1419:
952:
2205:"Consolidated text: Regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the definition, description, presentation, and labeling of spirit drinks, the use of the names of spirit drinks in the presentation and labeling of other foodstuffs, the protection of geographical indications for spirit drinks, the use of ethyl alcohol and distillates of agricultural origin in alcoholic beverages, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 110/2008: Annex 1 - Categories of spirit drinks - 39. Egg liqueur or advocaat or avocat or advokat"
2191:"Consolidated text: Regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the definition, description, presentation, and labeling of spirit drinks, the use of the names of spirit drinks in the presentation and labeling of other foodstuffs, the protection of geographical indications for spirit drinks, the use of ethyl alcohol and distillates of agricultural origin in alcoholic beverages, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 110/2008: Article 2 - Definition of and requirements for spirit drinks"
33:
806:
1468:
2233:"Consolidated text: Regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the definition, description, presentation, and labeling of spirit drinks, the use of the names of spirit drinks in the presentation and labeling of other foodstuffs, the protection of geographical indications for spirit drinks, the use of ethyl alcohol and distillates of agricultural origin in alcoholic beverages, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 110/2008: Annex 1 - Categories of spirit drinks"
1644:
55:
1326:
47:
2219:"Consolidated text: Regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the definition, description, presentation, and labeling of spirit drinks, the use of the names of spirit drinks in the presentation and labeling of other foodstuffs, the protection of geographical indications for spirit drinks, the use of ethyl alcohol and distillates of agricultural origin in alcoholic beverages, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 110/2008"
218:"), typically in amounts of around 50 millilitres (1.7 US fluid ounces) per served drink. In an undiluted form, distilled beverages are often slightly sweet and bitter and typically impart a burning mouthfeel with an odor derived from the alcohol and the production and aging processes; the exact flavor varies between different varieties of liquor and the different impurities they impart. Liquor is also frequently mixed with other ingredients to form a
1176:
1632:
408:
3302:
1502:, and as such, spirit consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the spirits and the timespan over which the consumption took place.
1114:, it is illegal to distill beverage alcohol without a license, and the licensing process is too arduous for hobbyist-scale production. In some parts of the U.S., it is also illegal to sell a still without a license. Nonetheless, all states allow unlicensed individuals to
1022:("burning water", i.e., alcohol) by distilling wine with salt started to appear in a number of Latin works, and by the end of the thirteenth century, it had become a widely known substance among Western European chemists. Its medicinal properties were studied by
1586:, also known as "alcohol use disorder", is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in problems. Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use is the third-leading cause of early death in the United States.
206:
ordinarily refers to distilled alcoholic spirits rather than beverages produced by fermentation alone, it can sometimes be used more broadly to refer to any alcoholic beverage (or even non-alcoholic products of distillation or various other liquids).
398:
is defined as an alcoholic liquid that is the result of the distillation, after alcoholic fermentation, of agricultural products which does not have the properties of ethyl alcohol and which retain the aroma and taste of the raw materials used.
362:
addition, individually or in combination, to ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin, distillates of agricultural origin, or spirit drinks of flavorings, colors, other authorized ingredients, sweetening products, other agricultural products, and
425:
Some spirit drinks can fall into more than one category. Specific production requirements distinguish one category from another (London gin falls into the Gin category but any gin cannot be considered as London gin).
2139:
1457:(WHO) measures and publishes alcohol consumption patterns in different countries. The WHO measures alcohol consumed by persons 15 years of age or older and reports it on the basis of liters of pure alcohol consumed
2572:
The earliest possible period seems to be the
Eastern Han dynasty... the most likely period for the beginning of true distillation of spirits for drinking in China is during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties
3133:
Understanding and
Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume II: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and
943:
involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice. The freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use.
1422:
Map of Europe with individual countries grouped by preferred type of alcoholic drink, based on recorded alcohol consumption per capita (age 15+) (in liters of pure alcohol) in 2016.
229:, which can be fatal. Consistent consumption of liquor over time correlates with higher mortality and other harmful health effects, even when compared to other alcoholic beverages.
1560:, which may result in violence or accidents. About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are due to alcohol each year. Unlike wine and perhaps beer, there is no evidence for a
982:(23/24–79 CE). This did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, however, despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century
3104:
2323:
As already mentioned, the textual evidence for Sumero-Babylonian distillation is disclosed in a group of
Akkadian tablets describing perfumery operations, dated ca. 1200 B.C.
2131:
3023:
Feige B, Scaal S, Hornyak M, Gann H, Riemann D (January 2007). "Sleep electroencephalographic spectral power after withdrawal from alcohol in alcohol-dependent patients".
2483:
2440:
2738:
270:
Liquor generally has an alcohol concentration higher than 30% when bottled, and before being diluted for bottling, it typically has a concentration over 50%.
1130:. Due to its flammability (see below) alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content above 70% by volume are not permitted to be transported in aircraft.
320:
defined as "a liquid for drinking" occurred in the 14th century. Its use as a term for "an intoxicating alcoholic drink" appeared in the 16th century.
237:
The term "spirit" (singular and used without the additional term "drink") refers to liquor that should not contain added sugar and is usually 35–40%
1118:, and some also allow unlicensed individuals to make their own wine (although making beer and wine is also prohibited in some local jurisdictions).
1533:, so once it is in the bloodstream, it can diffuse into nearly every cell in the body. Alcohol can greatly exacerbate sleep problems. During
2655:
2632:
1191:) will catch fire if heated to about 26 °C (79 °F) and if an ignition source is applied to it. This temperature is called its
3334:
2824:
316:), an early use of the word in the English language, meaning simply "a liquid", can be dated to 1225. The first use documented in the
3108:
1407:
2797:
1107:
It is legal to distill beverage alcohol as a hobby for personal use in some countries, including New
Zealand and the Netherlands.
2845:
1126:
Some countries and sub-national jurisdictions limit or prohibit the sale of certain high-percentage alcohol, commonly known as
998:, the flammability of the resulting vapors may be enhanced. The distillation of wine is attested in Arabic works attributed to
918:
stills" were capable of producing only very weak liquor, as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat.
3001:
2780:
2558:
2513:
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2437:
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describing perfumery operations, providing textual evidence that an early, primitive form of distillation was known to the
386:
Spirit drinks must contain at least 15% ABV (except in the case of egg liqueur, which must contain a minimum of 14% ABV).
3208:
2942:
394:
Regulation makes a difference between "ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin" and a "distillate of agricultural origin".
2721:
1573:
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2413:
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1522:
91:
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333:
In accordance with the regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of April 17, 2019, a
1045:
In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century
1030:(c. 1310–1366), the latter of whom regarded it as a life-preserving substance able to prevent all diseases (the
3372:
3327:
2162:
1413:
2017:"Distilled Spirits Overconsumption as the Most Important Factor of Excessive Adult Male Mortality in Europe"
525:
1669:
959:
The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as
5297:
1046:
930:
1622:
1418:
1038:
899:
536:
Spirit (supplemented by the name of the fruit, berries or nuts) obtained by maceration and distillation
159:
is sometimes used to distinguish distilled alcoholic drinks from non-distilled ones, whereas the term
5277:
5272:
5267:
3320:
2338:
A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of
Cellier Blumenthal
1454:
308:
1505:
The short-term effects of alcohol consumption range from a decrease in anxiety and motor skills and
356:
215:
5246:
3387:
1091:
991:
860:
3524:
3258:
Short
History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal
1141:(also known as craft distilling) began to re-emerge as a trend in the United States following the
2983:
1940:
1777:
1080:
951:
24:
4723:
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1320:
128:
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1985:
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In Europe, spirits (especially vodka) are more popular in the north and east of the continent.
1127:
278:, which are not distilled, typically have a maximum alcohol content of about 15% ABV, as most
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3402:
3131:
2920:
1537:, residual disruptions in sleep regularity and sleep patterns are the greatest predictors of
1389:
1050:
934:
911:
422:
Annex 1 to the regulation lists 44 categories of spirit drinks and their legal requirements.
3477:
3392:
2709:
1920:
In the
Netherlands, the ABV of the distilled drink must be under 15% ABV without a license.
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1813:
1610:
1510:
1308:
810:
282:
cannot metabolize when the concentration of alcohol is above this level; as a consequence,
5132:
3149:
The World Health
Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems
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8:
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2272:
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879:
508:
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345:
either directly by using, individually or in combination, any of the following methods:
155:) than other alcoholic drinks, they are considered "harder." In North America, the term
3927:
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1990:
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225:
Rapid consumption of a large amount of liquor can cause severe alcohol intoxication or
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health effect for the consumption of distilled alcohol. Long-term use can lead to an
1179:
These flaming cocktails illustrate that some liquors will readily catch fire and burn.
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3182:
3138:
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2415:
Taxila: An
Illustrated Account of Archaeological Investigations Carried Out at Taxila
2394:
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2087:
2079:
2038:
1602:
1598:
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238:
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211:
144:
2739:"India's Most Popular Liquors: ভারতের সব থেকে জনপ্রিয় মদ কোনগুলি জানেন, রইল তালিকা"
2232:
2218:
2204:
2190:
2015:
Korotayev, Andrey; Khaltourina, Daria; Meshcherina, Kira; Zamiatnina, Elena (2018).
1958:
1660: – Generic term for alcoholic beverages containing 29% to 60% alcohol by volume
1302:
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through a water-cooled still, by which an alcohol purity of 90% could be obtained.
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68:
32:
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3239:
The Complete Book of Spirits: A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment
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1963:
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O'Keefe, JH; Bhatti, SK; Bajwa, A; DiNicolantonio, JJ; Lavie, CJ (March 2014).
2899:
2624:
Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry
2542:
1753:
1557:
1530:
1344:
1245:
541:
359:, distillates of agricultural origin or spirit drinks or a combination thereof;
148:
3065:"Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy"
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54:
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4703:
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Javed Husain, "The So-Called 'Distillery' at Shaikhan Dheri - A Case Study",
2398:
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1899:
1783:
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986:. An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to
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2016:
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dynasty (1st–2nd centuries), but the distillation of beverages began in the
46:
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2252:. Vol. 1. Translated by Kremers, Edward. New York: Wiley. p. 203.
2091:
2042:
1825:
1771:
1680:
1648:
1606:
1286:
1142:
1079:(1223–1296) describe a method for concentrating alcohol involving repeated
964:
955:
An illustration of brewing and distilling industry methods in England, 1858
481:
349:
348:
distillation, with or without added flavorings or flavoring foodstuffs, of
283:
242:
108:
5072:
5047:
4895:
3621:
3178:
2666:, vol. I, pp. 141, 143. Sometimes, sulfur was also added to the wine (see
1711:
1290:
1276:
1209:
The flash points of alcohol concentrations from 10% to 96% by weight are:
914:
says these terracotta distill tubes were "made to imitate bamboo". These "
368:
or by adding, individually or in combination, to it any of the following:
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3430:
2074:
2057:
2014:
1702:
1657:
1544:
Drinking more than 1–2 drinks a day increases the risk of heart disease,
1369:
1241:
1192:
1162:
1115:
1065:
983:
926:
864:
852:
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721:
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1032:
1007:
907:
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564:
411:
4688:
4409:
3312:
3163:"Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)"
1830:
1717:
937:(10th–13th centuries) dynasties according to archaeological evidence.
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5127:
4987:
4698:
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120:
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is 16.6 °C (61.9 °F), less than average room temperature.
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2318:
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1506:
1383:
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In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the
999:
915:
895:
727:
681:
628:
260:
253:
219:
196:
143:. The distillation process concentrates the liquid to increase its
2471:
Frank Raymond Allchin, "India: the ancient home of distillation?"
2428:
Frank Raymond Allchin, "India: the ancient home of distillation?"
1747: – Separating components of a mixture by their melting points
210:
Like other alcoholic drinks, liquor is typically consumed for the
163:
is more commonly used in the UK. Some examples of liquors include
5187:
5107:
5092:
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4297:
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3686:
3445:
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1810: – High-proof distilled spirit, generally produced illicitly
1765:
1759:
1692:
1663:
1561:
1538:
1214:
1196:
868:
844:
687:
665:
644:
589:
574:
546:(supplemented by the name of the fruit or the raw materials used)
430:
415:
264:
188:
176:
152:
37:
20:
4880:
1854:
1714: – Slovak alcoholic beverage flavoured with juniper berries
1631:
678:(supplemented by the name of a fruit or other raw material used)
604:
407:
5227:
5152:
5082:
5062:
5057:
5017:
4728:
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4530:
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4510:
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4339:
4329:
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4262:
4242:
4170:
4160:
4010:
3877:
3867:
3847:
3822:
3751:
3626:
3301:
2619:
1878: – Several types of flavored distilled alcoholic beverages
1801:
1780: – Distinct beverages associated with a particular country
1698:
1686:
1553:
1514:
1340:
Neat – at room temperature without any additional ingredient(s)
1268:
1262:
1258:
1202:
The flammability of liquor is applied in the cooking technique
1087:
887:
883:
709:
619:
614:
476:
472:
458:
447:
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184:
180:
2971:. Oceanside, California: Bartenders America, Inc. p. 104.
83:
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4768:
4718:
4673:
4663:
4628:
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4414:
4349:
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4155:
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3862:
3832:
3797:
3792:
3756:
3741:
3676:
3546:
3460:
1848:
1836:
1819:
1786: – indigenously made Indian moonshine alcoholic beverage
1472:
1373:
1349:
Down – shaken or stirred with ice, strained, and served in a
1254:
1231:
1058:
1054:
922:
903:
872:
651:
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531:
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279:
164:
124:
116:
112:
40:
1613:. The more alcohol is consumed, the higher the cancer risk.
1329:
A row of alcoholic beverages – in this case, spirits – in a
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3982:
3977:
3912:
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Up – shaken or stirred with ice, strained, and served in a
1227:
1221:
781:
656:
608:
429:
Spirit drinks that are not produced within the EU, such as
275:
271:
1768: – French, Dutch and Belgian juniper-flavoured liquor
5102:
4708:
4307:
3967:
2825:"Distilling your own spirits: A drop of the easier stuff"
2132:"Are spirits more dangerous than other alcoholic drinks?"
1857: – Sweetened, anise-flavored Turkish alcoholic drink
1018:). In the twelfth century, recipes for the production of
809:
Distillation equipment used by the 3rd century alchemist
442:
172:
168:
77:
2314:
Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia
248:
Liquor bottled with added sugar and flavorings, such as
214:
effects of alcohol. Liquor may be consumed on its own ("
19:
For the sweetened and flavored alcoholic beverages, see
2418:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 420.
1797:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1749:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1734:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
355:
maceration or similar processing of plant materials in
1281:
60% – 22 °C (72 °F) – strong baijiu, normal
1057:
has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong,
3022:
1620:
92:
80:
58:
Some single-drink liquor bottles available in Germany
1871:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1788:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
389:
74:
3523:
2245:
71:
2626:. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. pp. 283–298.
2264:
2049:
1701: – Distilled alcoholic beverage from China /
1149:movement in the last decades of the 20th century.
2984:"Global status report on alcohol and health 2018"
2618:(2009). "Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in
1695: – Distilled alcoholic beverage from Okinawa
1689: – South and Southeast Asian alcoholic drink
1401:
843:. Early evidence of distillation also comes from
5259:
1902: – Colombian traditional alcoholic beverage
1804: – Distilled alcoholic beverage from Mexico
245:, for example, is also known as 'fruit spirit'.
2921:"Flash points of ethanol-based water solutions"
2667:
2663:
2602:
2591:. Vol. I–III. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
2583:
2163:"The Difference Between a Liquor and a Liqueur"
1741: – Alcoholic spirit produced in Goa, India
1556:. The risk is greater in younger people due to
1397:With water poured over sugar (as with absinthe)
3025:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
2263:Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004).
2262:
714:
3328:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2969:National Bartending Center Instruction Manual
2505:Economic history of medieval India, 1200-1500
2068:(6). Oxford University Press (OUP): 585–595.
1250:30% – 29 °C (84 °F) – strong shōchū
758:
752:
745:
587:
50:A display of various liquors in a supermarket
3097:
2745:(in Bengali). April 19, 2022. Archived from
2716:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1845: – Traditional Irish distilled beverage
1726: – French clear, colorless fruit brandy
1720: – Distilled beverage popular in Brazil
1036:or "water of life", also called by John the
994:to boiling wine, which increases the wine's
670:
578:
539:
514:
502:
4796:and infused distilled drinks by ingredients
3137:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 55.
2866:
2010:
2008:
1851: – Fruit brandy popular in the Balkans
1839: – Grape spirit made in Peru and Chile
773:
765:
725:
632:
4194:
3355:
3335:
3321:
3279:. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers.
3209:"Alcohol and Cancer Risk Fact Sheet - NCI"
3058:
3056:
3054:
3011:
2457:Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society
2328:
2298:"Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs"
1670:Alcohol measurements § Liquor bottles
824:Early evidence of distillation comes from
789:
306:, meaning 'to be fluid'. According to the
3080:
2648:
2614:
2295:
2073:
2032:
1933:
1795: – Drink from the Dominican Republic
1220:12.5% – about 52 °C (126 °F) –
191:, or are infused with flavorings to form
3274:
3160:
3154:
3129:
2767:
2708:
2679:
2497:
2495:
2411:
2005:
1466:
1417:
1408:List of countries by alcohol consumption
1324:
1307:90% or more – 17 °C (63 °F) –
1267:50% – 24 °C (75 °F) – typical
1253:40% – 26 °C (79 °F) – typical
1174:
1097:
950:
804:
406:
147:. As liquors contain significantly more
53:
45:
31:
16:Alcoholic drink produced by distillation
3342:
3051:
2966:
2900:"Material Safety Data Sheet, Section 5"
2246:Gildemeister, E.; Hoffman, Fr. (1913).
2055:
1941:"distilled spirit – alcoholic beverage"
1683: – Middle Eastern distilled spirit
1589:Consumption of alcohol in any quantity
1494:, the same chemical that is present in
946:
859:was described in the 2nd century AD by
437:, are not listed in the 44 categories.
5260:
3255:
3241:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
2822:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2377:(1945). "The Evolution of the Still".
2373:
2367:
2355:from the original on December 20, 2011
2334:
1896: – Alcoholic beverage from Greece
1774: – Retail shop that sells alcohol
1090:) was mentioned in the records of the
1006:(c. 872–950), and in the 28th book of
878:Distillation was known in the ancient
4791:
4193:
3522:
3354:
3316:
2940:
2934:
2492:
2310:
2271:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
2267:The History of Science and Technology
2160:
2056:Klatsky, A. L. (September 15, 2003).
1869: – distilled liquor from Vietnam
1479:
906:dating to the early centuries of the
374:ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin;
3236:
2185:
2183:
1914:
1762: – Ukrainian alcoholic beverage
1666: – Flavored Scandinavian spirit
1361:Blended or frozen – blended with ice
357:ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin
3167:The New England Journal of Medicine
2846:"App-1 Appendix on Dangerous Goods"
2541:
2530:
2058:"Wine, Liquor, Beer, and Mortality"
1890: – Distilled spirit from Crete
1863: – Highly concentrated ethanol
377:distillates of agricultural origin;
323:
13:
3161:Schuckit, MA (November 27, 2014).
2823:Austin, Kim (September 16, 2011).
2211:
2142:from the original on June 27, 2022
1568:, an increased risk of developing
1285:(called mesoraki or middle raki),
1133:
14:
5309:
3294:
2941:Wolke, Robert L. (July 5, 2006).
2501:
2180:
1523:central nervous system depression
1226:15% – 42 °C (108 °F) –
1213:10% – 49 °C (120 °F) –
493:spirit and cider and perry spirit
396:Distillate of agricultural origin
390:Distillate of agricultural origin
328:
131:. Other terms for liquor include
3300:
3037:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00260.x
2775:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
2651:(same content also available on
2628:(same content also available on
2062:American Journal of Epidemiology
1833: – Central European alcohol
1642:
1630:
1301:80% – 20 °C (68 °F) –
1295:70% – 21 °C (70 °F) –
1240:20% – 36 °C (97 °F) –
1014:(later translated into Latin as
1010:'s (Latin: Abulcasis, 936–1013)
990:(ninth century CE), was that by
800:
183:, such as for the production of
67:
3230:
3201:
3123:
2994:
2976:
2960:
2913:
2892:
2838:
2816:
2790:
2761:
2731:
2702:
2673:
2642:
2622:Sources from the 8th Century".
2608:
2596:
2577:
2553:. Routledge. pp. 147–148.
2465:
2449:
2422:
2405:
2304:
2289:
2256:
2239:
2235:. May 25, 2021. pp. 39–61.
2225:
2197:
1152:
642:Bitter-tasting spirit drink or
232:
127:that have already gone through
3373:History of alcoholic beverages
3105:"Alcohol Facts and Statistics"
2154:
2124:
2098:
1978:
1951:
1677: – Italian herbal liqueur
1461:in a given year in a country.
1402:Alcohol consumption by country
1061:, dating to the 12th century.
1:
3260:. Brill Academic Publishers.
2798:"graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com"
2335:Forbes, Robert James (1970).
2193:. May 25, 2021. pp. 2–3.
2161:Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge.
1927:
1822: – Spanish pomace brandy
1414:Alcohol preferences in Europe
1364:With a simple mixer, such as
1110:In many others including the
1102:
968:
829:
603:-flavored spirit drink (e.g.
555:Juniper-flavored spirit drink
402:
3082:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005
2874:"Flash Point and Fire Point"
2587:; Houdas, Octave V. (1893).
2296:Berthelot, Marcelin (1887).
925:could have begun during the
659:-aromatized spirit drink or
289:
179:. Liquors are often aged in
7:
3237:Blue, Anthony Dias (2004).
2668:Berthelot & Houdas 1893
2664:Berthelot & Houdas 1893
2603:Berthelot & Houdas 1893
2207:. May 25, 2021. p. 60.
1884: – Slavic fruit brandy
1616:
1068:and was in wide use in the
875:device in the 3rd century.
796:Distillation § History
10:
5314:
2658:December 29, 2015, at the
2635:December 29, 2015, at the
2486:December 20, 2019, at the
2443:December 20, 2019, at the
2341:. BRILL. pp. 57, 89.
1756: – Distilled beverage
1521:(memory "blackouts"), and
1490:Distilled spirits contain
1483:
1411:
1405:
1318:
1314:
1156:
933:(12th–13th centuries) and
882:, evident from baked clay
867:were using a distillation
793:
577:-flavored spirit drink or
18:
5242:
4801:
4787:
4621:
4430:
4207:
4203:
4189:
3998:
3772:
3536:
3532:
3518:
3418:
3365:
3361:
3350:
3275:Multhauf, Robert (1993).
2943:"Combustible Combination"
2462::3:289-314 (July 1, 1993)
2391:10.1080/00033794500201451
2106:"Alcohol and Blood Sugar"
1455:World Health Organization
1183:Liquor that contains 40%
1086:In 1437, "burned water" (
309:Oxford English Dictionary
4645:Coconut and other palms
4017:Coconut and other palms
3388:History of Bordeaux wine
3277:The Origins of Chemistry
2685:The Origins of Chemistry
2547:"Wine, women and poison"
1907:
1529:are highly permeable to
1092:County of Katzenelnbogen
861:Alexander of Aphrodisias
341:that has been produced:
5293:Mesopotamian inventions
3473:Drinking establishments
3256:Forbes, Robert (1997).
3130:Littrell, Jill (2014).
3069:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2973: ASIN: B000F1U6HG.
2412:Marshall, John (1951).
1945:Encyclopædia Britannica
1778:List of national drinks
1732: – Style of baijiu
1578:several types of cancer
1471:Abandoned 19th-century
1121:
1081:fractional distillation
1002:(c. 801–873 CE) and to
886:and receivers found at
819:Parisinus graecus 2327.
790:History of distillation
298:and its close relative
263:, are known instead as
25:Liquor (disambiguation)
4680:Sugarcane or molasses
4117:Sugarcane or molasses
3356:History and production
2967:Walkart, C.G. (2002).
2714:The Secrets of Alchemy
2605:, vol. I, pp. 138-139.
2589:La Chimie au Moyen Âge
2311:Levey, Martin (1959).
2021:Alcohol and Alcoholism
1574:cardiovascular disease
1476:
1450:
1388:As an ingredient of a
1382:As an ingredient of a
1336:Liquor can be served:
1333:
1321:Bartending terminology
1180:
956:
855:, in the 1st century.
821:
774:
766:
759:
753:
746:
726:
715:
671:
633:
588:
579:
540:
515:
503:
419:
286:ceases at that point.
129:alcoholic fermentation
59:
51:
43:
23:. For other uses, see
3403:History of Rioja wine
3179:10.1056/NEJMra1407298
2743:The Bengali Chronicle
2710:Principe, Lawrence M.
2687:. London: Oldbourne.
2300:. Paris. p. 161.
2167:www.thespruceeats.com
2034:10.1093/alcalc/agy054
1611:head-and-neck cancers
1475:distillery in Estonia
1470:
1421:
1328:
1217:-based water solution
1195:. The flash point of
1178:
1098:Government regulation
1072:by the 14th century.
954:
912:Frank Raymond Allchin
808:
410:
57:
49:
35:
5114:Mammee apple flower
3393:History of Champagne
3309:at Wikimedia Commons
3111:on February 12, 2016
2880:on December 14, 2010
2653:the author's website
2630:the author's website
2585:Berthelot, Marcellin
1947:. December 21, 2023.
1814:Moonshine by country
1566:alcohol use disorder
1355:On the rocks – over
1309:neutral grain spirit
947:Distillation of wine
811:Zosimos of Panopolis
371:other spirit drinks;
5164:Sugarcane/molasses
3607:Moscatel de Setúbal
3500:Yeast in winemaking
3488:Yeast in winemaking
3344:Alcoholic beverages
3307:Distilled beverages
2804:on January 26, 2021
2769:Holmyard, Eric John
2681:Multhauf, Robert P.
2616:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2551:Marco Polo in China
2375:Taylor, F. Sherwood
1745:Freeze distillation
1570:physical dependence
1550:atrial fibrillation
1546:high blood pressure
1519:anterograde amnesia
1517:, unconsciousness,
1116:make their own beer
1026:(1240–1311 CE) and
1024:Arnald of Villanova
996:relative volatility
941:Freeze distillation
880:Indian subcontinent
526:Jerusalem artichoke
5298:Ancient inventions
3398:History of Chianti
3366:History of alcohol
2749:on August 10, 2022
2670:, vol. I, p. 143).
2112:. January 15, 2019
2075:10.1093/aje/kwg184
1991:Collins Dictionary
1513:(drunkenness), to
1509:at lower doses to
1486:Alcohol and health
1480:Alcohol and health
1477:
1451:
1334:
1181:
1028:John of Rupescissa
957:
822:
420:
350:fermented products
339:alcoholic beverage
302:is the Latin verb
101:distilled beverage
60:
52:
44:
5255:
5254:
5238:
5237:
4941:Chocolate liqueur
4902:Blackthorn shrub
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4735:Various starches
4491:Tennessee whiskey
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4152:Various starches
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3408:History of Sherry
3305:Media related to
2782:978-0-486-26298-7
2560:978-1-134-27542-7
2515:978-81-317-2791-1
2379:Annals of Science
2348:978-90-04-00617-1
2249:The Volatile Oils
1603:esophageal cancer
1599:colorectal cancer
1593:. Alcohol causes
1525:at higher doses.
1271:, strong whisky,
469:Fruit marc spirit
464:Grape marc spirit
380:other foodstuffs.
239:alcohol by volume
227:alcohol poisoning
145:alcohol by volume
137:spirituous liquor
5305:
5278:Distilled drinks
5273:Alcoholic drinks
5268:Alcohol industry
4862:Herbs de Majorca
4836:Anisado Mallorca
4789:
4788:
4591:American whiskey
4582:Multiple grains
4471:Buckwheat whisky
4205:
4204:
4191:
4190:
3964:Multiple grains
3534:
3533:
3525:Fermented drinks
3520:
3519:
3426:Alcohol industry
3363:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3304:
3290:
3271:
3252:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3107:. Archived from
3101:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3060:
3049:
3048:
3020:
3009:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2876:. Archived from
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2800:. Archived from
2794:
2788:
2786:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2677:
2671:
2646:
2640:
2627:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2539:
2528:
2527:
2499:
2490:
2479::1:55-63 (1979)
2469:
2463:
2453:
2447:
2436::1:55-63 (1979)
2426:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2077:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2012:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1921:
1918:
1872:
1861:Rectified spirit
1798:
1789:
1750:
1735:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1591:can cause cancer
1444:
1435:
1426:
1289:whisky, typical
1277:blanche absinthe
1275:whisky, typical
1077:Taddeo Alderotti
1016:Liber servatoris
988:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān
977:
973:
970:
921:Distillation in
863:. Alchemists in
834:
831:
780:Honey nectar or
777:
771:
762:
756:
749:
742:Liqueur with egg
731:
718:
677:
636:
593:
584:
545:
521:, or beer spirit
520:
506:
324:Legal definition
193:flavored liquors
107:produced by the
95:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5234:
5203:Crème de cassis
5198:Crème de banane
5184:Various fruits
5053:Crème de menthe
4814:Crème de Noyaux
4797:
4775:
4617:
4601:Canadian whisky
4575:Kaoliang liquor
4481:Bourbon whiskey
4446:Japanese whisky
4426:
4395:Marillenschnaps
4371:Various fruits
4199:
4177:
4006:Agave americana
3994:
3768:
3723:Various fruits
3528:
3506:
3414:
3383:History of wine
3378:History of beer
3357:
3346:
3341:
3297:
3287:
3268:
3249:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3215:. July 14, 2021
3207:
3206:
3202:
3173:(22): 2109–13.
3159:
3155:
3145:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3061:
3052:
3021:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2947:Washington Post
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2678:
2674:
2660:Wayback Machine
2647:
2643:
2637:Wayback Machine
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:vol. I, p. 137.
2582:
2578:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2543:Haw, Stephen G.
2540:
2531:
2516:
2500:
2493:
2488:Wayback Machine
2470:
2466:
2454:
2450:
2445:Wayback Machine
2427:
2423:
2410:
2406:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2349:
2333:
2329:
2309:
2305:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2261:
2257:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2221:. May 25, 2021.
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2054:
2050:
2013:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1964:Merriam-Webster
1957:
1956:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1870:
1796:
1787:
1748:
1733:
1675:Amaro (liqueur)
1653:
1643:
1641:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1488:
1482:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1323:
1317:
1303:strong absinthe
1273:bottled in bond
1173:
1155:
1139:Microdistilling
1136:
1134:Microdistilling
1124:
1105:
1100:
1070:Delhi Sultanate
1012:Kitāb al-Taṣrīf
980:Pliny the Elder
975:
971:
963:(384–322 BCE),
949:
857:Distilled water
832:
815:Byzantine Greek
803:
798:
792:
787:
405:
392:
331:
326:
292:
235:
202:While the word
105:alcoholic drink
93:
70:
66:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5311:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4927:Chili peppers
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4916:Cherry Heering
4910:
4909:
4908:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4826:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4714:Seco Herrerano
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4526:Mixiang Baijiu
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
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4434:
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4428:
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4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
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4387:
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4377:
4369:
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4362:
4357:
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4342:
4337:
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4320:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
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4285:
4280:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4211:
4209:
4201:
4200:
4198:by ingredients
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4105:
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4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3527:by ingredients
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3296:
3295:External links
3293:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3272:
3266:
3253:
3247:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3213:www.cancer.gov
3200:
3153:
3143:
3122:
3096:
3050:
3010:
2993:
2975:
2959:
2933:
2912:
2891:
2865:
2837:
2815:
2789:
2781:
2760:
2730:
2723:978-0226103792
2722:
2701:
2693:
2672:
2649:al-Hassan 2009
2641:
2607:
2595:
2576:
2559:
2529:
2514:
2508:. p. 55.
2502:Habib, Irfan.
2491:
2464:
2448:
2421:
2404:
2366:
2347:
2327:
2321:. p. 36.
2303:
2288:
2281:
2255:
2238:
2224:
2210:
2196:
2179:
2153:
2123:
2110:Diabetes.co.uk
2097:
2048:
2027:(6): 742–752.
2004:
1977:
1950:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
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1775:
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1757:
1751:
1742:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1639:
1618:
1615:
1558:binge drinking
1527:Cell membranes
1484:Main article:
1481:
1478:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1406:Main article:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1291:verte absinthe
1279:
1265:
1251:
1248:
1246:fortified wine
1238:
1224:
1218:
1154:
1151:
1135:
1132:
1128:neutral spirit
1123:
1120:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
976: 287 BCE
948:
945:
833: 1200 BC
828:tablets dated
802:
799:
794:Main article:
791:
788:
786:
785:
778:
763:
750:
743:
740:
719:
706:
691:
684:
679:
668:
663:
654:
648:
640:
639:Distilled anis
637:
626:
617:
612:
598:
585:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
537:
534:
529:
524:Topinambur or
522:
512:
500:
494:
484:
479:
470:
467:
461:
456:
453:
450:
445:
439:
404:
401:
391:
388:
384:
383:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
366:
365:
364:
360:
353:
330:
329:European Union
327:
325:
322:
294:The origin of
291:
288:
234:
231:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5310:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Grand Marnier
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Cream liqueur
4996:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:Scotch whisky
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Irish whiskey
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:Cashew apple
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:Fermented tea
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Shaoxing wine
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:Prickly pear
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3286:2-88124-594-3
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3267:90-04-00617-6
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3248:0-06-054218-7
3244:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3146:
3144:9781317783145
3140:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3075:(3): 382–93.
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3003:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2970:
2963:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2922:
2916:
2901:
2895:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2826:
2819:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2696:
2694:9782881245947
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:, New Series
2474:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:, New Series
2431:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2282:0-618-22123-9
2278:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1746:
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1737:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
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1679:
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1673:
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1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:breast cancer
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:ethyl alcohol
1487:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1345:stemmed glass
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1171:Flaming drink
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:Alcohol proof
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:United States
1108:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:The works of
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1053:dynasties. A
1052:
1051:Southern Song
1048:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
966:
962:
953:
944:
942:
938:
936:
935:Southern Song
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
827:
820:
816:
812:
807:
801:Early history
797:
783:
779:
776:
770:
769:
764:
761:
755:
751:
748:
744:
741:
739:
735:
730:
729:
723:
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717:
712:
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707:
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701:
697:
696:
692:
690:
689:
685:
683:
680:
676:
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669:
667:
664:
662:
658:
655:
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649:
647:
646:
641:
638:
635:
630:
627:
625:
621:
618:
616:
613:
610:
606:
602:
599:
597:
592:
591:
586:
583:
582:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:Distilled gin
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
544:
543:
538:
535:
533:
530:
527:
523:
519:
518:
513:
510:
505:
501:
498:
495:
492:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
477:raisin brandy
474:
471:
468:
466:or grape marc
465:
462:
460:
457:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
438:
436:
432:
427:
423:
417:
413:
409:
400:
397:
387:
379:
376:
373:
370:
369:
367:
361:
358:
354:
351:
347:
346:
344:
343:
342:
340:
336:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
250:Grand Marnier
246:
244:
240:
230:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
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150:
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138:
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130:
126:
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118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:
88:
64:
56:
48:
42:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5283:Distillation
4486:Corn whiskey
4390:Himbeergeist
4243:Kirschwasser
4195:
4005:
3703:Pomegranate
3597:Marsala wine
3592:Madeira wine
3483:Simple syrup
3478:Fermentation
3468:Distillation
3276:
3257:
3238:
3231:Bibliography
3217:. Retrieved
3212:
3203:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3148:
3132:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:the original
3099:
3072:
3068:
3031:(1): 19–27.
3028:
3024:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2968:
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2946:
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2878:the original
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2802:the original
2792:
2772:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:the original
2742:
2733:
2713:
2704:
2699:pp. 204-206.
2684:
2675:
2644:
2623:
2610:
2598:
2588:
2579:
2571:
2564:. Retrieved
2550:
2504:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2407:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2337:
2330:
2322:
2313:
2306:
2291:
2266:
2258:
2248:
2241:
2227:
2213:
2199:
2170:. Retrieved
2166:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2135:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2109:
2100:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2024:
2020:
1997:November 29,
1995:. Retrieved
1989:
1980:
1970:November 29,
1968:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1916:
1826:Padlamanggan
1816: – none
1772:Liquor store
1607:liver cancer
1588:
1582:
1543:
1511:intoxication
1504:
1489:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1335:
1287:barrel proof
1208:
1201:
1197:pure alcohol
1182:
1153:Flammability
1143:microbrewing
1137:
1125:
1109:
1106:
1094:in Germany.
1085:
1074:
1063:
1044:
1039:quintessence
1037:
1031:
1019:
1015:
1011:
965:Theophrastus
958:
939:
920:
877:
823:
818:
754:Väkevä glögi
737:
733:
708:
703:
699:
693:
686:
643:
595:
482:Fruit spirit
452:Grain spirit
428:
424:
421:
395:
393:
385:
335:spirit drink
334:
332:
317:
313:
307:
303:
299:
295:
293:
284:fermentation
269:
247:
243:Fruit brandy
236:
233:Nomenclature
224:
212:psychoactive
209:
203:
201:
160:
156:
140:
136:
132:
109:distillation
100:
62:
61:
29:
5149:Star anise
5043:Bénédictine
5003:Irish cream
4739:Aguardiente
4684:Aguardiente
4556:Rye whiskey
4066:Ginger wine
3783:Barley wine
3747:Mulled wine
3697:Plum jerkum
3667:Lychee wine
3657:Longan wine
3582:Bokbunja-ju
3572:Bignay wine
3562:Banana wine
3557:Banana beer
3431:Bathtub gin
2988:www.who.int
2952:January 27,
2808:October 25,
2172:October 25,
1658:Aguardiente
1370:tonic water
1351:rocks glass
1193:flash point
1163:Flash point
1066:Middle East
1020:aqua ardens
992:adding salt
984:Roman Egypt
927:Eastern Han
865:Roman Egypt
853:Roman Egypt
847:working in
841:Mesopotamia
839:of ancient
837:Babylonians
817:manuscript
813:, from the
724:liqueur or
700:marrasquino
455:Wine spirit
363:foodstuffs.
157:hard liquor
141:hard liquor
5262:Categories
5208:Limoncello
5143:Triple sec
5118:Eau créole
5088:Irish Mist
5073:Bärenjäger
5028:Frangelico
4958:Cloudberry
4937:Chocolate
4921:Maraschino
4467:Buckwheat
4380:Eau de vie
3683:Pineapple
3647:Duhat wine
3643:Java plum
3637:White wine
3495:Winemaking
3419:Production
2787:pp. 51–52.
2753:August 10,
2728:pp. 69-71.
2385:(3): 186.
2136:Drinkaware
1928:References
1730:Er guo tou
1724:Eau de vie
1584:Alcoholism
1535:abstinence
1459:per capita
1412:See also:
1394:With water
1319:See also:
1167:Fire point
1157:See also:
1147:craft beer
1103:Production
1042:of wine).
1033:aqua vitae
1008:al-Zahrāwī
974: – c.
972: 371
908:Common Era
900:Rang Mahal
849:Alexandria
845:alchemists
775:Beerenburg
760:spritglögg
695:Maraschino
570:London gin
475:spirit or
412:Viru Valge
403:Categories
195:, such as
121:vegetables
5193:Cedratine
5158:Sassolino
5128:Cointreau
5048:Brennivín
5024:Hazelnut
4988:Tia Maria
4947:Cinnamon
4931:Pertsivka
4896:Bierlikör
4699:Desi daru
4461:Bierbrand
4355:Tsikoudia
4318:Slivovitz
4218:Applejack
4096:Kabarawan
4072:Galangal
4026:Palm wine
3903:Rice wine
3883:Makgeolli
3818:Oshikundu
3737:Hippocras
3622:Rosé wine
3612:Port wine
3578:Bokbunja
3451:Lautering
3195:205116954
3002:"who.int"
2524:728102346
2481:full text
2438:full text
2399:0003-3790
2084:0002-9262
1888:Tsikoudia
1882:Slivovitz
1808:Moonshine
1793:Mamajuana
1712:Borovička
1366:club soda
1357:ice cubes
1297:slivovitz
1283:tsikoudia
1004:al-Fārābī
961:Aristotle
892:Charsadda
768:Berenburg
704:maraskino
650:Flavored
634:janeževec
624:Marseille
517:Bierbrand
504:Hefebrand
290:Etymology
5218:Sloe gin
5213:Schnapps
5178:Licor 43
5174:Vanilla
5168:Charanda
5099:Juniper
5078:Drambuie
5013:Advocaat
4969:Coconut
4906:Patxaran
4845:Anisette
4824:Absinthe
4809:Amaretto
4794:Liqueurs
4659:Lambanog
4567:Sorghum
4506:Cheongju
4360:Tsipouro
4304:Juniper
4278:Armagnac
4223:Calvados
4166:Parakari
4146:Kombucha
4046:Tunggang
4021:Bahalina
3988:Huangjiu
3954:Sorghum
3908:Rượu cần
3873:Gwaha-ju
3808:Tesgüino
3732:Dubonnet
3727:Conditum
3717:Colonche
3632:Vermouth
3617:Red wine
3602:Mistelle
3219:June 28,
3187:25427113
3091:24582196
3045:17207097
2926:June 23,
2905:March 7,
2884:March 6,
2771:(1957).
2712:(2013).
2683:(1966).
2656:Archived
2633:Archived
2566:July 10,
2545:(2006).
2484:Archived
2441:Archived
2359:June 29,
2353:Archived
2319:Elsevier
2146:June 26,
2140:Archived
2116:June 27,
2092:12965884
2043:30113627
1986:"Liquor"
1959:"Liquor"
1894:Tsipouro
1876:Schnapps
1617:See also
1562:J-shaped
1507:euphoria
1384:cocktail
1236:cheongju
1189:US proof
1000:al-Kindī
916:Gandhara
896:Pakistan
826:Akkadian
728:advocaat
716:orehovec
682:Sloe gin
661:pacharán
489:spirit,
416:Estonian
265:liqueurs
261:schnapps
258:American
254:amaretto
220:cocktail
197:absinthe
5224:Walnut
5188:Campari
5133:Curaçao
5124:Orange
5108:Jenever
5093:Krupnik
5038:Aquavit
4979:Coffee
4951:Tentura
4912:Cherry
4886:Sambuca
4871:Mastika
4855:Hierbas
4829:Anisado
4805:Almond
4754:Horilka
4744:Akvavit
4694:Clairin
4689:Cachaça
4639:Tequila
4516:Lao-Lao
4501:Awamori
4437:Barley
4431:Cereals
4420:Schnaps
4410:Pálinka
4400:Nalewka
4365:Zivania
4298:Zivania
4239:Cherry
4196:Liquors
4062:Ginger
3898:Pangasi
3858:Choujiu
3838:Amazake
3814:Millet
3803:Tejuino
3779:Barley
3773:Cereals
3762:Sangria
3687:Tepache
3663:Lychee
3653:Longan
3568:Bignay
3553:Banana
3446:Malting
3441:Brewery
3436:Brewing
2858:May 20,
2830:May 20,
2773:Alchemy
2662:); cf.
1867:Rượu đế
1831:Pálinka
1766:Jenever
1760:Horilka
1718:Cachaça
1693:Awamori
1664:Akvavit
1623:Portals
1539:relapse
1531:alcohol
1447:Spirits
1390:shooter
1315:Serving
1215:ethanol
978:), and
884:retorts
869:alembic
738:advokat
688:Sambuca
666:Liqueur
645:bitters
601:Aniseed
596:aquavit
590:Akvavit
575:Caraway
550:Gentian
431:tequila
304:liquere
241:(ABV).
189:whiskey
181:barrels
177:tequila
161:spirits
153:ethanol
149:alcohol
38:whiskey
36:An old
21:Liqueur
5288:Drinks
5228:Nocino
5153:Pastis
5083:Glayva
5069:Honey
5063:Unicum
5058:Metaxa
5034:Herbs
5018:Eggnog
4994:Cream
4983:Kahlúa
4973:Malibu
4820:Anise
4764:Shōchū
4759:Poitín
4749:Bangla
4729:Tharra
4670:Dairy
4654:Laksoy
4649:Arrack
4634:Mezcal
4611:Whisky
4606:Shōchū
4596:Baijiu
4571:Baijiu
4561:Starka
4531:Shochu
4521:Lihing
4511:Cholai
4477:Maize
4375:Brandy
4340:Grappa
4335:Chacha
4330:Pomace
4288:Cognac
4283:Brandy
4269:Grape
4263:Boukha
4249:Dates
4214:Apple
4171:Ibwatu
4161:Chicha
4107:Sugar
4082:Honey
4052:Dairy
4011:Pulque
3958:Pendhā
3878:Hariya
3868:Dansul
3848:Beopju
3823:Tongba
3752:Nabidh
3627:Sherry
3588:Grape
3543:Apple
3283:
3264:
3245:
3193:
3185:
3141:
3115:May 9,
3089:
3043:
2779:
2720:
2691:
2620:Arabic
2557:
2522:
2512:
2397:
2345:
2279:
2090:
2082:
2041:
1843:Poitín
1802:Mezcal
1703:Shōchū
1699:Baijiu
1687:Arrack
1637:Liquor
1609:, and
1554:stroke
1552:, and
1515:stupor
1445:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1269:baijiu
1263:brandy
1259:whisky
1242:shōchū
1204:flambé
1169:, and
1088:brandy
888:Taxila
784:nectar
747:Mistrà
734:avocat
710:Nocino
620:Pastis
615:Pastis
581:Kümmel
528:spirit
511:spirit
499:spirit
473:Raisin
459:Brandy
448:Whisky
435:baijiu
337:is an
300:liquid
296:liquor
280:yeasts
256:, and
204:liquor
185:brandy
175:, and
133:spirit
117:fruits
113:grains
103:is an
63:Liquor
4963:Lakka
4892:Beer
4769:Vodka
4719:Sulai
4704:Guaro
4674:Arkhi
4664:Sotol
4629:Agave
4622:Other
4541:Sulai
4497:Rice
4457:Beer
4415:Rakia
4385:Geist
4350:Orujo
4323:Țuică
4314:Plum
4293:Pisco
4253:Araqi
4208:Fruit
4156:Cauim
4131:Palek
4126:Intus
4111:Kilju
4091:Byais
4076:Byais
4056:Kumis
4041:Tuhak
3999:Other
3948:Kvass
3938:Tapuy
3933:Tapai
3928:Sonti
3893:Mirin
3888:Mijiu
3863:Chuak
3833:Agkud
3829:Rice
3798:Pozol
3793:Mageu
3789:Corn
3757:Pruno
3742:Jabol
3707:Rimon
3693:Plum
3677:Perry
3673:Pear
3547:Cider
3537:Fruit
3461:Yeast
3191:S2CID
3134:Abuse
3005:(PDF)
2849:(PDF)
1908:Notes
1900:Viche
1849:Rakia
1837:Pisco
1820:Orujo
1784:Mahua
1754:Geist
1739:Fenny
1649:Drink
1473:vodka
1376:, or
1374:juice
1255:vodka
1232:mijiu
1059:Hebei
1055:still
923:China
904:India
873:still
673:Crème
652:vodka
542:Geist
532:Vodka
497:Honey
491:perry
487:Cider
418:vodka
414:, an
165:vodka
125:sugar
123:, or
99:) or
41:still
5247:List
5009:Egg
4881:Rakı
4876:Ouzo
4850:Arak
4724:Sura
4551:Korn
4547:Rye
4536:Soju
4405:Oghi
4345:Marc
4273:Arak
4259:Fig
4233:Feni
4137:Tea
4121:Basi
4101:Mead
4086:Bais
4036:Tubâ
4031:Tuak
3983:Boza
3978:Beer
3944:Rye
3918:Sato
3913:Sake
3853:Brem
3456:Wort
3281:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3243:ISBN
3221:2022
3183:PMID
3139:ISBN
3117:2015
3087:PMID
3041:PMID
2954:2011
2928:2011
2907:2011
2886:2011
2860:2020
2853:ICAO
2832:2020
2810:2008
2777:ISBN
2755:2022
2718:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2568:2016
2555:ISBN
2520:OCLC
2510:ISBN
2395:ISSN
2361:2010
2343:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2174:2023
2148:2022
2118:2022
2088:PMID
2080:ISSN
2039:PMID
1999:2022
1972:2022
1855:Rakı
1707:Soju
1681:Arak
1576:and
1500:wine
1498:and
1496:beer
1453:The
1438:Beer
1429:Wine
1378:cola
1228:sake
1222:wine
1187:(80
1145:and
1122:Sale
898:and
890:and
782:mead
657:Sloe
629:Anis
609:ouzo
605:rakı
509:lees
276:wine
274:and
272:Beer
216:neat
187:and
5103:Gin
4709:Rum
4586:Ara
4308:Gin
3973:Ara
3968:Ale
3843:Apo
3175:doi
3171:371
3077:doi
3033:doi
2473:Man
2430:Man
2387:doi
2070:doi
2066:158
2029:doi
1541:.
1331:bar
1261:or
1185:ABV
1049:or
1047:Jin
931:Jin
902:in
894:in
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