1356:
2068:
2144:
1915:
2029:
2014:
2009:
2112:
2107:
2102:
894:
1910:
1948:
2097:
1980:
161:
815:
2019:
2278:
2257:
1925:
1005:
1620:
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2039:
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1920:
109:
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2034:
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2024:
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700:
845:. The effects of torsion are primarily physiological. The organism develops by asymmetrical growth, with the majority of growth occurring on the left side. This leads to the loss of right-side anatomy that in most bilaterians is a duplicate of the left side anatomy. The essential feature of this asymmetry is that the anus generally lies to one side of the median plane. The
3515:
869:
orifice, which lies on the same side of the body as the anus. Furthermore, the anus becomes redirected to the same space as the head. This is speculated to have some evolutionary function, as prior to torsion, when retracting into the shell, first the posterior end would get pulled in, and then the
658:
species. However, estimates of the total number of gastropod species vary widely, depending on cited sources. The number of gastropod species can be ascertained from estimates of the number of described species of
Mollusca with accepted names: about 85,000 (minimum 50,000, maximum 120,000). But an
2460:
Many gastropod species face threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Some species are endangered or have become extinct due to these factors. Conservation efforts often focus on protecting their habitats, especially in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.
2639:
Strong, Ellen E.; Schrödl, Michael; Parkhaev, Pavel; Nützel, Alexander; Kano, Yasunori; Kaim, Andrzej; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Bouchet, Philippe (December 31, 2017). "Revised
Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families".
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as a waste product. The nephridium also plays an important role in maintaining water balance in freshwater and terrestrial species. Additional organs of excretion, at least in some species, include pericardial glands in the body cavity, and digestive glands opening into the
3471:
3906:
2203:
The present backbone classification of gastropods relies on the results of phylogenomic analyses. Consensus has not been reached yet considering the relationships at the very base of the gastropod tree of life, but otherwise the major groups are known with confidence.
2609:
Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter
Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2020).
2316:. The classifications used in taxonomy attempt to represent the precise interrelatedness of the various taxa. However, the taxonomy of the Gastropoda is constantly being revised and so the versions shown in various texts can differ in major ways.
2368:
remain challenging. Consistent ranks within the taxonomy at the level of subclass, superorder, order, and suborder have already been abandoned as unworkable. Ongoing revisions of the higher taxonomic levels are expected in the near future.
540:
big enough that the soft parts can withdraw completely into it. Slugs are gastropods that have no shell or a very small, internal shell; semislugs are gastropods that have a shell that they can partially retreat into but not entirely.
2780:
2511:"Second mémoire sur l'organisation et les rapports des animaux à sang blanc, dans lequel on traite de la structure des Mollusques et de leur division en ordres, lu à la Société d'histoire naturelle de Paris, le 11 Prairial, an III"
940:
Some gastropods have adult shells which are bottom heavy due to the presence of a thick, often broad, convex ventral callus deposit on the inner lip and adapical to the aperture which may be important for gravitational stability.
1727:
period many of the shapes seen in living gastropods can be matched in the fossil record, but despite these similarities in appearance the majority of these older forms are not directly related to living forms. It was during the
937:, which in many species acts as a trapdoor to close the shell. This is usually made of a horn-like material, but in some molluscs it is calcareous. In the land slugs, the shell is reduced or absent, and the body is streamlined.
1793:
era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils, many of these fossils being closely related to modern living forms. The diversity of the gastropods increased markedly at the beginning of this era, along with that of the
2375:, which appears to exist at especially high frequency in gastropods, may account for the observed differences between the older phylogenies, which were based on morphological data, and more recent gene-sequencing studies.
2758:
Appeltans W., Bouchet P., Boxshall G.A., Fauchald K., Gordon D.P., Hoeksema B.W., Poore G.C.B., van Soest R.W.M., Stöhr S., Walter T.C., Costello M.J. (eds) (2011). World
Register of Marine Species. Accessed at
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is available to build a really solid shell, such as on some acidic soils on land, various species of slugs occur, and also some snails with thin, translucent shells, mostly or entirely composed of the protein
2726:
2359:
New insights based on DNA sequencing of gastropods have produced some revolutionary new taxonomic insights. In the case of the
Gastropoda, the taxonomy is now gradually being rewritten to embody strictly
1508:
are herbivores and some are carnivores. The carnivorous habit is due to specialisation. Many gastropods have distinct dietary preferences and regularly occur in close association with their food species.
666:
gastropods. Many deep-sea species remain to be discovered, as only 0.0001% of the deep-sea floor has been studied biologically. The total number of living species of freshwater snails is about 4,000.
2452:
has not been tested, or is known to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic, the term "group" or "informal group" has been used. The classification of families into subfamilies is often not well resolved.
1488:
is reduced or absent. Land-dwelling species can chew up leaves, bark, fruit and decomposing animals while marine species can scrape algae off the rocks on the seafloor. Certain species such as the
881:
with eyes, and a ventral foot. The foremost division of the foot is called the propodium. Its function is to push away sediment as the snail crawls. The larval shell of a gastropod is called a
3055:
659:
estimate of the total number of
Mollusca, including undescribed species, is about 240,000 species. The estimate of 85,000 mollusks includes 24,000 described species of terrestrial gastropods.
1764:
era, gastropods are slightly more common as fossils; their shells are often well preserved. Their fossils occur in ancient beds deposited in both freshwater and marine environments. The "
2781:"Census of Marine Life (2012). SYNDEEP: Towards a first global synthesis of biodiversity, biogeography and ecosystem function in the deep sea. Unpublished data (datasetID: 59)"
834:
is situated more or less above the head. This process is unrelated to the coiling of the shell, which is a separate phenomenon. Torsion is present in all gastropods, but the
1168:
and over the gill. They use the siphon primarily to "taste" the water to detect prey from a distance. Gastropods with siphons tend to be either predators or scavengers.
3709:
448:
The class
Gastropoda is a diverse and highly successful class of mollusks within the phylum Mollusca. It contains a vast total of named species, second only to the
3901:
Philippe
Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017.
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Strong, Ellen E.; Gargominy, Olivier; Ponder, Winston F.; Bouchet, Philippe (January 2008). "Global diversity of gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in freshwater".
2723:
1801:
Certain trail-like markings preserved in ancient sedimentary rocks are thought to have been made by gastropods crawling over the soft mud and sand. Although these
662:
Different estimates for aquatic gastropods (based on different sources) give about 30,000 species of marine gastropods, and about 5,000 species of freshwater and
2193:
3935:
text from the following source: Cunha, R. L.; Grande, C.; Zardoya, R. (2009). "Neogastropod phylogenetic relationships based on entire mitochondrial genomes".
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studies slowly become clearer. Nevertheless, a few of the older terms such as "opisthobranch" and "prosobranch" are still sometimes used in a descriptive way.
1593:
3048:
3662:
Uribe, Juan E; González, Vanessa L; Irisarri, Iker; Kano, Yasunori; Herbert, David G; Strong, Ellen E; Harasewych, M G (2022-10-12). Oaks, Jamie (ed.).
536:
Although the name "snail" can be, and often is, applied to all the members of this class, commonly this word means only those species with an external
2437:
3456:
2187:
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929:), typically coiled or spiraled, at least in the larval stage. This coiled shell usually opens on the right-hand side (as viewed with the shell
2705:
McArthur, A.G.; M.G. Harasewych (2003). "Molecular systematics of the major lineages of the
Gastropoda.". In C. Lydeard; D.R. Lindberg (eds.).
1737:
3833:
Poppe G.T. & Tagaro S.P. 2006. The new classification of
Gastropods according to Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. Visaya, février 2006: 10 pp.
1213:
In one large group of sea slugs, the gills are arranged as a rosette of feathery plumes on their backs, which gives rise to their other name,
4446:
2873:
Régnier, C.; Fontaine, B. T.; Bouchet, P. (October 2009). "Not Knowing, Not Recording, Not Listing: Numerous Unnoticed Mollusk Extinctions".
3837:
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3174:
1655:), though their only gastropod character is a coiled shell, so they could lie in the stem lineage, if they are gastropods at all. Earliest
756:
zones to the tropics. They have become adapted to almost every kind of existence on earth, having colonized nearly every available medium.
2813:
4583:
1181:
3397:
Budd, G. E., and S. Jensen. 2000: A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla. Biological Reviews 75:253–295.
1580:
of the tRNAs D and N). Within Heterobranchia, gene order seems relatively conserved, and gene rearrangements are mostly related with
4394:
2556:
2444:
for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass), while using the traditional
3472:"First record of the Paleozoic land snail family Anthracopupidae in the Lower Jurassic of China and the origin of Stylommatophora"
3422:"Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa"
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of the heart are single or at least are more developed on one side of the body than the other. Furthermore, there is only one
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4024:
3238:
3109:
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2746:
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are home to the highest diversity, while the continental shelf and abyssal depths have a low diversity of marine gastropods.
4438:
3132:
2683:
2417:. The Bouchet & Rocroi classification system is based partly on the older systems of classification, and partly on new
745:(the land snails and slugs). Some live in fresh water, but most named species of gastropods live in a marine environment.
2436:
In 2017, Bouchet, Rocroi, and other collaborators published a significantly updated version of the 2005 taxonomy. In the
2352:
of the Gastropoda is still under revision, and more and more of the old taxonomy is being abandoned, as the results of
1492:
maintain horizontal rows of slender marginal teeth. In some species that have evolved into endoparasites, such as the
509:. Representatives live in gardens, woodland, deserts, and on mountains; in small ditches, great rivers, and lakes; in
4128:
4074:
3995:
3981:
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3216:
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Kay, A.; Wells, F. E.; Poder, W. F. (1998). "Class Gastropoda". In Beesley, P. L.; Ross, G. J. B.; Wells, A. (eds.).
2576:
2549:
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Aktipis, S.W.; Giribet, G.; Lindberg, D.R.; W.F., Ponder (2008). "Gastropoda". In Ponder, W.; Lindberg, D.R. (eds.).
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1321:
1304:
4102:
Grove, S.J. (2018). A Guide to the Seashells and other Marine Molluscs of Tasmania: Molluscs of Tasmania with images
602:
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and sometimes spelled "Gasteropoda") are a major part of the phylum Mollusca, and are the most highly diversified
4451:
4386:
3371:
Yochelson, Ellis L.; Nuelle, Laurence M. (1985). "Strepsodiscus (Gastropoda) in the Late Cambrian of Missouri".
1826:
period in Europe, the shell of which is planispirally coiled and can be mistaken for the shell of a cephalopod.
4041:
1260:
1236:
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738:
Gastropods are found in a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, from deep ocean trenches to deserts.
1723:
Most of the gastropods of the Palaeozoic era belong to primitive groups, a few of which still survive. By the
1639:
The first gastropods were exclusively marine, with the earliest representatives of the group appearing in the
1111:
ganglia, pleural ganglia, parietal ganglia and the visceral ganglia. There are sometimes also buccal ganglia.
2950:
Rex, Michael A. (1973-09-14). "Deep-Sea Species Diversity: Decreased Gastropod Diversity at Abyssal Depths".
1221:
backs with no visible gill mechanism, such that respiration may likely take place directly through the skin.
818:
The anatomy of a common air-breathing land snail: much of this anatomy does not apply to gastropods in other
1829:
Gastropods are one of the groups that record the changes in fauna caused by the advance and retreat of the
1033:
1029:
1461:
The diet of gastropods differs according to the group considered. Marine gastropods include some that are
4316:
4293:
1914:
1057:
In terrestrial gastropods (land snails and slugs), the olfactory organs, located on the tips of the four
2067:
1438:
is internal or external according to the species. External fertilization is common in marine gastropods.
783:
have adapted to desert conditions. Other snails have adapted to an existence in ditches, near deepwater
4538:
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that are coiled in the adult stage—though in some, the coiling may not be very visible, for example in
160:
146:
4500:
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3903:
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Götting, Klaus-Jürgen (1994). "Schnecken". In Becker, U.; Ganter, S.; Just, C.; Sauermost, R. (eds.).
2540:
Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005.
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morphological characters of the taxa. The recent advances are more based on molecular characters from
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2820:. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 05, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
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3011:"Deepest known gastropod fauna: Species composition and distribution in the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench"
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2028:
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of a gastropod is usually adapted to the food that a species eats. The simplest gastropods are the
830:, where the visceral mass of the animal rotates 180° to one side during development, such that the
4523:
4080:
3834:
3256:"Tales of two snails: sexual selection and sexual conflict in Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix aspersa"
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2013:
2008:
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721:
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Gastropods can be accidentally transferred from one habitat to another by other animals, e.g. by
3802:
3732:"How many single-copy orthologous genes from whole genomes reveal deep gastropod relationships?"
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groups (only one lineage of gastropods in each group). Integrating new findings into a working
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1943:
1489:
1100:
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anterior. Now, the front can be retracted more easily, perhaps suggesting a defensive purpose.
4487:
3904:
Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families
2810:
2544:. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany.
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1805:
are of debatable origin, some of them do resemble the trails made by living gastropods today.
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4121:
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Compendium of Landshells. A color guide to more than 2,000 of the World's Terrestrial Shells.
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2101:
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993:
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3974:
Compendium of Seashells. A full-color guide to more than 4,200 of the world's marine shells.
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1694:
period the gastropods were a varied group present in a range of aquatic habitats. Commonly,
1088:. In land snails and slugs, vision is not the most important sense, because they are mainly
498:, behavior, feeding, and reproductive adaptations of gastropods vary significantly from one
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connected by nerve cells. It includes paired ganglia: the cerebral ganglia, pedal ganglia,
904:
4047:
Webster, S.; Fiorito, G. (2001). "Socially guided behaviour in non-insect invertebrates".
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Torsion occurs in two stages. The first, mechanistic stage is muscular, and the second is
8:
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As such, it's not until the Ordovician that the first crown-group members arise. By the
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624:'foot'), a reference to the fact that the animal's "foot" is positioned below its guts.
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3766:
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3636:
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3576:
3537:
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3348:
3313:
3255:
2991:
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2402:
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1190:, but many freshwater species, and the majority of terrestrial species, have a pallial
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276:
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19:"Gastropod" redirects here. For the podcast about the science and history of food, see
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from saltwater, freshwater, and from the land. There are many thousands of species of
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4329:
4020:
4002:
Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters
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3353:
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3234:
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2734:
2545:
2483:
2445:
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2238:
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1975:
1940:
1905:
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The majority of gastropods have simple visual organs, eye spots either at the tip or
893:
862:
760:
684:
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The number of prehistoric (fossil) species of gastropods is at least 15,000 species.
553:
526:
457:
248:
4068:
2995:
2931:
2859:
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to accommodate this structure. A siphon enables the animal to draw water into their
708:: a European pulmonate land snail, which has been introduced to many other countries
4334:
4285:
4216:
4114:
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3944:
3885:
3869:
3855:"Testing the utility of partial COI sequences for phylogenetic (full text on line)"
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Microphoto (35x) of Gastropoda sp. from Holocene sediments of Amuq Plain SSE Turkey
1712:
contains fifteen identified species. Fossil gastropods were less common during the
1628:
1453:
1391:
1157:
1153:
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have eye spots, but the main sensory organs of the snail are sensory receptors for
704:
688:
569:
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or group to another, so stating many generalities for all gastropods is difficult.
430:
369:
305:
122:
4298:
2971:
2926:
Nájera J. M. (1996). "Moluscos del suelo como plagas agrícolas y cuarentenarias".
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research. This has made the taxonomical ranks and their hierarchy controversial.
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2004:
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989:
950:
922:
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908:
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228:
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Fukumori, Hiroaki; Takano, Tsuyoshi; Hasegawa, Kazunori; Kano, Yasunori (2019).
2675:
2096:
4381:
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4167:
4091:
3314:"Neogastropod phylogenetic relationships based on entire mitochondrial genomes"
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2224:
2092:
1979:
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930:
874:
788:
663:
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253:
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128:
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period in Europe, but relatives of the modern land snails are rare before the
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2733:. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. Accessed 12 January 2010.
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In the scientific literature, gastropods were described as "gasteropodes" by
472:
238:
66:
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1776:" of the early Cretaceous period, which both occur in southern England, are
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4152:
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In the older classification of the gastropods, there were four subclasses:
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2018:
1902:
1802:
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522:
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1501:, many of the standard gastropod features are strongly reduced or absent.
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species of gastropods (extinct since 1500) number 444, 18 species are now
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2406:
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showing the phylogenic relationships of Gastropoda with example species:
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1340:
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954:
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Magazin Encyclopédique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts
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1924:
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Respiratory system § Anatomy of respiratory system in invertebrates
1004:
4187:
4177:
3803:"Unitas malacologica, Newsletter number 21 december 2004 - a .pdf file"
3542:
provides platform for understanding molluscan disease-related pathways"
3384:
3155:"The balanced life: evolution of ventral shell weighting in gastropods"
2421:
research. In the past, the taxonomy of gastropods was largely based on
2038:
1972:
1813:
1754:
1713:
1699:
1691:
1619:
1603:
1581:
1533:
1518:
1513:
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1214:
1207:
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1108:
1066:
1021:
981:
966:
882:
858:
850:
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677:(but still exist in captivity), and 69 species are "possibly extinct".
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438:
117:
86:
51:
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era are too poorly preserved for accurate identification. Still, the
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1612:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1462:
1387:
1383:
1336:
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1043:
1017:
958:
753:
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in overall number. The fossil history of this class goes back to the
422:
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134:
91:
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One of the earliest known terrestrial (land-dwelling) gastropods is
108:
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Kenny, Nathan J.; Truchado-García, Marta; Grande, Cristina (2016).
2422:
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1061:, are the most important sensory organ. The chemosensory organs of
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81:
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1081:
1076:
of the tentacles. However, "eyes" in gastropods range from simple
4138:
4096:
3053:(Linnaeus, 1758) in flight - a note on avian dispersal of snails.
2724:
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World, 2nd edition
1795:
1732:
era that the ancestors of many of the living gastropods evolved.
1717:
1624:
1416:
1279:
1270:
1146:
1138:
1104:
866:
670:
632:
565:
545:
544:
The marine shelled species of gastropods include species such as
514:
506:
495:
491:
461:
96:
71:
2471:
2291:
791:
10,000 meters (6 miles) below the surface, the pounding surf of
647:
levels, gastropods are second only to insects in terms of their
4162:
3962:
240 S., American Malacologists. Melbourne, Fl, Burlington, Ma.
3538:"Deep, multi-stage transcriptome of the schistosomiasis vector
2760:
2414:
2271:
1695:
1632:
1529:
1485:
1379:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1077:
985:
974:
749:
577:
573:
487:
465:
449:
434:
182:
4495:
4347:
3419:
2704:
2441:
1598:
1039:
819:
557:
549:
505:
The class Gastropoda has an extraordinary diversification of
499:
414:
3470:
Jochum, Adrienne; Yu, Tingting; Neubauer, Thomas A. (2020).
2829:
2413:, which is a step closer to the evolutionary history of the
1548:
organization when compared to other animals. Main events of
699:
3074:
2928:
X Congreso Nacional Agronómico / II Congreso de Suelos 1996
2638:
1565:
1218:
1191:
1187:
831:
826:
Snails are distinguished by an anatomical process known as
803:
796:
733:
442:
418:
402:
396:
326:
3535:
3008:
2608:
2477:
1607:
sp., an early gastropod from the Middle Ordovician of the
1560:, whereas fewer changes occurred between the ancestors of
1397:
The main aspects of the life cycle of gastropods include:
1390:, the throwing of which have been identified as a form of
741:
Some of the more familiar and better-known gastropods are
390:
332:
3661:
2430:
2426:
2353:
1677:
are no longer considered gastropods, and the tiny coiled
375:
372:
314:
311:
3602:
Cunha, Tauana Junqueira; Giribet, Gonzalo (2019-03-13).
3100:
Brusca, R. C.; Brusca, G. J. (2003). "Phylum Mollusca".
2194:
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
1780:
containing the tightly packed remains of the pond snail
1320:. Again, in some land snails, an unusual feature of the
748:
Gastropods have a worldwide distribution, from the near
3608:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3604:"A congruent topology for deep gastropod relationships"
1544:
Gastropods exhibit an important degree of variation in
977:, and seaweeds on which many of the species are found.
2872:
1194:. The respiratory protein in almost all gastropods is
1080:
that only distinguish light and dark, to more complex
288:
Apogastropoda - alternate representation of Gastropoda
4536:
2448:
for all taxa below the rank of superfamily. Whenever
1411:
The larvae or larval stadium: some gastropods may be
580:
stage, and is a simple conical structure after that.
378:
338:
317:
3077:
Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia
2707:
Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks
2542:
Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
2482:. University of California Press. pp. 201–238.
1594:
List of marine gastropod genera in the fossil record
999:
399:
393:
387:
384:
335:
329:
323:
320:
3099:
2308:, biological taxonomy has attempted to reflect the
1587:
1428:(each of these are present in some gastropods only)
1316:behavior in some gastropods, including some of the
953:are very brightly colored. This serves either as a
381:
308:
3853:Elpidio A. Remigio & Paul D.N. Hebert (2003).
3311:
3068:
2709:. Washington: Smithsonian Books. pp. 140–160.
1265:The primary organs of excretion in gastropods are
635:, such as clams, which have two valves or shells.
529:, and numerous other ecological niches, including
3986:Parkinson, B., Hemmen, J. & Groh, K. (1987):
3152:
3093:
1808:Gastropod fossils may sometimes be confused with
1152:Many marine gastropods are burrowers, and have a
4560:
3664:"A Phylogenomic Backbone for Gastropod Molluscs"
3469:
2188:Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005
3790:Suprageneric classification of class Gastropoda
3370:
2804:
1512:Some predatory carnivorous gastropods include:
1484:, and also a few ciliary feeders, in which the
1386:families of land snails creating and utilizing
4046:
3312:Cunha, R. L.; Grande, C.; Zardoya, R. (2009).
2718:
2716:
2583:. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Archived from
1095:The nervous system of gastropods includes the
654:Gastropods have the greatest numbers of named
490:, with 65,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug
4122:
3976:413 S., Odyssey Publishing. El Cajon, Calif.
3730:Chen, Zeyuan; Schrödl, Michael (2022-04-18).
3307:
3305:
3303:
3104:. Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 701–769.
2501:
2499:
1627:on a Jurassic limestone bedding plane of the
838:are secondarily untorted to various degrees.
560:, and numerous other sea snails that produce
4000:Ponder, W. F. & Lindberg, D. R. (1997):
3601:
3455:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3233:. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
2866:
1186:Almost all marine gastropods breathe with a
589:
3792:. The Natural History Museum, London, 2001.
3729:
2823:
2713:
2632:
933:pointing upward). Numerous species have an
291:Psilogastropoda - represented as Gastropoda
285:Angiogastropoda - represented as Gastropoda
4129:
4115:
3990:279 S., Verlag Christa Hemmen. Wiesbaden.
3300:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
2496:
2326:(gills to the right and behind the heart).
907:, which is typical (but not universal) of
460:of gastropods are known, of which 245 are
107:
4006:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3972:Abbott, R. T. & Dance, S. P. (1998):
3765:
3747:
3687:
3635:
3575:
3557:
3347:
3337:
3271:
3159:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2536:
2534:
2532:
2198:
2178:are not included in the above cladogram.
1331:In many marine gastropods other than the
1103:. The central nervous system consists of
921:Most shelled gastropods have a one piece
873:Gastropods typically have a well-defined
116:Various gastropods from different types:
3895:
2290:
2276:
2255:
1618:
1597:
1446:
1354:
1289:
1003:
892:
813:
698:
4136:
4019:480 S., Verlag ConchBooks. Hackenheim.
3228:
3188:
2604:
2602:
2570:
2568:
2480:Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca
1698:gastropods from the rocks of the early
4561:
3288:from the original on September 1, 2019
3079:. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 565–604.
2529:
2505:
2211:Adenogonogastropoda (Angiogastropoda)
1623:Fossil gastropod and attached mytilid
1343:); most land gastropods, however, are
1285:
627:The earlier name "univalve" means one
4232:
4231:
4110:
4083:, mostly fossils, a few modern shells
3862:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3657:
3655:
3597:
3595:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3253:
3205:Sensory Organs and the Nervous System
1687:time is probably not even a mollusk.
1401:Egg laying and the eggs of gastropods
1224:
1171:
4501:F1260A76-FF83-FFDC-FF43-F8DCFA02FC48
4462:61ced7ea-ca51-4c6f-afcf-b8f8596eecb0
4387:4203c426-cf9e-4a31-a42b-8926d2f85267
3128:Manual of the New Zealand mollusca /
3047:RUSIECKI S. & RUSIECKA A. 2013.
2599:
2565:
1434:Courtship and mating in gastropods:
722:Terrestrial animal § Gastropods
572:of species, such as all the various
525:depths of the oceans, including the
4042:2004 Linnean taxonomy of gastropods
3260:Integrative and Comparative Biology
3211:. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001,
3209:The biology of terrestrial molluscs
2949:
2686:from the original on 6 October 2018
2386:origins of the Gastropoda based on
1442:
1324:is the presence and utilization of
1254:
1114:
988:. These contain an outpocketing of
13:
4087:A video of a crawling Garden Snail
4017:Encyclopedia of Marine Gastropods.
3652:
3592:
3420:Be'Norr, K., and J. FnÍon (1999).
3400:
3254:Koene, Joris M. (August 1, 2006).
1359:Egg strings of an Aplysia species.
1217:. Some nudibranchs have smooth or
980:Lateral outgrowths on the body of
576:, the shell is coiled only in the
14:
4600:
4584:Extant Cambrian first appearances
4030:
3988:Tropical Landshells of the World.
3815:from the original on 15 June 2011
3124:
2574:
1365:Reproductive system of gastropods
1322:reproductive system of gastropods
1305:Reproductive system of gastropods
1141:, herbivores that use their hard
1000:Sensory organs and nervous system
4546:
2895:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01245.x
2620:World Register of Marine Species
2142:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2066:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1978:
1946:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1588:Geological history and evolution
1231:Circulatory system of gastropods
1178:Respiratory system of gastropods
1160:edge. Sometimes the shell has a
799:, and many other diverse areas.
478:Gastropoda (previously known as
468:record, while 476 are currently
368:
304:
159:
39:
4037:Gastropod reproductive behavior
3846:
3827:
3795:
3782:
3723:
3712:from the original on 2023-08-23
3529:
3518:from the original on 2023-08-23
3463:
3438:from the original on 2017-12-13
3391:
3364:
3247:
3222:
3177:from the original on 2023-08-23
3146:
3135:from the original on 2017-09-26
3118:
3041:
3002:
2943:
2917:
2793:from the original on 2019-06-30
2773:
2752:
2455:
3219:. 1-146, cited pages: 179–211.
2698:
2668:
2344:(with a lung instead of gills)
2338:(gills in front of the heart).
1261:Excretory system of gastropods
1121:Digestive system of gastropods
1054:. Gastropods have no hearing.
269:
1:
3874:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00140-4
3296:– via academic.oup.com.
2972:10.1126/science.181.4104.1051
2464:
2411:Bouchet & Rocroi taxonomy
2405:made sweeping changes in the
1378:is a part of the behavior of
1350:
1065:marine gastropods are called
969:them on the brightly colored
759:In habitats where not enough
4589:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
3131:. J. Mackay, govt. printer.
3035:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102176
2440:, the authors used unranked
2394:analyses of complete genes.
2260:A group of fossil shells of
1840:
1457:floating and eating a carrot
1335:, there are separate sexes (
1251:as the respiratory pigment.
1210:as the respiratory protein.
1034:Nervous system of gastropods
1030:Sensory organs of gastropods
944:
638:
620:
608:
583:
475:or without a fossil record.
7:
2680:Online Etymology Dictionary
2378:In 2004, Brian Simison and
2281:Five views of a shell of a
2181:
1822:from the limestones of the
1539:
1239:and the transport fluid is
631:(or shell), in contrast to
10:
4605:
3947::10.1186/1471-2148-9-210.
3931:This article incorporates
3925:
3171:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab019
3153:Geerat J. Vermeij (2022).
2299:
2191:
2185:
1591:
1552:occurred at the origin of
1368:
1362:
1302:
1258:
1228:
1175:
1156:that extends out from the
1118:
1027:
914:
903:, a small land snail, has
809:
711:
694:
613:
601:
521:, the sandy subtidal, the
147:Polycera aurantiomarginata
18:
4240:
4196:
4145:
3559:10.1186/s12879-016-1944-x
3207:. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
2844:10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6
2521:: 433–449. Archived from
2134:
2090:
2061:
2002:
1970:
1938:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1745:), which is found in the
1097:peripheral nervous system
877:with two or four sensory
774:Sphincterochila boissieri
590:
282:
275:
268:
261:
220:
215:
156:Scientific classification
154:
115:
106:
30:
3937:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3318:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3015:Progress in Oceanography
2581:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2312:of organisms, i.e., the
1816:. An example of this is
1431:The growth of gastropods
888:
836:opisthobranch gastropods
683:In marine habitats, the
270:65,000 to 80,000 species
4081:Gastropod photo gallery
3546:BMC Infectious Diseases
3476:Journal of Paleontology
3373:Journal of Paleontology
3339:10.1186/1471-2148-9-210
2438:Bouchet et al. taxonomy
1269:, which produce either
1237:open circulatory system
464:and appear only in the
3958:Abbott, R. T. (1989):
3680:10.1093/sysbio/syac045
3620:10.1098/rspb.2018.2776
2722:Chapman, A.D. (2009).
2296:
2288:
2274:
2263:Turritella cingulifera
2199:Current classification
1636:
1616:
1458:
1360:
1300:
1101:central nervous system
1042:of gastropods include
1025:
912:
823:
743:terrestrial gastropods
709:
4483:Paleobiology Database
4061:10.1007/s100710100108
3540:Biomphalaria glabrata
2294:
2280:
2259:
2186:Further information:
1622:
1601:
1450:
1406:embryonic development
1382:gastropods with some
1358:
1293:
1198:, but one freshwater
1007:
896:
817:
702:
413:This class comprises
346:), commonly known as
4382:Fauna Europaea (new)
3429:Geol. Et Palaeont 33
3231:Lexikon der Biologie
2875:Conservation Biology
2654:10.4002/040.061.0201
2373:Convergent evolution
2176:Lower Heterobranchia
1371:Mating of gastropods
1294:Mating behaviour of
350:, belong to a large
4077:also in gastropods.
3749:10.7717/peerj.13285
3496:10.1017/jpa.2019.68
3488:2020JPal...94..266J
3330:2009BMCEE...9..210C
3027:2019PrOce.17802176F
2964:1973Sci...181.1051R
2958:(4104): 1051–1053.
2887:2009ConBi..23.1214R
2409:, resulting in the
2392:amino acid sequence
1498:Thyonicola doglieli
1286:Reproductive system
927:bivalved gastropods
780:Xerocrassa seetzeni
675:extinct in the wild
21:Gastropod (podcast)
4015:Robin, A. (2008):
3909:2023-08-23 at the
3840:2007-09-27 at the
3668:Systematic Biology
3614:(1898): 20182776.
3273:10.1093/icb/icj040
3063:Folia Malacologica
3058:2013-09-16 at the
3051:Trochulus hispidus
2937:2011-07-21 at the
2816:2008-10-13 at the
2729:2010-12-06 at the
2559:2020-07-14 at the
2403:Jean-Pierre Rocroi
2297:
2289:
2275:
1637:
1617:
1550:gene rearrangement
1546:mitochondrial gene
1459:
1361:
1301:
1247:is present in the
1225:Circulatory system
1172:Respiratory system
1026:
1020:, situated in the
1008:The upper pair of
925:(with exceptional
913:
900:Zonitoides nitidus
824:
785:hydrothermal vents
710:
596:in 1795. The word
527:hydrothermal vents
456:. As of 2017, 721
358:within the phylum
4534:
4533:
4470:Open Tree of Life
4234:Taxon identifiers
4225:
4224:
4025:978-3-939767-09-1
3918:, 61(1-2): 1-526.
3835:journal-malaco.fr
3240:978-3-86025-156-0
3111:978-0-87893-097-5
3086:978-0-643-05756-2
2761:marinespecies.org
2747:978-0-642-56861-8
2739:978-0-642-56860-1
2489:978-0-520-25092-5
2446:Linnaean approach
2380:David R. Lindberg
2239:Patellogastropoda
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2137:Patellogastropoda
2123:
2122:
2079:
2078:
2050:
2049:
1991:
1990:
1959:
1958:
1941:Euopisthobranchia
1812:or other shelled
1554:Patellogastropoda
1024:of the tentacles.
761:calcium carbonate
685:continental slope
600:comes from Greek
568:. In a number of
431:freshwater snails
297:
296:
249:Patellogastropoda
211:
135:Notarchus indicus
16:Class of molluscs
4596:
4551:
4550:
4542:
4527:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4491:
4490:
4478:
4477:
4465:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4442:
4441:
4429:
4428:
4416:
4415:
4403:
4402:
4390:
4389:
4377:
4376:
4364:
4363:
4351:
4350:
4338:
4337:
4325:
4324:
4312:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4289:
4288:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4229:
4228:
4217:Archinacelloidea
4131:
4124:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4073:– Article about
4072:
4049:Animal Cognition
3919:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3884:. Archived from
3859:
3850:
3844:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3751:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3691:
3674:(6): 1271–1280.
3659:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3561:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3426:
3417:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3341:
3309:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3275:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3226:
3220:
3201:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3072:
3066:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2947:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2881:(5): 1214–1221.
2870:
2864:
2863:
2827:
2821:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2572:
2563:
2538:
2527:
2526:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2475:
2399:Philippe Bouchet
2382:showed possible
2146:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2070:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
1982:
1950:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1772:period and the "
1760:In rocks of the
1629:Matmor Formation
1572:(a large single
1568:D, C and N) and
1490:Archaeogastropda
1454:Pomacea maculata
1443:Feeding behavior
1392:sexual selection
1255:Excretory system
1235:Gastropods have
1115:Digestive system
1052:mechanoreceptors
1044:olfactory organs
990:digestive glands
957:, when they are
909:gastropod shells
855:foot slime-gland
851:olfactory organs
789:oceanic trenches
705:Cepaea nemoralis
689:continental rise
623:
617:
611:
605:
595:
594:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
348:slugs and snails
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
206:
164:
163:
150:(a nudibranch).
144:(a limpet), and
132:(a land snail),
123:Haliotis asinina
111:
101:
38:
37:Cambrian–Present
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4574:Mollusc classes
4559:
4558:
4557:
4545:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4507:
4499:
4494:
4486:
4481:
4473:
4468:
4460:
4458:
4450:
4445:
4437:
4432:
4424:
4419:
4411:
4406:
4398:
4393:
4385:
4380:
4372:
4367:
4359:
4354:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4305:
4297:
4292:
4284:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4236:
4226:
4221:
4197:Extinct classes
4192:
4141:
4135:
4075:social learning
4033:
3955: 19698157.
3951: 2741453.
3928:
3923:
3922:
3911:Wayback Machine
3900:
3896:
3888:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3842:Wayback Machine
3832:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3660:
3653:
3600:
3593:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3468:
3464:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3424:
3418:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3369:
3365:
3310:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3227:
3223:
3202:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3073:
3069:
3060:Wayback Machine
3046:
3042:
3007:
3003:
2948:
2944:
2939:Wayback Machine
2923:
2922:
2918:
2871:
2867:
2828:
2824:
2818:Wayback Machine
2809:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2757:
2753:
2731:Wayback Machine
2721:
2714:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2587:on 8 March 2016
2573:
2566:
2561:Wayback Machine
2539:
2530:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2458:
2390:gene order and
2324:Opisthobranchia
2302:
2220:Caenogastropoda
2201:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2168:Cocculiniformia
2165:
2156:
2124:
2080:
2051:
2005:Caenogastropoda
1992:
1960:
1843:
1659:organisms like
1596:
1590:
1584:of tRNA genes.
1570:Caenogastropoda
1542:
1445:
1373:
1367:
1353:
1307:
1288:
1263:
1257:
1233:
1227:
1184:
1176:Main articles:
1174:
1127:
1119:Main articles:
1117:
1036:
1028:Main articles:
1012:on the head of
1002:
947:
919:
917:Gastropod shell
905:dextral coiling
891:
812:
771:Snails such as
736:
712:Main articles:
697:
641:
612:'stomach') and
586:
371:
367:
307:
303:
229:Caenogastropoda
205:
158:
141:Patella vulgata
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4602:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4556:
4555:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4515:
4505:
4492:
4479:
4466:
4456:
4443:
4430:
4417:
4404:
4391:
4378:
4369:Fauna Europaea
4365:
4352:
4339:
4326:
4313:
4303:
4290:
4277:
4262:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4211:Helcionelloida
4207:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4168:Monoplacophora
4165:
4163:Polyplacophora
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4146:Extant classes
4143:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4092:Cornu aspersum
4084:
4078:
4044:
4039:
4032:
4031:External links
4029:
4028:
4027:
4013:
3998:
3984:
3970:
3956:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3894:
3891:on 2007-09-27.
3868:(3): 641–647.
3845:
3826:
3794:
3781:
3722:
3651:
3591:
3528:
3482:(2): 266–272.
3462:
3399:
3390:
3379:(3): 733–740.
3363:
3299:
3266:(4): 419–429.
3246:
3239:
3221:
3187:
3165:(1): 256–275.
3145:
3125:Suter, Henry.
3117:
3110:
3092:
3085:
3067:
3065:21(2):111-112.
3040:
3001:
2942:
2916:
2865:
2822:
2803:
2772:
2770:on 2011-03-07.
2766:2015-10-03 at
2751:
2712:
2697:
2667:
2648:(1–2): 1–526.
2631:
2598:
2564:
2528:
2525:on 2017-07-25.
2495:
2488:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2301:
2298:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2244:Vetigastropoda
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2225:Heterobranchia
2222:
2200:
2197:
2183:
2180:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2093:Vetigastropoda
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1839:
1766:Purbeck Marble
1589:
1586:
1578:translocations
1562:Vetigastropoda
1558:Heterobranchia
1541:
1538:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1402:
1363:Main article:
1352:
1349:
1345:hermaphrodites
1333:opisthobranchs
1303:Main article:
1287:
1284:
1259:Main article:
1256:
1253:
1229:Main article:
1226:
1223:
1173:
1170:
1162:siphonal canal
1116:
1113:
1084:, and even to
1040:sensory organs
1001:
998:
963:stinging cells
946:
943:
915:Main article:
890:
887:
811:
808:
696:
693:
640:
637:
592:Georges Cuvier
585:
582:
295:
294:
293:
292:
289:
286:
280:
279:
273:
272:
266:
265:
259:
258:
257:
256:
254:Vetigastropoda
251:
246:
241:
236:
234:Heterobranchia
231:
226:
224:Helcionelloida
218:
217:
213:
212:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
129:Cornu aspersum
126:(an abalone),
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4601:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4205:Rostroconchia
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Solenogastres
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:3-925919-00-7
3993:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3982:0-9661720-0-0
3979:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3968:0-915826-23-2
3965:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3898:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3811:
3804:
3798:
3791:
3788:Paul Jeffery.
3785:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3452:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3217:0-85199-318-4
3214:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3102:Invertebrates
3096:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:Hydrobiologia
2826:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2769:
2768:archive.today
2765:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2701:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2603:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2550:3-925919-72-4
2547:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2520:
2517:(in French).
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:mitochondrial
2385:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:Prosobranchia
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2248:Neomphaliones
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:Apogastropoda
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1824:Carboniferous
1821:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1803:trace fossils
1799:
1797:
1792:
1789:Rocks of the
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1774:Sussex Marble
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:Carboniferous
1748:
1747:Coal Measures
1744:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:Carboniferous
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:Strepsodiscus
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:Late Cambrian
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1582:transposition
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1437:
1436:fertilization
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1408:of gastropods
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:is a part of
1311:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1297:Elysia timida
1292:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1166:mantle cavity
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:opisthobranch
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:Helix pomatia
1011:
1006:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
942:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
910:
906:
902:
901:
897:The shell of
895:
886:
884:
880:
876:
871:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
821:
816:
807:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
775:
769:
767:
762:
757:
755:
751:
746:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
706:
701:
692:
690:
686:
681:
678:
676:
672:
667:
665:
660:
657:
652:
650:
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625:
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581:
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508:
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497:
493:
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485:
481:
476:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:Late Cambrian
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
433:, freshwater
432:
429:, as well as
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
407:
365:
361:
357:
356:invertebrates
353:
349:
343:
301:
290:
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283:
281:
278:
274:
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267:
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239:Neomphaliones
237:
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149:
148:
143:
142:
138:(a seahare),
137:
136:
131:
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125:
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119:
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110:
105:
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93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
29:
26:
22:
4241:
4172:
4153:Caudofoveata
4090:
4052:
4048:
4016:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3987:
3973:
3959:
3940:
3936:
3902:
3897:
3886:the original
3865:
3861:
3848:
3829:
3817:. Retrieved
3797:
3789:
3784:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3714:. Retrieved
3689:10261/279410
3671:
3667:
3611:
3607:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3531:
3520:. Retrieved
3479:
3475:
3465:
3451:cite journal
3440:. Retrieved
3428:
3393:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3321:
3317:
3290:. Retrieved
3263:
3259:
3249:
3230:
3224:
3208:
3204:
3179:. Retrieved
3162:
3158:
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3127:
3120:
3101:
3095:
3076:
3070:
3062:
3050:
3049:Hairy snail
3043:
3018:
3014:
3004:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2927:
2924:(in Spanish)
2919:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2806:
2795:. Retrieved
2775:
2754:
2706:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2679:
2670:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2623:. Retrieved
2616:MolluscaBase
2615:
2612:"Gastropoda"
2589:. Retrieved
2585:the original
2580:
2575:Solem, A.G.
2541:
2523:the original
2518:
2514:
2479:
2473:
2459:
2456:Conservation
2435:
2396:
2377:
2371:
2362:monophyletic
2358:
2347:
2318:
2314:tree of life
2303:
2282:
2261:
2232:Neritimorpha
2202:
2166:
2135:
2091:
2064:Neritimorpha
2062:
2003:
1971:
1939:
1903:Panpulmonata
1901:
1844:
1828:
1817:
1807:
1800:
1788:
1781:
1759:
1742:
1738:Anthracopupa
1736:
1734:
1722:
1707:
1689:
1683:of earliest
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1650:
1646:Chippewaella
1644:
1638:
1631:in southern
1609:Galena Group
1602:
1543:
1536:and others.
1523:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1496:
1460:
1452:
1396:
1374:
1330:
1308:
1295:
1264:
1234:
1212:
1202:family, the
1185:
1151:
1128:
1094:
1071:
1056:
1037:
1013:
979:
948:
939:
920:
898:
872:
840:
825:
801:
793:rocky shores
778:
772:
770:
758:
747:
740:
737:
703:
682:
679:
668:
661:
653:
642:
626:
597:
587:
543:
535:
517:, the rocky
504:
479:
477:
447:
412:
363:
347:
299:
298:
244:Neritimorpha
202:
145:
139:
133:
127:
121:
25:
4408:iNaturalist
4266:Wikispecies
4178:Cephalopoda
4137:Classes of
3916:Malacologia
3431:: 219–235.
2838:: 149–166.
2811:"gastropod"
2741:(printed);
2690:3 September
2676:"Gastropod"
2642:Malacologia
2577:"Gastropod"
2407:systematics
2330:Gymnomorpha
2284:Fulguropsis
2246:(including
2208:Gastropoda
2172:Neomphalina
1856:Gastropoda
1835:Pleistocene
1833:during the
1819:Bellerophon
1814:cephalopods
1662:Helcionella
1534:ghost slugs
1525:Daudebardia
1514:cone shells
1426:hibernation
1413:trochophore
1215:nudibranchs
1204:Planorbidae
1145:to rasp at
1067:rhinophores
994:diverticula
992:called the
984:are called
982:nudibranchs
961:or contain
843:mutagenetic
554:periwinkles
439:land snails
216:Subclasses
4569:Gastropods
4563:Categories
4553:Gastropods
4299:Gastropoda
4286:Gastropoda
4272:Gastropoda
4242:Gastropoda
4188:Scaphopoda
4173:Gastropoda
3742:: e13285.
3716:2023-08-10
3552:(1): 618.
3522:2022-07-29
3442:2017-12-13
3324:(1): 210.
3292:August 31,
3203:Chase R.:
3181:2022-01-04
3139:2018-01-14
3021:: 102176.
2852:10088/7390
2797:2019-04-25
2625:2020-09-29
2552:. 397 pp.
2465:References
2384:diphyletic
2332:(no shell)
2192:See also:
1973:Nudipleura
1831:ice sheets
1778:limestones
1755:Cretaceous
1743:Maturipupa
1714:Palaeozoic
1700:Palaeozoic
1692:Ordovician
1604:Trochonema
1592:See also:
1519:Testacella
1478:scavengers
1474:carnivores
1463:herbivores
1422:Estivation
1388:love darts
1369:See also:
1351:Life cycle
1341:gonochoric
1326:love darts
1245:Hemocyanin
1208:hemoglobin
1196:hemocyanin
1149:on rocks.
1109:osphradial
1048:statocysts
1022:epithelium
967:camouflage
883:protoconch
861:, and the
847:gill-combs
822:or groups.
766:conchiolin
726:land snail
519:intertidal
423:sea snails
364:Gastropoda
300:Gastropods
203:Gastropoda
120:(a slug),
118:Black slug
31:Gastropoda
4579:Asymmetry
4055:(2): 69.
3933:CC-BY-2.0
3758:2167-8359
3698:1063-5157
3628:0962-8452
3568:1471-2334
3512:204269735
3504:0022-3360
2980:0036-8075
2749:(online).
2507:Cuvier, G
2450:monophyly
2419:cladistic
2397:In 2005,
2342:Pulmonata
2310:phylogeny
2266:from the
1847:cladogram
1841:Cladogram
1810:ammonites
1783:Viviparus
1768:" of the
1716:era than
1709:Poleumita
1680:Aldanella
1668:Barskovia
1613:Minnesota
1574:inversion
1506:sea slugs
1482:parasites
1471:predatory
1469:feeders,
1384:pulmonate
1376:Courtship
1337:dioecious
1318:Helicidae
1310:Courtship
1275:uric acid
1267:nephridia
1249:hemolymph
1241:hemolymph
1200:pulmonate
1092:animals.
1090:nocturnal
1086:lens eyes
1059:tentacles
1018:olfaction
1010:tentacles
959:poisonous
951:sea slugs
945:Body wall
935:operculum
879:tentacles
859:nephridia
754:Antarctic
730:semi-slug
714:sea snail
669:Recently
649:diversity
645:taxonomic
639:Diversity
598:gastropod
584:Etymology
562:seashells
531:parasitic
511:estuaries
480:univalves
354:class of
352:taxonomic
263:Diversity
179:Kingdom:
173:Eukaryota
4306:BioLib:
4257:Q4867740
4251:Wikidata
4183:Bivalvia
4139:Molluscs
4069:25373798
3907:Archived
3882:14615199
3838:Archived
3810:Archived
3776:35497189
3710:Archived
3706:35766870
3646:30862305
3586:27793108
3516:Archived
3433:Archived
3358:19698157
3286:Archived
3282:21672754
3175:Archived
3133:Archived
3056:Archived
2996:43572097
2988:17731267
2935:Archived
2903:19459894
2860:44234861
2814:Archived
2788:Archived
2764:Archived
2727:Archived
2684:Archived
2662:91051256
2557:Archived
2509:(1795).
2423:phenetic
2366:taxonomy
2350:taxonomy
2268:Pliocene
2182:Taxonomy
1796:bivalves
1791:Cenozoic
1770:Jurassic
1762:Mesozoic
1757:period.
1730:Mesozoic
1718:bivalves
1704:Silurian
1685:Cambrian
1674:Scenella
1657:Cambrian
1625:bivalves
1540:Genetics
1467:detritus
1147:seaweeds
1139:abalones
1099:and the
1082:pit eyes
1046:, eyes,
971:hydroids
965:, or to
718:sea slug
687:and the
664:brackish
633:bivalves
570:families
515:mudflats
507:habitats
458:families
360:Mollusca
277:Synonyms
193:Mollusca
189:Phylum:
183:Animalia
169:Domain:
4097:YouTube
4012:83–265.
3943:: 210.
3926:Sources
3819:9 March
3767:9048639
3637:6458328
3577:5084317
3484:Bibcode
3385:1304993
3349:2741453
3326:Bibcode
3023:Bibcode
2960:Bibcode
2952:Science
2930:51-56.
2911:8021609
2883:Bibcode
2591:6 March
2554:vliz.be
2300:History
2287:species
1837:epoch.
1749:of the
1530:turrids
1494:eulimid
1417:veliger
1415:and/or
1280:stomach
1271:ammonia
1206:, have
1135:limpets
1105:ganglia
975:sponges
955:warning
867:genital
863:auricle
828:torsion
810:Anatomy
695:Habitat
671:extinct
656:mollusk
643:At all
574:limpets
566:cowries
550:conches
546:abalone
523:abyssal
496:anatomy
492:species
486:in the
462:extinct
450:insects
435:limpets
362:called
199:Class:
4539:Portal
4511:425100
4508:uBio:
4475:409995
4459:NZOR:
4361:1GASTC
4067:
4023:
3994:
3980:
3966:
3880:
3774:
3764:
3756:
3704:
3696:
3644:
3634:
3626:
3584:
3574:
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3502:
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3356:
3346:
3280:
3237:
3215:
3108:
3083:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2909:
2901:
2858:
2745:
2737:
2660:
2548:
2486:
2442:clades
2415:phylum
2306:Darwin
2304:Since
2272:Cyprus
1706:genus
1696:fossil
1633:Israel
1576:, and
1564:(only
1504:A few
1486:radula
1380:mating
1314:mating
1158:mantle
1154:siphon
1143:radula
1131:radula
1125:Radula
1078:ocelli
986:cerata
853:, the
849:, the
820:clades
750:Arctic
732:, and
609:gastḗr
603:γαστήρ
578:larval
558:whelks
533:ones.
494:. The
488:phylum
470:extant
466:fossil
415:snails
210:, 1795
208:Cuvier
4519:WoRMS
4496:Plazi
4439:69459
4421:IRMNG
4413:47114
4374:11369
4335:8ZXFZ
4065:S2CID
3889:(PDF)
3858:(PDF)
3813:(PDF)
3806:(PDF)
3736:PeerJ
3508:S2CID
3436:(PDF)
3425:(PDF)
3381:JSTOR
2992:S2CID
2907:S2CID
2856:S2CID
2791:(PDF)
2784:(PDF)
2658:S2CID
1566:tRNAs
1219:warty
949:Some
923:shell
889:Shell
804:birds
797:caves
787:, in
629:valve
538:shell
500:clade
484:class
443:slugs
427:slugs
419:slugs
4488:8304
4452:6448
4447:NCBI
4434:ITIS
4426:1298
4395:GBIF
4356:EPPO
4348:2366
4317:BOLD
4309:2442
4021:ISBN
3992:ISBN
3978:ISBN
3964:ISBN
3953:PMID
3878:PMID
3821:2009
3772:PMID
3754:ISSN
3702:PMID
3694:ISSN
3642:PMID
3624:ISSN
3582:PMID
3564:ISSN
3500:ISSN
3457:link
3354:PMID
3294:2019
3278:PMID
3235:ISBN
3213:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3081:ISBN
2984:PMID
2976:ISSN
2899:PMID
2743:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2692:2019
2593:2017
2546:ISBN
2484:ISBN
2429:and
2401:and
2348:The
2174:and
1671:and
1556:and
1424:and
1404:The
1192:lung
1188:gill
1180:and
1137:and
1129:The
1123:and
1074:base
1050:and
1038:The
1032:and
931:apex
875:head
832:anus
777:and
752:and
734:slug
621:poús
615:πούς
473:with
441:and
425:and
417:and
42:PreꞒ
4524:101
4400:225
4343:EoL
4330:CoL
4294:AFD
4281:ADW
4095:),
4057:doi
4010:119
3949:PMC
3945:doi
3870:doi
3762:PMC
3744:doi
3684:hdl
3676:doi
3632:PMC
3616:doi
3612:286
3572:PMC
3554:doi
3492:doi
3344:PMC
3334:doi
3268:doi
3167:doi
3163:194
3031:doi
3019:178
2968:doi
2956:181
2932:PDF
2891:doi
2848:hdl
2840:doi
2836:595
2650:doi
2431:RNA
2427:DNA
2354:DNA
2270:of
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