552:: The hermaphrodite gland (HG) is elongated and large, and is connected with spermoviduct (SO) by means of the hermaphrodite duct (HD) which takes its course through a portion of the albumen gland (AG). The spermoviduct is thick and well convoluted, and separates further down into a vas deferens or sperm-duct (VD) and an oviduct (OV). The former opens into the upper end of a very long penis (P), to which a strong retractor muscle (PRM) is attached. The lower portion of the penis unites with that of the oviduct at the genital orifice, so that there is no vestibule. The receptaculum seminis (RS) opens into the lower end of the penis near the junction of the two ducts.
1132:
444:
1174:
1159:
77:
352:
1108:
960:
749:
52:
1147:
556:
1120:
33:
726:
987:
760:
1- penises after protrusion from the body. 2 - commencement of the appearance of the frill. 3 - frill partially unrolled. 4 - frill completely expanded, preparatory to twisting together. 5 - penises tightly coiled together, forming the whorled knot. 6 - the succeeding umbrella form. 7 - umbrella form
369:
The shield is oblong, about one third of the total length of the animal. The shield is rounded in front, angular behind, and forming an angle of about 80 degrees when in motion, usually of a similar tint to the body, but boldly marbled or maculate with black, somewhat concentrically and interruptedly
924:
This species is not gregarious. It frequents gardens, damp and shady hedgerows and woods, hiding during the day beneath stones, under fallen trees, or other obscure and damp places. It does however exhibit a decided preference for the vicinity of human habitations, and readily takes up its abode in
347:
on its tail, with about 48 longitudinal rows of elongate, detached tubercles. The body color is pale-grey, ash-colored, brownish or sometimes yellowish-white. The body is longitudinally streaked or spotted with black. The pattern of spotting is variable. The shield is always black-spotted. The sole
508:
or nucleus is at the posterior margin but inclined towards the left side, and forming the apophysis by which the shell is organically attached to the animal. The length of the shell is 13 mm (1/2 inch) and the width of the shell is 7 mm (1/4 inch). Shells of different
Limacidae
503:
The calcitic shell is situated beneath the hinder part of the shield, and is perceptible through the skin. The color of the shell is whitish. The shape of the shell is oblong-oval and thin, slightly convex above, and correspondingly concave beneath, with a membranous margin. The
1092:, has a larval stage which can only live in molluscs, including slugs. This nematode was once known to be a problem only in tropical areas, but it has since spread to other regions. Live slugs that are accidentally eaten with improperly cleaned vegetables, such as
992:
991:
988:
993:
305:. The adult slug measures 10–20 cm (4–8 in) in length and is generally a light greyish or grey-brown with darker spots and blotches, although the coloration and exact patterning of the body of this slug species is quite variable.
990:
876:, feeding at night. It is not very active or prolific. When alarmed, or at rest, this slug merely draws its head within the shield, but does not otherwise contract its body. When irritated, it is said to expand its shield.
967:
The eggs of this slug are deposited in a cluster, slightly attached to each other. Eggs are transparent, elastic and slightly yellowish in color. The size of the egg is 6Ă—4.5 mm. They hatch in about a month.
928:
In
Ireland, this predilection for human dwellings is not exhibited, and the species is restricted to woods and other similar places. It may even be met almost within a high-water mark on the seashore.
1017:
slugs court, usually for hours, by circling and licking each other. After this, the slugs will climb into a tree or other high area and then, entwined together, lower themselves on a thick string of
883:
instinct is strongly developed in this species, which, after its nocturnal rambles or foraging expeditions, usually returns to the particular crevice or chink in which it has established itself.
1197:
pp 196–219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New
Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
989:
1782:
387:
Although color varieties have no actual taxonomic significance, a large number of color varieties have been described, prominent among them being the varieties
319:, this species has been accidentally introduced to many other parts of the world, first discovered outside its native range in Philadelphia, USA in 1867.
1583:
1501:. The Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, volume IV., series II. Dublin, Royal Dublin Society; London, Williams & Norgate. 513-563.
1268:
per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.
1691:
Sahley CL, Martin KA, Gelperin A (August 1990). "Analysis of associative learning in the terrestrial mollusc Limax maximus. II. Appetitive learning".
1638:
597:
This species is now widely distributed around the world, but it is generally considered to be native to Europe and
Mediterranean countries of Africa.
897:, because it is capable of aversion learning and other types of learning. It can also detect deficiencies in a nutritionally incomplete diet if the
2032:
2366:
542:. The abdominal ganglion lies a little to the right of the median line. The visceral ganglia occupy the angle between the lingual sheath and the
1619:
1428:
643:
2444:
1904:
2534:
604:
577:
The internal shells of the different species of
Limacidae are not recognizable to the species level. Therefore, the fossil distribution of
1790:
1916:
782:
858:
664:
1734:
Delaney K, Gelperin A (September 1986). "Post-ingestive food-aversion learning to amino acid deficient diets by the terrestrial slug
777:
1345:
M.P. Kerney, A. D. Cameron, J. H. Jungbluth: Die
Landschnecken Nord- und Mitteleuropas. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin 1983,
2327:
853:
808:
348:
of the foot is a uniform ash or yellowish-ash color. The foot-fringe is pale, with a row of minute submarginal blackish tubercles.
2549:
2392:
823:
690:
674:
1931:"On the diversity of mollusc intermediate hosts of Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Cespedes, 1971 in southern Brazil"
719:
634:
2544:
813:
795:
698:
649:
1812:, Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences,
2559:
2397:
843:
838:
833:
818:
711:
669:
659:
947:
known to pursue other slugs at a top speed of 15 centimetres (6 in) per minute. It is listed as a major agricultural
1656:
Sahley, Christie; Rudy, Jerry W.; Gelperin, Alan (1981). "An analysis of associative learning in a terrestrial mollusc".
2015:
2288:
1836:
1350:
549:
447:
2306:
527:. Of the six convolutions of the intestine, four are imbedded in the liver, and two hang freely in the body cavity.
2493:
2449:
2340:
1975:
1131:
546:
and the buccal ganglia are widely separated but joined by a commissure nearly as thick as the ganglia themselves.
2319:
1998:
1552:
British conchology: or, an account of the
Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas.
191:
512:
2511:
2431:
1062:
308:
This species has a very unusual and distinctive mating method, where the pair of slugs use a thick thread of
1919:
Featured
Creatures Web site, publication date: June 1999, latest revision: May 2009. accessed 1 August 2009.
581:(and other Limacidae species) is unknown. Unidentified calcitic shells of Limacidae are known from European
531:
2554:
2379:
2241:
2236:
2213:
1304:
Marshall, B. (2014). Limax maximus
Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at
1287:
Wiktor, A. 1989. Limacoidea et
Zonitoidea nuda. Slimaki pomrowioksztaltne (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora).
1107:
1084:
1990:
1402:
1398:
Monograph of the land and freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles. Testacellidae. Limacidae. Arionidae
1292:
1558:
1469:
1406:
2498:
2459:
1970:
1465:
1510:
1506:
1305:
1239:
2036:
1866:
2423:
1899:
76:
2191:
2027:
1423:
1158:
538:. The pedal ganglia are placed beneath the radula sac and joined by an anterior and a posterior
2371:
2153:
1492:
894:
476:
366:
are very long and slender. The reproductive pore is near the base of the right upper tentacle.
1119:
492:
is reduced and internal, under the shield. The occurrence of this internal shell was known to
1912:
1813:
1173:
1146:
171:
2485:
2410:
971:
The tiny slugs which emerge from the eggs need at least two years to reach sexual maturity.
2262:
2200:
2063:
1318:
1071:
898:
890:
509:
species are undiagnostic: in other words, they are not helpful for identification purpose.
424:
8:
41:
2067:
1827:
2539:
2131:
2121:
2104:
1763:
1716:
1673:
1547:
1069:
Like some other slugs, this species is often infested by the white parasitic slug mite
1056:
624:
613:
Animalium Angliae Tres Tractatus … Alter de Cochleis tum Terrestribus tum Fluviatilibus
287:
199:
71:
2205:
2086:
2051:
1396:
1216:
2480:
2249:
2218:
2136:
2091:
1952:
1929:
Teixeira CG, Thiengo SC, Thome JW, Medeiros AB, Camillo-Coura L, Agostini AA (1993).
1886:
1832:
1755:
1708:
1625:
1553:
1346:
1947:
1930:
1677:
1431:
443:
2345:
2254:
2126:
2116:
2081:
2071:
1942:
1767:
1747:
1720:
1700:
1665:
1496:
1234:
1096:, or slugs which have been improperly cooked, can act as vectors for the parasite.
917:
The slug is almost always found near human habitation — usually in lawns, gardens,
880:
2467:
1908:
1265:
948:
560:
493:
485:
128:
2436:
2314:
2301:
2056:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
505:
432:
2528:
2405:
2293:
2176:
1435:
1225:
1050:
1029:(openings on the right side of the head), entwine these organs, and exchange
1014:
616:
187:
61:
56:
2052:"Olfactory Basis of Homing Behavior in the Giant Garden Slug, Limax maximus"
377:
is just posterior to the midpoint of the mantle, as it is in all Limacidae.
351:
2384:
2095:
1443:
873:
298:
2140:
2076:
2024:
taxonomy,short description, distribution, biology,status (threats), images
1956:
1759:
1712:
1575:
2472:
2418:
2353:
2185:
1969:
Sanjaya N. Senanayake, Don S. Pryor, John Walker & Pam Konecny 2003.
1439:
959:
940:
374:
344:
309:
267:
2228:
1805:
761:
with horizontal margins reversed. 8 - umbrella form with double margins.
2332:
2021:
1751:
1704:
1669:
1451:
1447:
1079:
901:
748:
730:
586:
543:
539:
333:
118:
555:
2358:
2275:
1459:
1455:
944:
520:
497:
457:
282:
138:
88:
2147:
1639:"Unwanted slug with an interesting sex life spotted in Comox Valley"
312:
to hang suspended in the air from a tree branch or other structure.
2280:
2170:
1137:
1046:
1026:
918:
582:
496:; the shell was used by the ancient physicians for the sake of its
363:
108:
32:
2506:
1804:
Stange, Lionel A.; Deisler, Jane E.; Fasulo, Thomas (June 2009),
1605:
A Field Guide to the Land Snails of Britain and North-west Europe
1306:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=819992
1093:
654:
639:
535:
1075:. This mite swarms its body and invades its respiratory cavity.
2267:
1521:
Pini. 1876. Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. ii., 83. (There is described
1006:
725:
524:
516:
316:
98:
1189:
This article incorporates public domain text from references.
343:
The greater part of the body is rounded, but there is a short
1825:
Heller, J. Life History Strategies. In: Barker, G. M. (ed.):
1030:
1022:
1018:
381:
148:
1928:
1971:
First report of human angiostrongyliasis acquired in Sydney
951:
by the Institute of Food and Agricultural Science Florida.
337:
278:
285:, the keeled slugs. It is among the largest keeled slugs,
2105:"Dopamine elicits feeding motor program in Limax maximus"
1193:
Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009).
1089:
1806:"Slugs (of Florida) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) / EENY-087"
1645:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2015.
1395:
Taylor, J. W. (7 November) 1902. part 8, pages 1-52.
1033:. Both participants will later lay hundreds of eggs.
1690:
384:
is colorless and iridescent, and not very adhesive.
1803:
1584:
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
1054:, which lives in its salivary glands, the nematode
1655:
623:in England had been noted twelve years earlier in
769:all remaining countries not already listed above.
2526:
2102:
1853:Biologie der Mitteleuropäischen Landgastropoden
1733:
1240:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T170900A85577040.en
1021:, evert their white translucent mating organs (
1429:Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata
1780:
736:
1603:Kerney, M. P. & R.A.D. Cameron, 1979,
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
943:, cleaning up dead plants and fungi, and a
332:The body length of the adult is 10-20
2049:
1988:
1783:"Snails and Slugs of the Pacific Lowlands"
1214:
800:United States (present in 46 of 50 states)
592:
266:(literally, "biggest slug"), known by the
50:
31:
2130:
2120:
2103:Wieland SJ, Gelperin A (September 1983).
2085:
2075:
1946:
1789:. Sky Valley Environments. Archived from
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1238:
1195:Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca.
904:is experimentally removed from its food.
1922:
1528:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1013:are considered unusual among slugs: the
985:
958:
747:
724:
554:
442:
350:
247:(d'Argenville) Lessona et Polonera, 1882
1419:
1417:
1415:
1401:. Taylor Brothers, Leeds. Introduction
370:ridged around a sub-posterior nucleus.
2527:
1991:"Man's brain infected by eating slugs"
1855:. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin. 1954.
1819:
1787:A Field Guide to the Lowland Northwest
1573:
1475:
1472:figure 31-35, 39; plate 49, figure 76.
1088:, which normally infests the lungs of
572:
523:has six convolutions and is without a
2152:
2151:
1569:
1567:
1356:
1273:
792:Canada (present in 5 of 10 provinces)
2512:9E9FCA8A-F1C1-4E61-A444-CB2E8646E766
2460:fc85aa69-cc66-494c-8783-6eb8f9ae56cb
2320:a9b37289-5eaa-4998-836c-3595ee3fb2db
1554:Volume I. Land and freshwater shells
1412:
1298:
629:Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum
2535:IUCN Red List least concern species
1864:
1831:. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK. 2001.
1828:The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs
1740:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1693:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1226:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
745:includes many countries worldwide:
741:The non-indigenous distribution of
438:
327:
13:
2122:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.03-09-01735.1983
2043:
2033:Giant Garden Slug, Aliens Among Us
1935:MemĂłrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
1564:
611:was first described in England in
563:, dorsal view. Scale bar is in mm.
14:
2571:
2009:
1658:Journal of Comparative Physiology
1060:, which lives in its rectum, and
931:
1976:The Medical Journal of Australia
1580:CABI Invasive Species Compendium
1270:pp. , 1-824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
1172:
1157:
1145:
1130:
1118:
1106:
355:Drawing of color variability of
75:
1999:Australian Broadcasting Company
1982:
1963:
1948:10.1590/S0074-02761993000300020
1893:
1858:
1842:
1797:
1774:
1727:
1684:
1649:
1631:
1610:
1597:
1515:
567:
2550:Gastropods of Lord Howe Island
1989:Salleh, A. (20 October 2003).
1576:"Limax maximus (leopard slug)"
1336:
1311:
1254:
1208:
925:damp cellars or outbuildings.
469:VD = vas deferens = sperm-duct
322:
1:
1574:Barker, Gary (8 March 2015).
1295:, Warszawa, 208 pp., 165-168.
1184:
1063:Angiostrongylus costaricensis
954:
2545:Gastropods described in 1758
1871:: Great Slug, with notes on
1865:Fox, Richard (3 July 2006).
1036:
7:
2560:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2109:The Journal of Neuroscience
1883:Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine
1781:Sandelin, Rob (2007–2011).
1113:on a forest floor in France
1085:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
864:
534:is composed of the typical
456:HG = hermaphrodite gland =
251:Limax carbonarius albanicus
219:O. F. MĂĽller, 1774 (partim)
10:
2576:
2035:. Virtual Exhibit of the
1464:364 pp., 60 plates, pages
1099:
912:
907:
737:Nonindigenous distribution
519:is: 62-73/ × 138–157. The
2160:
2050:Gelperin A (March 1974).
1839:. 1-146, cited page: 428.
1628:, accessed 10 August 2009
981:
619:in 1678. The presence of
471:RS = receptaculum seminis
205:
198:
177:
170:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
2037:Virtual Museum of Canada
1995:The Lab: News in Science
1201:
939:is omnivorous. It is a
921:or in other damp areas.
231:FĂ©russaac, 1819 (partim)
593:Indigenous distribution
461:HD = hermaphrodite duct
1233:: e.T170900A85577040.
1002:
964:
895:classical conditioning
762:
733:
564:
481:
477:penis retractor muscle
359:
2077:10.1073/pnas.71.3.966
1877:Ariolimax columbianus
1814:University of Florida
1323:www.tsusinvasives.org
996:
962:
751:
729:In a compost heap in
728:
558:
515:: The formula of the
446:
354:
2315:Fauna Europaea (new)
1498:The slugs of Ireland
1293:Polska Akademia Nauk
1125:on a leaf in Germany
1072:Riccardoella limacum
899:essential amino acid
891:associative learning
425:Alfred Moquin-Tandon
237:Nunneley, 1837 (non
2068:1974PNAS...71..966G
1607:. Collins, Glasgow.
1215:Rowson, B. (2017).
1082:-causing nematode,
573:Fossil distribution
550:Reproductive system
448:Reproductive system
315:Although native to
291:being the largest.
241:Kaleniczenko, 1851)
42:Conservation status
2555:Molluscs of Europe
1979:, 179 (8): 430-31.
1907:2009-08-19 at the
1810:Featured Creatures
1752:10.1007/BF00603975
1705:10.1007/bf00192569
1670:10.1007/BF00612791
1263:Linnaeus C. 1758.
1152:A lighter specimen
1057:Angiostoma limacis
1003:
965:
763:
734:
687:Bosnia-Hercegovina
625:Christopher Merret
565:
482:
463:AG = albumen gland
360:
288:Limax cinereoniger
277:, is a species of
2522:
2521:
2481:Open Tree of Life
2154:Taxon identifiers
1887:Lander University
1626:Stichting ANEMOON
994:
600:Western Europe:
465:SO = spermoviduct
259:
258:
65:
2567:
2515:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2437:NBNSYS0000006727
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2283:
2271:
2270:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2244:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2124:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2028:Images of Mating
2003:
2002:
1986:
1980:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1926:
1920:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1793:on 20 July 2011.
1778:
1772:
1771:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1635:
1629:
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1614:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1571:
1562:
1545:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1490:
1473:
1421:
1410:
1393:
1354:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1212:
1176:
1161:
1149:
1134:
1122:
1110:
995:
978:is 2.5–3 years.
974:The lifespan of
963:With egg cluster
680:Eastern Europe:
513:Digestive system
480:G = genital pore
439:Internal anatomy
328:External anatomy
229:Limax antiquorum
183:
80:
79:
59:
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
2575:
2574:
2570:
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2525:
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2523:
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2510:
2505:
2497:
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2484:
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2471:
2468:Observation.org
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2313:
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2300:
2292:
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2240:
2235:
2227:
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2217:
2212:
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2199:
2190:
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2184:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2156:
2046:
2044:Further reading
2012:
2007:
2006:
1987:
1983:
1968:
1964:
1927:
1923:
1909:Wayback Machine
1898:
1894:
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1848:
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1732:
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1689:
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1654:
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1616:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
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1565:
1546:
1529:
1523:Limax cornaliae
1520:
1516:
1491:
1476:
1422:
1413:
1394:
1357:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1266:Systema naturae
1260:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1162:
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1135:
1126:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1102:
1039:
986:
984:
957:
934:
915:
910:
893:, specifically
867:
804:South America:
788:North America:
759:
758:
739:
595:
575:
570:
494:Pliny the Elder
479:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
455:
441:
330:
325:
271:great grey slug
245:Limax cellarius
235:Limax maculatus
223:Limacella parma
194:
185:
179:
166:
163:L. maximus
129:Stylommatophora
74:
66:
55:
51:
44:
17:
16:Species of slug
12:
11:
5:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2415:
2402:
2389:
2376:
2363:
2350:
2337:
2324:
2311:
2302:Fauna Europaea
2298:
2285:
2272:
2259:
2246:
2233:
2223:
2210:
2197:
2182:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2115:(9): 1735–45.
2100:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2025:
2011:
2010:External links
2008:
2005:
2004:
1981:
1962:
1921:
1892:
1857:
1841:
1818:
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1773:
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1563:
1548:Jeffreys J. G.
1527:
1514:
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1355:
1335:
1310:
1297:
1289:Fauna Poloniae
1272:
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1206:
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1186:
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932:Feeding habits
930:
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889:is capable of
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856:
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757:during mating.
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594:
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569:
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532:nervous system
440:
437:
329:
326:
324:
321:
281:in the family
257:
256:
255:
254:
248:
242:
232:
226:
220:
217:Limax cinereus
214:
211:Limax cinereus
203:
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196:
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186:
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168:
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160:
158:
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146:
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2256:
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2247:
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2224:
2220:
2219:Limax_maximus
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:Limax_maximus
2202:
2198:
2193:
2192:Limax maximus
2187:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2162:Limax maximus
2159:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:(3): 966–70.
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2017:Limax maximus
2014:
2013:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:Limax maximus
1896:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Limax maximus
1861:
1854:
1851:Frömming, E.
1845:
1838:
1837:0-85199-318-4
1834:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:(3): 281–95.
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:Limax maximus
1730:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:(3): 339–45.
1698:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1621:Limax maximus
1613:
1606:
1600:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:Limax maximus
1500:
1499:
1495:(July) 1891.
1494:
1493:Scharff R. F.
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:Testacellidae
1433:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
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1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1351:3-490-17918-8
1348:
1339:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1308:on 2014-11-06
1307:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1219:Limax maximus
1211:
1207:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1051:Agfa flexilis
1048:
1044:
1043:Limax maximus
1041:Parasites of
1034:
1032:
1028:
1025:) from their
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:hermaphrodite
1012:
1011:Limax maximus
1008:
1000:
999:Limax maximus
979:
977:
976:Limax maximus
972:
969:
961:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:Limax maximus
929:
926:
922:
920:
905:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:Limax maximus
884:
882:
877:
875:
871:
870:Limax maximus
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
830:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
799:
797:
794:
791:
790:
789:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
768:
767:
766:
756:
755:Limax maximus
750:
746:
744:
743:Limax maximus
732:
727:
721:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
702:
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
686:
683:
682:
681:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
630:
626:
622:
621:Limax maximus
618:
617:Martin Lister
614:
610:
609:Limax maximus
606:
605:Great Britain
603:
602:
601:
598:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:Limax maximus
562:
557:
553:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:Limax maximus
487:
478:
459:
453:
452:Limax maximus
449:
445:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
371:
367:
365:
358:
357:Limax maximus
353:
349:
346:
341:
339:
335:
320:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
301:of the genus
300:
296:
295:Limax maximus
292:
290:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
265:
264:
263:Limax maximus
253:Jaeckel, 1954
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
181:Limax maximus
176:
173:
172:Binomial name
169:
165:
164:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
63:
58:
57:Least Concern
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
25:Limax maximus
22:
19:
2161:
2112:
2108:
2059:
2055:
2016:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1965:
1941:(3): 487–9.
1938:
1934:
1924:
1900:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1826:
1821:
1809:
1799:
1791:the original
1786:
1776:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1579:
1551:
1522:
1517:
1502:
1497:
1444:Streptaxidae
1427:
1397:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:
1313:
1300:
1288:
1264:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1230:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1194:
1188:
1165:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1045:include the
1042:
1040:
1010:
1004:
998:
975:
973:
970:
966:
936:
935:
927:
923:
916:
886:
885:
878:
869:
868:
848:
828:
803:
787:
783:South Africa
772:
764:
754:
742:
740:
706:
679:
646:, Luxembourg
628:
620:
612:
608:
599:
596:
578:
576:
568:Distribution
548:
529:
511:
502:
489:
483:
467:OV = oviduct
451:
428:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
386:
379:
372:
368:
361:
356:
342:
331:
314:
307:
302:
299:type species
294:
293:
286:
275:leopard slug
274:
270:
268:common names
262:
261:
260:
250:
244:
238:
234:
228:
222:
216:
213:Lister, 1678
210:
206:
180:
178:
162:
161:
149:
24:
18:
2419:NatureServe
2354:iNaturalist
2186:Wikispecies
1849:(in German)
1511:plate LVII.
1440:Oleacinidae
1424:Tryon G. W.
1353:, page 183.
1343:(in German)
1285:(in Polish)
1140:, Australia
859:New Zealand
753:Penises of
665:Switzerland
644:Netherlands
642:: Belgium,
399:(typical),
389:serpentinus
375:pneumostome
323:Description
225:Brard, 1815
2529:Categories
2022:Animalbase
1873:Arion ater
1664:(1): 1–8.
1617:(in Dutch)
1452:Vitrinidae
1448:Helicoidea
1328:4 November
1261:(in Latin)
1185:References
1080:meningitis
1009:habits of
997:Mating of
955:Life cycle
902:methionine
778:Mozambique
731:New Jersey
589:deposits.
587:Quaternary
544:oesophagus
540:commissure
409:ferrussaci
336:(4-8
119:Gastropoda
2540:Limacidae
1589:8 October
1505:on pages
1460:Arionidae
1456:Limacidae
1319:"details"
1037:Parasites
1027:gonopores
945:carnivore
941:detrivore
874:nocturnal
854:Australia
849:Oceania:
809:Argentina
765:Europe:
559:Internal
521:intestine
500:of lime.
498:carbonate
473:P = penis
458:ovotestis
429:cornaliee
421:rufescens
417:fasciatus
405:maculatus
401:johnstoni
397:cellarius
364:tentacles
283:Limacidae
239:maculatus
157:Species:
139:Limacidae
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
2424:2.119813
2372:10239834
2226:BioLib:
2171:Wikidata
2096:16592149
1905:Archived
1678:33533146
1643:CBC News
1559:page 137
1507:page 517
1470:plate 46
1432:Volume 1
1405:, pages
1403:page XV.
1246:27 April
1138:Canberra
1047:nematode
865:Behavior
824:Colombia
707:Africa:
691:Bulgaria
675:Portugal
583:Tertiary
413:obscurus
393:vulgaris
200:Synonyms
188:Linnaeus
135:Family:
109:Mollusca
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
2507:ZooBank
2333:2295438
2177:Q854808
2141:6886743
2132:6564474
2064:Bibcode
1957:8107609
1768:3117184
1760:3772825
1721:1196224
1713:2231476
1166:candida
1100:Gallery
1094:lettuce
1023:penises
919:cellars
913:Habitat
908:Ecology
773:Africa
720:Morocco
716:Algeria
695:Croatia
684:Albania
655:Germany
640:Benelux
635:Ireland
536:ganglia
297:is the
145:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
2499:819992
2486:895720
2457:NZOR:
2450:146086
2411:170900
2307:429453
2294:290455
2281:LIMXMA
2268:452590
2242:153494
2139:
2129:
2094:
2087:388138
2084:
1955:
1835:
1766:
1758:
1719:
1711:
1676:
1550:1862.
1509:-521.
1468:-190,
1426:1885.
1349:
1179:Mating
1007:mating
1001:filmed
982:Mating
881:homing
829:Asia:
814:Brazil
796:Mexico
703:Serbia
699:Greece
650:France
525:caecum
517:radula
475:PRM =
427:, and
317:Europe
2494:WoRMS
2473:18746
2398:77311
2385:30825
2367:IRMNG
2359:62470
2289:EUNIS
2255:6QBDG
1764:S2CID
1717:S2CID
1674:S2CID
1561:-138.
1525:Pini)
1202:Notes
1164:var.
1031:sperm
1019:mucus
844:India
839:Japan
834:China
819:Chile
712:Egypt
670:Spain
660:Italy
561:shell
486:shell
431:, of
423:, of
382:mucus
310:mucus
303:Limax
150:Limax
2445:NCBI
2406:IUCN
2393:ITIS
2346:1925
2341:GISD
2328:GBIF
2276:EPPO
2237:BOLD
2229:2868
2137:PMID
2092:PMID
1953:PMID
1917:IFAS
1875:and
1833:ISBN
1756:PMID
1709:PMID
1591:2016
1409:-52.
1347:ISBN
1330:2022
1291:12,
1248:2021
1231:2017
1090:rats
1005:The
949:pest
879:The
585:and
530:The
506:apex
484:The
433:Pini
419:and
380:The
373:The
362:The
345:keel
279:slug
273:and
192:1758
2432:NBN
2380:ISC
2263:EoL
2250:CoL
2214:AFD
2201:ADW
2127:PMC
2117:doi
2082:PMC
2072:doi
2020:at
1943:doi
1748:doi
1744:159
1738:".
1701:doi
1697:167
1666:doi
1662:144
1466:189
1235:doi
872:is
627:'s
615:by
488:of
450:of
340:).
2531::
2509::
2496::
2483::
2470::
2447::
2434::
2421::
2408::
2395::
2382::
2369::
2356::
2343::
2330::
2317::
2304::
2291::
2278::
2265::
2252::
2239::
2216::
2203::
2188::
2173::
2135:.
2125:.
2111:.
2107:.
2090:.
2080:.
2070:.
2060:71
2058:.
2054:.
1997:.
1993:.
1973:.
1951:.
1939:88
1937:.
1933:.
1915:/
1913:UF
1911:.
1885:.
1881:.
1808:,
1785:.
1762:.
1754:.
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1715:.
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