486: 7117: 7084: 6886: 6791: 6777: 6433: 6304: 6268: 6001: 5984: 5979: 5846: 5338: 5243: 5211: 5191: 4895: 4818: 4778: 4748: 4648: 4105: 2300: 2292: 1404: 1353: 1341: 1333: 1328: 1251: 1125: 1025: 871: 293: 2116: 2096: 1387:

piecemeal as stone became available. This, at least was the interpretation of the historian

915: 8414: 8408: 8394: 7878: 7836: 7808: 7693: 7506: 6736: 6532: 6038: 6033: 5974: 5922: 5851: 5819: 5494: 5393: 5388: 5353: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5060: 5050: 5025: 4855: 4341: 4336: 2773: 2708: 2358: 2268: 1653: 1532: 1204: 867: 652: 387: 308: 151: 2769:

as "the most heroic style of art, combined with all the essential detail of actual life".

2205:

period and retaining many characteristics of the Ionic. It was popularised by the Romans.

1266: 1005:

or sacred precinct, often directly before the temple. Temples served as the location of a

8: 8545: 8515: 7903: 7798: 7793: 7230: 6545: 6458: 6428: 6382: 6145: 6043: 6006: 5876: 5861: 5767: 5645: 5544: 5473: 5410: 5383: 5343: 5075: 5045: 4326: 4273: 2928: 1308: 1242: 813: 601: 2110:

left: Architectural elements of the Doric order showing simple curved echinus of capital

8762: 8659: 8565: 8209: 8126: 8014: 7516: 7340: 6856: 6836: 6693: 6564: 6448: 6243: 6170: 5866: 5809: 5427: 4163: 3947: 3939: 2122:

above: Capital of the Corinthian Order showing foliate decoration and vertical volutes.

1589: 851: 364: 164: 8938: 8837: 8424: 7973: 7821: 7773: 7617: 7586: 7531: 7448: 7325: 7197: 7018: 6851: 6804: 6744: 6618: 6600: 6576: 6558: 6513: 6468: 6463: 6114: 6023: 6016: 5824: 5564: 5549: 5478: 5422: 4069: 4048: 4031: 4021: 4000: 3969: 3951: 3908: 3889: 2936: 2512: 2194: 2061: 1635: 1631: 1472:, generally of three steps, of which the upper one which carried the columns was the 1357: 336: 303: 4143: 8767: 8299: 8264: 8081: 7938: 7816: 7703: 7698: 7023: 6978: 6809: 6716: 6332: 6165: 6150: 6140: 5943: 5559: 4299: 4183: 4155: 3931: 2961: 2810: 2533: 2166:. The different orders were applied to the whole range of buildings and monuments. 2151: 2015: 1790: 1699: 1563: 962: 809: 690: 616: 433: 331: 223: 208: 103: 2820:

which decorated a monument in the shape of a ship being a well-known example. The

2500:

rather than on the exterior of the building. These Ionic-style friezes around the

2432: 1672:

and vault never became significant structural features, as they were to become in

8782: 8540: 8328: 8141: 7883: 7749: 7681: 7008: 6606: 6588: 6582: 6496: 6473: 6347: 6258: 6218: 6155: 5539: 5519: 4015: 3883: 2885: 2869: 2178: 2135: 2056:

in Athens, is referred to by many as the pinnacle of ancient Greek architecture.

1541: 1403:

of two parts, the upper, on which rests the lintels, being square and called the

1376: 1168: 1117: 1069: 1060: 1010: 356: 8807: 8520: 4211: 2586:

at Bassae (c. 450–425 BC). In 334 BC, it appeared as an external feature on the

1807:

describes a small temple that has columns at both ends which stand clear of the

1235: 8664: 8604: 8599: 8555: 8336: 8284: 8274: 8254: 8244: 7988: 7983: 7978: 6831: 6630: 6624: 6612: 6412: 6387: 6160: 6085: 5772: 5499: 5235: 3983: 2821: 2753: 2241:. Doric columns have no bases, until a few examples in the Hellenistic period. 2237: 2201:. The Corinthian order was a highly decorative variant not developed until the 2190: 1419:

The columns of a temple support a structure that rises in two main stages, the

1151:

hall that served as a court house and as a meeting place for the town council (

1053: 855: 636: 624: 509: 140: 132: 2748: 2031: 1535:, fluted Doric columns with abacuses supporting double beams of the architrave 64: 8967: 8900: 8817: 8792: 8482: 8404: 8086: 8029: 7928: 7918: 7888: 7870: 7744: 6896: 6678: 6570: 6526: 6488: 6327: 6248: 5729: 5662: 5635: 5405: 5040: 4442: 4381: 4035: 2956: 2569: 2373: 2170: 2025:

shell. These shells may have provided inspiration for voluted Ionic capitals.

1208: 740: 410: 382: 326: 30: 2479:, and from the late Hellenic period stood on a square plinth similar to the 712:

Above: Modern model of ancient Olympia with the Temple of Zeus at the centre

273: 8717: 8669: 8535: 8389: 8259: 7898: 7734: 7240: 7202: 6901: 5927: 5907: 5782: 4287: 4248: 2853: 2793: 2752:

Classical figurative sculpture from the eastern pediment of the Parthenon,

2726:

Early pedimental sculptures, and those on smaller temples, were usually in

2492: 2217:

is like a circular cushion rising from the top of the column to the square

1895: 1200: 1144: 992: 951: 721: 706: 632: 628: 582: 288: 187: 5096: 1611:

and wood walls, were strong enough to support the weight of a tiled roof.

600:

Before the Hellenic era, two major cultures had dominated the region: the

75: 53: 8737: 8629: 8609: 8437: 7945: 7923: 7913: 7908: 7831: 7788: 7335: 7245: 7235: 7122: 7112: 6876: 6253: 6228: 5871: 5719: 5437: 5415: 4593: 4392: 4387: 4295: 4291: 4217: 2797: 2614: 2516: 2441: 2397: 2327: 2284: 2202: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2103:

above: Capital of the Ionic order showing volutes and ornamented echinus

1547: 1420: 1258: 831: 235: 219: 215: 136: 99: 95: 91: 8442: 2630: 2372:

in the earlier examples, though almost free-standing by the time of the

2003: 939: 927: 627:, and for its pottery, the most famous of which painted with floral and 8674: 8644: 8639: 8624: 8510: 8477: 8146: 8116: 7783: 7511: 7345: 7187: 7182: 7172: 7157: 7142: 7132: 7107: 6483: 6238: 6193: 5739: 5724: 2777: 2652: 2644: 2532:, a bell-shaped mixing bowl, and being ornamented with a double row of 2331: 2315:

The tapered fluted columns, constructed in drums, rest directly on the

2288: 2186: 1643: 1600: 1506: 1431: 1345: 1304: 1196: 1129: 1006: 784: 239: 144: 4167: 3943: 2457: 1824:

describes a temple with a single row of peripheral columns around the

1516:, shows the common structural features of Ancient Greek architecture: 1084: 767:, the god of the sun, law, healing, plague, reason, music and poetry; 8649: 8575: 8560: 8530: 8525: 8457: 8381: 8366: 8351: 8294: 8194: 7846: 7778: 7350: 7330: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7255: 7250: 7220: 7167: 7127: 6906: 6772: 6726: 6706: 6337: 6208: 5948: 5453: 4534: 4529: 3922:

Goldberg, Marilyn Y. (July 1983). "Greek Temples and Chinese Roofs".

2901: 2781: 2537: 2316: 2309: 2277: 2163: 2139: 2053: 2045: 1775: 1764: 1623: 1593: 1526: 1513: 1473: 1469: 1369: 1226: 1188: 1177: 1148: 1091: 1020: 1015: 976: 875: 843: 839: 772: 265: 193: 155: 87: 4202:

The Foundations of Classical Architecture Part Two: Greek Classicism

808:

There is a clear division between the architecture of the preceding

8699: 8689: 8679: 8654: 8432: 8399: 8361: 8304: 8219: 8204: 8061: 8051: 7968: 7963: 7360: 7355: 7315: 7310: 7285: 7265: 7192: 7147: 7137: 6993: 6891: 6826: 6754: 6362: 5917: 5856: 5789: 4159: 3935: 2766: 2692: 2667: 2508: 2413: 2296: 2159: 2022: 1899: 1771:, were between 90 and 120 metres (approx. 300–390 feet) in length. 1665: 1608: 1556: 1446: 1445:, which fill the spaces between vertical rectangular blocks called 1424: 1324: 1273: 1136: 907:. This form is thought to have contributed to temple architecture. 904: 788: 756: 743:, the highest mountain in Greece. The most important deities were: 535: 169: 8452: 4204:– Free educational program by the ICAA (published August 29, 2018) 4146:(January–March 1990). "Archaic Roof Tiles the First Generations". 4063: 1828:, with six columns across the front, like the Theseion in Athens. 575: 8842: 8832: 8777: 8772: 8757: 8747: 8732: 8727: 8614: 8502: 8492: 8371: 8346: 8341: 8314: 8309: 8289: 8279: 8269: 8234: 8224: 8214: 8166: 8156: 8131: 8096: 8091: 8066: 7719: 7501: 7162: 7152: 6911: 6881: 6871: 6866: 6846: 6841: 6721: 6668: 6377: 6367: 6357: 6352: 6342: 6054: 5794: 4539: 4524: 4488: 2762: 2742: 2716: 2656: 2385: 2381: 2339: 2223: 2198: 2087: 1845:

with eight columns across the front, like the Parthenon, Athens.

1619: 1453: 1396: 1316: 1312: 1159: 1101: 1001: 996: 900: 823: 768: 760: 199: 8787: 8101: 3995:

Moffett, Marian; Fazio, Michael W.; Wodehouse, Laurence (2003).

2257:

The Temple of Hephaestos, Athens, is a well-preserved temple of

1690: 1391:

looking at the Temple of Hera at Olympia in the 2nd century AD.

1199:

for horse racing, of which only remnants have survived, and the

668: 8812: 8742: 8722: 8684: 8550: 8356: 8249: 8186: 8176: 8121: 7739: 7724: 7320: 7305: 7280: 7275: 7260: 6921: 6916: 6683: 6663: 6407: 6397: 6392: 6263: 6223: 6213: 6198: 4252: 2785: 2738: 2727: 2720: 2688: 2583: 2488: 2448: 2401: 2369: 2351: 2335: 2049: 1661: 1639: 1627: 1477: 1442: 1438: 1361: 1320: 1121: 1105: 1076: 958: 827: 780: 764: 752: 566: 551: 501: 128: 3903:

Gardner, Helen; Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2004).

2922: 2582:

The Corinthian order was initially used internally, as at the

677:, (c. 480 BC), typifies the tradition of free-standing figures 8822: 8797: 8694: 8634: 8619: 8487: 8447: 8199: 8111: 8106: 8076: 8071: 8046: 7729: 7270: 7225: 7177: 6749: 6701: 6402: 6372: 6319: 6294: 6233: 6203: 2801: 2231: 2182: 1647: 1585: 1437:

Above the architrave is a second horizontal stage called the

1337: 1109: 1044: 895: 879: 620: 544: 528: 505: 175: 4017:

Greek Art and Archaeology: A New History, c. 2500–c. 150 BCE

559: 8827: 8802: 8752: 8239: 8229: 2451:, showing also details of the fluting separated by fillets. 2213:

The Doric order is recognised by its capital, of which the

2169:

The Doric order developed on mainland Greece and spread to

1837:

describes a temple with a single row of columns around the

1669: 1657: 1604: 1113: 1108:

being laid out with a regular grid of paved streets and an

883: 776: 748: 744: 550:

The Theatre and Temple of Apollo in mountainous country at

181: 4068:. Ioannina: The University of Ioannina. pp. 159–176. 1884:

means that it has seven columns across the entrance front.

154:, many of which are found throughout the region, with the 5153: 3907:(12th ed.). Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth. 2037:

The growth of the nautilus corresponds to the Golden Mean

1375:

The architecture of ancient Greece is of a trabeated or "

167:

that are still in evidence are the processional gateway (

163:, with the earliest dating from around 525–480 BC. Other 29:"Greek architecture" redirects here. For architecture in 3869: 3853: 3760: 3728: 3686: 3495: 3483: 3317: 3080: 3016: 1854:

describes the huge temple of Apollo at Didyma, with the

1293: 4212:

Letters of an Architect, From France, Italy, and Greece

1550:: masonry, door, stone lintels, coffered ceiling panels 4561:

Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki

2553:

The Temple of Zeus Olympia, Athens, ("the Olympieion")

1499:

Structure, masonry, openings and roof of Greek temples

1257:

Pebble mosaic floor of a house at Olynthos, depicting

3994: 3615: 3359: 1912: 1865:

The Temple of Zeus Olympius at Agrigentum, is termed

1166:. Behind the orchestra was a low building called the 1112:

or central market place surrounded by a colonnade or

834:

lined the base of walls in some prominent locations.

3902: 3882:

Fletcher, Banister (1996) . Cruickshank, Dan (ed.).

3841: 3829: 3603: 3194: 3178: 3161: 3049: 2918: 2138:, first described by the Roman architectural writer 1297:

Parts of an Ancient Greek temple of the Doric Order:

771:, goddess of chastity, the hunt and the wilderness; 2368:The pediment is decorated with figures that are in 250:followed and adapted ancient Greek styles closely. 3873:; Dorig, Jose; Fuchs, Werner; Hirmer, Max (1967). 1975: 1888: 1618:are documented from a very restricted area around 3959:Higgins, Michael Denis; Higgins, Reynold (1996). 2244:The columns of an early Doric temple such as the 1798:or porch, like the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnus. 1468:Every temple rested on a masonry base called the 631:. The Mycenaean culture, which flourished on the 569:, is high above the city on a natural prominence. 150:Ancient Greek architecture is best known for its 8965: 2607:Architectural ornament of fired and painted clay 2540:, the capital was invented by a bronze founder, 2357:The cornice is a narrow jutting band of complex 1584:The widest span of a temple roof was across the 1452:The upper band of the entablature is called the 6290: 4129: 3962:A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean 3499: 2009:The main lines of the Parthenon are all curved. 1176:survive almost intact, the best known being at 842:. This form was adapted to the construction of 623:, known for its elaborate and richly decorated 504:both on the mainland and islands, particularly 3958: 3888:(20th ed.). Oxford: Architectural Press. 3113: 1873:columns that are attached to the walls of the 6070: 5112: 4609: 4233: 470: 191:), the public monument, the monumental tomb ( 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 2624:has been cast in a mould, fired and painted. 921:Plan of the House of Colline, 2nd century BC 893:The Greek word for the family or household, 5126: 4020:. New York, New York: Thames & Hudson. 3988:Greek Architecture (Penguin History of Art) 3783: 3781: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 2907:Ionic caryatid from the Erechtheion, Athens 1862:with ten columns across the entrance front. 1414: 1187:Greek towns of substantial size also had a 6956: 6077: 6063: 5119: 5105: 4623: 4616: 4602: 4247: 4240: 4226: 4181: 3875:The Art and Architecture of Ancient Greece 3810: 3808: 3649: 3647: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3328: 3326: 2678: 1938: 1668:construction from the 5th century BC. The 903:, above which rose a low pitched gable or 798: 696: 477: 463: 4047:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3713: 3205: 3203: 2599: 2528:Ionic capital, being shaped like a large 1229:at Olympia, used for boxing and wrestling 933:The House of Masks, Delos, 3rd century BC 4142: 4082: 3982: 3968:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 3921: 3885:Sir Banister's A History of Architecture 3881: 3799: 3778: 3772: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3743: 3707: 3674: 3638: 3588: 3573: 3556: 3531: 3514: 3471: 3456: 3439: 3376: 3347: 3281: 3269: 3245: 3190: 3144: 3101: 3067: 3028: 2747: 2682: 1774:The temple rises from a stepped base or 1689: 1614:The earliest finds of roof tiles of the 1292: 747:, the supreme god and ruler of the sky; 4120: 4103: 4061: 3825: 3823: 3805: 3739: 3737: 3644: 3584: 3582: 3467: 3465: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3407: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3343: 3341: 3323: 3305: 3251: 3061: 1869:, because its encircling colonnade has 1858:surrounded by a double row of columns, 739:The home of the gods was thought to be 14: 8966: 8010: 4091: 4042: 3814: 3787: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3599: 3597: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3418: 3332: 3257: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3200: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 1769:Temple of the Olympian Zeus, Agrigento 1043:Porta Rosa, a street (3rd century BC) 783:, the god of commerce and travellers, 135:flourished on the Greek mainland, the 94:(421–406 BC); Bottom: Illustration of 8867: 8009: 7438: 6942: 6289: 6109: 6058: 5100: 4597: 4221: 4085:Greece: From Mycenae to the Parthenon 3749: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3510: 3508: 3275: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 2967:List of ancient architectural records 2655:and along the sides of the building, 1622:, where fired tiles began to replace 1492:(See Architectural Decoration, below) 888: 861: 787:, the god of fire and metalwork; and 8478:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 6110: 4013: 3999:. London: Laurence King Publishing. 3820: 3734: 3609: 3579: 3462: 3445: 3365: 3338: 3293: 2080:Orders of ancient Greek architecture 1141:Propylaea on the Acropolis of Athens 803: 751:, his wife and goddess of marriage; 4182:Cartwright, Mark (6 January 2013). 4123:An Outline of European Architecture 3692: 3659: 3621: 3616:Moffett, Fazio & Wodehouse 2003 3594: 3537: 3424: 3360:Moffett, Fazio & Wodehouse 2003 2999: 2522: 1147:was a large public building with a 986: 226:, was to have a profound effect on 179:) surrounded by storied colonnade ( 24: 7439: 6084: 4953:Dependencies and other territories 3842:Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya 2004 3830:Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya 2004 3604:Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya 2004 3562: 3520: 3505: 3195:Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya 2004 3179:Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya 2004 3167: 3162:Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya 2004 3150: 3119: 3086: 3050:Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya 2004 3034: 2695:from the Artemis Temple of Corfu, 1288: 25: 8990: 4175: 4106:"The Orientation of Geek Temples" 2982:Outline of classical architecture 1520:, columns, entablature, pediment. 1158:Every Greek town had an open-air 534:The rugged indented coastline at 8947: 8937: 8928: 8927: 4509:Tallest buildings and structures 4104:Penrose, Francis (11 May 1893). 2921: 2900: 2884: 2868: 2852: 2836: 2790:Temple of Asclepius at Epidauros 2629: 2613: 2568: 2559: 2456: 2440: 2431: 2308: 2276: 2267: 2115: 2095: 2086: 2030: 2014: 2002: 1555: 1540: 1525: 1505: 1265: 1250: 1234: 1218: 1083: 1068: 1052: 1036: 950: 938: 926: 914: 720: 705: 667: 651: 574: 558: 543: 527: 272: 74: 63: 52: 8948: 4912:States with limited recognition 3997:A World History of Architecture 3990:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 3924:American Journal of Archaeology 3847: 3835: 3793: 3766: 3680: 3489: 3477: 3382: 3353: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3263: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3184: 2588:Choragic Monument of Lysicrates 2515:at Delphi in 525 BC and at the 2447:Corner capital with a diagonal 1889:Proportion and optical illusion 1743:Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens 1679: 581:The Islands of the Aegean from 4372:Mycenaean Revival architecture 4363:Byzantine Revival architecture 3905:Gardner's Art through the Ages 3107: 3055: 3022: 2697:Archaeological Museum of Corfu 2391: 2208: 1695:Plans of Ancient Greek Temples 185:), the town council building ( 13: 1: 6549: 6536: 6517: 6500: 5379:Anatolian Seljuk architecture 4402:Modern architecture in Athens 3390:"Official Report 2004 vol. 2" 2987: 2972:List of ancient Greek temples 2830:Metopes, friezes and caryatid 2594: 1686:List of Ancient Greek temples 605: 489: 115: 7677:Funeral and burial practices 6862:Military of Mycenaean Greece 4132:Journal of Field Archaeology 3877:. London: Thames and Hudson. 2992: 2048:, the Temple to the Goddess 1283: 494: 232:architecture of ancient Rome 7: 4540:Macedonian tombs of Vergina 3500:Rostoker & Gebhard 1981 2914: 2813:, poised against the wind. 2800:as he seizes the aged king 2620:This Archaic gorgon's head 2404:capital, in which a curved 2303:and the overhanging cornice 1867:Pseudo-periteral heptastyle 1484: 10: 8995: 8979:Ancient Greek architecture 7601:Greek Revival architecture 6943: 4306:Ancient Roman architecture 4284:Ancient Greek architecture 4188:World History Encyclopedia 4121:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1943). 3863: 3114:Higgins & Higgins 1996 2942:Ancient Roman architecture 2584:Temple of Apollo Epicurius 2374:sculpture on the Parthenon 1731:pseudoperipteral hexastyle 1683: 1674:ancient Roman architecture 1577: 1463: 1116:. The completely restored 865: 763:, goddess of the harvest; 733:religion of ancient Greece 591: 342:Ancient Greek architecture 248:Greek Revival architecture 125:Ancient Greek architecture 90:(460–406 BC); Centre: The 41:Ancient Greek architecture 28: 8923: 8874: 8868: 8863: 8708: 8585: 8574: 8501: 8423: 8380: 8327: 8185: 8037: 8028: 8024: 8005: 7954: 7869: 7807: 7769: 7762: 7712: 7672: 7663: 7585: 7462: 7458: 7434: 7400: 7369: 7211: 7098: 7042: 7009:Attalid kings of Pergamon 6964: 6955: 6951: 6938: 6817:Antigonid Macedonian army 6790: 6763: 6735: 6692: 6649: 6640: 6482: 6421: 6318: 6314: 6285: 6184: 6133: 6129: 6105: 6092: 5967: 5936: 5885: 5750: 5487: 5446: 5321: 5234: 5152: 5134: 4998: 4952: 4929:Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 4911: 4631: 4553: 4517: 4415: 4378:Neoclassical architecture 4368:Modern Greek architecture 4350: 4314: 4266: 4259: 4014:Neer, Richard T. (2012). 2977:Modern Greek architecture 2893:Battle of Gods and Titans 2863:, Temple of Zeus, Olympus 2859:Severe Classical metope: 2129: 1745:with a length of nearly 2 1580:List of Greco-Roman roofs 439:Modern Greek architecture 244:Neoclassical architecture 111: 45: 35:Modern Greek architecture 4417:Buildings and structures 4083:Stierlin, Henri (2004). 4043:Nevett, Lisa C. (2023). 3236:, pp. 39–40, 62–66. 2847:, Temple C at Selinunte. 2412:similar to those of the 2072: 1805:Amphiprostyle tetrastyle 1735:pseudodipteral octastyle 1717:amphiprostyle tetrastyle 1626:roofs at the temples of 1616:Archaic period in Greece 1415:Entablature and pediment 1174:number of Greek theatres 5144:History of construction 5128:History of architecture 4358:Italianate architecture 3984:Lawrence, Arnold Walter 2875:High Classical frieze: 2713:Artemis Temple of Corfu 2704:Architectural sculpture 2679:Architectural sculpture 2661:Architectural sculpture 2330:is in three parts, the 1646:, Southern and Central 1573: 1182:Polykleitos the Younger 799:Architectural character 697:Religion and philosophy 352:Ancient Greek sculpture 7043:Artists & scholars 6958:List of ancient Greeks 6595:Second Athenian League 6444:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 6269:Ancient Greek colonies 5139:Architectural timeline 4674:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4625:Architecture of Europe 4398:Modernist architecture 4322:Byzantine architecture 4279:Mycenaean architecture 4125:. London: John Murray. 4099:. London: Paul Hamlyn. 2952:Classical architecture 2947:Byzantine architecture 2757: 2735:Severe Classical Style 2700: 2600:Architectural ornament 1991:below the middle. The 1977: 1800:(see above, figure 1.) 1738: 1372: 820:Mycenaean architecture 759:, the god of the sea; 642: 449:Contemporary Greek art 230:of later periods. The 173:), the public square ( 8974:Architectural history 8162:Sybaris on the Traeis 6887:Sacred Band of Thebes 6627:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 6141:Cycladic civilization 5681:America and Australia 5301:Medieval Scandinavian 4545:Grand Master's Palace 4332:Venetian architecture 4045:Ancient Greek Housing 2895:, the Pergamon Altar. 2751: 2709:pedimental sculptures 2686: 2551:The Corinthian Order 2400:is recognized by its 1978: 1705:amphidistyle in antis 1693: 1684:Further information: 1638:, including Mainland 1578:Further information: 1296: 1126:Hippodamus of Miletus 1075:The Bouleuterion, at 872:Ancient Greek theatre 755:, goddess of wisdom; 405:Post-Byzantine Greece 347:Ancient Greek pottery 143:, and in colonies in 131:, or Hellenes, whose 118:900 BC–1st century AD 7687:mythological figures 7408:Ancient Greek tribes 6533:Peloponnesian League 5923:Critical regionalism 4342:Ottoman architecture 4337:Baroque architecture 4184:"Greek Architecture" 3854:Boardman et al. 1967 3761:Boardman et al. 1967 3729:Boardman et al. 1967 3687:Boardman et al. 1967 3496:Boardman et al. 1967 3484:Boardman et al. 1967 3318:Boardman et al. 1967 3081:Boardman et al. 1967 3017:Boardman et al. 1967 2891:Hellenistic frieze: 2259:peripteral hexastyle 2064:calculated that the 1910: 1835:Peripteral octastyle 1822:Peripteral hexastyle 1727:peripteral hexastyle 1533:Temple of Hephaestos 1399:. Each column has a 1205:Panathinaiko Stadium 868:Ancient Greek temple 388:Byzantine Iconoclasm 266:History of Greek art 228:Western architecture 7799:Tunnel of Eupalinos 7794:Theatre of Dionysus 7418:Ancient Macedonians 7034:Tyrants of Syracuse 6546:Amphictyonic League 6146:Minoan civilization 5862:Stripped Classicism 5837:International style 5820:Rationalist-Fascist 5469:Portuguese Colonial 5219:Pre-Islamic Persian 4435:Ancient Greek sites 4327:Gothic architecture 4274:Minoan architecture 4097:The Classical World 3856:, pp. 509–510. 3832:, pp. 143–148. 3802:, pp. 110–111. 3710:, pp. 137–139. 3677:, pp. 125–129. 3641:, pp. 108–112. 3606:, pp. 138–148. 3559:, pp. 107–109. 3534:, pp. 285–289. 3517:, pp. 305–309. 3379:, pp. 147–148. 3284:, pp. 151–153. 3248:, pp. 119–121. 3164:, pp. 110–114. 3052:, pp. 126–132. 2929:Architecture portal 2879:, Parthenon, Athens 2861:Labours of Hercules 2719:slaying the Gorgon 1713:prostyle tetrastyle 1243:Theatre of Dionysus 1063:, the Agora, Athens 963:of a house at Delos 856:Lion Tomb at Knidos 775:, goddess of love; 165:architectural forms 106:(right two) columns 102:(middle three) and 42: 8473:Menestheus's Limin 8127:Pandosia (Lucania) 8015:Greek colonisation 7377:Athenian statesmen 7138:Diogenes of Sinope 6999:Kings of Macedonia 6989:Kings of Commagene 6857:Macedonian phalanx 6837:Hellenistic armies 6585:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 6449:Indo-Greek Kingdom 6171:Hellenistic Greece 5867:Postconstructivism 5810:Streamline Moderne 3689:, pp. 45, 49. 3224:, pp. 33–102. 3181:, pp. 90–109. 2877:Panathenaic Ritual 2845:Perseus and Medusa 2758: 2701: 1973: 1852:Dipteral decastyle 1847:(figures 6 and 9.) 1739: 1723:dipteral octastyle 1590:architectural form 1373: 1059:The reconstructed 945:The House of Masks 889:Domestic buildings 862:Types of buildings 852:architectural form 629:motifs of sea life 365:Greco-Buddhist art 309:Protogeometric art 40: 18:Greek architecture 8961: 8960: 8919: 8918: 8859: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8425:Iberian Peninsula 8357:Lipara/Meligounis 8323: 8322: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7974:Cypriot syllabary 7865: 7864: 7774:Athenian Treasury 7758: 7757: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7019:Ptolemaic dynasty 6979:Archons of Athens 6934: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6805:Athenian military 6786: 6785: 6619:League of Corinth 6601:Thessalian League 6577:Chalcidian League 6559:Acarnanian League 6469:Ptolemaic Kingdom 6281: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6052: 6051: 5094: 5093: 4591: 4590: 4499:Football stadiums 4411: 4410: 4093:Strong, Donald E. 4027:978-0-500-28877-1 3817:, pp. 61–62. 3790:, pp. 39–40. 3731:, pp. 22–25. 3656:, pp. 58–60. 3618:, pp. 50–53. 3421:, pp. 38–40. 3362:, pp. 62–64. 3335:, pp. 74–75. 3320:, pp. 49–50. 3308:, pp. 42–43. 3272:, pp. 65–67. 3260:, pp. 35–36. 3147:, pp. 93–97. 3104:, pp. 89–91. 3083:, pp. 10–14. 3031:, pp. 83–84. 2937:Ancient Greek art 2513:Siphnian Treasury 2195:Temple of Artemis 2142:. These are: the 2062:Banister Fletcher 1965: 1959: 1921: 1880: 1861: 1848: 1844: 1831: 1818: 1801: 1493: 1180:by the architect 804:Early development 487: 486: 363: 337:Ancient Greek art 332:Archaic Greek art 304:Mycenaean pottery 122: 121: 16:(Redirected from 8986: 8951: 8950: 8941: 8931: 8930: 8865: 8864: 8583: 8582: 8082:Heraclea Lucania 8035: 8034: 8026: 8025: 8007: 8006: 7767: 7766: 7699:Twelve Olympians 7670: 7669: 7460: 7459: 7436: 7435: 7024:Seleucid dynasty 7004:Kings of Paionia 6953: 6952: 6940: 6939: 6810:Scythian archers 6717:Graphe paranomon 6647: 6646: 6554: 6551: 6541: 6538: 6522: 6519: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6316: 6315: 6287: 6286: 6166:Classical Greece 6151:Mycenaean Greece 6131: 6130: 6107: 6106: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6056: 6055: 5944:Deconstructivism 5703:Spanish Colonial 5464:Spanish Colonial 5364:Western Chalukya 5172:Ancient Egyptian 5121: 5114: 5107: 5098: 5097: 4632:Sovereign states 4618: 4611: 4604: 4595: 4594: 4300:Corinthian order 4264: 4263: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4171: 4139: 4126: 4117: 4100: 4088: 4087:. Köln: Taschen. 4079: 4058: 4039: 4010: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3918: 3899: 3878: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3818: 3812: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3747: 3741: 3732: 3726: 3711: 3705: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3657: 3651: 3642: 3636: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3592: 3586: 3577: 3571: 3560: 3554: 3535: 3529: 3518: 3512: 3503: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3443: 3437: 3422: 3416: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3394:digital.la84.org 3386: 3380: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3198: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3165: 3159: 3148: 3142: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3084: 3078: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 2962:Greek technology 2931: 2926: 2925: 2904: 2888: 2872: 2856: 2843:Archaic metope: 2840: 2633: 2617: 2572: 2563: 2523:Corinthian order 2519:, about 410 BC. 2460: 2444: 2435: 2312: 2280: 2271: 2255:The Doric Order 2246:Temple of Apollo 2152:Corinthian order 2136:Classical orders 2119: 2099: 2090: 2034: 2018: 2006: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1946: 1922: 1914: 1878: 1859: 1846: 1842: 1829: 1816: 1799: 1791:Distyle in antis 1754: 1753: 1749: 1700:distyle in antis 1564:Temple of Aphaia 1559: 1544: 1529: 1509: 1491: 1269: 1254: 1238: 1222: 1087: 1072: 1056: 1040: 1011:votive offerings 991:The rectangular 987:Public buildings 954: 942: 930: 918: 724: 709: 691:chryselephantine 671: 655: 614: 610: 607: 578: 562: 547: 531: 479: 472: 465: 434:Modern Greek art 416:Heptanese school 361: 283:Greek Bronze Age 276: 253: 252: 224:Corinthian Order 209:Nikolaus Pevsner 161:open-air theatre 117: 78: 67: 56: 43: 39: 21: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8915: 8870: 8847: 8710: 8704: 8587: 8578: 8570: 8541:Melaina Korkyra 8497: 8419: 8376: 8329:Aeolian Islands 8319: 8181: 8039: 8020: 8019: 7993: 7950: 7861: 7803: 7754: 7708: 7659: 7581: 7572:Wedding customs 7454: 7453: 7422: 7413:Thracian Greeks 7396: 7387:Olympic victors 7365: 7207: 7094: 7038: 7029:Kings of Sparta 7014:Kings of Pontus 6984:Kings of Athens 6960: 6947: 6926: 6822:Army of Macedon 6782: 6759: 6731: 6688: 6636: 6609:(370–c. 230 BC) 6607:Arcadian League 6591:(c. 400–188 BC) 6589:Aetolian League 6583:Boeotian League 6565:Hellenic League 6552: 6539: 6529:(c. 650–404 BC) 6520: 6514:Italiote League 6507: 6503: 6497:Doric Hexapolis 6487: 6478: 6474:Seleucid Empire 6417: 6310: 6309: 6273: 6180: 6156:Greek Dark Ages 6125: 6124: 6101: 6088: 6083: 6053: 6048: 5963: 5932: 5881: 5815:Totalitarianism 5805:New Objectivity 5746: 5599:Serbo-Byzantine 5594:Russo-Byzantine 5483: 5442: 5317: 5294:Islamic Persian 5230: 5148: 5130: 5125: 5095: 5090: 4994: 4948: 4934:Northern Cyprus 4907: 4804:North Macedonia 4627: 4622: 4592: 4587: 4549: 4513: 4454:Byzantine sites 4430:Mycenaean sites 4407: 4346: 4310: 4255: 4246: 4192: 4190: 4178: 4144:Wikander, Örjan 4076: 4055: 4028: 4007: 3976: 3965: 3915: 3896: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3750: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3714: 3706: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3660: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3563: 3555: 3538: 3530: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3463: 3455: 3446: 3438: 3425: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3201: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3168: 3160: 3151: 3143: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3087: 3079: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2880: 2873: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2818:Nike Samothrace 2691:of the western 2681: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2602: 2597: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2565: 2564: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2525: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423:The Ionic Order 2394: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2305: 2304: 2281: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2211: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2075: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2011: 2010: 2007: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1891: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1737: 1720: 1696: 1688: 1682: 1592:being known as 1582: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1522: 1521: 1510: 1501: 1500: 1487: 1466: 1417: 1377:post and lintel 1331: 1298: 1291: 1289:Post and lintel 1286: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1120:can be seen in 1118:Stoa of Attalos 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1090:The Stadium at 1088: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1065: 1064: 1061:Stoa of Attalos 1057: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1019:. According to 989: 969: 968: 967: 966: 965: 955: 947: 946: 943: 935: 934: 931: 923: 922: 919: 891: 886: 866:Main articles: 864: 806: 801: 729: 728: 727: 726: 725: 717: 716: 714: 713: 710: 699: 682: 681: 680: 679: 678: 675:The Kritios Boy 672: 664: 663: 656: 645: 612: 608: 594: 589: 588: 587: 586: 585: 579: 571: 570: 565:The Acropolis, 563: 555: 554: 548: 540: 539: 532: 497: 492: 483: 454: 453: 429: 421: 420: 406: 398: 397: 378: 377:Medieval Greece 370: 369: 357:Hellenistic art 322: 314: 313: 284: 107: 84: 83: 82: 81: 80: 79: 70: 69: 68: 59: 58: 57: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8992: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8945: 8935: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8861: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8714: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8591: 8589: 8580: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8507: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8429: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8275:Megara Hyblaea 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8255:Hybla Gereatis 8252: 8247: 8245:Heraclea Minoa 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8032: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8011: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7989:Attic numerals 7986: 7984:Greek numerals 7981: 7979:Greek alphabet 7976: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7633:Musical system 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7592: 7590: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7468: 7466: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7440: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7217: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7065:Mathematicians 7062: 7057: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6974:Kings of Argos 6970: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6949: 6948: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6832:Cretan archers 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6741: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6631:Achaean League 6628: 6625:Euboean League 6622: 6616: 6613:Epirote League 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6561:(c. 500–31 BC) 6556: 6543: 6530: 6524: 6511: 6493: 6491: 6489:Confederations 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6413:Lissus (Crete) 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6324: 6322: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6291: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6161:Archaic Greece 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6086:Ancient Greece 6082: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5800:Constructivism 5797: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5775: 5773:Prairie School 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5306:Pre-Romanesque 5303: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5236:1st millennium 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5031:Pre-Romanesque 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4881:United Kingdom 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4694:Czech Republic 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4583:Urban planners 4580: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4525:Knossos Palace 4521: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4459:Venetian sites 4456: 4451: 4446: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4375: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4199: 4177: 4176:External links 4174: 4173: 4172: 4160:10.2307/148143 4154:(1): 285–290. 4140: 4127: 4118: 4116:(1228): 42–43. 4101: 4089: 4080: 4074: 4059: 4053: 4040: 4026: 4011: 4005: 3992: 3980: 3974: 3956: 3936:10.2307/504798 3930:(3): 305–310. 3919: 3913: 3900: 3894: 3879: 3871:Boardman, John 3865: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3846: 3844:, p. 145. 3834: 3819: 3804: 3792: 3777: 3775:, p. 164. 3765: 3763:, p. 435. 3748: 3746:, p. 163. 3733: 3712: 3691: 3679: 3658: 3643: 3620: 3608: 3593: 3591:, p. 126. 3578: 3561: 3536: 3519: 3504: 3502:, p. 212. 3498:, p. 12; 3488: 3476: 3474:, p. 159. 3461: 3459:, p. 155. 3444: 3442:, p. 107. 3423: 3406: 3381: 3364: 3352: 3337: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3199: 3183: 3166: 3149: 3118: 3106: 3085: 3066: 3054: 3033: 3021: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2916: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2898: 2890: 2883: 2882: 2874: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2851: 2850: 2842: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2822:Pergamon Altar 2754:British Museum 2680: 2677: 2635: 2628: 2627: 2619: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2574: 2567: 2566: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2524: 2521: 2462: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2393: 2390: 2378:Temple of Zeus 2314: 2307: 2306: 2282: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2238:hypotrachelion 2210: 2207: 2191:Aegean Islands 2175:Temple of Hera 2131: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2113: 2101: 2094: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1984: 1983: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1863: 1849: 1832: 1819: 1802: 1694: 1681: 1678: 1575: 1572: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1523: 1511: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1486: 1483: 1465: 1462: 1416: 1413: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1271: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1233: 1232: 1224: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1089: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1042: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 988: 985: 956: 949: 948: 944: 937: 936: 932: 925: 924: 920: 913: 912: 911: 910: 909: 890: 887: 863: 860: 805: 802: 800: 797: 779:, God of war; 719: 718: 711: 704: 703: 702: 701: 700: 698: 695: 673: 666: 665: 657: 650: 649: 648: 647: 646: 644: 641: 637:Greek Dark Age 625:Minoan palaces 613: 1100 BC 593: 590: 580: 573: 572: 564: 557: 556: 549: 542: 541: 533: 526: 525: 524: 523: 522: 496: 493: 491: 488: 485: 484: 482: 481: 474: 467: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 430: 427: 426: 423: 422: 419: 418: 413: 407: 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 395: 393:Macedonian art 390: 385: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 323: 321:Ancient Greece 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 269: 268: 262: 261: 238:, revivals of 141:Aegean Islands 127:came from the 120: 119: 113: 109: 108: 98:(left three), 85: 73: 72: 71: 62: 61: 60: 51: 50: 49: 48: 47: 46: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8991: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8954: 8946: 8944: 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8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8453:Hemeroscopion 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8030:Magna Graecia 8027: 8023: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7904:Arcadocypriot 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7857:Zeus, Olympia 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7842:Hera, Olympia 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7745:Mount Olympus 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713:Sacred places 7711: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7537:Olympic Games 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7527:Homosexuality 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6937: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6897:Seleucid army 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6571:Delian League 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6547: 6544: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6527:Ionian League 6525: 6515: 6512: 6508: 560 BC 6498: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6249:Magna Graecia 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5954:New Classical 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898:Structuralism 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5842:Functionalism 5840: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5778:Expressionism 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5730:Liberty style 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663:Neo-Manueline 5661: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5636:Monumentalism 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5626:Mediterranean 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406:Romano-Gothic 5404: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207:Ancient Roman 5205: 5203: 5202:Ancient Greek 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:Romano-Gothic 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5016:Ancient Roman 5014: 5012: 5011:Ancient Greek 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4965:Faroe Islands 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4939:South Ossetia 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764:Liechtenstein 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504:Indoor arenas 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4382:Greek revival 4379: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4138:(2): 211–212. 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4075:9789609869102 4071: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4054:9780521198721 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4006:1-85669-353-8 4002: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3975:0-8014-3337-1 3971: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3914:0-15-505090-7 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3895:0-7506-2267-9 3891: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3801: 3800:Lawrence 1957 3796: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3773:Fletcher 1996 3769: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3744:Fletcher 1996 3740: 3738: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3708:Fletcher 1996 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3675:Fletcher 1996 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3639:Fletcher 1996 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3590: 3589:Fletcher 1996 3585: 3583: 3575: 3574:Fletcher 1996 3570: 3568: 3566: 3558: 3557:Fletcher 1996 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3532:Wikander 1990 3528: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3515:Goldberg 1983 3511: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3486:, p. 25. 3485: 3480: 3473: 3472:Fletcher 1996 3468: 3466: 3458: 3457:Fletcher 1996 3453: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3440:Fletcher 1996 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3396:. p. 237 3395: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3377:Fletcher 1996 3373: 3371: 3369: 3361: 3356: 3350:, p. 97. 3349: 3348:Fletcher 1996 3344: 3342: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3282:Fletcher 1996 3278: 3271: 3270:Lawrence 1957 3266: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3246:Fletcher 1996 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3212:, p. 35. 3211: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3191:Fletcher 1996 3187: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3145:Fletcher 1996 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3110: 3103: 3102:Fletcher 1996 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3064:, p. 19. 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3030: 3029:Lawrence 1957 3025: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2998: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2957:Greek culture 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2919: 2903: 2894: 2887: 2878: 2871: 2862: 2855: 2846: 2839: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2632: 2623: 2616: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2571: 2562: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2459: 2450: 2443: 2434: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2318: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2270: 2260: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:Magna Graecia 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2118: 2098: 2089: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058:Helen Gardner 2055: 2051: 2047: 2033: 2024: 2017: 2005: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1883: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1692: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:Mediterranean 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1565: 1558: 1549: 1543: 1534: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1508: 1494: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1275: 1272:The altar of 1268: 1260: 1253: 1244: 1237: 1228: 1221: 1212: 1210: 1209:Olympic Games 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1128:, a pupil of 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1086: 1078: 1071: 1062: 1055: 1046: 1039: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003: 998: 994: 984: 980: 978: 973: 964: 960: 953: 941: 929: 917: 908: 906: 902: 898: 897: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 859: 858:(c. 350 BC). 857: 853: 848: 845: 841: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 815: 811: 796: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 734: 723: 708: 694: 692: 686: 676: 670: 661: 658:Black figure 654: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 603: 598: 584: 577: 568: 561: 553: 546: 537: 530: 521: 517: 513: 511: 507: 503: 480: 475: 473: 468: 466: 461: 460: 458: 457: 450: 447: 445: 444:Munich School 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 428:Modern Greece 425: 424: 417: 414: 412: 411:Cretan school 409: 408: 402: 401: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 383:Byzantine art 381: 380: 374: 373: 366: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 327:Geometric art 325: 324: 318: 317: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 299:Mycenaean art 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 280: 279: 275: 271: 270: 267: 264: 263: 259: 255: 254: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 204: 202: 201: 196: 195: 190: 189: 184: 183: 178: 177: 172: 171: 166: 162: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 114: 110: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 77: 66: 55: 44: 36: 32: 31:modern Greece 27: 19: 8748:Dionysopolis 8718:Abonoteichos 8670:Pantikapaion 8260:Hybla Heraea 7596:Architecture 7595: 7552:Prostitution 7241:Aristophanes 7100:Philosophers 7070:Philosophers 6902:Spartan army 6633:(280–146 BC) 6621:(338–322 BC) 6615:(370–168 BC) 6603:(374–196 BC) 6597:(378–355 BC) 6579:(430–348 BC) 6573:(478–404 BC) 6567:(499–449 BC) 6254:Peloponnesus 6176:Roman Greece 6012:Mesoamerican 5959:Contemporary 5937:2000–present 5928:Neo-futurism 5908:Blobitecture 5735:Modern Style 5651:Neoclassical 5399:Indo-Islamic 5374:Great Seljuk 5359:Vijayanagara 5253:East Slavic 5201: 5167:Mesopotamian 5086:Contemporary 5066:Neoclassical 5010: 4944:Transnistria 4903:Vatican City 4570: 4566:Tower houses 4425:Minoan sites 4283: 4249:Architecture 4208:Joseph Woods 4191:. Retrieved 4187: 4151: 4147: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4096: 4084: 4064: 4044: 4016: 3996: 3987: 3961: 3927: 3923: 3904: 3884: 3874: 3849: 3837: 3795: 3768: 3682: 3611: 3491: 3479: 3398:. Retrieved 3393: 3384: 3355: 3313: 3306:Penrose 1893 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3186: 3116:, Chapter 3. 3109: 3062:Pevsner 1943 3057: 3024: 2892: 2876: 2860: 2844: 2815: 2805: 2794:Sack of Troy 2771: 2759: 2734: 2732: 2725: 2702: 2687:The Archaic 2665: 2650: 2642: 2621: 2581: 2529: 2526: 2507: 2501: 2497: 2493:egg-and-dart 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2325: 2287:showing the 2258: 2243: 2236: 2230: 2228: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2168: 2133: 2065: 2043: 2021:A sectioned 1992: 1988: 1985: 1892: 1881: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1855: 1851: 1838: 1834: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1760: 1756: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1680:Temple plans 1652: 1613: 1598: 1583: 1517: 1488: 1467: 1451: 1436: 1429: 1418: 1393: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1186: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1145:bouleuterion 1134: 1099: 1024: 1014: 1000: 990: 981: 974: 970: 894: 892: 849: 836: 818: 807: 793: 738: 730: 687: 683: 674: 659: 633:Peloponnesus 599: 595: 583:Cape Sounion 518: 514: 498: 341: 289:Cycladic art 213: 205: 198: 192: 188:bouleuterion 186: 180: 174: 168: 149: 124: 123: 112:Years active 26: 8896:Place names 8808:Salmydessus 8630:Kalos Limen 8610:Chersonesus 8600:Borysthenes 8305:Tauromenion 8117:Metapontion 7879:Proto-Greek 7832:Erechtheion 7827:Athena Nike 7789:Philippeion 7618:Mathematics 7589:and science 7472:Agriculture 7336:Stesichorus 7246:Bacchylides 7236:Archilochus 7123:Antisthenes 7113:Anaximander 7085:Seven Sages 7075:Playwrights 7055:Geographers 7050:Astronomers 6877:Pezhetairos 6504: 1100 6484:Federations 6383:Megalopolis 6320:City states 6295:City states 5872:PWA Moderne 5758:Rationalism 5720:Art Nouveau 5708:Territorial 5688:Renaissance 5672:Queen Anne 5545:Elizabethan 5438:Plateresque 5433:Renaissance 5416:Sondergotik 5311:Carolingian 5257:Kievan Rus' 5056:Renaissance 4985:Isle of Man 4866:Switzerland 4799:Netherlands 4572:Antiparochi 4449:Roman sites 4393:Eclecticism 4388:Art Nouveau 3815:Strong 1965 3788:Strong 1965 3654:Strong 1965 3419:Strong 1965 3333:Strong 1965 3258:Strong 1965 3234:Strong 1965 3222:Strong 1965 3210:Strong 1965 2798:Neoptolemos 2542:Callimachus 2517:Erechtheion 2398:Ionic order 2392:Ionic order 2328:entablature 2285:entablature 2209:Doric order 2203:Hellenistic 2156:entablature 2148:Ionic order 2144:Doric order 1896:golden mean 1879:(figure 8.) 1860:(figure 6.) 1843:(figure 7.) 1830:(figure 7.) 1817:(figure 4.) 1721:Bottom: 6. 1548:Erechtheion 1421:entablature 1276:at Syracuse 1259:Bellerophon 615:), and the 609: 2800 236:Renaissance 220:Ionic Order 216:Doric Order 137:Peloponnese 92:Erechtheion 8968:Categories 8798:Polemonion 8675:Phanagoria 8645:Kimmerikon 8640:Kerkinitis 8625:Hermonassa 8615:Dioscurias 8511:Aspalathos 8458:Kalathousa 8433:Akra Leuke 8362:Phoenicusa 8147:Scylletium 8132:Poseidonia 8052:Brentesion 7939:Pamphylian 7934:Macedonian 7852:Samothrace 7837:Hephaestus 7784:Long Walls 7763:Structures 7704:Underworld 7650:Technology 7613:Literature 7547:Philosophy 7512:Euergetism 7401:By culture 7346:Thucydides 7188:Pythagoras 7183:Protagoras 7173:Parmenides 7158:Heraclitus 7143:Empedocles 7133:Democritus 7118:Anaximenes 7108:Anaxagoras 7060:Historians 6553: 595 6540: 550 6521: 800 6506: – c. 6434:Cappadocia 6239:Ionian Sea 6229:Hellespont 6194:Aegean Sea 6029:Portuguese 5903:Postmodern 5852:Organicism 5740:Modernisme 5725:Jugendstil 5584:Revivalism 5572:Industrial 5555:Portuguese 5329:Romanesque 5224:Achaemenid 5081:Postmodern 5071:Revivalism 5036:Romanesque 4794:Montenegro 4774:Luxembourg 4754:Kazakhstan 4659:Azerbaijan 4578:Architects 3400:2023-08-13 2988:References 2778:Praxiteles 2645:terracotta 2595:Decoration 2332:architrave 2326:The Doric 2289:architrave 2187:Asia Minor 2162:, and the 2150:, and the 1882:Heptastyle 1813:Tetrastyle 1785:Examples: 1666:voussoired 1644:Asia Minor 1642:, Western 1601:roof tiles 1432:architrave 1346:Architrave 1305:Acroterium 1197:hippodrome 1130:Pythagoras 1007:cult image 840:colonnades 832:orthostats 785:Hephaestus 611: – c. 490:Influences 294:Minoan art 240:Classicism 197:) and the 104:Corinthian 8884:in Epirus 8833:Trapezous 8778:Mesambria 8763:Eupatoria 8733:Apollonia 8728:Anchialos 8690:Theodosia 8660:Nymphaion 8650:Myrmekion 8620:Gorgippia 8576:Black Sea 8561:Tragurion 8546:Nymphaion 8531:Epidauros 8526:Epidamnos 8516:Apollonia 8493:Zacynthos 8415:Ptolemais 8409:Apollonia 8382:Cyrenaica 8372:Therassía 8367:Strongyle 8347:Ereikousa 8270:Leontinoi 8210:Apollonia 8087:Hipponion 7884:Mycenaean 7847:Parthenon 7779:Lion Gate 7682:Mythology 7645:Sculpture 7608:Astronomy 7542:Pederasty 7517:Festivals 7502:Education 7382:Lawgivers 7351:Timocreon 7331:Sophocles 7326:Simonides 7301:Philocles 7296:Panyassis 7291:Mimnermus 7256:Herodotus 7251:Euripides 7221:Aeschylus 7168:Leucippus 7128:Aristotle 6907:Strategos 6773:Synedrion 6727:Ostracism 6707:Areopagus 6659:Free city 6454:Macedonia 6338:Byzantion 6244:Macedonia 6209:Cyrenaica 6186:Geography 6120:Geography 5990:Dravidian 5949:Neomodern 5913:High-tech 5893:Brutalism 5886:1950–2000 5830:Stalinist 5763:Mycenaean 5751:1900–1950 5589:Byzantine 5565:Ukrainian 5550:Naryshkin 5515:Edwardian 5488:1750–1900 5459:Palladian 5454:Manueline 5447:1500–1750 5322:1000–1500 5262:Muscovite 5249:Byzantine 5197:Classical 5185:Mycenaean 5162:Neolithic 5021:Byzantine 5006:Neolithic 4970:Gibraltar 4769:Lithuania 4535:Parthenon 4530:Lion Gate 4474:Fountains 4036:745332893 3952:191380231 3294:Neer 2012 2993:Citations 2806:acroteria 2782:Leochares 2774:Timotheos 2657:antefixes 2653:acroteria 2538:Vitruvius 2509:Caryatids 2344:triglyphs 2317:stylobate 2297:triglyphs 2164:stylobate 2140:Vitruvius 2066:stylobate 2054:Acropolis 2046:Parthenon 1968:≈ 1940:φ 1930:− 1927:φ 1919:φ 1776:stylobate 1765:Parthenon 1594:hypostyle 1518:crepidoma 1514:Parthenon 1474:stylobate 1470:crepidoma 1447:triglyphs 1389:Pausanias 1370:Stylobate 1284:Structure 1227:Palaestra 1193:gymnasium 1189:palaestra 1178:Epidaurus 1164:orchestra 1149:hypostyle 1092:Epidauros 1021:Aristotle 1016:acropolis 977:peristyle 876:Acropolis 844:hypostyle 810:Mycenaean 773:Aphrodite 617:Mycenaean 495:Geography 362:see also: 194:mausoleum 156:Parthenon 88:Parthenon 86:Top: The 8933:Category 8911:Theatres 8838:Tripolis 8773:Kerasous 8768:Heraclea 8700:Tyritake 8655:Nikonion 8566:Thronion 8488:Salauris 8443:Emporion 8400:Berenice 8390:Balagrae 8342:Euonymos 8315:Tyndaris 8300:Syracuse 8295:Selinous 8265:Kamarina 8220:Casmenae 8205:Akrillai 8122:Neápolis 8057:Caulonia 8038:Mainland 7969:Linear B 7964:Linear A 7894:Dialects 7871:Language 7665:Religion 7623:Medicine 7557:Religion 7522:Folklore 7507:Emporium 7482:Clothing 7477:Calendar 7361:Xenophon 7356:Tyrtaeus 7341:Theognis 7316:Polybius 7311:Plutarch 7286:Menander 7266:Hipponax 7193:Socrates 7148:Epicurus 6994:Diadochi 6892:Sciritae 6852:Hetairoi 6827:Ballista 6792:Military 6755:Gerousia 6745:Ekklesia 6712:Ecclesia 6694:Athenian 6642:Politics 6555:–279 BC) 6542:–366 BC) 6523:–389 BC) 6459:Pergamon 6429:Bithynia 6422:Kingdoms 6363:Pergamon 6305:Military 6300:Politics 6097:Timeline 6002:Japanese 5980:Colonial 5968:Regional 5918:Arcology 5857:Art Deco 5847:Futurism 5790:De Stijl 5693:Romanian 5611:Egyptian 5606:Colonial 5560:Siberian 5370:Islamic 5339:Ottonian 5334:Galician 5244:Sasanian 5212:Herodian 5192:Etruscan 4990:Svalbard 4975:Guernsey 4919:Abkhazia 4891:Scotland 4851:Slovenia 4846:Slovakia 4826:Portugal 4679:Bulgaria 4494:Airports 4484:Theatres 4315:Medieval 4210:(1828), 4148:Hesperia 4095:(1965). 3986:(1957). 2915:See also 2767:Dionysus 2743:Centaurs 2693:pediment 2672:brackets 2668:astragal 2534:acanthus 2414:nautilus 2382:centaurs 2338:and the 2189:and the 2160:pediment 2023:nautilus 1900:nautilus 1697:Top: 1. 1632:Poseidon 1624:thatched 1609:mudbrick 1485:Openings 1458:tympanum 1425:pediment 1423:and the 1325:Triglyph 1301:Tympanum 1274:Hiero II 1245:, Athens 1137:propylon 905:pediment 789:Dionysus 757:Poseidon 538:, Attica 536:Rhamnous 258:a series 256:Part of 222:and the 170:propylon 145:Anatolia 8953:Outline 8906:Temples 8843:Zaliche 8823:Thèrmae 8813:Sesamus 8783:Odessos 8758:Cytorus 8753:Cotyora 8503:Illyria 8468:Mainake 8463:Kypsela 8352:Hycesia 8310:Thermae 8290:Segesta 8280:Messana 8235:Helorus 8215:Calacte 8195:Akragas 8157:Sybaris 8142:Rhegion 8097:Krimisa 8047:Alision 7956:Writing 7929:Locrian 7919:Epirote 7889:Homeric 7822:Artemis 7809:Temples 7750:Olympia 7720:Eleusis 7655:Theatre 7640:Pottery 7567:Warfare 7562:Slavery 7497:Economy 7492:Cuisine 7487:Coinage 7464:Society 7449:Culture 7444:Society 7392:Tyrants 7231:Alcaeus 7213:Authors 7163:Hypatia 7153:Gorgias 7090:Writers 6912:Toxotai 6882:Sarissa 6872:Peltast 6867:Phalanx 6847:Hoplite 6842:Hippeis 6765:Macedon 6737:Spartan 6722:Heliaia 6669:Proxeny 6378:Larissa 6373:Kerkyra 6368:Eretria 6358:Miletus 6353:Ephesus 6348:Corinth 6343:Chalcis 6264:Taurica 6134:Periods 6115:History 6039:Spanish 6034:Russian 5975:Chinese 5795:Bauhaus 5698:Russian 5676:Britain 5658:Moorish 5641:Baroque 5631:Mission 5577:British 5540:Petrine 5535:Maltese 5530:Italian 5520:English 5495:Baroque 5394:Ottoman 5389:Timurid 5354:Hoysala 5350:Indian 5289:Fatimid 5284:Abbasid 5279:Moorish 5274:Umayyad 5269:Islamic 5176:Aegean 5061:Baroque 5051:Ottoman 5026:Moorish 4999:History 4886:England 4876:Ukraine 4831:Romania 4819:Silesia 4784:Moldova 4744:Ireland 4739:Iceland 4734:Hungary 4724:Germany 4719:Georgia 4709:Finland 4704:Estonia 4699:Denmark 4684:Croatia 4669:Belgium 4664:Belarus 4654:Austria 4649:Armenia 4644:Andorra 4639:Albania 4554:Related 4518:Notable 4489:Squares 4479:Museums 4464:Castles 4439:temples 4267:Ancient 3864:Sources 2763:Phidias 2739:Lapiths 2717:Perseus 2622:antefix 2489:dentils 2410:volutes 2406:echinus 2402:voluted 2386:Phidias 2363:mutules 2359:molding 2348:metopes 2340:cornice 2301:metopes 2232:arrises 2224:entasis 2215:echinus 2199:Ephesus 2179:Olympia 2052:on the 1993:entasis 1989:entasis 1796:pronaos 1750:⁄ 1662:exedrae 1620:Corinth 1562:At the 1464:Masonry 1454:cornice 1443:metopes 1409:fluting 1401:capital 1397:entasis 1366:Fluting 1358:Echinus 1350:Capital 1317:Mutules 1313:Cornice 1201:stadium 1160:theatre 1102:Paestum 1047:, Italy 1002:temenos 997:megaron 901:pronaos 824:megaron 769:Artemis 761:Demeter 741:Olympus 660:Amphora 592:History 200:stadium 152:temples 133:culture 8943:Portal 8891:People 8879:Cities 8818:Sinope 8803:Rhizos 8793:Phasis 8743:Bathus 8738:Athina 8723:Amisos 8685:Tanais 8680:Pityus 8605:Charax 8556:Pharos 8551:Orikon 8448:Helike 8438:Alonis 8405:Cyrene 8337:Didyme 8250:Himera 8225:Catana 8187:Sicily 8177:Thurii 8172:Terina 8137:Pixous 8092:Hydrus 8067:Croton 7899:Aeolic 7817:Aphaea 7740:Dodona 7725:Delphi 7694:Temple 7370:Others 7321:Sappho 7306:Pindar 7281:Lucian 7276:Ibycus 7261:Hesiod 7198:Thales 6966:Rulers 6945:People 6922:Xyston 6917:Xiphos 6778:Koinon 6684:Tyrant 6674:Stasis 6664:Koinon 6464:Pontus 6439:Epirus 6408:Sparta 6398:Rhodes 6393:Megara 6388:Thebes 6333:Athens 6259:Pontus 6224:Epirus 6214:Cyprus 6199:Aeolis 6044:Somali 6024:Newari 6007:Korean 5985:Indian 5877:Googie 5783:Cubism 5768:Modern 5668:Pueblo 5646:Rococo 5616:Gothic 5525:French 5500:Andean 5474:Mughal 5411:Gothic 5384:Mamluk 5344:Norman 5180:Minoan 5076:Modern 5046:Gothic 4980:Jersey 4924:Kosovo 4871:Turkey 4861:Sweden 4841:Serbia 4836:Russia 4814:Poland 4809:Norway 4789:Monaco 4759:Latvia 4729:Greece 4714:France 4689:Cyprus 4351:Modern 4288:Aeolic 4260:Styles 4253:Greece 4168:148143 4166: 4110:Nature 4072: 4051: 4034: 4024: 4003: 3972: 3950: 3944:504798 3942: 3911: 3892: 2786:Skopas 2728:relief 2721:Medusa 2689:Gorgon 2530:krater 2481:abacus 2473:fillet 2449:volute 2370:relief 2352:guttae 2336:frieze 2334:, the 2293:frieze 2219:abacus 2146:, the 2130:Orders 2050:Athena 1871:pseudo 1761:tholos 1757:tholos 1709:tholos 1658:arches 1654:Vaults 1640:Greece 1628:Apollo 1478:ashlar 1439:frieze 1405:abacus 1362:Column 1354:Abacus 1342:Taenia 1334:Regula 1329:Metope 1321:Frieze 1143:. The 1122:Athens 1106:Priene 1077:Priene 1026:tholoi 993:temple 961:floor 959:mosaic 882:, and 830:stone 828:ashlar 814:Minoan 781:Hermes 765:Apollo 753:Athena 602:Minoan 567:Athens 552:Delphi 502:marble 260:on the 218:, the 139:, the 129:Greeks 33:, see 8901:Stoae 8869:Lists 8788:Oinòe 8711:coast 8709:South 8695:Tyras 8665:Olbia 8635:Kepoi 8588:coast 8586:North 8579:basin 8521:Aulon 8483:Rhode 8395:Barca 8285:Naxos 8240:Henna 8200:Akrai 8167:Taras 8152:Siris 8112:Medma 8107:Locri 8072:Cumae 8062:Chone 8040:Italy 7946:Koine 7924:Ionic 7914:Doric 7909:Attic 7730:Delos 7628:Music 7271:Homer 7226:Aesop 7178:Plato 7080:Poets 6750:Ephor 6702:Agora 6679:Tagus 6654:Boule 6403:Samos 6328:Argos 6234:Ionia 6219:Doris 6204:Crete 5995:Hindu 5713:Tudor 5621:Mayan 5510:Dutch 5505:Czech 5428:Aztec 5423:Incan 4960:Åland 4896:Wales 4856:Spain 4779:Malta 4749:Italy 4469:Gates 4443:stoae 4296:Ionic 4292:Doric 4193:8 May 4164:JSTOR 3966:(PDF) 3948:S2CID 3940:JSTOR 2802:Priam 2477:torus 2295:with 2261:plan. 2185:, in 2183:Ionia 2073:Style 1971:1.618 1733:, 9. 1729:, 8. 1725:, 7. 1715:, 5. 1711:, 4. 1707:, 3. 1703:, 2. 1648:Italy 1586:cella 1338:Gutta 1307:, 3. 1303:, 2. 1191:or a 1169:skênê 1153:boule 1110:agora 1045:Velia 896:oikos 880:Agora 621:Crete 510:Naxos 506:Paros 176:agora 100:Ionic 96:Doric 8828:Tium 8595:Akra 8536:Issa 8230:Gela 8102:Laüs 8077:Elea 7735:Dion 7587:Arts 7577:Wine 7203:Zeno 6800:Wars 6017:Maya 5825:Nazi 5479:Sikh 4195:2021 4070:ISBN 4049:ISBN 4032:OCLC 4022:ISBN 4001:ISBN 3970:ISBN 3909:ISBN 3890:ISBN 2811:Nike 2784:and 2741:and 2733:The 2502:naos 2498:naos 2396:The 2346:and 2299:and 2283:The 2044:The 1875:naos 1856:naos 1839:naos 1826:naos 1809:naos 1670:dome 1656:and 1630:and 1574:Roof 1512:The 1368:19. 1364:18. 1360:17. 1356:16. 1352:15. 1348:14. 1344:13. 1340:12. 1336:11. 1332:10. 1309:Sima 1241:The 1225:The 1114:stoa 1104:and 957:The 884:Stoa 812:and 777:Ares 749:Hera 745:Zeus 731:The 508:and 246:and 182:stoa 7532:Law 5154:BCE 4251:of 4156:doi 3932:doi 2663:). 2197:at 2177:at 1664:of 1327:9. 1323:8. 1319:7. 1315:5. 1311:4. 1299:1. 643:Art 8970:: 6550:c. 6537:c. 6518:c. 6501:c. 4441:, 4186:. 4162:. 4152:59 4150:. 4134:. 4114:48 4112:. 4108:. 4030:. 3946:. 3938:. 3928:87 3926:. 3822:^ 3807:^ 3780:^ 3751:^ 3736:^ 3715:^ 3694:^ 3661:^ 3646:^ 3623:^ 3596:^ 3581:^ 3564:^ 3539:^ 3522:^ 3507:^ 3464:^ 3447:^ 3426:^ 3409:^ 3392:. 3367:^ 3340:^ 3325:^ 3202:^ 3193:; 3169:^ 3152:^ 3121:^ 3088:^ 3069:^ 3036:^ 3001:^ 2780:, 2776:, 2483:. 2291:, 2158:, 1877:. 1841:, 1811:. 1676:. 1605:in 1427:. 1211:. 1184:. 1132:. 878:, 874:, 870:, 639:. 606:c. 203:. 116:c. 8411:) 8407:( 6548:( 6535:( 6516:( 6510:) 6499:( 6486:/ 6078:e 6071:t 6064:v 5120:e 5113:t 5106:v 4617:e 4610:t 4603:v 4445:) 4437:( 4404:) 4400:( 4384:) 4380:( 4374:) 4370:( 4302:) 4298:/ 4294:/ 4290:/ 4286:( 4241:e 4234:t 4227:v 4214:. 4197:. 4170:. 4158:: 4136:8 4078:. 4057:. 4038:. 4009:. 3978:. 3954:. 3934:: 3917:. 3898:. 3576:. 3403:. 3296:. 3197:. 3019:. 2756:. 2699:. 2319:. 1963:2 1957:5 1952:+ 1949:1 1943:= 1936:; 1933:1 1924:= 1916:1 1752:2 1748:1 1719:, 604:( 478:e 471:t 464:v 37:. 20:)

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Ancient Greek architecture

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