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to harvest, making holes in the crop, which can make individual items unsuitable to sell for aesthetic reasons, and can make the crop more vulnerable to rot and disease. Excessive buildup of slugs within some wastewater treatment plants with inadequate screening have been found to cause process issues resulting in increased energy and chemical use.
900:. In the banana slugs, the penis sometimes becomes trapped inside the body of the partner. Apophallation allows the slugs to separate themselves by one or both of the slugs chewing off the other's or its own penis. Once the penis has been discarded, banana slugs are still able to mate using only the female parts of the reproductive system.
1709:
1708:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1838:) are a commercially available biological control method that are effective against a wide range of common slug species. The nematodes are applied in water and actively seek out slugs in the soil and infect them, leading to the death of the slug. This control method is suitable for use in organic growing systems.
1714:
831:
provides some protection against predators, as it can make the slug hard to pick up and hold by a bird's beak, for example, or the mucus itself can be distasteful. Some slugs can also produce very sticky mucus which can incapacitate predators and can trap them within the secretion. Some species of slug, such as
1132:. Some slugs are selective towards certain parts or developmental stages of the fungi they eat, though this is very variable. Depending on the species and other factors, slugs eat only fungi at specific stages of development. In other cases, whole mushrooms can be eaten, without any selection or bias towards
882:, having both female and male reproductive organs. Once a slug has located a mate, they encircle each other and sperm is exchanged through their protruded genitalia. A few days later, the slugs lay approximately thirty eggs in a hole in the ground, or beneath the cover of an object such as a fallen log.
1788:
The great majority of slug species are harmless to humans and to their interests, but a small number of species are serious pests of agriculture and horticulture. They can destroy foliage faster than plants can grow, thus killing even fairly large plants. They also feed on fruits and vegetables prior
1738:. This, combined with the slippery mucus they produce, makes slugs more difficult for predators to grasp. The unpleasant taste of the mucus is also a deterrent. Slugs can also incapacitate predators through the production of a highly sticky and elastic mucus which can trap predators in the secretion.
830:
trail" a slug leaves behind has some secondary effects: other slugs coming across a slime trail can recognise the slime trail as produced by one of the same species, which is useful in finding a mate. Following a slime trail is also part of the hunting behaviour of some carnivorous slugs. Body mucus
823:. The thin mucus spreads from the foot's centre to its edges, whereas the thick mucus spreads from front to back. Slugs also produce thick mucus that coats the whole body of the animal. The mucus secreted by the foot contains fibres that help prevent the slug from slipping down vertical surfaces.
273:
families of land slugs form part of several quite different evolutionary lineages, which also include snails. Thus, the various families of slugs are not closely related, despite the superficial similarity in overall body form. The shell-less condition has arisen many times independently as an
1711:
306:, contains various clades of snails, semi-slugs (i.e. snails whose shells are too small for them to retract fully into), and slugs. The taxonomy of this group is in the process of being revised in light of DNA sequencing. It appears that pulmonates are paraphyletic and basal to the
206:
205:
211:
209:
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1971:
210:
708:, which is easier to see when open; also on the right side at the front are the genital opening and anus. Veronicellid slugs have a mantle covering the whole dorsal part of the body, they have no respiratory opening, and the anus opens posteriorly.
208:
3061:
Symondson, W. O. C.; Glen, D. M.; Erickson, M. L.; Liddell, J. E.; Langdon, C. J. (2000). "Do earthworms help to sustain the slug predator
Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae) within crops? Investigations using monoclonal antibodies".
1832:, especially because domestic or wild animals may be exposed to the bait. The environmentally safer iron phosphate has been shown to be at least as effective as baits. Methiocarb baits are no longer widely used. Parasitic nematodes (
3366:
746:: Most slugs retain a remnant of their shell, which is usually internalized. This organ generally serves as storage for calcium salts, often in conjunction with the digestive glands. An internal shell is present in the
2293:
Schilthuizen, M.; Thome, J. W. (2008). "Valiguna flava (Heynemann, 1885) from
Indonesia and Malaysia: Redescription and Comparison with Valiguna siamensis (Martens, 1867)(Gastropoda: Soleolifera: Veronicellidae)".
1745:. In contrast to the general behavioral pattern, the Kerry slug retracts its head, lets go of the substrate, rolls up completely, and stays contracted in a ball-like shape. This is a unique feature among all the
1710:
808:(a 180° twisting of the internal organs) during development. Internally, slug anatomy clearly shows the effects of this rotation—but externally, the bodies of slugs appear more or less symmetrical, except the
792:. They must generate protective mucus to survive. Many species are most active just after a rain because of the moist ground or during nighttime. In drier conditions, they hide in damp places such as under
3526:
3373:
2941:
2396:
207:
3251:
1988:
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conditions. Slugs are prone to attack during the summer, when the availability of resources is reduced. During winter, the aggressive responses are substituted by a
1734:
When attacked, slugs can contract their body, making themselves harder and more compact and more still and round. By doing this, they become firmly attached to the
1060:
3834:
2258:
Dayrat, B. (2009). "Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of
Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species".
1208:) includes slugs in its diet. Amphibians such as frogs and toads have long been regarded as important predators of slugs. Among them are species in the genus
252:
is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly
3336:"Chapter 3: Dipteras as predators and parasitoids of terrestrial gastropods, with emphasis on Phoridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Fannidae"
2536:
3523:
1907:
526:
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that it travels on, which helps prevent damage to the foot tissues. Around the edge of the foot in some slugs is a structure called the 'foot fringe'.
2956:
3616:
1929:
1491:, are known to feed on slugs. Ants are a common predator of slugs; some ant species are deterred by the slug's mucus coating, while others such as
2423:
726:, have a prominent ridge running over their back along the middle of the tail (sometimes along the whole tail, sometimes only the posterior part).
2237:
Webb & Van
Beneden, 1836, y consideraciones sobre la posicion sistematica de la familia Parmacellidae (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora)"
2212:
Branson, B. A (1980). "The recent
Gastropoda of Oklahoma, Part VIII. The slug families Limacidae, Arionidae, Veronicellidae, and Philomycidae".
3335:
570:
535:
3474:
Rollo, C. D.; Wellington, W. G. (1979). "Intra- and inter-specific agonistic behavior among terrestrial slugs (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)".
2400:
2166:
Loest, R. A. (1979). "Ammonia
Volatilization and Absorption by Terrestrial Gastropods_ a Comparison between Shelled and Shell-Less Species".
633:
436:
1156:, research investments have been made to discover and investigate potential predators in order to establish biological control strategies.
3870:
1842:
3858:
3153:
3248:
1841:
Other slug control methods are generally ineffective on a large scale, but can be somewhat useful in small gardens. These include
2973:
1184:, vertebrates can occasionally feed on, or be specialised predators of, slugs. Fish that feed on slugs include the brown trout (
903:
In a temperate climate, slugs usually live one year outdoors. In greenhouses, many adult slugs may live for more than one year.
732:: The bottom side of a slug, which is flat, is called the 'foot'. Like almost all gastropods, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of
3524:'Evaluating Opportunities and Barriers to Improving the Energy Efficiency of Small Nebraska Wastewater Treatment Plants', pp.83
3594:
1880:
in the US to be more severely affected under low till because this increases organic matter, thus providing food and shelter.
1152:. The predation of slugs has been the subject of studies for at least a century. Because some species of slugs are considered
938:
Most species of slugs are generalists, feeding on a broad spectrum of organic materials, including leaves from living plants,
3827:
3757:
3421:
2514:
2064:"Ten new complete mitochondrial genomes of pulmonates (Mollusca: Gastropoda) and their impact on phylogenetic relationships"
266:, which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that they can fully retract their soft parts into it).
3579:
3547:
3347:
2755:
3838:
3776:
3038:
3642:
3260:
2348:"Adhesive defence mucus secretions in the red triangle slug (Triboniophorus graeffei) can incapacitate adult frogs"
2232:
2062:
White, T. R.; Conrad, M. M.; Tseng, R.; Balayan, S.; Golding, R.; de Frias
Martins, A. M.; Dayrat, B. A. (2011).
2913:
Avery, R. A. (1966). "Food and feeding habits of the Common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) in the west of
England".
1293:), are exclusively slug eaters. Several lizards include slugs in their diet. This is the case in the slowworm (
676:
on their head. The upper pair is light-sensing and has eyespots at the ends, while the lower pair provides the
3022:
3895:
2825:"The energetic consequences of dietary specialization in populations of the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans"
1834:
1610:
500:
479:
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2040:
1955:
3900:
3200:
Teixeira, C. G.; Thiengo, S. C.; Thome, J. W.; Medeiros, A. B.; Camillo-Coura, L.; Agostini, A. A. (1993).
1768:
and individuals from other species when competing for resources. This aggressiveness is also influenced by
788:
Slugs' bodies are made up mostly of water and, without a full-sized shell, their soft tissues are prone to
1802:
from eating raw slugs. Live slugs that are accidentally eaten with improperly cleaned vegetables (such as
625:
449:
1794:
1757:
underground during the winter in temperate climates, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn.
1616:
607:
583:
17:
3863:
3620:
3542:
3502:"SlugClear Ultra: Highly efficient protection against slugs and snails | Gardening tips and advice"
3890:
3570:
3286:
3282:
Monograph of the land and freshwater
Mollusca of the British Isles. Testacellidae. Limacidae. Arionidae
3122:
1764:
is documented, but varies greatly among slug species. Slugs often resort to aggression, attacking both
125:
3290:
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3501:
1307:
1265:
3451:
3397:
2999:
2701:
3885:
1128:
2640:
1824:
As control measures, baits are commonly used in both agriculture and the garden. In recent years,
672:: Like other pulmonate land gastropods, the majority of land slugs have two pairs of 'feelers' or
1487:
1054:
3446:
1919:
1624:-causing nematode, have larval stages that can only live in molluscs, including slugs, such as
1553:
1041:. They also feed on carrots, peas, apples, and cabbage that are offered as a sole food source.
722:
1263:), is not a specialized predator of slugs but occasionally feeds on them. The redbelly snake (
3867:
3384:
2347:
1523:
1378:
1259:
39:
3372:. Forest Service Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 12 July 2009. Archived from
3854:
3714:
3071:
2788:
2480:
2397:"Perverted cannibalistic hermaphrodites haunt the Pacific Northwest! " The Oyster's Garter"
2359:
2075:
1869:
1772:, because the availability of resources such as shelter and food may be compromised due to
1641:
of molluscs. To complete their development, many dipterans use slugs as hosts during their
1517:
1192:
733:
275:
1521:, is known to parasitise several dozen species of molluscs, including many slugs, such as
1164:
Slugs are preyed upon by virtually every major vertebrate group. With many examples among
8:
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1825:
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239:
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can often be seen swarming about their host's body, and live in its respiratory cavity.
3095:
2926:
2607:
2496:
2463:
Leonard, J.L.; Pearse, J.S.; Harper, A.B. (2002). "Comparative reproductive biology of
2375:
2275:
2191:
2183:
2098:
2063:
1999:
1978:
1853:
1761:
1584:
1529:
1254:
1243:
1122:
1086:
1084:). Species of mushroom producing fungi used as food source by slugs include milk-caps (
270:
120:
3280:
2809:
2442:
2324:. College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois
2129:
3772:
3763:
3753:
3417:
3343:
3227:
3087:
3083:
3034:
2895:
2846:
2824:
2751:
2615:
2530:
2103:
1753:) a portion of their tail to help the slug escape from a predator. Some slug species
1565:
1481:
1394:
1346:
1313:
1153:
1014:
603:
408:
3664:
3222:
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95:
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113:
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2977:
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1806:), or improperly cooked slugs (for use in recipes requiring larger slugs such as
1604:
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1283:
1271:
681:
487:
466:
325:
3120:(Schrank) – Acari-Trombidiformes and its relationship with pulmonate molluscs".
927:
919:. Most carnivorous slugs on occasion also eat dead specimens of their own kind.
3749:
1857:
1678:
1576:
Several species of nematodes are known to parasitise slugs. The nematode worms
1301:
1098:
1081:
797:
759:
685:
615:
579:
334:
3767:
3135:
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snakes are known predators of slugs. Coastal populations of the garter snake,
3879:
3460:
3320:
2899:
2874:(Semper, 1885) (Gastropoda; Veronicellidae): a trophic relationship revealed"
2864:
Maia, T; Dorigo, T. A.; Gomes, S. R.; Santos, S. B.; Rocha, C. F. D. (2012).
2555:
2088:
1865:
1741:
Some species present different response behaviors when attacked, such as the
1651:
1646:
1626:
1598:
1578:
1559:
1547:
1449:
1399:
1326:
1110:
1066:
994:
932:
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833:
591:
517:
445:
422:
307:
104:
80:
65:
3821:
3091:
2850:
2619:
2107:
1860:, and copper. Salt kills slugs by causing water to leave the body owing to
1847:
1819:
1664:
1440:
1186:
1149:
1049:
1038:
751:
508:
378:
86:
3411:
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2863:
1120:
are also eaten by slugs. Slime molds used as food source by slugs include
854:
juvenile with eggs of another (larger) slug species, most likely
Arionidae
2770:
2152:
1995:
1946:
1914:
1829:
1807:
1769:
1765:
1722:
1341:
1222:
1133:
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819:: one is thin and watery, and the other thick and sticky. Both kinds are
809:
789:
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755:
705:
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553:
428:
363:
352:
343:
319:
303:
299:
295:
235:
192:
186:
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2187:
965:
804:, to help retain body moisture. Like all other gastropods, they undergo
2611:
1799:
1777:
1742:
1727:
1693:
1638:
1621:
1535:
1504:
1492:
1415:
1410:
1275:) feed mainly but not solely on slugs, while some species in the genus
1238:
1145:
998:
820:
700:. In stylommatophoran slugs, on the right-hand side of the mantle is a
642:
621:
562:
544:
496:
475:
457:
396:
387:
311:
167:
75:
70:
3303:
Robinson, W. H.; Foote, B. A. (1968). "Biology and Immature Stages of
2841:
2371:
3745:
2773:"Terrestrial and benthic foods in the diet of the shortjawed kokopu,
2462:
2130:"The physical properties of the pedal mucus of the terrestrial slug,
1962:
1754:
1746:
1683:
1673:
1660:
1656:
1634:
1602:. Species of widely known medical importance pertaining to the genus
1476:
1445:
1431:
1420:
1373:
1249:
1198:
1177:
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1045:
982:
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845:
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793:
747:
677:
369:
291:
279:
257:
242:
137:
109:
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2603:
812:, which is on one side of the animal, normally the right-hand side.
736:
on the underside of its foot. It simultaneously secretes a layer of
2649:
2018:
1936:
1898:
1773:
1750:
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1642:
1512:
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1331:
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1018:
951:
943:
253:
157:
31:
3342:. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing. pp. 88–124.
3543:"Health and Medicals News – Man's brain infected by eating slugs"
3416:(in German). Hamburg and Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey. p. 138.
2750:. Boundary Row, London, UK: Chapman & Hall. pp. 428 pp.
2672:
1877:
1861:
1803:
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1002:
990:
947:
245:
3247:
Senanayake, S. N.; Pryor, D. S.; Walker, J.; Konecny, P. (2003).
3816:
3741:
2822:
2771:
McDowall, R. M.; Main, M. R.; West, D. W.; Lyon, G. L. (1996).
1593:
1460:
1277:
1253:, while inland populations have a generalized diet. One of its
1234:
1173:
1010:
1006:
939:
870:
863:
858:
147:
3437:
Pekarinen, E. (1994). "Autotomy in arionid and limacid slug".
1718:
Slug contracts itself and retracts its tentacles when attacked
771:
3857:
USDA Farmer's Bulletin No. 1895. Revised 1959. Hosted by the
3249:"First report of human angiostrongyliasis acquired in Sydney"
2346:
Gould, John; Valdez, Jose W.; Upton, Rose (8 February 2019).
2013:
1873:
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1030:
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262:
220:
56:
35:
3412:
Kerney, M. P; Cameron, A. D. & Jungbluth, J. H. (1983).
3199:
2292:
1810:), can act as a vector for a parasitic infection in humans.
1749:, and among most other slugs. Some slugs can self-amputate (
714:: The part of a slug behind the mantle is called the 'tail'.
694:: On top of the slug, behind the head, is the saddle-shaped
2588:"Feeding activities of slugs on Myxomycetes and macrofungi"
1369:
1210:
1181:
1169:
837:, secrete slime cords to suspend a pair during copulation.
2517:. 4 April 2005. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005
2421:
2241:
Boletín de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de les Baleares
68:
land slugs, including (from the top) the larger drawings:
1828:
baits have emerged and are preferred over the more toxic
1456:
1361:
3033:. Sofia, Moscow: PENSOFT Publishers. pp. 221–227.
2061:
1247:, have a specialised diet consisting of slugs, such as
888:
has been reported only in some species of banana slug (
665:
The external anatomy of a slug includes the following:
3595:"Less toxic iron phosphate slug bait proves effective"
3473:
3031:
Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles
2230:
310:, which are a terminal branch of the tree. The family
2781:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
2399:. Theoystersgarter.com. 24 March 2008. Archived from
3302:
2391:
2389:
1872:
worsens slug infestations. Hammond et al. 1999 find
3202:"On the diversity of mollusc intermediate hosts of
3151:
2823:Britt, E. J.; Hicks, J. W.; Bennett, A. F. (2006).
2127:
2585:
3617:"~ Slug Traps ~ Death by Beer Offers and Reviews"
3361:
3359:
2386:
1864:but this is not used for agricultural control as
3877:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2535:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2424:"Penis-biting slugs: wild claims and confusions"
2345:
1495:will roll the slug in dirt to absorb its mucus.
3333:
3206:Morera & Cespedes, 1971 in southern Brazil"
2748:Terrestrial Slugs: Biology, ecology and control
2699:
3356:
3309:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
3021:Brandmayr, P.; Paill, W.; et al. (2000).
3020:
2214:Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science
3791:
3729:
3597:. Extension.oregonstate.edu. 25 February 2008
3436:
3327:
3054:
2570:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
3296:
2870:(Ihering, 1911) (Serpentes; Dipsadidae) and
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2035:
2033:
1697:, are facultative parasitoids of Arionidae.
1498:
302:– solely comprise slugs. A third group, the
3568:
3195:
3193:
3147:
3145:
2473:Invertebrate Reproduction & Development
2311:
2309:
1792:In a few rare cases, humans have developed
1229:Reptiles that feed on slugs include mainly
1076:), which respectively feed on slime molds (
3243:
3241:
3111:
3109:
3023:"Slugs as prey for larvae and imagines of
2712:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
2257:
2202:
2114:
94:
55:
3467:
3450:
3414:Die Landschnecken Nord- und Mitteleuropas
3221:
3014:
2906:
2889:
2840:
2816:
2800:
2724:
2543:
2515:"Slugs and Their Management, HYG-2010-95"
2097:
2087:
2030:
637:Jesús Ortea and Juan José Bacallado, 2016
3855:Land Slugs and Snails and Their Control.
3735:
3190:
3142:
2764:
2306:
2159:
2055:
1721:
1704:
964:
926:
869:
857:
844:
800:, rocks and manmade structures, such as
770:
656:
260:(this is in contrast to the common name
201:
27:Shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc
3340:Natural Enemies of Terrestrial Molluscs
3285:. Taylor Brothers, Leeds. Introduction
3238:
3106:
2695:
2693:
2322:Home, Yard & Garden Pest Newsletter
1982:, the world's largest terrestrial slug.
14:
3878:
3619:. Gardening-guru.co.uk. Archived from
3405:
3270:
1372:. Studies on slug predation also cite
1202:slug. Similarly, the shortjaw kokopu (
915:by eating decaying plant material and
3152:Barker, G. M.; Ramsay, G. W. (1978).
3115:
2939:
2912:
2745:
2422:Reise, H; Hutchinson, J.M.C. (2002).
2341:
2339:
2165:
2128:Denny, M. W.; Gosline, J. M. (1980).
1730:, which is found only in this species
720:: Some species of slugs, for example
3665:"Using Diatomaceous Earth for Slugs"
3643:"How to Get Rid of Slugs and Snails"
3573:Man's brain infected by eating slugs
3367:"Forestry and Kerry Slug Guidelines"
3158:(Acari: Ereynetidae) in New Zealand"
2690:
2586:Keller, H. W.; Snell, K. L. (2002).
981:Slugs can feed on a wide variety of
911:Slugs play an important role in the
3859:UNT Government Documents Department
3835:"The Secret Lives of Jumping Slugs"
3580:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3548:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3307:, a Phorid Predator of Slug Eggs".
2641:"Worm-eating slug found in garden (
2633:
1320:Birds that prey upon slugs include
1287:) and the common slug eater snake (
862:Pair of mating slugs, suspended by
24:
3785:
3210:Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
3116:Baker, R. A. (1978). "The food of
2927:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb03886.x
2336:
1783:
1726:The alarm response posture of the
1608:are also parasites of slugs. Both
1044:Slugs from different families are
278:, and thus the category "slug" is
25:
3912:
3809:
3690:"Guide to Using Copper Slug Tape"
2471:(Gastropoda; Stylommiatophora)".
2315:
2231:Alonso, M. R.; Ibañe, M. (1981).
1257:, the Northwestern garter snake (
1144:Slugs are preyed upon by various
922:
3830:Ohio State University Extension.
3815:
3261:The Medical Journal of Australia
3084:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01006.x
2808:
1987:
1970:
1954:
1928:
1906:
1890:
1507:by several organisms, including
1470:
974:sp. feeding on a small fruit in
680:. Both pairs are retractable in
124:
3707:
3682:
3657:
3635:
3609:
3587:
3569:Anna Salleh (20 October 2003).
3562:
3535:
3516:
3494:
3430:
3223:10.1590/S0074-02761993000300020
2992:
2976:. Cardiff.ac.uk. Archived from
2966:
2933:
2891:10.5007/2175-7925.2012v25n1p211
2857:
2829:Journal of Experimental Biology
2777:Clarke (Teleostei: Galaxiidae)"
2665:
2507:
2456:
2431:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
2415:
2141:Journal of Experimental Biology
1671:, specially those in the genus
1455:Mammals that eat slugs include
1190:), which occasionally feeds on
840:
3792:Burton, D. W. (January 1982).
3000:"Ecological Benefits of Slugs"
2286:
2251:
2224:
2180:10.1086/physzool.52.4.30155937
1645:. Some species of blow-flies (
1159:
661:The external anatomy of a slug
652:
238:for any apparently shell-less
13:
1:
3204:Angiostrongylus costaricensis
3177:10.1080/00779962.1978.9722316
2802:10.1080/00288330.1996.9516713
2493:10.1080/07924259.2002.9652738
2443:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02453-9
2024:
1835:Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
1813:
1611:Angiostrongylus costaricensis
766:
3439:Journal of Molluscan Studies
3279:(1902). Part 8, pages 1–52.
1691:, mainly those in the genus
1687:. House flies in the family
1681:, including many species of
1139:
1090:spp.), the oyster mushroom (
989:, including flowers such as
7:
3828:Slugs and Their Management.
3738:Handbook of vegetable pests
3476:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2007:
1795:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1700:
1617:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
815:Slugs produce two types of
285:
10:
3917:
3123:Journal of Natural History
2872:Potamojanuarius lamellatus
1883:
1817:
1760:Intra- and inter-specific
906:
684:slugs, but contractile in
29:
3338:. In Barker, G. M (ed.).
3136:10.1080/00222937000770481
2955:(3): 8–11. Archived from
2700:Sandy; Misner, L; Balog.
2272:10.11646/zootaxa.2068.1.1
2235:Parmacella valenciannesii
1868:is detrimental to crops.
1655:are known parasitoids of
1588:respectively live in the
1499:Parasites and parasitoids
1452:birds as slug predators.
1311:) and the common lizard (
1308:Cyclodomorphus casuarinae
1266:Storeria occipitomaculata
750:and Parmacellidae. Adult
461:Gude & Woodward, 1921
191:Multiple lineages within
178:
173:
121:Scientific classification
119:
102:
93:
63:
54:
49:
3334:Coupland, J. B. (2004).
3165:New Zealand Entomologist
3027:(Coleoptera: Carabidae)"
2089:10.1186/1471-2148-11-295
2068:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1129:Symphytocarpus flaccidus
1102:). Other genera such as
1048:. It is the case in the
954:and eat other slugs and
3851:The Nature Conservancy.
3736:Capinera, John (2020).
1488:Pterostichus melanarius
1299:), the bobtail lizard (
1269:) and the brown snake (
1073:Ariolimax californianus
1055:Philomycus carolinianus
512:H. & A. Adams, 1855
314:are also polyphyletic.
3645:. asthegardenturns.com
3461:10.1093/mollus/60.1.19
3392:Cite journal requires
3321:10.1093/aesa/61.6.1587
2868:Sibynomorphus neuwiedi
2465:Ariolimax californicus
1920:Geotrupes stercorarius
1731:
1719:
1667:. Flies in the family
1554:Tandonia budapestensis
1511:and a wide variety of
1475:Beetles in the family
1305:), the she-oak skink (
1061:Phylomicus flexuolaris
978:
935:
875:
874:A pair of mating slugs
867:
866:thread and pad on wall
855:
785:
723:Tandonia budapestensis
662:
224:
38:. For other uses, see
30:For marine slugs, see
3868:University of Florida
2940:Hewer, A. M. (1948).
2168:Physiological Zoology
2132:Ariolimax columbianus
1923:) moving a dead slug.
1856:, crushed eggshells,
1725:
1717:
1677:, are parasitoids of
1524:Deroceras reticulatum
1379:Deroceras reticulatum
1260:Thamnophis ordinoides
1096:) and the penny bun (
1037:, and fruits such as
968:
930:
894:) and one species of
873:
861:
848:
774:
660:
290:Of the six orders of
214:
40:Slug (disambiguation)
3896:Mollusc common names
3824:at Wikimedia Commons
3794:"How to be sluggish"
3717:. Newton.dep.anl.gov
3522:Thompson, M. (2018)
3254:30 July 2022 at the
3156:Riccardoella limacum
3118:Riccardoella limacum
2949:Tazmanian Naturalist
2710:Animal Diversity Web
2673:"What Do Slugs Eat?"
2556:"What Do Slugs Eat?"
2153:10.1242/jeb.88.1.375
2041:"How to be sluggish"
1870:Conservation tillage
1518:Riccardoella limacum
1193:Arion circumscriptus
734:muscular contraction
521:Albers-Martens, 1860
276:convergent evolution
215:A slug on a wall in
3901:Polyphyletic groups
3715:"Slugs and Osmosis"
3623:on 18 November 2012
3529:6 June 2022 at the
3504:. LoveTheGarden.com
3076:2000MolEc...9.1279S
2942:"Tazmanian lizards"
2793:1996NZJMF..30..257M
2775:Galaxias postvectis
2485:2002InvRD..41...83L
2364:2019Ethol.125..587G
2080:2011BMCEE..11..295W
1994:An illustration by
1945:) being eaten by a
1205:Galaxias postvectis
1093:Pleurotus ostreatus
783:Fremont, California
64:Various species of
3305:Megaselia aequalis
2915:Journal of Zoology
2746:South, A. (1992).
2000:bicolored antpitta
1979:Limax cinereoniger
1854:diatomaceous earth
1762:agonistic behavior
1732:
1720:
1585:Angiostoma limacis
1530:Arianta arbustorum
1244:Thamnophis elegans
1154:agricultural pests
1123:Stemonitis axifera
979:
936:
876:
868:
856:
786:
663:
225:
34:. For snails, see
3891:Gastropod anatomy
3820:Media related to
3759:978-0-12-814488-6
3423:978-3-490-17918-0
3064:Molecular Ecology
3025:Carabus violaceus
2962:on 25 April 2013.
2842:10.1242/jeb.02366
2835:(16): 3164–3169.
2704:Arion lusitanicus
2469:A. dolichophallus
2372:10.1111/eth.12875
1715:
1566:Tandonia sowerbyi
1515:. The slug mite,
1482:Carabus violaceus
1347:Corvus frugilegus
1322:common blackbirds
1080:) and mushrooms (
1027:tuberous begonias
950:. Some slugs are
638:
629:
611:
604:Strophocheiloidea
599:
587:
575:
558:
549:
540:
531:
530:Moellendorf, 1900
522:
513:
504:
492:
491:Bourguignat, 1877
483:
471:
462:
453:
441:
409:Athoracophoroidea
404:
392:
383:
374:
357:
348:
339:
330:
212:
200:
199:
16:(Redirected from
3908:
3864:Slugs of Florida
3850:
3848:
3846:
3841:on 13 April 2010
3837:. Archived from
3819:
3805:
3780:
3771:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3539:
3533:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3379:on 19 July 2013.
3378:
3371:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3315:(6): 1587–1594.
3300:
3294:
3274:
3268:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3179:. Archived from
3162:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3070:(9): 1279–1292.
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2743:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2558:. animals.mom.me
2552:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2403:on 13 April 2008
2393:
2384:
2383:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2037:
2002:catching a slug.
1991:
1974:
1958:
1942:Amanita muscaria
1932:
1910:
1894:
1851:
1716:
1633:Insects such as
1337:Sturnus vulgaris
1314:Zootoca vivipara
931:Large slug near
682:stylommatophoran
636:
624:
606:
594:
582:
573:
556:
547:
538:
529:
527:Plectopylidoidea
520:
511:
499:
490:
478:
469:
460:
448:
439:
415:Athoracophoridae
403:in Turnton, 1840
399:
390:
381:
372:
355:
346:
337:
328:
213:
174:Groups included
129:
128:
98:
59:
47:
46:
21:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3886:Stylommatophora
3876:
3875:
3844:
3842:
3833:
3812:
3788:
3786:Further reading
3783:
3760:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3531:Wayback Machine
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3488:10.1139/z79-104
3472:
3468:
3452:10.1.1.873.8562
3435:
3431:
3424:
3410:
3406:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3332:
3328:
3301:
3297:
3275:
3271:
3256:Wayback Machine
3246:
3239:
3198:
3191:
3186:on 5 July 2008.
3183:
3160:
3154:"The slug mite
3150:
3143:
3114:
3107:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2980:on 2 April 2013
2972:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2911:
2907:
2862:
2858:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2744:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2604:10.2307/3761690
2584:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2544:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2344:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2314:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2256:
2252:
2229:
2225:
2210:
2203:
2164:
2160:
2136:
2126:
2115:
2060:
2056:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2010:
2003:
1992:
1983:
1975:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1933:
1924:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1845:
1822:
1816:
1786:
1784:Human relevance
1705:
1703:
1649:) in the genus
1605:Angiostrongylus
1590:salivary glands
1542:Arion hortensis
1501:
1473:
1427:Arion hortensis
1357:Corvus monedula
1296:Anguis fragilis
1290:Duberria lutrix
1284:Dipsas neuwiedi
1272:Storeria dekayi
1162:
1142:
925:
909:
843:
769:
744:Vestigial shell
655:
488:Helixarionoidea
467:Gastrodontoidea
326:Achatinelloidea
288:
202:
123:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3914:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3852:
3831:
3825:
3811:
3810:External links
3808:
3807:
3806:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3758:
3750:Academic Press
3740:(2 ed.).
3728:
3706:
3681:
3656:
3634:
3608:
3586:
3561:
3534:
3515:
3493:
3482:(4): 846–855.
3466:
3429:
3422:
3404:
3394:|journal=
3355:
3349:978-0851993195
3348:
3326:
3295:
3269:
3237:
3189:
3171:(4): 441–443.
3141:
3130:(4): 521–530.
3105:
3053:
3039:
3013:
2991:
2974:"Slug Control"
2965:
2932:
2921:(2): 115–121.
2905:
2884:(1): 211–213.
2856:
2815:
2787:(2): 257–269.
2763:
2757:978-0412368103
2756:
2723:
2689:
2664:
2653:. 10 July 2008
2632:
2598:(5): 757–760.
2569:
2542:
2506:
2479:(1–3): 83–93.
2455:
2414:
2385:
2358:(8): 587–591.
2335:
2305:
2285:
2250:
2223:
2201:
2174:(4): 461–469.
2158:
2147:(1): 375–393.
2113:
2054:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1986:
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1969:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1858:coffee grounds
1826:iron phosphate
1818:Main article:
1815:
1812:
1785:
1782:
1702:
1699:
1679:Agriolimacidae
1500:
1497:
1472:
1469:
1302:Tiliqua rugosa
1161:
1158:
1141:
1138:
1099:Boletus edulis
1082:basidiomycetes
995:chrysanthemums
924:
923:Feeding habits
921:
908:
905:
880:hermaphrodites
842:
839:
768:
765:
764:
763:
760:Veronicellidae
741:
727:
715:
709:
689:
678:sense of smell
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
630:
618:
616:Parmacelloidea
612:
600:
588:
580:Staffordioidea
576:
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541:
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405:
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384:
382:Swainson, 1840
375:
362:Subinfraorder
360:
359:
358:
349:
340:
335:Cochlicopoidea
331:
318:Subinfraorder
308:opisthobranchs
287:
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3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
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3778:
3777:9780128144893
3774:
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3765:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3747:
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3739:
3732:
3716:
3710:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3644:
3638:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3596:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3565:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3386:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:(8): 430–431.
3266:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
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3159:
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3148:
3146:
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3133:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3119:
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3110:
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3097:
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3077:
3073:
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1627:Limax maximus
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1548:Limax maximus
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886:Apophallation
883:
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834:Limax maximus
829:
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592:Streptaxoidea
589:
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581:
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574:Pilsbry, 1895
572:
568:
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560:
559:
557:Pilsbry, 1893
555:
551:
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539:Pilsbry, 1894
537:
533:
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519:
518:Orthalicoidea
515:
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446:Clausilioidea
443:
440:Pilsbry, 1895
438:
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423:Orthalicoidea
420:
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81:Limax maximus
77:
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62:
58:
53:
48:
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41:
37:
33:
19:
3843:. Retrieved
3839:the original
3801:
3797:
3737:
3731:
3719:. Retrieved
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3694:Slug Cuisine
3693:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3669:Slug Cuisine
3668:
3659:
3647:. Retrieved
3637:
3625:. Retrieved
3621:the original
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3589:
3578:
3572:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3546:
3537:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3496:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3445:(1): 19–23.
3442:
3438:
3432:
3413:
3407:
3385:cite journal
3374:the original
3339:
3329:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3281:
3277:Taylor J. W.
3272:
3264:
3259:
3216:(3): 487–9.
3213:
3209:
3203:
3181:the original
3168:
3164:
3155:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3030:
3024:
3016:
3004:. Retrieved
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2978:the original
2968:
2957:the original
2952:
2948:
2935:
2918:
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2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
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2818:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2747:
2714:. Retrieved
2709:
2703:
2680:. Retrieved
2677:Slug Cuisine
2676:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2648:
2642:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2595:
2591:
2560:. Retrieved
2519:. Retrieved
2509:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2434:
2430:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:the original
2355:
2351:
2326:. Retrieved
2321:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2233:"Estudio de
2226:
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2213:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2048:
2044:
1977:
1940:
1918:
1897:
1840:
1833:
1823:
1820:Molluscicide
1808:banana slugs
1793:
1791:
1787:
1766:conspecifics
1759:
1740:
1733:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1665:Philomycidae
1650:
1632:
1625:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1575:
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1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1502:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1454:
1441:Limax flavus
1439:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1387:
1386:(feeding on
1377:
1376:(feeding on
1355:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
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1270:
1264:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1187:Salmo trutta
1185:
1163:
1143:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1050:Philomycidae
1043:
1039:strawberries
980:
969:
937:
910:
902:
895:
889:
884:
877:
849:
841:Reproduction
832:
825:
814:
787:
776:
762:lack shells.
752:Philomycidae
743:
729:
721:
717:
711:
695:
691:
686:veronicellid
673:
669:
664:
632:Superfamily
620:Superfamily
614:Superfamily
602:Superfamily
590:Superfamily
578:Superfamily
571:Sagdidoidera
569:Superfamily
552:Superfamily
543:Superfamily
536:Polygyroidea
534:Superfamily
525:Superfamily
516:Superfamily
509:Oleacinoidea
507:Superfamily
495:Superfamily
486:Superfamily
474:Superfamily
465:Superfamily
456:Superfamily
444:Superfamily
435:Superfamily
421:Superfamily
407:Superfamily
395:Superfamily
386:Superfamily
379:Achatinoidea
377:Superfamily
368:Superfamily
356:Turton, 1831
351:Superfamily
342:Superfamily
333:Superfamily
329:Gulick, 1873
324:Superfamily
294:, two – the
289:
280:polyphyletic
268:
261:
249:
231:
227:
226:
103:
87:Limax flavus
85:
79:
69:
44:
3804:(2): 48–63.
3748:, CA, USA:
3627:16 November
3508:19 November
2716:14 December
2328:14 December
1996:Joseph Smit
1947:banana slug
1915:dung beetle
1899:Arion rufus
1846: [
1830:metaldehyde
1770:seasonality
1639:parasitoids
1505:parasitised
1493:driver ants
1223:Ceratophrys
1160:Vertebrates
1146:vertebrates
1134:ontogenetic
1078:myxomycetes
976:Mexico City
946:, and even
821:hygroscopic
810:pneumostome
790:desiccation
778:Ambigolimax
756:Onchidiidae
706:pneumostome
702:respiratory
653:Description
634:Quijotoidea
554:Rhytidoidea
548:Morse, 1864
470:Tryon, 1866
437:Camaenoidea
429:Bulimulinae
391:Baker, 1960
364:Sigmurethra
353:Pupilloidea
344:Partuloidea
320:Orthurethra
304:Sigmurethra
300:Soleolifera
296:Onchidiacea
274:example of
248:. The word
240:terrestrial
236:common name
193:Sigmurethra
187:Soleolifera
182:Onchidiacea
18:Keel (slug)
3880:Categories
3845:9 February
3768:1152284558
2437:(4): 163.
2316:Nixon, P.
2247:: 103–124.
2074:(1): 295.
2051:(2): 48–63
2025:References
1963:vegetables
1874:maize/corn
1843:beer traps
1814:Prevention
1800:meningitis
1780:behavior.
1778:gregarious
1743:Kerry slug
1728:Kerry slug
1694:Sarcophaga
1637:are known
1622:meningitis
1571:R. limacum
1536:Arion ater
1503:Slugs are
1479:, such as
1446:rock doves
1432:game birds
1416:red grouse
1411:Arion ater
1374:fieldfares
1178:amphibians
1046:fungivores
1031:hollyhocks
983:vegetables
960:earthworms
878:Slugs are
775:An active
767:Physiology
643:Quijotidae
622:Zonitoidea
563:Rhytididae
545:Punctoidea
501:Rafinesque
497:Limacoidea
480:Rafinesque
476:Helicoidea
458:Dyakioidea
427:Subfamily
397:Arionoidea
388:Aillyoidea
312:Ellobiidae
258:semi-slugs
168:Gastropoda
108:sp., from
76:Kerry slug
71:Arion ater
3746:San Diego
3447:CiteSeerX
3046:15 August
3006:15 August
2984:15 August
2900:2175-7925
2657:15 August
2625:15 August
2592:Mycologia
2562:15 August
2448:15 August
2407:15 August
1798:-induced
1755:hibernate
1747:Arionidae
1736:substrate
1684:Deroceras
1674:Megaselia
1661:Limacidae
1657:Arionidae
1635:dipterans
1513:nematodes
1477:Carabidae
1465:hedgehogs
1421:Deroceras
1332:starlings
1255:congeners
1250:Ariolimax
1140:Predators
1087:Lactarius
1035:marigolds
1023:primroses
1015:narcissus
971:Lehmannia
952:predators
944:mushrooms
913:ecosystem
897:Deroceras
891:Ariolimax
851:Deroceras
796:, fallen
794:tree bark
748:Limacidae
674:tentacles
670:Tentacles
596:J.E. Gray
401:J.E. Gray
370:Acavoidea
292:Pulmonata
271:taxonomic
254:sea slugs
243:gastropod
232:land slug
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
110:Vancouver
3649:8 August
3554:15 March
3527:Archived
3289:, pages
3287:page XV.
3252:Archived
3100:23921693
3092:10972768
2878:Biotemas
2851:16888064
2650:BBC News
2620:21156549
2531:cite web
2501:83829239
2380:92677691
2352:Ethology
2266:: 1–26.
2220:: 29–35.
2196:87142440
2188:30155937
2108:21985526
2019:Sea slug
2008:See also
1937:mushroom
1774:climatic
1751:autotomy
1701:Behavior
1689:Muscidae
1669:Phoridae
1643:ontogeny
1436:wrynecks
1400:thrushes
1384:redwings
1366:vultures
1352:jackdaws
1239:colubrid
1217:Rhinella
1166:reptiles
1136:stages.
1105:Agaricus
1019:gentians
991:petunias
802:planters
781:slug in
286:Taxonomy
269:Various
217:Kanagawa
158:Mollusca
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
32:Sea slug
3798:Tuatara
3721:2 March
3699:25 July
3674:25 July
3601:2 March
3232:8107609
3072:Bibcode
2789:Bibcode
2682:25 July
2612:3761690
2521:12 July
2481:Bibcode
2360:Bibcode
2318:"Slugs"
2296:Veliger
2280:4821033
2260:Zootaxa
2099:3198971
2076:Bibcode
2045:Tuatara
1884:Gallery
1878:soybean
1862:osmosis
1804:lettuce
1652:Melinda
1461:badgers
1237:. Some
1235:lizards
1199:arionid
1174:mammals
1117:Russula
1052:(e. g.
1011:dahlias
1003:lobelia
999:daisies
948:carrion
940:lichens
907:Ecology
806:torsion
641:Family
561:Family
413:Family
246:mollusc
234:, is a
164:Class:
66:British
3775:
3766:
3756:
3742:London
3449:
3420:
3346:
3230:
3098:
3090:
3037:
2898:
2849:
2754:
2618:
2610:
2499:
2378:
2278:
2194:
2186:
2106:
2096:
1594:rectum
1563:, and
1281:(e.g.
1278:Dipsas
1231:snakes
1064:) and
1007:lilies
956:snails
864:mucous
697:mantle
692:Mantle
688:slugs.
628:, 1864
610:, 1926
608:Thiele
598:, 1806
586:, 1931
584:Thiele
503:, 1815
482:, 1815
452:, 1864
3402:9 pp.
3377:(PDF)
3370:(PDF)
3184:(PDF)
3161:(PDF)
3096:S2CID
2960:(PDF)
2945:(PDF)
2643:video
2608:JSTOR
2497:S2CID
2427:(PDF)
2376:S2CID
2276:S2CID
2192:S2CID
2184:JSTOR
2137:(PDF)
2014:Snail
1998:of a
1850:]
1509:acari
1457:foxes
1405:Limax
1395:Arion
1389:Limax
1370:ducks
1342:rooks
1196:, an
1170:birds
987:herbs
958:, or
917:fungi
828:slime
826:The "
817:mucus
738:mucus
626:Mörch
450:Mörch
263:snail
230:, or
221:Japan
105:Arion
50:Slug
36:Snail
3871:IFAS
3847:2010
3822:Slug
3773:ISBN
3764:OCLC
3754:ISBN
3723:2014
3701:2024
3676:2024
3651:2016
3629:2012
3603:2014
3556:2006
3510:2012
3418:ISBN
3398:help
3344:ISBN
3293:–52.
3228:PMID
3088:PMID
3048:2016
3035:ISBN
3008:2016
2986:2016
2896:ISSN
2847:PMID
2752:ISBN
2718:2012
2684:2024
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