381:
303:
105:
123:
275:
590:
362:
includes the majority of land snails and slugs, many freshwater snails, and a small number of marine species. The mantle cavity of the
Pulmonata is modified into an air-breathing organ. They are also characterized by detorsion and a symmetrically-arranged nervous system. The pulmonates almost always
605:
1470:
Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Kaim, Andrzej; Kano, Yasunori; Nützel, Alexander; Parkhaev, Pavel; Schrödl, Michael; Strong, Ellen E. (2017).
543:
The families currently included in
Heterobranchia have historically been placed in many different parts of the taxonomic class of gastropods. Earlier authors (such as
578:
600:
shows that there is no clade-supporting pattern for the monophyly of
Opisthobranchia (green) or of Pulmonata (yellow) based on datasets by Jörger et al. (2010).
1758:
547:, 1840) considered Heterobranchia to consist of only marine gastropods, and conceptualized it as a borderline category, intermediate between the
1939:
1765:
Dinapoli A.; Klussmann-Kolb A. (2010). "The long way to diversity – Phylogeny and evolution of the
Heterobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda)"".
1669:
Ponder, W. F.; Warén, A. (1988). "Classification of the
Caenogastropoda and Heterostropha- A list of family-group names and higher taxa".
570:, in other words the apical whorls are coiled in the opposite plane to the adult whorls. The classification of this group was revised by
351:
and some not. The internal organs of the opisthobranchs have undergone detorsion (unwinding of the viscera that were twisted during
2031:
1699:"On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia"
1767:
1558:
2026:
259:
Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Currently
Heterobranchia comprises three informal groups: the
1446:
1988:
1944:
1905:
1918:
122:
2021:
1879:
1874:
1861:
616:
Jörger et al. (2010) have redefined major groups within the
Heterobranchia: they created the new clades
1642:
Haszprunar G. (1985). "The
Heterobranchia ― a new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda".
1437:
Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005.
1954:
1993:
566:, the sundial or staircase snails, is primarily characterized by a shell which has a heterostrophic
314:. The reason given is: This section uses long abandoned groups, refuted by molecular phylogenetics..
1839:
1703:
2016:
1553:
1117:
1472:"Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families"
1454:
1980:
1801:
1603:"Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic worm-like Rhodopemorpha slugs as basal Heterobranchia"
1413:
604:
Heterobranchia is currently one of the main clades of gastropods. For a detailed taxonomy, see
1441:. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany.
1975:
364:
1967:
1554:"A polyvalent and universal tool for genomic studies in gastropod molluscs (Heterobranchia)"
1887:
1848:
1602:
1601:
Wilson, Nerida G; Jörger, Katharina M; Brenzinger, Bastian; Schrödl, Michael (2017-11-01).
1512:
1379:
338:
260:
192:
8:
781:
390:
352:
1458:
316:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1853:
1727:
1698:
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224:
117:
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1962:
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1450:
1442:
824:
617:
597:
563:
521:
450:
444:
380:
202:
631:
showing phylogenic relations of
Heterobranchia as proposed by Jörger et al. (2010):
1776:
1722:
1712:
1614:
1567:
1524:
1485:
671:
594:
544:
458:
1697:
Jörger K. M.; Stöger I.; Kano Y.; Fukuda H.; Knebelsberger T.; Schrödl M. (2010).
1471:
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264:
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987:
571:
368:
243:
239:
104:
2010:
1824:
1717:
1655:
1628:
1538:
1513:"Phylogenomics confirms monophyly of Nudipleura (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia)"
1497:
1139:
1062:
936:
837:
559:
503:
494:
435:
285:
62:
1619:
1529:
606:
Taxonomy of the
Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)#Clade Heterobranchia
1788:
1736:
1579:
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621:
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82:
47:
1931:
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903:
888:
628:
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359:
268:
250:
134:
87:
1795:
1755:
Phylogeny and Evolution of the Heterobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda)
1818:
693:
464:
154:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
1892:
253:
92:
67:
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30:
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Zeitschrift fĂĽr zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung
333:
The three subdivisions of this large clade are quite diverse:
1600:
235:
231:
227:
1764:
562:
within the Heterobranchia, which includes such families as
1469:
579:
taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
1668:
1459:
http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278
1439:
Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
2008:
581:the Heterobranchia were ranked as a superorder.
341:includes shelled marine and freshwater species.
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1641:
1511:Pabst, Emily A; Kocot, Kevin M (2018-08-01).
1551:
1681:
1510:
223:(meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a
103:
1726:
1716:
1618:
1528:
588:
379:
273:
2009:
1552:Moles, Juan; Giribet, Gonzalo (2021).
1431:
1800:
1799:
1768:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1757:. Thesis, Frankfurt am Main, 176 pp.
1559:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1955:1da8af2b-09ca-4d67-952c-5fd9742fa2a4
1919:65130c2b-1010-4e7e-a668-cc317c4ce273
558:The (sometimes recognized) category
347:are almost all marine species, some
296:
397:
13:
1747:
14:
2043:
538:
611:
584:
555:, and all the other gastropods.
301:
121:
112:Four examples of Heterobranchia
35:
1671:Malacological Review Supplement
2032:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
1662:
1635:
1594:
1545:
1504:
1463:
1406:
278:A shell of the marine species
1:
1399:
1607:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1517:Journal of Molluscan Studies
292:
7:
1781:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.019
1572:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106996
1384:(not monophyletic in study
375:
10:
2050:
2027:Protostome unranked clades
1808:
1376:
1243:
1228:
1221:
1206:
1199:
1184:
1177:
1162:
1155:
1137:
1130:
1115:
1108:
1075:
1060:
1053:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1000:
985:
978:
971:
934:
901:
886:
879:
864:
857:
850:
835:
828:
818:
794:
779:
772:
762:
735:
720:
713:
706:
691:
684:
669:
662:
647:
640:
310:This section needs to be
193:Lower Heterobranchia
191:informal group
189:
184:
118:Scientific classification
116:
111:
102:
23:
1718:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323
1704:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1386:by Jörger et al. (2010))
577:According to the older
185:Taxonomic subcategories
601:
394:
289:
1976:Paleobiology Database
1620:10.1093/mollus/eyx031
1530:10.1093/mollus/eyy013
1418:Paleobiology Database
592:
574:& Warén in 1988.
383:
277:
1914:Fauna Europaea (new)
1753:Dinapoli A. (2009).
1490:10.4002/040.061.0201
1380:Lower Heterobranchia
339:Lower Heterobranchia
782:Pleurobranchomorpha
261:lower heterobranchs
16:Clade of gastropods
2022:Gastropod taxonomy
1187:Systellommatophora
602:
424:Architectonicoidea
395:
386:Berthella martensi
290:
2004:
2003:
1963:Open Tree of Life
1802:Taxon identifiers
1396:
1395:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1013:
1012:
957:
956:
948:
947:
923:
922:
914:
913:
825:Euopisthobranchia
807:
806:
748:
747:
618:Euopisthobranchia
598:phylogenetic tree
564:Architectonicidae
445:Murchisonelloidea
331:
330:
238:, which includes
214:
213:
203:Euopisthobranchia
180:
2039:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1895:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1694:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1467:
1461:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1410:
1224:
1223:
1202:
1201:
1180:
1179:
1158:
1157:
1133:
1132:
1111:
1110:
1056:
1055:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
981:
980:
974:
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882:
881:
860:
859:
853:
852:
831:
830:
821:
820:
775:
774:
765:
764:
716:
715:
709:
708:
687:
686:
672:Orbitestelloidea
665:
664:
643:
642:
635:
634:
595:neighbor-joining
522:Euopistobranchia
459:Orbitestelloidea
438:G. O. Sars, 1878
410:
409:
405:
398:Current taxonomy
326:
323:
317:
305:
304:
297:
178:
126:
125:
107:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1838:
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1832:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1804:
1750:
1748:Further reading
1745:
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1509:
1505:
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1436:
1432:
1422:
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1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1165:Stylommatophora
1098:
1089:
1078:Pyramidelloidea
1014:
958:
949:
924:
915:
808:
749:
638:Heterobranchia
614:
587:
549:Opisthobranchia
541:
483:d'Orbigny, 1843
414:Heterobranchia
411:
407:
403:
401:
400:
378:
345:Opisthobranchia
327:
321:
318:
315:
306:
302:
295:
205:
200:
195:
179:J.E. Gray, 1840
177:
120:
98:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2047:
2046:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Heterobranchia
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1985:
1972:
1959:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1901:Fauna Europaea
1897:
1884:
1871:
1867:Heterobranchia
1858:
1854:Heterobranchia
1845:
1840:Heterobranchia
1830:
1814:
1812:
1810:Heterobranchia
1806:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1762:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1680:
1661:
1634:
1613:(4): 399–408.
1593:
1544:
1523:(3): 259–265.
1503:
1484:(1–2): 1–526.
1462:
1430:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1378:
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1375:
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1303:
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1286:
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1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:Trimusculoidea
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
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1161:
1156:
1154:
1148:
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1143:
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1129:
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1125:
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1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
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1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:Glacidorboidea
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
988:Siphonarioidea
984:
979:
977:
972:
970:
964:
963:
960:
959:
955:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
942:
941:
933:
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929:
926:
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917:
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845:
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841:
834:
829:
827:
819:
817:
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813:
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809:
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804:
801:
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790:
789:
786:
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771:
763:
761:
755:
754:
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746:
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742:
741:
734:
731:
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719:
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707:
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701:
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685:
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680:
679:
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663:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
646:
641:
639:
633:
613:
610:
586:
583:
540:
539:Older taxonomy
537:
536:
535:
534:
533:
532:
531:
530:
529:
524:
514:
513:
512:
507:
506:Philippi, 1853
498:
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374:
373:
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369:hermaphroditic
356:
342:
329:
328:
309:
307:
300:
294:
291:
284:, which is an
265:opisthobranchs
217:Heterobranchia
212:
211:
187:
186:
182:
181:
175:Heterobranchia
172:
168:
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99:
91:
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81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
24:Heterobranchia
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
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1638:
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1626:
1621:
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1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:3-925919-72-4
1444:
1440:
1434:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:Acochlidiacea
1135:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1105:
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1092:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1073:
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1065:
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1063:Amphiboloidea
1058:
1057:
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937:Cephalaspidea
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838:Umbraculoidea
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632:
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623:
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612:2010 taxonomy
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593:The graph of
591:
585:2005 taxonomy
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560:Heterostropha
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461:Iredale, 1917
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286:opisthobranch
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797:Nudibranchia
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780:
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692:
670:
648:
626:
622:Panpulmonata
615:
603:
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527:Panpulmonata
500:Ringipleura
430:Mathildoidea
391:pleurobranch
384:
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319:
311:
281:Bulla quoyii
279:
258:
220:
216:
215:
208:Panpulmonata
190:
174:
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1927:iNaturalist
1834:Wikispecies
1477:Malacologia
1209:Ellobioidea
1152:Eupulmonata
738:Acteonoidea
650:Valvatoidea
517:Tectipleura
497:Warén, 1991
481:Acteonoidea
476:Actenonacea
467:Warén, 1993
451:Rhodopoidea
447:Casey, 1904
441:Allomorpha
418:Valvatoidea
322:August 2023
248:terrestrial
2011:Categories
1677:: 288–317.
1566:: 106996.
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1400:References
1118:Hygrophila
1003:Sacoglossa
867:Runcinacea
769:Nudipleura
759:Euthyneura
723:Rissooidea
568:protoconch
510:Nudipleura
489:Gray, 1850
471:Euthyneura
432:Dall, 1889
426:Gray, 1850
420:Gray, 1840
269:pulmonates
198:Nudipleura
171:Subclass:
165:Gastropoda
1656:0044-3808
1629:0260-1230
1588:226258146
1539:0260-1230
1498:0076-2997
1455:0076-2997
1231:Otinoidea
904:Pteropoda
889:Anaspidea
629:cladogram
553:Pulmonata
545:J.E. Gray
365:operculum
360:Pulmonata
293:Diversity
251:gastropod
225:taxonomic
141:Kingdom:
135:Eukaryota
1893:46447445
1819:Wikidata
1789:19778622
1737:20973994
1580:33148425
694:Cimoidea
465:Cimoidea
376:Taxonomy
367:and are
363:lack an
267:and the
254:mollusks
155:Mollusca
151:Phylum:
145:Animalia
131:Domain:
33:-Present
1825:Q133143
1728:3087543
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353:torsion
349:shelled
312:updated
244:aquatic
161:Class:
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1952:NZOR:
1945:216305
1932:551391
1880:348867
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240:marine
232:snails
219:, the
206:clade
201:clade
196:clade
31:Emsian
1994:14712
1989:WoRMS
1981:60640
1906:11398
1584:S2CID
939:s.s.
236:slugs
228:clade
1940:NCBI
1875:BOLD
1785:PMID
1733:PMID
1652:ISSN
1625:ISSN
1576:PMID
1535:ISSN
1494:ISSN
1451:ISSN
1443:ISBN
1425:2020
620:and
404:edit
389:, a
358:The
337:The
246:and
234:and
38:Preęž’
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1862:AFD
1849:ADW
1777:doi
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