1147:
1677:, most Westerners were still disinclined to question its antiquity. My own textual studies, not yet completed when this translation first appeared, supported the Chinese dating, which by now prevails also in the West. … One result of the textual investigation came as a surprise to me. The present book describes the hedonist 'Yang ' chapter as 'so unlike the rest of that it must be from another hand … The thought is certainly very different, and it does show the signs of editing and interpolation by the Taoist author … But although close scrutiny generally reveals marked differences in style between the body of the book and passages borrowed from earlier sources, I could find none to distinguish the hedonist chapter from the rest.
2468:
2239:
234:
1633:
that he, "believed in 'every man for himself.' If he could have helped the whole world by plucking out a single hair, he would not have done it." Zhang Zhan speculates that this chapter, focusing on indulgence in physical and temporary pleasures, was from Lie Yukou's earlier years in
Yangism, before
1571:
My body is in accord with my mind, my mind with my energies, my energies with my spirit, my spirit with
Nothing. Whenever the minutest existing thing or the faintest sound affects me, whether it is far away beyond the eight borderlands, or close at hand between my eyebrows and eyelashes, I am bound
1638:
calls the "Yang Zhu" chapter "negative Daoism" in contrast with the Daoism of Laozi, Zhuangzi, and
Huainanzi that were "all positive in that each represents something new." Chapter 8, "Explaining Conjunctions," is primarily taken from other early sources, not only Daoist but
2242:
1661:
in 1960, which
Barrett calls undoubtedly "the best translation into a Western language to date", Graham linguistically analyzed internal evidence and textual parallels. He discovered many cases where the
1763:
rendition is a creative translation by Eva Wong (2001). In 2005, the
Library of Chinese Classics published a translation by Liang Xiaopeng. In 2011, Thomas Cleary self-published a translation titled
1629:
The final two chapters have heterogeneous contents that differ from the Daoism elsewhere in the book. Chapter 7 records the
Yangism philosophy of "Yang Zhu" (Yangzi), infamous for the criticism of
1572:
to know it. However, I do not know whether I perceived it with the seven holes in my head and my four limbs, or knew it through my heart and belly and internal organs. It is simply self-knowledge.
1759:(1912) translated chapters 1–6 and 8, while Anton Forke (1912) covered chapter 7 ("Yang Zhu"). As mentioned above, A. C. Graham (1960, 1990) wrote a definitive scholarly translation. A recent
1696:. "King Mu of Zhou" discusses sense perceptions as illusions; "Endeavor and Destiny" takes a fatalistic (if not karmic) view of destiny, which goes against the traditional Daoist concept of
1580:
saying, "The
Perfect Man uses his mind like a mirror—going after nothing, welcoming nothing, responding but not storing. Therefore he can win out over things and not hurt himself."
1685:
textual misunderstandings in Zhang Zhan's commentary, Graham concludes that the "guiding hand" probably belonged to Zhang's father or grandfather, which would mean c. 300 CE.
1563:
is generally considered to be the most practical of the major Taoist works, compared to the poetic narrative of Laozi and the philosophical writings of
Zhuangzi. Although the
1196:
from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, a number of
Chinese and Western scholars believe that the content of the current text was compiled around the 4th century CE by Zhang Zhan.
2141:
1626:
also mentions Liezi in four chapters and Lie Yukou in three, for example, the famous passage about Liezi's ability to ride the wind and go flying around in chapter 1.
1605:. Barrett says opinion is "divided as to whether it is an ancient work with later interpolations or a forgery confected from ancient sources." On the one hand, the
1567:
has not been extensively published in the West, some passages are well known. For example, Gengsangzi gives this description of Taoist pure experience:
1329:(literally "soar/young/simple empty/skies/modest") usually means "soar aloft, rise high; carefree, unburdened with ambition". During the later reign of
2155:
1609:
could contain a core of c. 400 BCE authentic writings of Lie Yukou; on the other hand, it could be a c. 400 CE compilation forged by Zhang Zhan.
2521:
365:
983:
2149:
190:
2275:
1874:
1839:
1654:
1146:
3085:
2229:
1075:
2758:
1666:
is clearly secondary to other texts, but none where it is the primary source for a passage. The
Preface to the revised
693:
2201:
2124:
2106:
2088:
2061:
2009:
1990:
1003:
1133:
2853:
1622:. They share many characters and stories; Graham lists sixteen complete episodes plus sections from others. The
796:
3123:
2978:
988:
134:
2968:
2733:
978:
678:
169:
2973:
1791:
973:
710:
2357:
2268:
308:
3128:
1189:
1095:
3053:
1726:
1260:
1100:
1033:
2119:. Library of Chinese Classics. Translated by Liang, Xiaopeng. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 2005.
2738:
1330:
1290:
668:
415:
2775:
2743:
2706:
2541:
2527:
673:
641:
480:
383:
371:
2833:
2449:
2261:
773:
473:
420:
3133:
2454:
1591:
scholars have long recognized that it shares many passages with other pre-Han texts like the
425:
1887:
1692:
chapters 3 and 6 are potentially corroborating evidence for a late date of composition; see
2182:
1739:
borrowed the character of Yi Jian, a contemporary of the ancient mythical emperor Yu, from
1126:
937:
2671:
8:
2162:
3100:
3080:
3070:
3021:
2963:
2499:
2319:
1213:
1070:
1060:
1050:
957:
922:
360:
289:
2721:
2516:
2328:
2292:
2195:
2120:
2102:
2084:
2057:
2005:
1986:
1693:
1533:
656:
430:
282:
264:
248:
243:
118:
110:
2770:
3058:
3012:
2995:
2301:
1368:
1161:
1038:
947:
932:
75:
44:
1647:
texts, two philosophies that opposed the philosophical Daoism this book expounds.
1601:
3017:
2748:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2597:
2167:
1781:
1721:
1618:
1545:
1359:
chapters are shown below (with translations of titles adapted from Graham 1960).
1247:
1119:
952:
723:
683:
629:
624:
619:
607:
530:
217:
3095:
3048:
3000:
2950:
2923:
2913:
2893:
2763:
1713:
is known as one of the three most important texts in Taoism, together with the
1635:
1537:
1322:
1169:
1028:
942:
910:
877:
864:
844:
698:
96:
3117:
3075:
3065:
2958:
2928:
2818:
2716:
2699:
2679:
2646:
2556:
2467:
2395:
1541:
1297:
was designated a Daoist classic, completing the trilogy with the more famous
1105:
1055:
1045:
917:
882:
758:
651:
634:
614:
579:
346:
1674:
Although in 1960 most scholars in China already recognized the late date of
3005:
2908:
2903:
2888:
2808:
2711:
2632:
2590:
2404:
2373:
2335:
1756:
1715:
1650:
1299:
859:
854:
836:
748:
646:
565:
523:
462:
323:
295:
275:
162:
82:
2983:
2878:
2873:
2798:
2625:
2618:
2550:
2433:
2056:. Translated by Graham, A.C. New York: Columbia University Press. 1990 .
1731:
1277:
texts derive from Zhang's version, which is divided into eight chapters (
1255:. There is a three-century historical gap until the next evidence of the
1252:
1230:
1209:
993:
826:
821:
735:
551:
544:
468:
183:
2188:
1985:. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China. pp. 298–308.
3090:
3032:
2883:
2863:
2813:
2753:
2563:
1065:
1008:
831:
811:
806:
753:
688:
485:
391:
2918:
2898:
2858:
2828:
2803:
2639:
2611:
2351:
2210:
1776:
1640:
1549:
1185:
869:
849:
801:
768:
740:
572:
537:
127:
20:
2083:(in French). Translated by Lafitte, J-J. Paris: Albin Michel. 1997.
3027:
2933:
2248:
1736:
1553:
965:
887:
148:
1634:
he became a Daoist. The well-known scholar of Chinese philosophy,
24:
2990:
2938:
2868:
2848:
2838:
2660:
2653:
2443:
2365:
1630:
927:
896:
816:
788:
778:
705:
593:
586:
516:
354:
316:
2075:. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
2022:. Translated by Giles, Lionel. London: Wisdom of the East. 1912.
1347:; “True Classic of Simplicity and Vacuity and Perfect Virtue”).
2843:
2823:
2507:
2491:
2483:
2414:
2284:
2224:
2031:. Translated by Forke, Anton. London: Wisdom of the East. 1912.
1697:
1657:, illuminated the textual provenance. After his translation of
1644:
1373:
1181:
783:
763:
497:
455:
446:
439:
331:
225:
2793:
2726:
2424:
2342:
1786:
1273:
copy was transmitted down from his grandfather. All received
730:
661:
339:
302:
174:
2569:
984:
Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters
491:
1755:
than other Taoist texts. The first were partial versions;
2310:
2253:
2173:
1670:
translation explains his significant change in attitude.
269:
233:
195:
153:
139:
2534:
377:
1192:
philosopher. Although there were references to Lie's
1317:; "True Classic of Simplicity and Vacuity", that is,
115:
101:
87:
2101:. Translated by Wong, Eva. Boston: Shambhala. 2001.
1150:
Calligraphy Lieh Tzu Yang-chu Chapter- Kojima Soshin
2170:, Forke's translation, Internet Sacred Text Archive
2036:Graham, A.C. (1961). "The Date and Composition of
3115:
2269:
2214:
2175:
2004:. Princeton, NH: Princeton University Press.
1976:
1811:
1512:
1494:
1476:
1458:
1440:
1422:
1404:
1386:
1342:
1312:
1281:
1269:(fl. ca. 370 CE). Zhang's preface claims his
1264:
1240:
1234:
1224:
1127:
49:
2099:Lieh-Tzu: A Taoist Guide to Practical Living
1983:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide
1751:There are fewer English translations of the
1532:chapters are named after famous figures in
2300:
2276:
2262:
2020:Taoist Teachings from the Book of Lieh-Tzŭ
1548:(r. 1023?–983? BCE); or philosophers like
1134:
1120:
2146:, Taoist Culture & Information Centre
2070:
1958:
1946:
1536:and history. Either sage rulers like the
1251:quotes Liezi, he must have lived before
1145:
1974:
1911:
1849:
1220:and rearranged it into eight chapters (
1174:
3116:
2054:The Book of Lieh-tzǔ: A Classic of Tao
2052:
2035:
1934:
1923:
1861:
1688:Suggestions of Buddhist influences in
1655:School of Oriental and African Studies
117:
2257:
1767:, available in Amazon Kindle format.
23:. For the village in Azerbaijan, see
2220:Chinese text with English vocabulary
1999:
1899:
1321:). This "Simplicity and Vacuity" is
1307:, it was honorifically entitled the
2230:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2002:A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
1216:notes he eliminated repetitions in
1076:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)
13:
2759:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1199:
694:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
16:Classic book of Chinese philosophy
14:
3145:
2135:
1540:(supposedly r. 2698?–2599? BCE),
1004:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
2466:
2237:
2207:from Dalriada Books (in English)
1975:Barrett, T.H. (1993). "Lieh tzu
1829:(chap. 4, tr. Graham 1990:77–78)
1319:Classic of the Perfect Emptiness
1204:The first two references to the
232:
2854:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
1952:
1940:
1928:
1917:
1746:
1583:
1245:) and concludes that since the
797:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
196:
175:
154:
140:
1905:
1893:
1880:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1832:
1823:
1804:
1239:) says it has eight chapters (
1090:Institutions and organizations
989:The Northern Celestial Masters
116:
102:
88:
50:
1:
2969:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
2734:Three Great Emperor-Officials
2168:Yang Chu's Garden of Pleasure
2161:Giles' translation available
2152:, Overview of World Religions
2073:A Guide to Chinese Literature
2071:Idema, W.L.; Haft, L (1997).
2029:Yang Chu's Garden of Pleasure
1968:
979:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
679:Three Great Emperor-Officials
2974:Way of the Celestial Masters
1981:". In Loewe, Michael (ed.).
1705:
1653:, Professor Emeritus of the
974:Way of the Celestial Masters
7:
2247:public domain audiobook at
1770:
1350:
1337:was further honored as the
10:
3150:
2979:Northern Celestial Masters
2283:
1544:(r. 1617?–1588? BCE), and
1190:Hundred Schools of Thought
1096:Chinese Taoist Association
18:
3054:Sacred Mountains of China
3041:
2949:
2786:
2670:
2582:
2475:
2464:
2394:
2291:
2215:
2204:Liezi Chapter 7, Yang Chu
2176:
1977:
1812:
1725:. Outside of Taoism, the
1616:is most similar with the
1513:
1495:
1477:
1459:
1441:
1423:
1405:
1400:
1387:
1343:
1313:
1282:
1265:
1263:commentary by Zhang Zhan
1241:
1235:
1225:
1208:book are from the Former
1165:
1034:Sacred Mountains of China
416:Three Treasures (virtues)
207:
189:
182:
168:
161:
147:
133:
126:
109:
95:
81:
74:
69:
65:
57:
43:
39:
34:
2739:Queen Mother of the West
2000:Chan, Wing-Tsit (1963).
1797:
1522:Explaining Conjunctions
1331:Emperor Zhenzong of Song
1291:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
669:Queen Mother of the West
2744:King Father of the East
674:King Father of the East
642:Four heavenly ministers
2081:Traité du vide parfait
1765:The Book of Master Lie
1679:
1574:
1468:The Questions of Tang
1339:Chongxu zhide zhenjing
1233:bibliography section (
1188:, a c. 5th century BC
1151:
3124:Chinese classic texts
1959:Idema & Haft 1997
1947:Idema & Haft 1997
1672:
1569:
1486:Endeavor and Destiny
1149:
2244:The Book of Lieh-Tzu
2183:Chinese Text Project
1838:Chap. 7, tr. Watson
1681:Owing to occasional
1289:During the reign of
938:Way of the Li Family
191:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
19:For the author, see
2503:(self-cultivation)
2158:, Ancient Landmarks
1556:(fl. ca. 350 BCE).
1414:The Yellow Emperor
1184:text attributed to
2495:(external alchemy)
2487:(internal alchemy)
1552:(551–479 BCE) and
1542:King Tang of Shang
1152:
1071:Cebu Taoist Temple
1061:White Cloud Temple
923:Way of the Taiping
3129:Taoist philosophy
3111:
3110:
2722:Tianhuang Emperor
2462:
2461:
2384:
2383:
2196:Project Gutenberg
1694:Buddhism in China
1534:Chinese mythology
1526:
1525:
1144:
1143:
1101:Celestial Masters
657:Tianhuang Emperor
265:Taoist philosophy
211:
210:
203:
202:
135:Yale Romanization
76:Standard Mandarin
3141:
3059:Wudang Mountains
2470:
2392:
2391:
2369:(transformation)
2346:(eight trigrams)
2298:
2297:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2218:
2217:
2179:
2178:
2130:
2112:
2094:
2076:
2067:
2049:
2032:
2023:
2015:
1996:
1980:
1979:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1516:
1515:
1498:
1497:
1480:
1479:
1462:
1461:
1444:
1443:
1432:King Mu of Zhou
1426:
1425:
1408:
1407:
1390:
1389:
1362:
1361:
1346:
1345:
1325:'s translation;
1316:
1315:
1309:Chongxu zhenjing
1285:
1284:
1268:
1267:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1178:
1167:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1039:Wudang Mountains
948:Chongxuan School
933:Shangqing School
481:Sexual practices
236:
213:
212:
199:
198:
178:
177:
157:
156:
143:
142:
122:
121:
120:
105:
104:
91:
90:
67:
66:
53:
52:
32:
31:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3037:
2945:
2782:
2749:Eight Immortals
2707:Four Sovereigns
2695:Lingbao Tianzun
2690:Yuanshi Tianzun
2685:Three Pure Ones
2666:
2578:
2522:Three Treasures
2471:
2458:
2390:
2380:
2287:
2282:
2238:
2223:
2138:
2127:
2115:
2109:
2097:
2091:
2079:
2064:
2026:
2018:
2012:
1993:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:(chap. 7A, tr.
1885:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1773:
1749:
1708:
1586:
1546:King Mu of Zhou
1396:Heaven's Gifts
1353:
1202:
1200:Textual history
1140:
1111:
1110:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1000:
970:
953:Quanzhen School
913:
903:
902:
892:
874:
841:
793:
745:
726:
716:
715:
684:Eight Immortals
630:Lingbao Tianzun
625:Yuanshi Tianzun
620:Three Pure Ones
610:
600:
599:
511:
503:
502:
411:
403:
402:
366:Three Treasures
260:
58:Literal meaning
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:Tong Jee Teung
3093:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3049:Grotto-heavens
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Zhang Guoxiang
2921:
2916:
2914:Wang Chongyang
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Cheng Xuanying
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2764:Yellow Emperor
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:(calisthenics)
2496:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2429:(spontenaity)
2420:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2332:(non-polarity)
2315:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2235:
2221:
2208:
2199:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2163:on archive.org
2159:
2153:
2147:
2137:
2136:External links
2134:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2113:
2107:
2095:
2089:
2077:
2068:
2062:
2050:
2033:
2024:
2016:
2010:
1997:
1991:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1937:, p. xiii
1927:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1879:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1831:
1822:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1748:
1745:
1707:
1704:
1636:Wing-Tsit Chan
1585:
1582:
1538:Yellow Emperor
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1352:
1349:
1323:Wing-tsit Chan
1201:
1198:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:Taoist priests
1103:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1029:Grotto-heavens
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
999:
998:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
969:
968:
963:
962:
961:
950:
945:
943:Lingbao School
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
914:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
891:
890:
885:
880:
878:Zhang Guoxiang
873:
872:
867:
865:Wang Chongyang
862:
857:
852:
847:
845:Cheng Xuanying
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
744:
743:
738:
733:
727:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
708:
703:
702:
701:
699:Yellow Emperor
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
639:
638:
637:
632:
627:
617:
611:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
495:
488:
483:
478:
466:
459:
452:
451:
450:
443:
433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
389:
388:
387:
380:
375:
363:
358:
351:
343:
336:
328:
320:
313:
305:
300:
299:
298:
286:
279:
272:
267:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
238:
237:
229:
228:
222:
221:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
193:
187:
186:
180:
179:
172:
166:
165:
159:
158:
151:
145:
144:
137:
131:
130:
128:Yue: Cantonese
124:
123:
113:
107:
106:
99:
93:
92:
85:
79:
78:
72:
71:
70:Transcriptions
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
47:
41:
40:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3146:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Mount Penglai
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:Sacred places
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:Zhang Sanfeng
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Zhang Daoling
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2777:Other deities
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Ziwei Emperor
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:Daode Tianzun
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Hongjun Laozu
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2647:Qingjing Jing
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:(immortality)
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:Five Precepts
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:(five phases)
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2126:7-101-04273-2
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2108:1-57062-899-8
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2090:2-226-09426-1
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2063:0-231-07237-6
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2027:"Chapter 7".
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:0-691-01964-9
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1992:1-55729-043-1
1988:
1984:
1973:
1972:
1961:, p. 162
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1914:, p. 307
1913:
1908:
1902:, p. 309
1901:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1852:, p. 298
1851:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1826:
1819:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1602:Lüshi Chunqiu
1598:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:. The editor
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:Taoist temple
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Mount Penglai
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:Sacred places
1020:
1019:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
959:
956:
955:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
912:
907:
906:
899:
898:
894:
893:
889:
886:
884:
883:Zhang Sanfeng
881:
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:Zhang Daoling
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
704:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:Ziwei Emperor
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
636:
635:Daode Tianzun
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
616:
615:Hongjun Laozu
613:
612:
609:
604:
603:
596:
595:
591:
589:
588:
584:
582:
581:
580:Qingjing Jing
577:
575:
574:
570:
568:
567:
563:
561:
560:
556:
554:
553:
549:
547:
546:
542:
540:
539:
535:
533:
532:
528:
526:
525:
521:
519:
518:
514:
513:
507:
506:
499:
496:
494:
493:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
476:
475:
470:
467:
465:
464:
460:
458:
457:
453:
449:
448:
444:
442:
441:
437:
436:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Five Precepts
419:
417:
414:
413:
407:
406:
399:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
381:
379:
376:
374:
373:
369:
368:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
356:
352:
349:
348:
344:
342:
341:
337:
334:
333:
329:
326:
325:
321:
319:
318:
314:
312:(five phases)
311:
310:
306:
304:
301:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:
287:
285:
284:
280:
278:
277:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
256:
255:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
235:
231:
230:
227:
224:
223:
219:
215:
214:
206:
194:
192:
188:
185:
181:
173:
171:
167:
164:
160:
152:
150:
146:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
119:
114:
112:
108:
100:
98:
94:
86:
84:
80:
77:
73:
68:
64:
61:" Master Lie"
60:
56:
48:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3134:Taoist texts
3071:Mount Kunlun
2939:
2904:Zhang Boduan
2889:Tao Hongjing
2809:Heshang Gong
2776:
2771:Guan Shengdi
2712:Jade Emperor
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2633:Sanhuangjing
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2591:Tao Te Ching
2589:
2573:(talismancy)
2568:
2555:
2540:
2526:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2455:Ten Precepts
2442:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2341:
2336:Yin and yang
2327:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2243:
2228:
2211:
2203:
2198:(in Chinese)
2190:
2185:(in Chinese)
2142:
2116:
2098:
2080:
2072:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2001:
1982:
1954:
1949:, p. 90
1942:
1930:
1919:
1912:Barrett 1993
1907:
1895:
1882:
1869:
1864:, p. 12
1857:
1850:Barrett 1993
1845:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1806:
1764:
1760:
1757:Lionel Giles
1752:
1750:
1747:Translations
1740:
1730:
1729:genre story
1720:
1716:Tao Te Ching
1714:
1710:
1709:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1651:A. C. Graham
1649:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:Authenticity
1577:
1576:Compare the
1575:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1529:
1527:
1429:Zhou Mu Wang
1378:Translation
1356:
1354:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1300:Tao Te Ching
1298:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1256:
1246:
1221:
1217:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1175:
1173:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1051:Mount Kunlun
895:
855:Zhang Boduan
837:Tao Hongjing
749:Heshang Gong
647:Jade Emperor
592:
585:
578:
571:
566:Sanhuangjing
564:
558:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
524:Tao Te Ching
522:
515:
490:
472:
461:
454:
445:
438:
426:Ten Precepts
396:
392:
382:
370:
353:
345:
338:
335:(non-action)
330:
322:
315:
307:
296:Yin and yang
288:
281:
274:
163:Southern Min
83:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
3101:White Cloud
3022:Dragon Gate
2879:Kou Qianzhi
2874:Bao Jingyan
2799:Zhuang Zhou
2619:Taipingjing
2437:(plainness)
2419:(nonaction)
2409:(integrity)
2377:(reversion)
2324:(ultimate)
2302:Metaphysics
1935:Graham 1990
1924:Graham 1961
1862:Graham 1990
1732:Yi Jian Zhi
1261:Jin dynasty
1231:Book of Han
1210:Han Dynasty
994:Zhengyi Dao
958:Dragon Gate
827:Kou Qianzhi
822:Bao Jingyan
736:Zhuang Zhou
545:Taipingjing
184:Old Chinese
3118:Categories
3091:Louguantai
2884:Lu Xiujing
2864:Wei Huacun
2814:Wei Boyang
2517:Meditation
2293:Philosophy
2048:: 139–198.
2042:Asia Major
1969:References
1875:see Watson
1792:Four Books
1450:Confucius
1355:The eight
1170:Wade–Giles
1066:Louguantai
1009:Yao Taoism
832:Lu Xiujing
812:Wei Huacun
807:Sun Hanhua
754:Wei Boyang
498:Priesthood
431:Meditation
350:(immortal)
327:(reversal)
97:Wade–Giles
3013:Chongxuan
2996:Shangqing
2959:Huang–Lao
2919:Qiu Chuji
2909:Sun Bu'er
2899:Chen Tuan
2859:Guo Xiang
2829:Zhang Jue
2804:Lie Yukou
2640:Huahujing
2612:Huainanzi
2531:(essence)
2500:Yangsheng
2352:Feng shui
2338:(duality)
1900:Chan 1963
1820:chap. 23)
1777:Daodejing
1706:Influence
1641:Confucian
1597:Daodejing
1550:Confucius
1504:Yang Zhu
1214:Liu Xiang
1186:Lie Yukou
918:Huang–Lao
870:Qiu Chuji
860:Sun Bu'er
850:Chen Tuan
802:Guo Xiang
769:Zhang Jue
741:Lie Yukou
573:Huahujing
538:Huainanzi
410:Practices
361:True form
176:Lia̍t-tsú
21:Lie Yukou
3018:Quanzhen
3006:Jingming
2934:Zhu Quan
2834:Zhang Lu
2626:Xiang'er
2598:Zhuangzi
2545:(spirit)
2537:(breath)
2476:Practice
2249:LibriVox
2156:Lieh Tzu
2150:Lieh Tzu
2038:Liehtzyy
1818:Zhuangzi
1782:Zhuangzi
1771:See also
1737:Hong Mai
1722:Zhuangzi
1624:Zhuangzi
1619:Zhuangzi
1593:Zhuangzi
1578:Zhuangzi
1554:Yang Zhu
1501:Yang Zhu
1465:Tang Wen
1447:Zhong Ni
1411:Huang Di
1393:Tian Rui
1351:Contents
1305:Zhuangzi
1253:Zhuangzi
1248:Zhuangzi
1176:Lieh-tzu
966:Wuliupai
888:Zhu Quan
774:Zhang Lu
608:Theology
552:Xiang'er
531:Zhuangzi
435:Alchemy
259:Concepts
218:a series
216:Part of
149:Jyutping
103:Lieh-tzu
3086:Hanford
3076:Temples
3001:Lingbao
2991:Xuanxue
2984:Zhengyi
2964:Taiping
2951:Schools
2940:Fangshi
2869:Ge Hong
2849:Wang Bi
2839:Ge Xuan
2754:Chang'e
2672:Deities
2661:Daozang
2654:Baopuzi
2444:Zhenren
2366:Bianhua
2225:"Liezi"
2131:/K-1816
1631:Mencius
1519:Shuo Fu
1483:Li Ming
1369:Chinese
1365:Chapter
1327:chongxu
1229:). The
1180:) is a
1162:Chinese
928:Xuanxue
911:Schools
897:Fangshi
817:Ge Hong
789:Wang Bi
779:Ge Xuan
711:Li Hong
706:Guan Yu
689:Chang'e
594:Daozang
587:Baopuzi
517:I Ching
355:Zhenren
317:Bianhua
249:History
244:Outline
197:*t tsəʔ
141:Liht-jí
45:Chinese
2844:He Yan
2824:Gan Ji
2787:People
2508:Daoyin
2492:Waidan
2484:Neidan
2415:Wu wei
2396:Ethics
2358:Wuxing
2285:Taoism
2174:Liezi
2123:
2105:
2087:
2060:
2008:
1989:
1888:Muller
1816:; cf.
1645:Mohist
1599:, and
1374:Pinyin
1344:沖虛至德真經
1333:, the
1293:, the
1259:: the
1182:Taoist
1172::
1164::
784:He Yan
764:Gan Ji
724:People
456:Bugang
447:Waidan
440:Neidan
332:Wu wei
309:Wuxing
226:Taoism
170:Tâi-lô
155:Lit-zi
3028:Wuliu
2794:Laozi
2727:Houtu
2605:Liezi
2583:Texts
2425:Ziran
2343:Bagua
2320:Taiji
2314:(way)
2212:Liezi
2194:from
2191:Liezi
2143:Liezi
2117:Liezi
1798:Notes
1787:Wenzi
1761:Liezi
1753:Liezi
1741:Liezi
1711:Liezi
1699:Wuwei
1690:Liezi
1683:Liezi
1668:Liezi
1664:Liezi
1659:Liezi
1614:Liezi
1607:Liezi
1589:Liezi
1565:Liezi
1561:Liezi
1530:Liezi
1528:Most
1357:Liezi
1335:Liezi
1295:Liezi
1275:Liezi
1271:Liezi
1257:Liezi
1218:Liezi
1206:Liezi
1194:Liezi
1157:Liezi
731:Laozi
662:Houtu
559:Liezi
510:Texts
340:Ziran
303:Bagua
290:Taiji
89:Lièzǐ
35:Liezi
25:Liəzi
3081:Cebu
2570:Fulu
2557:Xian
2551:Diet
2542:Shen
2528:Jing
2329:Wuji
2216:《列子》
2202:The
2189:The
2121:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1727:biji
1719:and
1643:and
1612:The
1559:The
1314:沖虛真經
1303:and
1279:juan
1222:pian
1154:The
492:Fulu
474:Bigu
469:Diet
395:and
384:Shen
372:Jing
347:Xian
283:Wuji
3033:Yao
2564:Art
2374:Fan
2311:Tao
2040:".
1813:庚桑子
1735:by
1424:周穆王
1286:).
1236:藝文志
486:Art
463:Chu
393:Hun
324:Fan
270:Tao
111:IPA
3120::
2535:Qi
2434:Pu
2405:De
2227:.
2181:,
2177:列子
2044:.
1978:列子
1743:.
1702:.
1595:,
1514:說符
1496:楊朱
1478:力命
1460:湯問
1442:仲尼
1406:黃帝
1388:天瑞
1266:張湛
1168:;
1166:列子
397:po
378:Qi
276:De
220:on
51:列子
3024:)
3020:(
2277:e
2270:t
2263:v
2233:.
2129:.
2111:.
2093:.
2066:.
2046:8
2014:.
1995:.
1890:)
1877:)
1873:(
1810:(
1509:8
1491:7
1473:6
1455:5
1437:4
1419:3
1401:2
1383:1
1341:(
1311:(
1283:巻
1242:篇
1226:篇
1160:(
1135:e
1128:t
1121:v
960:)
477:)
471:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
