1457:
public image and win support from a skeptical northern electorate by casting the anti-Slave Power stance as the party's signature issue. Chase assumed that the national government lacked the authority to abolish slavery in the states and that abolition would therefore necessarily be accomplished by the states themselves; the role of an antislavery party was to weaken slavery by denying it the support of the national government, while persuading the large majority of whites who were not large slaveholders of the benefits of abolition. He assessed that moral arguments appealed to only a narrow swath of the electorate, concentrated in areas of Yankee settlement, while the constitutional violations and economic malaise associated with the domination of the Slave Power posed more compelling reasons for white voters to abandon their former partisan allegiances. Simultaneously, Chase sincerely believed that the domination of the national government by the Slave Power threatened the foundations of republican institutions. By his estimation, large slaveholders accounted for roughly one percent of the population of the United States; considering this, that slaveholders were able to so effectively keep control of
Congress, the White House, the Supreme Court, and leadership of both established political parties made a mockery of democratic self-government. In a letter to Joshua Leavitt, Chase and other Ohio Liberty leaders wrote that "the proper end of a Liberty Party the deliverance of the government from the control of the slave power. ... If slavery should cease tomorrow, this great aim would still remain." The destruction of the Slave Power thus appeared as at once the most immediate and practical means of stopping the spread of slavery nationally, a politically useful argument for recruiting new voters to the antislavery cause, and a desirable object in its own right.
892:, where he served as an Independent Democrat. Another group, including Smith and William Goodell, continued to eschew cross-party cooperation. Instead, they proposed that the Liberty Party should embrace other popular reform causes in order to appeal to a broader swath of the electorate. This group organized the Liberty League to promote their platform and candidates within the Liberty Party. The core disagreement between these two groups was whether Liberty members should consider themselves a "temporary" or "permanent" party. Chase, Bailey, Stanton, and Whittier saw the party as a temporary organization whose role was to initiate a political realignment, with Liberty members joining antislavery Whigs and Democrats in a new, broad-tent anti-extension party. Smith, Goodell, Leavitt, and Birney, meanwhile, insisted that the Liberty Party was a permanent project whose objective was to defeat rather than convert the two established parties.
1557:
elections between 1841 and 1843 had at one time been Whigs. Alienated by the events of the Tyler presidency and the equivocating rhetoric of Whig slaveholders like Henry Clay, they turned to the
Liberty Party to vindicate the emancipationist hopes they had once placed in William Henry Harrison. After 1843, the nomination and election of James K. Polk, the Mexican–American War, and the overt hostility of national party leaders to antislavery politics drove many Democrats into the waiting arms of the Liberty Party. Simultaneously, the Whigs regained some support with antislavery voters through the efforts of those like William H. Seward and Joshua Reed Giddings. Resultantly, as the Liberty vote increased in annual elections, it also grew increasingly Democratic. Former Democrats predominated the Liberty Party by the time of its subsumption into the Free Soil Party, and the new organization was sometimes called the Free Democratic Party.
1420:
693:
1399:
the principle of equal rights into all its practical consequences and applications, and support every just measure conducive to individual and social freedom." This egalitarianism formed the core principle of the
Liberty Party and was sometimes called by contemporary participants the movement's unifying "one idea." As the party was tearing itself apart in 1848, the rump National Liberty Convention that nominated Smith and Foote expressed, "the Liberty Party is not a temporary but a permanent party—not a piece-of-an-idea party, but the whole-of-an-idea party—not bound to carry out the one idea of political justice against slavery only, but against wars, tariffs, the traffic in intoxicating drinks, land monopolies, and secret societies, and whatever else is opposed to that comprehensive, great and glorious One Idea."
1490:; the repeal of the Three-Fifths Clause and the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution; the repeal of the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act; preference for free labor in dispensing federal patronage and contracts; and repeal of the congressional gag rule. The convention expressed support for the efforts of free people of color to achieve equal political and civil rights and declared that the United States military should not be used to suppress an enslaved rebellion. It declared the Fugitive Slave Clause to be null and void, on the reasoning that "any contract, covenant or agreement to do an act derogatory to natural rights is vitiated and annulled by its inherent immorality," and called on the free states to adopt legislation to protect the rights of people of color accused under the national fugitive slave law.
935:. Nevertheless, Hale was not a member of the Liberty Party, nor did he call himself an abolitionist. When the Liberty Party delegates at Buffalo voted overwhelmingly to nominate Hale over Smith, it represented a victory for Chase and the coalitionists. By nominating Hale, the delegates had chosen to fight the next campaign on the narrow ground of opposition to slavery's westward extension, rather than the broader reform agenda advocated by the Liberty League. This position had the advantage of appealing to a wider range of voters than the Liberty Party had previously been able to reach. For the Liberty Leaguers, however, this represented a retreat from the broader evangelical reform spirit that had led them into the abolitionist movement. Their opposition to slavery grew out of a comprehensive ethic of
1317:
moniker announced the party's "paramount objects" as namely, "emancipation, abolition, human freedom" for all people held in bondage. While moderate critics of slavery frequently sought to distinguish between opposition to the negative social, political, and economic conditions created by slavery and support for the human rights of enslaved people, the
Liberty Party made no such distinction. The express aim of the Liberty Party's political program was to bring about the swift, unconditional, and universal emancipation of all enslaved people in the United States. While the Liberty leaders' embrace of direct political action eventually drew them into conflict with William Lloyd Garrison, they shared the immediatist perspective of the AASS and rejected the equivocal position maintained by the
1153:), the Free Soil Party eclipsed the Democrats as the second-largest party. Most of the new converts were former Democrats attracted by the presence of Van Buren on the top of the ticket; Johnson estimates that even if the New York Barnburners are discounted, "Democrats contributed proportionally more support than the Whigs" to the new party. Twelve Free Soilers were elected to the House of Representatives, and a coalition of Free Soilers and Democrats in Ohio elected Chase to the Senate. Downballot the party performed respectably, electing several dozen state legislators across the Upper North. The Liberty ticket of Smith and Foote received fewer than 3,000 votes, almost all from New York. The Free Soil coalition thus spelled the death of the Liberty Party as an independent political force.
1466:
1407:, they imagined the Liberty Party would dissolve once its immediate aims were accomplished. Others, namely the Liberty League, understood the Liberty Party as a continuous reform movement animated by a comprehensive political theory embodied by the party's "one idea." In this view, cooperation with factions who shared certain immediate policy objectives with the Liberty Party but rejected its larger egalitarian ethic ultimately weakened the movement and destroyed the usefulness of the Liberty Party as a transformational agent in national politics. These conflicting interpretations of the role of political abolitionism reflected the range of attitudes towards politics and political parties in the
948:
508:
638:
1308:
New
Hampshire coalitionists, Smith judged the prospects of converting the two major parties to antislavery principles were more hopeless than ever, and that the Liberty Party must therefore cease to be a "temporary" party and become a "permanent" party with a comprehensive political program extending beyond the immediate aims of the abolitionist movement. Whether and how the Liberty Party should address issues apart from slavery, and the nature of their relationship to antislavery members of the two established parties, were key points of contention in the internal struggle to define the ideology and character of the Liberty Party prior to 1848.
1536:
farming communities," typically individuals of "considerable standing" and "much better than average education," who "shared a common set of 'radical religious beliefs.'" However, Reinhard
Johnson notes that Protestant evangelicals in the Liberty Party were "liturgically indistinguishable" from their brethren who did not become political abolitionists, while local leaders struggled to make ends meet and "often lived on the edge of poverty." The party attracted strong support from women and African-Americans, who were involved at the highest levels of the party as delegates, campaign surrogates, and officers in the national organization.
1296:
1566:
774:
1129:
1597:, two locally prominent Black abolitionists. As Garrisonianism fell out of favor with Black abolitionists in the 1840s, Black support for the Liberty Party increased. Garnett, Ward, and Henry Bibb were among the party's foremost advocates and regularly clashed with Black Garrisonians who question the motives and strategy of political abolitionists. Frederick Douglass was one such early critic of the Liberty Party, but by 1848 had become involved in political abolitionism and was present at the Buffalo Convention that established the Free Soil Party.
1162:
1636:
6022:
1627:; they argued Liberty members should be willing to cooperate with the established parties if they could secure meaningful commitments to support Black suffrage. Liberty meetings and conventions were racially integrated, and Black attendees were "treated equally and mingled freely" with white members. While Black members were rarely candidates for elected office, Ward received 12 votes for vice president at the 1848 convention of the Liberty League, finishing third out of a field of nine candidates.
1403:
on the abolition of slavery to the exclusion of all other goals and opening the party to all who shared this objective, regardless of their positions on temperance, land reform, or other causes. This included those like Chase who saw the role of the
Liberty Party as fundamentally to reform the established parties through outside pressure, prompting an electoral realignment in which Liberty voters would join antislavery Whigs and Democrats in a new, broad-tent anti-extension party. Like the earlier
864:
413:
1222:," he declared that while the platform adopted by the Pittsburgh convention was lacking in certain respects, most notably in its failure to declare slavery unconstitutional, "I, nevertheless, regard myself as a member of that party. It is a good party—and it will, rapidly, grow better." He urged the Liberty Party not to disband, but to maintain a separate organization in hopes of reforming the Free Soil Party through outside pressure. When the Liberty Party met in convention at
1507:
glaring instance, in which, in our own country, Government fails to afford protection to its own subjects, is slavery," the address positively asserted that the national government "has power, under its
Constitution, to abolish every part of American slavery" and declared state laws recognizing slavery to be null and void. It endorsed universal suffrage, a progressive income tax, an end to private ownership of land, prohibition against extrajudicial oaths administered by
1453:. The ability of the Slave Power thesis to explain the actions of governments and political parties in relation to slavery made it a potent weapon in the hands of political abolitionists, who argued persuasively that proslavery political corruption required organized antislavery political resistance. The cooption of the Whig and Democratic parties by the Slave Power meant that the Liberty Party was the only practical vehicle for political opposition to slavery.
1353:
1544:
While some leading citizens joined the
Liberty Party, in aggregate Liberty voters were not wealthier or better educated than non-abolitionists. These findings contradict Benson's description of the Liberty electorate but are consistent with the self-portrait of the Liberty Party drawn by contemporary abolitionist writers, who considered themselves the representatives of the "honest, hard-handed, clear-headed free laborers and mechanics of the north."
896:
that committed the national government to slavery's defense. The 1843 Liberty platform accepted this argument in part, demanding the "divorce" of the national government from slavery, but conceding that
Congress lacked the authority to abolish slavery directly. After 1844, Liberty leaders including Smith and Goodell began to argue that the Constitution was in fact antislavery and had been wrongly construed by proslavery judges and elected officials.
1379:
temperance, nonresistant, and utopian socialist movements. Waters sees the influence of the liberal concept of "possessive individualism" on the abolitionist movement, its language "an interesting mixture of Christianity and commerce" with roots in 17th century English political thought. In contrast to the nationalist Whig Party, but in line with the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Liberty leaders took a generally skeptical view of
471:
colleagues of the necessity of independent political action for the new party to be successful. Nevertheless, electoral tickets pledged to Birney and Earle were organized in every free state. Concerns that the party was still too young to attract the support of most abolitionists proved warranted. Birney polled fewer than 7,000 votes in the 13 states where there were electors pledged to him; in four of these (
801:), his share of the total vote exceeded five percent. He received no votes in the slave states. The major issue in the campaign was the annexation of Texas. Martin Van Buren, the early presumptive nominee of the Democratic Party, opposed annexation on the grounds that it would inflame sectional tensions between the free and slave states. This position cost him the support of the southern Democrats, and
1660:
elective franchise to place men in office who will remove these evils by the introduction of righteous and just laws into the civil code of our country." Michigan Liberty women raised funds to support Liberty Party activities. The Illinois Female Anti-Slavery Society coordinated with the state Liberty Party, and female editorialists like Mary Brown Davis promoted the congressional candidacy of
1043:. Though publicly neutral on the slavery question, Taylor was a slaveholder and a career military man who had risen to prominence in a war many northern Whigs had fervently opposed. Faced with a choice between a proslavery Democrat and a slaveholding Whig, the moment seemed ripe for a union of antislavery men of all parties like what Chase and the coalitionists had long anticipated.
1367:
instruments such as the gag rule, they became convinced of the necessity of direct political action to counteract the influence of the Slave Power. Liberty members also clashed with Garrisonians over the issue of nonresistance. Influenced by the involvement of Black abolitionists like Henry Highland Garnet, Liberty meetings sometimes adopted resolutions expressing support for
1494:
slavery and the rights of free people of color; the planks relating to slave revolts and the novel legal theory around the Fugitive Slave Clause, however, were dropped. In closing, the delegates expressed their firm conviction that "the measures which we propose ... will result, at no distant day, in the establishment of peaceful emancipation throughout the Union."
1375:, a step which the Garrisonians were not willing to endorse. While some political abolitionists opposed the involvement of women in the abolitionist movement in leadership roles, including James G. Birney, feminists like Smith, Henry B. Stanton, and Joshua Leavitt who supported an equal role for women in antislavery societies also joined the Liberty Party.
1250:; lamenting the inadequacy of free soilism and the inefficacy of Garrisonian moral suasion, they declared, "the Liberty Party is the only political party in the land, that insists on the right and duty to wield the political power of the nation for the overthrow of every part and parcel of American Slavery." The convention narrowly decided against arming
1227:
committee was appointed to interview Hale to determine his views on the constitutionality of slavery. Hale, however, ignored these entreaties. When the Liberty National Convention reconvened on September 30, Smith switched his support to Goodell, and the latter was nominated on a ticket with S. M. Bell. Other Liberty men continued to support Hale.
655:
the belief that the established parties were institutionally committed to slavery and therefore incapable of being converted to abolitionist principles. Many disavowed any cooperation with the established parties, even when local candidates had proven antislavery records. While Independent Democrats like Hale and Conscience Whigs like
1449:, the annexation of Texas, and the Mexican–American War had been instigated by slaveholders to increase their political power, and that federal measures such as the gag rule and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 demonstrated the influence of the Slave Power posed a threat to the civil liberties of white northerners as well as
1387:; the 1848 platform of the Liberty League urged that "what the people can do, it, and in no instance, the Government, should do," and added with respect to public charity that "there would, if not for the abuses and oppressions of Government, be comparatively few poor." The same document praised the policies of the
813:, the candidate of the Whigs, assumed an ambivalent stance on Texas in an effort to hold together his party's fracturing coalition. He initially opposed annexation, then supported it late in the campaign, only to subsequently clarify that he favored annexation only if it could be achieved without war with
1502:
Smith was among those dissatisfied by the narrowness of the 1847 platform. In his remarks to the convention, he chastised the delegates for limiting themselves to antislavery agitation and neglecting other pressing issues before the nation. A resolution declaring the Liberty Party a "permanent party"
1481:
Garrisonian and Anti-Garrisonian abolitionists shared the goal of immediate, unconditional, and universal emancipation for all enslaved people in the United States. While the AASS used moral suasion to work toward this goal, political abolitionists put forward a series of policy proposals designed to
1316:
Unlike the later Free Soil and Republican parties, whose leaders disavowed any intent to interfere directly with slavery in the states, the Liberty Party was explicitly abolitionist in its outlook and leadership. The 1841 convention that formed the national party organization and selected the Liberty
1307:
In 1843, Gerrit Smith described the Liberty Party as he understood it to be, "a union of men of all shades of opinion on other subjects, embracing all who are willing to co-operate for the one object of abolishing slavery." By 1847, he had come to amend this view. Despite the electoral success of the
1176:
The Buffalo Convention in effect marked the end of the Liberty Party as a significant force in electoral politics. After 1848, the party's grassroots infrastructure was absorbed into the Free Soil Party, and the loyalty of most Liberty leaders and voters transferred to the new organization. A remnant
1083:
The platform of the Free Soil Party was notably more conservative than earlier Liberty Party documents. It confined itself to opposing the extension of slavery into new states and expressly denied the authority of Congress to abolish slavery where it already existed. This, so far, was consistent with
684:
argued that helping to elect such "major party" opponents of slavery ultimately strengthened the Slave Power by extending the life of the established proslavery parties; they called for the Liberty Party to remain an independent organization and work to defeat the proslavery parties outright. Another
605:
remained a prominent and influential figure, the failure of moral suasion discredited the approach of the AASS, and by 1844, "the Liberty Party was the major vehicle for serious abolitionist sentiment in every state." This support translated to scattered successes in local and state legislative races
1607:, and participated in Liberty Party activities in Pittsburgh. In places where state law or local opinion was favorable to Black suffrage, men of color supported the Liberty Party with their ballots. Black men in Michigan voted the Liberty ticket in 1844 despite the whites-only suffrage clause in the
1140:
Almost all Liberty members, however, eventually followed Joshua Leavitt into the Free Soil Party. Early successes in Upper New England encouraged hopes for a political earthquake, as the Free Soilers made strong gains in the Maine and Vermont state elections ahead of November and in Vermont actually
1075:
on August 9, 1848, to organize the national Free Soil Party and nominate candidates for president and vice president. Approximately 20,000 men and women were in attendance at the convention, which lasted two days. Hale was still the preferred choice of most Liberty members, but the importance of the
930:
also received votes for president. The purpose of the convention was not to organize a new party, but to influence the upcoming Liberty National Convention. Meanwhile, Chase was working intently to promote Hale as the candidate likeliest to attract support from antislavery voters outside the Liberty
895:
Increasingly, some Liberty members began to articulate an antislavery legal theory at odds with the accepted Garrisonian interpretation of the Constitution. Garrison, who memorably described the Constitution as "a covenant with death" and "an agreement with Hell," held it to be a proslavery document
1650:
consigned formal politics to the male sphere, women's role as guardians of morality in their homes and communities allowed them to enter Liberty meetings and speak on behalf of Liberty candidates in their public activism. Most Liberty members considered the party a moral crusade against slavery; an
1556:
Initially, former Whigs made up a large majority of Liberty voters; as the party gained greater support after 1842, it added large numbers of antislavery Democrats, who eventually came to predominate. Between two-thirds and three-quarters of men who cast Liberty ballots in Connecticut gubernatorial
1402:
Whether the Liberty Party should be considered a temporary or permanent party remained a contentious issue up to and after the national convention of the Free Soil Party in 1848, when the majority of Liberty members were subsumed into the larger organization. One group favored a single-minded focus
1398:
Liberty literature expressed a general egalitarian outlook with implications extending beyond the abolition of slavery. The platform adopted by the 1843 National Liberty Convention declared, "the Liberty party has not been organized merely for the overthrow of slavery ... but it will also carry out
1333:. In contrast, the Liberty leaders increasingly came to see the Constitution as an antislavery document and slavery as a political as well as a moral problem. They noted the absence of any explicit mention of slavery in the Constitution, a fact they interpreted as highly significant in light of the
1226:
later that year, Smith opposed the motion to nominate a separate presidential ticket and advocated cooperation with the Free Soil Party. Smith's motion carried by a vote of 55–41, whereupon the convention adjourned until October 1; the minority remained behind and nominated Goodell for president. A
654:
The 1842 campaign in Massachusetts raised significant questions in the internal debate over party strategy. Most Liberty members conceived of the party as a moral crusade to purify American politics from the corrupting influence of the Slave Power. They had renounced their past party allegiances in
1440:
who used their political influence to protect slavery and the interests of slaveholders. Liberty members observed that slaveholders had controlled the presidency for all but 12 years between 1789 and 1849, while the national leaders of both established political parties were either slaveholders or
854:
in 1844, diverting votes that would otherwise have gone to Clay. However, a substantial minority of Liberty voters in 1844 (including vice presidential candidate Thomas Morris) were former Democrats and had no love for Clay. Liberty Party leaders such as Chase and Gerrit Smith aligned more closely
1054:
summoned delegates to Utica to nominate an antislavery Democrat to run against the nominees of the two established parties. Simultaneously, Conscience Whigs anticipating the selection of a proslavery national candidate made plans to lead their voters out of the Whig tent. With the rupture of both
3045:
In 1776, Georgia, Virginia, and South Carolina alone restricted suffrage on the basis of race; between 1792 and 1838, every state outside Upper New England would repeal or severely restrict Black suffrage. At the time of the 1844 presidential election, Black men could vote on an equal basis with
1543:
found that Liberty members were substantially less likely to be farmers than non-abolitionists and similarly more likely to be professionals, skilled artisans, or laborers. Most had been born in New York, but a proportionally larger share came from New England compared to the overall population.
1456:
Reinhard Johnson notes that from 1841, the Liberty Party "avoided much of the religious rhetoric and imagery" commonly associated with the abolitionist movement and instead emphasized its opposition to the political influence of the Slave Power. Chase in particular sought to moderate the party's
1677:
was a prominent female Anti-Garrisonian who took an active role in the New York Liberty Party and worked on Smith's 1852 congressional campaign. Lydia Child and Lucretia Mott each received one vote for president at the 1847 convention of the Liberty League, and Mott received five votes for vice
1659:
Female Anti-Slavery Society was the foremost Liberty mouthpiece in Indiana; the preamble and resolutions adopted by the society at its 1841 meeting expressly affirmed "that it is our duty to endeavor by all reasonable means to persuade our fathers, husbands and brothers to make use of the their
1535:
Like the larger antislavery movement from which it sprang, the Liberty Party's strength lay with Protestant evangelicals of Yankee extraction and free people of color. Lee Benson described the profile of the Liberty electorate in western New York as men from "small, moderately prosperous Yankee
1493:
The platform adopted by the 1847 National Liberty Convention reaffirmed that "the paramount object of the Liberty party is the abolition of slavery in the United States by the constitutional acts of the Federal and State Governments." It repeated the demands of the 1843 platform with respect to
876:
accepting the Democratic nomination for the Michigan Legislature, which allowed Whigs to portray him as a stooge for the Democrats. In the aftermath of the election, Chase and Bailey redoubled their calls for cooperation among antislavery men of all parties. This strategy was most successful in
859:
while running as the Liberty candidate for president. Reinhard Johnson notes that most Liberty voters considered the Whigs no less proslavery that the Democrats and likely would not have voted for Clay in any case. Birney's result in 1844 was consistent with or slightly reduced from the Liberty
1506:
When the Liberty League refused to be absorbed into the Free Soil Party in the summer of 1848 and nominated Smith for president as the "genuine" Liberty Party candidate, the adopted a platform and address embracing a comprehensive interpretation of the "one idea" principle. Affirming "the most
470:
for vice president on April 1, 1840. The initial response to the Albany convention was lukewarm; while the Garrisonians continued to oppose any involvement in electoral politics, others felt the nominations were premature and that the political abolitionists needed more time to persuade their
428:
demanded candidates announce their position on slavery and awarded or withheld their support accordingly. The success of the "questioning system" proved fleeting, however, as abolitionists discovered candidates frequently would issue antislavery pledges during a campaign, only to abandon their
1547:
The intense religiosity of Liberty members was reflected by the involvement of Protestant clergy in the party; Johnson states that at least one-third of Liberty editors and a substantial share of Liberty candidates were ministers. The party drew from evangelical as well as mainline Protestant
1328:
of the Liberty leaders reflected significant pragmatic and philosophical differences with the Garrisonians respecting the fundamental nature of the United States Constitution and the problem of slavery itself that split the AASS in 1840. Garrison held that the Constitution was an irredeemably
875:
Birney's defeat reopened the debate over strategy that had troubled the party in 1843. While Birney improved substantially on his result from 1840, his showing compared less favorably to more recent Liberty Party performances in state and local elections. Birney had damaged his credibility by
763:
The Liberty party has not been organized merely for the overthrow of slavery; its first decided effort must, indeed, be directed against slave-holding as the grossest and most revolting manifestation of despotism, but it will also carry out the principle of equal rights into all its practical
1618:
Black involvement was critical to the success of the Liberty Party. Black abolitionists like Garnet, Ward, and Bibb were effective messengers for the party and their national reputations attracted much-needed publicity. The testimony of freed people was particularly effective in winning over
351:. Internal disagreements over whether and how the party should cooperate with abolitionists who remained within the two major parties and to what extent Liberty candidates should address issues beyond slavery intensified after 1844. In 1847 party leaders favoring a coalition with antislavery
1378:
Outside influences shaped the intellectual attitude of the Liberty Party, especially after 1844. The abolitionist movement existed within what Ronald G. Walters called a "reform tradition" in American history; many abolitionists, including Liberty leaders, were active in the early feminist,
1485:
The platform adopted by the 1843 National Liberty Convention, prepared by Chase, pledged the party to "do all in their power for immediate emancipation." The platform did not call on the national government to abolish slavery in the states, in keeping with Chase's view that Congress lacked
1366:
Additionally, the experience of the 1830s had persuaded the Liberty leaders that moral suasion alone could not abolish slavery, because "slaveholders did not care for moral suasion abolitionists." Having experienced political persecution at the hands of the United States government through
1329:
proslavery document and strongly opposed abolitionist entry into politics, remaining wholly committed to the strategy of moral suasion. Frederick Douglass initially rejected a political solution to slavery, arguing that emancipation was only practicable by directly challenging anti-Black
1619:
skeptical white audiences. Their presence simultaneously legitimized the Liberty Party in the eyes of the abolitionist movement and pressured the party to take seriously the needs of the Black community. Black abolitionists were the driving force behind the movement in favor of
1096:
on a platform embracing the radical implications of the Liberty League's "one idea" philosophy. Declaring themselves unalterably committed to the cause of human freedom and the destruction of all arbitrary distinctions of race, class, and gender, they endorsed the extension of
1254:
and approved a declaration demanding the immediate abolition of slavery by the national government, affirming the antislavery character of the Constitution, and promising an "aggressive contest with the slave power." The party nominated Smith for president in
1503:
was defeated by a vote of 26 to 103. Smith observed ruefully that "many Liberty men repose a measure of confidence in the pro-slavery parties; and thereby hinder themselves from rightly deciding what should be the character and work of the Liberty party."
445:
and proslavery northern Cotton Whigs prevented the party from taking a strong antislavery stance. Committed to the union of the states, both parties sought to suppress issues such as slavery which threatened to split the country along sectional lines.
1055:
established party coalitions seemingly imminent, Chase quickly organized a Free Territory Convention that could provide the basis for a coordinated effort by antislavery men of all parties in opposition to the nominees of the Slave Power. Events in
498:
The party initially went by a number of different names, including the Human Rights Party, the Abolition Party, and the Freemen's Party. The 1841 national convention held at Albany selected the "Liberty Party" as the movement's official name.
1576:
Although legally disenfranchised in most states, free people of color were early, active, and vital supporters of the Liberty Party. Black men served as accredited delegates to the 1843 Liberty National Convention and John J. Zuille,
1435:
Core to the Liberty Party's perspective and political program was the belief, expressed in party literature and resolutions by Liberty meetings and conventions, that the United States government was controlled by a corrupt proslavery
931:
Party. Hale was an unconventional choice for most Liberty members. Many had admired his protest against the gag rule and his opposition to the annexation of Texas. He shared many of the Liberty Party's immediate goals, including the
1141:
replaced the Democrats as the main opposition to the Whigs. In the first presidential election to be held on the same day in every state, Van Buren received 291,000 popular votes, or slightly more than 10 percent. In three states (
1486:
constitutional authority for such an action. Instead, it demanded "the absolute and unqualified divorce of the General Government from slavery:" the abolition of slavery in the territories and in the District of Columbia, and in
734:
lacked the authority to abolish slavery directly, it demanded the "absolute and unqualified divorce" of the federal government from slavery: abolition of slavery in the territories, repeal of the gag rule, and voiding the
1668:
attended the 1843 National Liberty Convention despite her Garrisonian leanings and made an impassioned address to the delegates, becoming the first woman to address the national convention of an American political party.
1419:
1092:. These points were wholly insufficient for the Liberty League, who revived Gerrit Smith's candidacy under the banner of the reconstituted Liberty Party. An ad hoc national convention held at Buffalo nominated Smith and
423:
Efforts by abolitionists to organize politically began in the late 1830s. The earliest attempts were not made with a new party in mind, as abolitionists hoped to influence the two existing parties. Antislavery voters in
849:
with less than a majority; if the Liberty voters in these states had all voted for Clay, Clay would have gained both states and thus the presidency. This has led some historians to suggest that the Liberty Party was a
1552:
by joining the Liberty Party, a course that was consistent with a religious philosophy that called on Christians to "come out" of corrupt churches, governments, and political parties whose leaders were mired in sin.
395:. Smith and the Liberty League continued to maintain an separate organization and supported an independent ticket in each ensuing election until 1860. Many former Liberty leaders subsequently became founders of the
449:
The overwhelming hostility of the established parties encouraged a growing opinion in abolitionist circles favoring creation of an independent antislavery party. The first movement toward this object took place at
1080:, the son of the late John Quincy Adams, was nominated for vice president. Hale promptly withdrew from the presidential race, and the large majority of the Liberty Party was subsumed into the Free Soil movement.
598:. As northern opposition to annexation mounted, the indecision of the Whigs and Democrats increased the attractiveness of the Liberty Party to antislavery voters as the only principled anti-annexation party.
1906:
and fielded candidates for governor and other statewide offices. The following table displays the result for Liberty gubernatorial candidates in these states as a share of the total number of votes cast.
904:
and that its continuance after 1776 was unlawful. The antislavery interpretation of the Constitution became a core position of the Liberty League; Chase and Bailey (who after 1847 served as the editor of
1177:
led by Smith and Goodell persisted until 1860 under various names. From his seat in the Senate, Chase emerged as one of the leaders of the Free Soil Party. In 1854, during the vitriolic debates over the
970:
The struggle between the Liberty League and the coalitionists for control of the Liberty Party occurred as events were rapidly transforming the national context for political antislavery. Following the
495:
was elected with 234 electoral votes to 60 for the incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren; Harrison's share of the vote in the free states (52.42%) dwarfed Birney's less than one percent showing.
1019:
but stalled in the Senate, where the free and slave states had equal representation. As the debate dragged on into 1848, the issue of slavery's extension promised to be the major issue in the
939:
that opposed all forms of inequity and oppression. By nominating Hale, the Liberty Party, in their view, had surrendered its long-term social agenda for the sake of short-term political gain.
1651:
interest in Liberty activities thus appeared a natural extension of the female sphere. Women were frequently present for Liberty conventions and sometimes served as voting delegates. In the
1646:
Women were indispensable participants in the Liberty Party; their involvement in Liberty campaigns and conventions mirrored their importance to the larger abolitionist movement. While the
1011:. Congressional efforts to organize this new territory soon became mired in controversy over the westward extension of slavery. Antislavery Whigs and Democrats united behind a proposal by
5488:
630:. The strategy of the Liberty members to leverage their votes to produce a deadlock narrowly failed when one Whig member voted with the Democrats to ensure the abolitionists' defeat, and
663:
might share some abolitionist priorities, they would still campaign for their parties' proslavery national candidates and did not support immediate, universal emancipation. Editors like
429:
commitments once elected. As party organizations resumed their place as the drivers of national politics after 1828, the need for a dedicated antislavery party to effectively oppose the
1088:
for which Chase had argued persistently over the previous decade. It embraced traditional Democratic economic policies many in the Liberty Party had long supported, including a federal
689:, they aimed to broaden the party's appeal beyond the abolitionist movement by emphasizing opposition to slavery's extension and the negative effects of slavery for white northerners.
759:. It attacked the proslavery bias of the national government and demanded "the example and influence of national authority ought to be arrayed on the side of liberty and free labor."
601:
Between 1841 and 1843, abolitionist opinion shifted perceptibly in favor of independent political action, and the Liberty Party was the recipient of this outpouring of support. While
441:
whose principled opposition to slavery was seen as a threat to party unity. While the Whig Party sometimes sought to ingratiate itself with abolitionists, the influence of southern
313:
and opposed any involvement in electoral politics, and Anti-Garrisonians, who increasingly argued for the necessity of direct political action and the formation of an anti-slavery
6034:
5006:
1548:
churches, although Liberty members represented a minority of both groups. Alan M. Kraut speculates that evangelical abolitionists responded to the anti-institutionalism of the
711:. The 1841 national convention had nominated Birney for president and Thomas Morris for vice president. Chase hoped to recruit a nationally prominent politician such as Adams,
3359:, were early leaders in the movement to organize a new, antislavery party. Holley, however, would die before he could play a larger role in the leadership of the Liberty Party
4912:
Speech of Gerrit Smith, Made in the National Convention of the Liberty Party, at Buffalo, October 21, 1847, on the Character and Scope of the Duties of the Liberty Party
4303:
Speech of Gerrit Smith, Made in the National Convention of the Liberty Party, at Buffalo, October 21, 1847, on the Character and Scope of the Duties of the Liberty Party
726:, who supported Birney, reported that many in the Massachusetts Liberty Party preferred Jay, including Sewall and Whittier. When the Liberty National Convention met at
5323:
1259:; Samuel McFarland was nominated for vice president. The pair received 321 popular votes, all from New York and Ohio. Smith made his final bid for the presidency in
1142:
6025:
1589:
and Henry Highland Garnet were among the nationally renowned Black abolitionists to address the convention. In Connecticut, the state Liberty Party was founded by
1084:
the position of the Liberty Party in 1844; but the Free Soil Party rejected the racial egalitarianism of the Liberty Party and the antislavery construction of the
817:. Abolitionists mistrusted Clay because of his status as a slaveholder as well as his previous interactions with the abolitionist movement. In a campaign visit to
730:
in August 1843, however, Birney and Morris were nominated unanimously. The platform adopted by the Buffalo convention showed Chase's influence. Conceding that the
6069:
1276:
1207:
3046:
their white neighbors in only five states—Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. New York allowed some landowning Black men to vote.
2637:
1136:. The Free Soil Party carried several counties in the Upper North and finished second in three states. The rump Smith/Foote ticket did not win any counties.
860:
Party's showing in the 1843 state elections, suggesting ex-Whig support for Birney represented voters who had abandoned Clay long before the 1844 campaign.
4999:
1146:
1063:
met and issued the long-awaited call for a new antislavery party. The following day, the Utica Barnburner convention nominated Van Buren for president and
846:
842:
1150:
433:
proslavery consensus gradually gained recognition. After 1837, the Democratic Party leadership sought actively to expel antislavery Jacksonians such as
1337:, which had found that slavery could not exist without positive legal sanction. After 1844, Liberty propagandists began arguing that slavery had been
1085:
1059:
soon brought these plans to fruition. Taylor secured the Whig nomination on June 9; that evening, a group of fifteen dissident Whig delegates led by
1349:
in 1852, when he described the Constitution as a "glorious liberty document" whose true reading had been subverted by corrupt proslavery officials.
6030:
5875:
5188:
1275:. In later years, Smith, Douglass, and other veterans of the Liberty League would join Lincoln's Republican Party, driving the party to ratify the
1072:
700:
380:
548:
4992:
1380:
1231:
warned abolitionists not to desert the Free Soil Party and continued to display the names of Hale and Julian in the masthead of his publication,
610:
in areas where neither opposing party controlled a majority of the electorate. In the highly competitive and closely divided environment of the
6074:
5342:
4937:
4656:
4088:
3501:
3346:
722:
to head the Liberty ticket, and wrote to Birney suggesting that he withdraw from the race. The suggestion offended Birney and enraged Leavitt.
626:
polled 5.4 percent as the Liberty candidate for governor, enough to hold both leading candidates below a majority and send the election to the
203:
559:, leading to his exit from the Whig Party before the end of 1841; significantly for abolitionists, he was an early and ardent advocate of the
5316:
3022:
2552:
4103:
1482:
isolate and weaken slavery, protect the rights of free and freed people of color, and undermine support for slavery among non-slaveholders.
487:), he received fewer than 100 votes. He received no votes from the slave states, where the party had not been organized. The Whig ticket of
6084:
5523:
4844:
3591:
1408:
743:. In this way, the platform writers hoped to contain and ultimately suffocate slavery. The platform sharply criticized the abridgement of
5715:
1345:
and that its continued existence had no constitutional basis. Douglass came ultimately to accept this view by the time of his celebrated
1655:, with its tradition of women's political involvement, female abolitionists were prominent movers and drivers of the Liberty Party. The
5800:
5725:
2950:
881:
692:
1067:
for vice president. When Dodge declined the vice presidential nomination, it opened the door for the Barnburners to join the emerging
539:
helped drive support for antislavery politics. In April 1841, Harrison died and was succeeded by Vice President Tyler, who became the
466:
to organize the new party. The Albany convention was attended by 121 delegates from six states who nominated Birney for president and
5745:
3351:. Holley's prior efforts to persuade the AASS to support a presidential ticket had ended in failure; he along with others, including
1346:
1236:
901:
619:
322:
855:
with the Jacksonians on national issues apart from slavery, and Birney himself accepted the Democratic nomination for a seat in the
5960:
5785:
5720:
5568:
5309:
5167:
5140:
5126:
5099:
5085:
5058:
5044:
2393:
1868:
1840:
1812:
1782:
1752:
1722:
1260:
1256:
1133:
1020:
778:
708:
462:. The assembly nominated James G. Birney for president and called for a national convention of political abolitionists to meet at
255:
251:
911:) continued to assert slavery's constitutional status and the need for abolitionists to work within the system of states' rights.
5890:
5880:
5850:
5573:
5513:
5508:
5290:
5203:
1664:. As the decade progressed, male abolitionists increasingly sought women's involvement in Liberty organizations and conventions.
586:. Abolitionists drew similar conclusions and opposed Texas annexation as a measure likely to increase the political might of the
540:
614:, even a modest showing for the Liberty candidates could have deep and lasting effects. Six Liberty members were elected to the
5473:
5333:
1523:
as an alternative to state intervention in the economy. In addition to these causes, the platform condemned the conduct of the
1169:
1016:
547:
and a slaveholder, Tyler was one of the southern conservatives who joined the Whig Party after 1834 to oppose the expansion of
180:
6079:
5553:
4958:
4782:
4759:
4717:
4675:
4597:
4365:
4185:
4147:
3793:
3645:
3423:
3387:
131:
17:
4282:
1235:, through the campaign. In the fall election, Goodell received 72 votes in New York, and Smith was elected to Congress from
5865:
5645:
5151:
2273:
This is a representative sample of Liberty Party leaders not listed above as presidential or vice presidential candidates.
579:
333:
and asserted that abolitionists should oppose slavery by all available means, including by coordinating at the ballot box.
247:
3944:
Proceedings of the Convention of Radical Political Abolitionists, Held at Syracuse, N. Y., June 26th, 27th, and 28th, 1855
1076:
Barnburners—by far the largest element of the coalition—required Van Buren be the presidential candidate. Conscience Whig
5805:
5458:
5438:
5413:
5198:
5193:
4977:– items concerning the Liberty Party from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's
1196:
1183:
1024:
830:
806:
591:
5925:
5760:
5755:
5730:
5705:
5533:
5448:
5040:
4921:
3330:
1732:
467:
4559:
4327:
3859:
1615:
in New York and New England frequently adopted resolutions urging the Black community to vote for Liberty candidates.
1263:; once again, McFarland was the party's vice presidential candidate. They received 176 votes in three states: 35 from
5955:
5855:
5815:
5780:
5397:
4874:
4738:
4696:
4618:
3869:
3313:
3286:
3207:
3171:
2348:
963:
224:
4770:
4572:"Tho' We are Deprived of the Privilege of Suffrage": The Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society Records, 1841-1849
4505:"Tho' We are Deprived of the Privilege of Suffrage": The Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society Records, 1841-1849
4353:
5930:
5840:
5810:
5775:
5548:
5453:
5366:
5359:
5110:
3844:
Calendar of the Gerrit Smith Papers in the Syracuse University Library: General Correspondence; Volume 1, 1819-1846
1192:
606:
in areas where abolitionists were an organized and active majority of voters. Elsewhere, Liberty voters could play
568:
556:
396:
344:
4946:
4173:
833:, a prominent antislavery editor, and repeatedly attacked the abolitionist movement as divisive and incendiary. A
5054:
1762:
1465:
785:
Birney received 62,000 votes in the free states, a nearly tenfold increase over his 1840 result. In five states (
434:
279:
352:
5795:
5710:
5418:
2767:
2757:
2692:
2667:
1817:
947:
275:
208:
68:
31:
329:
to organize the Liberty Party ahead of the 1840 elections. They rejected the Garrisonian singular emphasis on
6040:
5770:
5765:
5468:
5265:
3003:
2423:
1318:
1036:
962:
hesitantly steps forward to embrace a woman of color, representing the Liberty Party, as Barnburner Democrat
814:
318:
198:
3958:
3824:
685:
faction, based in Ohio, sought a coalition with antislavery Whigs and Democrats. Led by Salmon P. Chase and
507:
5885:
5558:
2657:
1673:
became involved in Liberty activism through her husband, Henry B. Stanton, and first cousin, Gerrit Smith.
1612:
1271:, and 136 from Ohio. The election was won by Abraham Lincoln, who went on to serve as president during the
1242:
In 1855, as the Free Soil movement was in the process of being absorbed into the growing Republican Party,
822:
524:
347:
alienated by their parties' proslavery national leaderships, as well as the early involvement of women and
151:
4502:
Clauser-Roemer, Kendra (2009). "Document 1: Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Constitution, 3 April 1841".
1356:"Public opinion, it was thought, was not sufficient to abolish Slavery, without some legislative action."
637:
5985:
5965:
5945:
5625:
5392:
5377:
2777:
1624:
1524:
976:
885:
764:
consequences and applications, and support every just measure conducive to individual and social freedom.
669:
646:
615:
314:
137:
4864:
3197:
707:
Strategic disagreements between Leavitt and Chase threatened to divide the party in the approach to the
5935:
5905:
5640:
5503:
4984:
3942:
2812:
2622:
2607:
2378:
1674:
1639:
1243:
756:
740:
337:
283:
6000:
5950:
5825:
5695:
5635:
5478:
5428:
5081:
2852:
2647:
1118:
1077:
5990:
2900:
2772:
2742:
2512:
2358:
1608:
1424:
1219:
1215:
1211:
972:
368:
5301:
834:
5920:
5463:
5433:
5275:
3994:
2940:
2712:
2472:
1178:
1047:
631:
356:
4728:
4688:
The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War
3305:
The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War
3161:
5735:
5593:
5583:
5538:
5528:
5423:
5270:
4631:
Singing for Freedom: The Hutchinson Family Players and the Nineteenth-Century Culture of Reform
3576:
Singing for Freedom: The Hutchinson Family Players and the Nineteenth-Century Culture of Reform
2782:
2722:
2707:
2677:
2517:
2373:
1670:
1647:
1590:
1565:
1549:
1188:
731:
602:
488:
372:
5860:
5845:
5690:
5685:
5563:
5249:
2895:
2717:
2527:
2288:
1656:
1569:
1516:
1295:
1114:
752:
736:
267:
4686:
3303:
5498:
5285:
4974:
2925:
2832:
2762:
2682:
2642:
2562:
1586:
1540:
1450:
1446:
1384:
1359:
889:
856:
773:
719:
712:
660:
627:
442:
364:
341:
164:
4667:
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War
3785:
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War
841:
foundation." Polk won the election with 170 electoral votes to 105 for Clay. Polk carried
363:
for president over Gerrit Smith, the candidate of the radical Liberty League. Hale was an
8:
5980:
5700:
5680:
5598:
5588:
5578:
5543:
5443:
4060:
The Frederick Douglass Papers, ser. 1: Speeches, Debates, and Interviews; vol. 1, 1841-46
3036:
Dubin mistakenly assigns the 72 votes for the Liberty ticket in New York to Gerrit Smith.
2955:
2910:
2817:
2687:
2632:
2612:
2418:
1652:
1603:
1582:
1512:
1442:
1388:
1342:
1223:
1102:
1032:
674:
611:
376:
4771:"The Forgotten Reformers: A Profile of Third Party Abolitionists in Antebellum New York"
4354:"The Forgotten Reformers: A Profile of Third Party Abolitionists in Antebellum New York"
1128:
5820:
5675:
4931:
4897:
4831:
4823:
4665:
4650:
4629:
4608:
4448:
4440:
4082:
3924:
3783:
3574:
3555:
3495:
3340:
3276:
2975:
2960:
2847:
2787:
2752:
2732:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2492:
2446:
2408:
2323:
2283:
1578:
1487:
1473:
struggles to span the gap dividing former Whig, Democratic, and Liberty members of the
1404:
1392:
1334:
1284:
1272:
1247:
1228:
1161:
1098:
291:
235:
5118:
3861:
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, Volume 2: Pre-Civil War Decade, 1850–1860
1015:
to outlaw slavery in the entire Mexican Cession. The Wilmot Proviso easily passed the
837:, published in 1844, included the lines, "Railroads to emancipation, / Cannot rest on
5995:
5518:
5483:
5234:
5122:
4954:
4870:
4835:
4778:
4755:
4734:
4713:
4707:
4692:
4671:
4614:
4593:
4452:
4361:
4181:
4143:
3865:
3789:
3641:
3419:
3413:
3383:
3309:
3282:
3203:
3167:
2842:
2747:
2662:
2459:
2368:
1437:
923:
915:
818:
744:
727:
656:
564:
384:
348:
325:. The New Organization included many political abolitionists who gathered in upstate
301:
In the late 1830s, the antislavery movement in the United States was divided between
4022:
1511:, temperance, abolition of the army and navy, free trade, a ten-hour workday, and a
321:
in May 1840, the Anti-Garrisonians broke away from the Old Organization to form the
5970:
5900:
5895:
5870:
5630:
5493:
5280:
5095:
5077:
4815:
4576:
4509:
4432:
3916:
3352:
2862:
2857:
2837:
2627:
2602:
2587:
2577:
2542:
2537:
2507:
2502:
2441:
2383:
2278:
2118:
1792:
1470:
1093:
959:
907:
897:
884:
a coalition of antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Liberty men won a majority in the
723:
567:
was necessary to secure the future of slavery in the United States; he, along with
560:
536:
516:
463:
451:
388:
326:
310:
125:
1635:
871:
of New Hampshire, the original nominee of the Liberty Party for president in 1848.
594:
drew opposition from moderate antislavery congressmen as well, including Hale and
6045:
5910:
5835:
5830:
5750:
5740:
5670:
5224:
5159:
5136:
5132:
5069:
5050:
5036:
4910:
4792:
4749:
4640:
4301:
4137:
3842:
3670:
3635:
3485:
3250:
2935:
2867:
2807:
2797:
2697:
2597:
2497:
2482:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2363:
2338:
2298:
1757:
1727:
1527:
in the Mexican–American War and expressed support for the free produce movement.
1474:
1368:
1200:
1068:
980:
955:
748:
696:
686:
678:
595:
571:
555:. Tyler broke with Whig congressional leaders over the proposal to recharter the
416:
392:
263:
243:
227:
114:
64:
56:
4730:
The Liberty Party 1840-48: Antislavery Third Party Politics in the United States
3163:
The Liberty Party 1840-48: Antislavery Third Party Politics in the United States
1411:
and the interaction of various reform causes in the 19th century United States.
5975:
5229:
5163:
3809:
Smith, Gerrit (September 4, 1852). "Gerrit Smith and the Pittsburgh Platform".
3068:
2880:
2702:
2617:
2487:
2477:
2454:
2343:
2293:
1620:
1515:. It opposed public interference in schools and seminaries and publicly funded
1122:
1089:
1040:
936:
932:
851:
715:
664:
641:
575:
552:
430:
295:
1046:
The Van Buren men were the first to bolt. On June 22, a mass demonstration of
6063:
5239:
3356:
3007:
2970:
2965:
2945:
2930:
2885:
2875:
2792:
2672:
2532:
2464:
2388:
2353:
2333:
2303:
2149:
2056:
1598:
1300:
1051:
927:
919:
877:
802:
794:
623:
330:
306:
231:
1441:
held proslavery views. They alleged that major political events such as the
863:
5915:
5665:
5244:
5219:
5091:
3905:"American Abolition Society: A Viable Alternative to the Republican Party?"
3056:
2920:
2890:
2827:
2727:
2592:
2547:
2522:
2428:
2318:
2211:
1873:
1845:
1787:
1661:
1508:
1325:
1165:
1060:
1056:
1012:
868:
484:
455:
438:
360:
259:
156:
60:
51:
4819:
4751:
The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child
4436:
4139:
The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child
4123:
The Frederick Douglass Papers: Series 3, Correspondence; Volume 1, 1842–52
618:
in 1842, where they held the balance of power in the divided legislature.
258:. Others who attained prominence as leaders of the Liberty Party included
5350:
2915:
2822:
2802:
2582:
2436:
2308:
1947:
1665:
1520:
1428:
1427:, cited by Liberty members as evidence of the political influence of the
1372:
1106:
1064:
826:
587:
528:
472:
425:
302:
287:
5014:
4901:
4885:
4827:
4803:
4444:
4420:
3559:
3543:
412:
3928:
3904:
2328:
2313:
1903:
1594:
1352:
1028:
1000:
984:
810:
583:
492:
480:
459:
271:
1902:
From 1842, the Liberty Party was organized in every free state except
1678:
president at the 1848 rump convention that nominated Smith and Foote.
523:
The Liberty Party experienced rapid growth in the years following the
5940:
4580:
4513:
3018:
2980:
2905:
2737:
2652:
1251:
607:
379:
but stopped short of endorsing immediate emancipation. Following the
4981:
original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.
4866:
Hearts Beating for Liberty: Women Abolitionists in the Old Northwest
4570:
4503:
3920:
3281:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 46, 86.
3199:
Hearts Beating for Liberty: Women Abolitionists in the Old Northwest
634:
wrote that Sewall "came within a hair's breadth of being governor."
419:, Liberty Party leader and candidate for president in 1840 and 1844.
5331:
3202:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 38–39.
2087:
1978:
1280:
1264:
1218:
for vice president. In an open letter "to the Liberty Party of the
1110:
1004:
790:
544:
4360:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 128–29, 131.
2236:
2000:
1268:
1008:
996:
798:
476:
4951:
Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists
4775:
Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists
4709:
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848
4610:
Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854
4358:
Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists
4178:
Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists
3415:
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848
3278:
Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854
1330:
992:
532:
4886:"The Indiana Separation and the Limits of Quaker Antislavery"
3544:"The Indiana Separation and the Limits of Quaker Antislavery"
3166:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 29.
2025:
786:
239:
4777:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 119–48.
4561:
The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case
4329:
The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case
4845:"Conviction and Circumstance: The Liberty Party in Indiana"
3847:. Albany, NY: Historical Records Survey. 1941. p. 136.
3592:"Conviction and Circumstance: The Liberty Party in Indiana"
2180:
988:
4953:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 3–23.
4508:(Master of Arts thesis). Indiana University. p. 106.
1187:
and helped to arrange the fusion of the Free Soilers with
6026:
State and local political parties (without national body)
4564:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 210–11.
4332:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 210–11.
4180:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 8–9.
4062:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 14, 286.
242:, while remnants persisted as late as 1860. It supported
238:. The party experienced its greatest activity during the
4804:"The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828"
4421:"The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828"
3947:. New York: Central Abolition Board. 1855. pp. 3–7.
3864:. New York: International Publishers. pp. 550n25.
3418:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 677–680.
391:, and most of the Liberty Party folded into the larger
290:
and advance the cause of universal emancipation and an
983:
in the southwest comprising the present-day states of
914:
In June 1847, the Liberty League held a convention at
4283:"General Convention of the Liberty Party, at Buffalo"
3788:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–94.
3382:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 71–72.
1539:
A study of voters in the Liberty Party stronghold of
5015:
Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States
3579:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 249–51.
1115:
boycott of all consumer goods connected with slavery
1035:. Clay was again a candidate for the Whigs, but the
4869:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
4613:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
4923:The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest
4142:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 281.
3332:The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest
918:. The delegates nominated Smith for president and
4733:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
4120:
3308:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 95.
829:his slaves. He distanced himself from his cousin
777:Liberty Party share of the vote by county in the
27:Political party in the 19th century United States
6061:
4075:Oration, Delivered in Corinthian Hall, Rochester
4590:United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860
4125:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 36.
3380:United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
1601:supported the Liberty Party via his newspaper,
900:claimed that slavery had been abolished by the
574:, feared that if Texas became aligned with the
6070:Defunct political parties in the United States
5343:List of political parties in the United States
4794:Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention
4568:
4501:
3252:Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
952:Marriage of the Free Soil and Liberty Parties,
703:and author of the 1843 Liberty Party platform.
5317:
5000:
4642:National Party Platforms of the United States
4575:(Master of Arts thesis). Indiana University.
3487:National Party Platforms of the United States
4949:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.).
4773:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.).
4356:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.).
4176:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.).
3255:. Utica, NY: S.W. Green. 1848. pp. 4–5.
3073:
1023:. Once again snubbing Martin Van Buren, the
809:for president on a pro-annexation platform.
4057:
3097:
1125:by 177 enslaved people in Washington, D.C.
954:a derisive portrayal of the origins of the
821:in 1842, Clay angrily denounced a group of
458:, formerly one of the commissioners of the
286:to diminish the political influence of the
5324:
5310:
5007:
4993:
4936:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4655:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4087:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3500:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3345:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2268:
1195:. He was a candidate for president at the
1189:other opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act
387:, Hale withdrew from the race in favor of
4862:
4842:
4801:
4638:
4418:
4027:The Free Soil Courier and Liberty Gazette
3589:
3483:
3195:
1572:, abolitionist and Liberty Party speaker.
1311:
1239:as an independent antislavery candidate.
1168:, around the time of his election to the
563:. Tyler believed American acquisition of
323:American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
4102:Ward, Samuel Ringgold (March 11, 1847).
4072:
3032:
3030:
2227:
2221:
2013:
2007:
1988:
1982:
1634:
1564:
1464:
1418:
1351:
1294:
1290:
1160:
1127:
1071:. Representatives of the three factions
946:
862:
772:
691:
636:
506:
411:
336:The party attracted support from former
4944:
4747:
4726:
4171:
4135:
3995:"Radical Abolition National Convention"
3633:
3159:
1686:
933:abolition of slavery in the territories
739:and other proslavery provisions of the
14:
6062:
5474:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party
5334:political parties in the United States
4883:
4557:
4408:Anti-Slavery Bugle, September 4, 1852.
4325:
3902:
3541:
1897:
1244:Smith and other Liberty Party veterans
1237:New York's 22nd congressional district
1214:that nominated Hale for president and
6075:Political parties established in 1840
5305:
4988:
4919:
4908:
4768:
4754:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
4712:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4691:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4670:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4663:
4606:
4592:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.
4587:
4351:
4316:Proceedings (1848), 15; 14; 24–30; 9.
4299:
4020:
3857:
3808:
3781:
3377:
3328:
3274:
3027:
1414:
1117:. They expressed solidarity with the
4802:Ratcliffe, Donald J. (Summer 2013).
4705:
4684:
4419:Ratcliffe, Donald J. (Summer 2013).
4101:
4021:Smith, Gerrit (September 30, 1847).
3411:
3301:
1681:
1585:served on the nominating committee.
1560:
1039:passed him over in favor of General
1031:of Michigan on a platform endorsing
407:
278:. They attempted to work within the
6085:American abolitionist organizations
5459:Freedom Road Socialist Organization
4634:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4627:
4121:Kaufman-McKivigan, John R. (2009).
3572:
1530:
1469:In this anti-abolitionist cartoon,
1197:1860 Republican National Convention
1184:Appeal of the Independent Democrats
1156:
541:10th president of the United States
24:
6031:Presidential nominating convention
3637:The Unconstitutionality of Slavery
1208:1852 Free Soil National Convention
942:
768:
454:at an abolitionist meeting led by
25:
6096:
4968:
1497:
1179:repeal of the Missouri Compromise
6021:
6020:
4947:"The Boundaries of Abolitionism"
4538:
4174:"The Boundaries of Abolitionism"
1303:, a symbol of the Liberty Party.
502:
4920:Smith, Theodore Clarke (1897).
4569:Clauser-Roemer, Kendra (2009).
4529:
4520:
4495:
4486:
4477:
4468:
4465:Johnson, 242; 245; 251; 246–47.
4459:
4412:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4345:
4336:
4319:
4310:
4293:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4165:
4156:
4129:
4114:
4095:
4066:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4014:
4005:
3987:
3978:
3969:
3959:"National Abolition Convention"
3951:
3935:
3903:Perkal, M. Leon (Winter 1980).
3896:
3887:
3878:
3851:
3835:
3817:
3802:
3775:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3685:
3663:
3654:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3583:
3566:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3432:
3405:
3396:
3371:
3362:
3329:Smith, Theodore Clarke (1897).
3322:
3295:
3268:
3259:
3061:
3049:
3039:
1252:antislavery militants in Kansas
4843:Rasmussen, Soren (Fall 2015).
4797:. Utica, NY: S.W. Green. 1848.
4108:National Anti-Slavery Standard
3590:Rasmussen, Soren (Fall 2015).
3490:. Akron, Ohio. pp. 14–16.
3243:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3189:
3180:
3153:
3012:
2997:
1111:abolition of the army and navy
1025:Democratic National Convention
1021:upcoming presidential election
578:, it would become a haven for
383:of antislavery politicians at
13:
1:
6041:Politics of the United States
5266:American Anti-Slavery Society
4863:Robertson, Stacey M. (2010).
4808:Journal of the Early Republic
4727:Johnson, Reinhard O. (2009).
4551:
4425:Journal of the Early Republic
4110:. Black Abolitionist Archive.
4058:Blassingame, John W. (1979).
3196:Robertson, Stacey M. (2010).
3160:Johnson, Reinhard O. (2009).
1319:American Colonization Society
1279:and to support the rights of
1233:Frederick Douglass' Newspaper
1199:, but the nomination went to
319:American Anti-Slavery Society
305:abolitionists, who advocated
199:Politics of the United States
6080:Slavery in the United States
5731:Democratic-Republican (1844)
5559:South Carolina Workers Party
4884:Jordan, Ryan (Spring 2000).
4639:Frederick, J. M. H. (1896).
4073:Douglass, Frederick (1852).
3542:Jordan, Ryan (Spring 2000).
3484:Frederick, J. M. H. (1896).
2658:Hiram Huntington Kellogg Sr.
2215:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2019:
1994:
1880:
1867:
1852:
1839:
1824:
1811:
1796:
1781:
1766:
1751:
1736:
1721:
1642:, abolitionist and feminist.
1389:French democratic socialists
1206:Smith was a delegate to the
1132:County-level results of the
922:for vice president. Birney,
525:1840 United States elections
98:; 164 years ago
80:; 184 years ago
7:
4945:Walters, Ronald G. (1979).
4706:Howe, David Walker (2007).
4607:Earle, Jonathan H. (2004).
4172:Walters, Ronald G. (1979).
3412:Howe, David Walker (2007).
3275:Earle, Jonathan H. (2004).
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1991:
1985:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1460:
902:Declaration of Independence
888:. They elected Hale to the
616:Massachusetts General Court
10:
6101:
5489:National Progressive Party
5414:African People's Socialist
4852:Earlham Historical Journal
4588:Dubin, Michael J. (2002).
4200:Proceedings (1848), 27–29.
4023:"Letter from Gerrit Smith"
3634:Spooner, Lysander (1845).
3599:Earlham Historical Journal
3378:Dubin, Michael J. (2002).
1423:Text of the congressional
1134:1848 presidential election
779:1844 presidential election
757:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
741:United States Constitution
709:1844 presidential election
582:and weaken slavery in the
402:
399:, including Salmon Chase.
284:United States Constitution
29:
6013:
5941:States Rights (Dixiecrat)
5658:
5618:
5611:
5406:
5385:
5376:
5349:
5340:
5258:
5212:
5181:
5150:
5109:
5068:
5027:
5020:
4748:Karcher, Carolyn (1994).
4685:Holt, Michael F. (1999).
4136:Karcher, Carolyn (1994).
3858:Foner, Philip S. (1950).
3681:(19): 296. July 10, 1847.
3302:Holt, Michael F. (1999).
1915:
1912:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1119:French Revolution of 1848
1078:Charles Francis Adams Sr.
835:popular abolitionist song
650:and an anti-coalitionist.
557:Bank of the United States
194:
178:
162:
150:
120:
110:
92:
74:
50:
41:
5534:Socialism and Liberation
4077:. Rochester. p. 36.
3909:Journal of Negro History
3893:Dubin, 128; Johnson, 91.
3745:Proceedings (1848), 6–9.
3675:Niles' National Register
2990:
2901:Norton Strange Townshend
2513:Charles Grandison Finney
2359:Henry Ingersoll Bowditch
1630:
1216:George Washington Julian
1170:House of Representatives
644:, influential editor of
359:succeeded in nominating
181:House of Representatives
5811:National States' Rights
5666:American (Know Nothing)
5514:Progressive Labor Party
5291:Radical Democracy Party
4769:Kraut, Alan M. (1979).
4352:Kraut, Alan M. (1979).
4342:Johnson, 306; 268; 276.
4306:. Albany. pp. 3–4.
3691:Johnson, 65; 77; 81–82.
3624:Johnson, 46; 44; 65-70.
3335:. New York. p. 37.
2941:John Greenleaf Whittier
2473:Charles Wheeler Denison
2269:Other prominent members
1916:Gubernatorial election
632:John Greenleaf Whittier
513:Newark Daily Advertiser
511:A map published by the
144:Chicago Western Citizen
5539:Serve America Movement
5529:Renew America Movement
5271:Anti-Nebraska movement
4909:Smith, Gerrit (1847).
4483:Proceedings (1848), 5.
4300:Smith, Gerrit (1847).
4218:Proceedings (1848), 7.
4104:""S.R. Ward said ...""
3640:. Boston. p. 42.
2783:James W. C. Pennington
2723:Joseph Cammett Lovejoy
2708:Francis Julius LeMoyne
2678:Charles Henry Langston
2518:George Washington Gale
2374:William Henry Brisbane
1671:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1643:
1623:and the repeal of the
1591:James W. C. Pennington
1573:
1550:Second Great Awakening
1478:
1432:
1363:
1347:Fourth of July oration
1312:Political abolitionism
1304:
1173:
1137:
967:
872:
782:
766:
732:United States Congress
704:
651:
603:William Lloyd Garrison
535:settlement. Events in
520:
489:William Henry Harrison
420:
375:and voted against the
317:. At a meeting of the
248:presidential elections
5946:Traditionalist Worker
5626:Democratic-Republican
5564:Social Democrats, USA
5554:Socialist Alternative
4820:10.1353/jer.2013.0033
4492:Robertson, 30–31; 45.
4437:10.1353/jer.2013.0033
2896:Charles Turner Torrey
2718:Jermain Wesley Loguen
2528:Henry Highland Garnet
2289:Stephen Pearl Andrews
1705:Presidential nominee
1638:
1570:Henry Highland Garnet
1568:
1517:internal improvements
1468:
1422:
1355:
1341:abolished during the
1298:
1291:Ideology and policies
1164:
1131:
950:
866:
825:who called on him to
776:
761:
753:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
737:Fugitive Slave Clause
695:
640:
510:
415:
268:Henry Highland Garnet
18:Liberty Party (1840s)
5801:National Renaissance
5726:Constitutional Union
5286:North American Party
5182:National conventions
5152:National Union Party
5021:Presidential tickets
4664:Foner, Eric (1991).
4558:Benson, Lee (1961).
4326:Benson, Lee (1961).
3884:Philip Foner, 76–77.
3831:. September 9, 1852.
3825:"Liberty Convention"
3782:Foner, Eric (1991).
2926:Samuel Ringgold Ward
2833:Samuel Edmund Sewall
2763:Joseph Trotter Mills
2683:John Mercer Langston
2563:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor
1687:Presidential tickets
1587:Samuel Ringgold Ward
1541:Smithfield, New York
1451:free people of color
1447:Nullification Crisis
1385:classical liberalism
1360:Samuel Ringgold Ward
1277:Thirteenth Amendment
1048:Barnburner Democrats
975:, the United States
973:Mexican–American War
890:United States Senate
857:Michigan Legislature
661:Joshua Reed Giddings
628:Massachusetts Senate
367:who had opposed the
365:Independent Democrat
357:Barnburner Democrats
30:For other uses, see
6001:Youth International
5951:Unconditional Union
5856:Populist (People's)
5766:Independence (2007)
5761:Independence (1906)
5721:Constitution (1952)
5696:American Vegetarian
5636:National Republican
5479:Legal Marijuana Now
5429:American Solidarity
5213:Other party leaders
5204:1864 National Union
4975:The Liberator Files
4628:Gac, Scott (2007).
4289:. November 7, 1847.
4254:Johnson, 24; 32–33.
3573:Gac, Scott (2007).
2956:Charles K. Williams
2911:George Boyer Vashon
2818:Charles Bennett Ray
2688:William Larimer Jr.
2633:James Caleb Jackson
2613:Samuel Gridley Howe
2419:Oren Burbank Cheney
1898:Gubernatorial races
1648:Cult of Domesticity
1613:Colored Conventions
1583:Charles Bennett Ray
1525:Polk Administration
1513:homestead exemption
1343:American Revolution
1224:Canastota, New York
1069:Free Soil coalition
1033:popular sovereignty
675:James Caleb Jackson
612:Second Party System
561:annexation of Texas
517:annexation of Texas
377:annexation of Texas
5881:Progressive (1948)
5876:Progressive (1924)
5871:Progressive (1912)
5806:National Socialist
5786:Liberal Republican
5756:Human Rights Party
5716:Communist Workers'
5569:Socialist Equality
4526:Robertson, 45; 51.
3811:Anti-Slavery Bugel
2976:Theodore S. Wright
2961:Samuel Newitt Wood
2951:Austin F. Williams
2848:James McCune Smith
2788:Abraham L. Pennock
2753:James Miller McKim
2733:William Pitt Lynde
2573:Samuel D. Hastings
2568:Stephen S. Harding
2558:Josiah B. Grinnell
2493:George Henry Evans
2447:Alexander Crummell
2409:William L. Chaplin
2394:Alexander Campbell
2349:Jonathan Blanchard
2324:Nathaniel S. Berry
2284:John Albion Andrew
1700:Electoral results
1644:
1609:state constitution
1579:Theodore S. Wright
1574:
1479:
1433:
1415:Slave Power thesis
1405:Anti-Masonic Party
1393:National Workshops
1364:
1305:
1273:American Civil War
1248:Syracuse, New York
1229:Frederick Douglass
1174:
1138:
1099:universal suffrage
981:vast tract of land
968:
964:Benjamin F. Butler
873:
783:
705:
652:
592:Tyler-Texas Treaty
569:Secretary of State
527:, particularly in
521:
421:
236:American Civil War
132:The Philanthropist
6057:
6056:
6009:
6008:
5926:Social Democratic
5921:Silver Republican
5891:Radical Democracy
5886:Proletarian Party
5654:
5653:
5607:
5606:
5574:Socialist Workers
5464:Freedom Socialist
5434:Christian Liberty
5299:
5298:
5235:William H. Seward
5177:
5176:
5123:William L. Dayton
4960:978-0-8071-0479-8
4784:978-0-8071-0479-8
4761:978-0-8223-2163-7
4719:978-0-19-507894-7
4677:978-0-19-509497-8
4599:978-0-7864-6422-7
4544:Johnson, 307–312.
4380:Johnson 223; 268.
4367:978-0-8071-0479-8
4272:Frederick, 14–16.
4187:978-0-8071-0479-8
4149:978-0-8223-2163-7
3999:Douglass' Monthly
3975:Philip Foner, 82.
3795:978-0-19-509497-8
3736:Frederick, 19–20.
3647:978-1-4429-2362-1
3425:978-0-19-507894-7
3389:978-0-7864-6422-7
2843:John Jay Shipherd
2748:Samuel Joseph May
2663:Chauncey L. Knapp
2460:George DeBaptiste
2369:Lawrence Brainerd
2266:
2265:
1895:
1894:
1878:Samuel McFarland
1850:Samuel McFarland
1682:Electoral history
1561:African-Americans
1324:Nonetheless, the
1220:County of Madison
916:Macedon, New York
819:Richmond, Indiana
789:, Massachusetts,
751:in cases such as
728:Buffalo, New York
713:New York Governor
657:John Quincy Adams
408:Creation, 1839–41
385:Buffalo, New York
349:African Americans
217:
216:
204:Political parties
111:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
6092:
6024:
6023:
5936:Socialist (1901)
5656:
5655:
5616:
5615:
5594:Working Families
5549:Socialist Action
5544:Socialist (1973)
5494:Progressive Dane
5424:American Freedom
5383:
5382:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5303:
5302:
5281:Conscience Whigs
5250:Francis P. Blair
5111:Republican Party
5096:George W. Julian
5082:Charles F. Adams
5078:Martin Van Buren
5025:
5024:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4964:
4941:
4935:
4927:
4916:
4905:
4880:
4859:
4849:
4839:
4798:
4788:
4765:
4744:
4723:
4702:
4681:
4660:
4654:
4646:
4635:
4624:
4603:
4584:
4565:
4545:
4542:
4536:
4535:Johnson, 283–83.
4533:
4527:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4474:Johnson, 248–52.
4472:
4466:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4416:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4398:Johnson, 272–73.
4396:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4287:The National Era
4279:
4273:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4064:
4063:
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4030:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3965:. June 26, 1856.
3963:The National Era
3955:
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3948:
3939:
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3894:
3891:
3885:
3882:
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3832:
3829:The National Era
3821:
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3725:
3719:
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3698:
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3689:
3683:
3682:
3671:"Liberty League"
3667:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3651:
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3430:
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3409:
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3394:
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3375:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3353:Henry B. Stanton
3350:
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3326:
3320:
3319:
3299:
3293:
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3272:
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3263:
3257:
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3220:
3214:
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3193:
3187:
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3145:
3142:
3095:
3094:Did not contest.
3092:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3001:
2863:Henry B. Stanton
2858:Benjamin Stanton
2838:Oscar L. Shafter
2743:Stanley Matthews
2628:Titus Hutchinson
2603:Edward D. Holton
2588:Richard Hildreth
2578:Joseph R. Hawley
2543:Francis Gillette
2538:Edward D. Gazzam
2508:Asahel Finch Jr.
2503:Samuel Fessenden
2451:Mary Brown Davis
2442:Nathaniel Colver
2384:William Burleigh
2379:Antoinette Brown
2279:William G. Allen
1910:
1909:
1887:
1859:
1831:
1803:
1793:Charles C. Foote
1773:
1743:
1714:Electoral votes
1691:
1690:
1675:Antoinette Brown
1640:Antoinette Brown
1531:Bases of support
1509:secret societies
1471:Martin Van Buren
1391:, including the
1383:consistent with
1369:slave rebellions
1362:
1301:cedar of Lebanon
1193:Republican Party
1181:, he penned the
1157:Decline, 1849–60
1113:, and a general
1094:Charles C. Foote
960:Martin Van Buren
908:The National Era
898:Lysander Spooner
755:that upheld the
724:Henry B. Stanton
464:Albany, New York
452:Warsaw, New York
397:Republican Party
389:Martin Van Buren
353:Conscience Whigs
311:anti-clericalism
188:
172:
146:
126:The National Era
106:
104:
99:
88:
86:
81:
39:
38:
21:
6100:
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6058:
6053:
6050:
6046:Politics portal
6005:
5931:Socialist Labor
5911:Red Guard Party
5861:Personal Choice
5796:National (1917)
5691:American (1969)
5686:American (1924)
5671:Americans Elect
5650:
5612:Defunct parties
5603:
5402:
5372:
5345:
5336:
5330:
5300:
5295:
5254:
5225:Salmon P. Chase
5208:
5199:1860 Republican
5194:1856 Republican
5173:
5160:Abraham Lincoln
5146:
5137:Hannibal Hamlin
5133:Abraham Lincoln
5119:John C. Frémont
5105:
5070:Free Soil Party
5064:
5051:James G. Birney
5037:James G. Birney
5016:
5013:
4971:
4961:
4929:
4928:
4877:
4847:
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4281:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:Johnson, 24–25.
4235:
4231:
4227:Johnson, 60–65.
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4188:
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4067:
4056:
4052:
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4043:
4038:
4034:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4001:. October 1860.
3993:
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3988:
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3941:
3940:
3936:
3921:10.2307/3031548
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3807:
3803:
3796:
3780:
3776:
3772:Johnson, 89-91.
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:Johnson, 88–89.
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:Johnson, 83-87.
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:Johnson, 82–83.
3699:
3695:
3690:
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3668:
3664:
3660:Johnson, 56–61.
3659:
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3615:Johnson 43; 47.
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3474:Johnson, 34–37.
3473:
3469:
3465:Johnson, 31-32.
3464:
3460:
3456:Johnson, 27–30.
3455:
3451:
3447:Johnson, 47-48.
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3376:
3372:
3368:Johnson, 15–17.
3367:
3363:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3273:
3269:
3265:Johnson, 10–11.
3264:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3240:Johnson, 86-87.
3239:
3235:
3231:Johnson, 77-81.
3230:
3226:
3222:Johnson, 65-70.
3221:
3217:
3210:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3158:
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3149:
3148:
3143:
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3054:
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3044:
3040:
3035:
3028:
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3013:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2936:William Whipper
2868:Stephen Stevens
2808:David Potts Jr.
2798:Allan Pinkerton
2758:Jonathan Miller
2698:Dewitt C. Leach
2668:William Lambert
2638:William Jackson
2598:Silas M. Holmes
2498:James Fairchild
2483:Charles V. Dyer
2433:Ichabod Codding
2414:Salmon P. Chase
2404:James G. Carter
2399:Philo Carpenter
2364:George Bradburn
2339:James M. Birney
2299:Gamaliel Bailey
2271:
1900:
1888:
1885:
1860:
1857:
1832:
1829:
1818:William Goodell
1804:
1801:
1774:
1771:
1758:James G. Birney
1744:
1741:
1728:James G. Birney
1689:
1684:
1633:
1563:
1533:
1500:
1488:national waters
1475:Free Soil Party
1463:
1443:Missouri Crisis
1417:
1357:
1314:
1293:
1201:Abraham Lincoln
1159:
1121:and the recent
1086:Fifth Amendment
999:, and parts of
956:Free Soil Party
945:
943:Fusion, 1847–48
771:
769:Crisis, 1844–47
749:civil liberties
697:Salmon P. Chase
687:Gamaliel Bailey
670:The Emancipator
647:The Emancipator
596:Benjamin Tappan
580:freedom seekers
572:John C. Calhoun
549:executive power
505:
417:James G. Birney
410:
405:
393:Free Soil Party
381:1848 convention
282:created by the
276:William Goodell
264:Salmon P. Chase
244:James G. Birney
228:political party
213:
190:(1847–49, peak)
189:
186:
174:(1846–47, peak)
173:
170:
142:
141:
138:The Emancipator
135:
129:
115:Free Soil Party
102:
100:
97:
84:
82:
79:
69:William Goodell
67:
65:Salmon P. Chase
63:
59:
57:James G. Birney
46:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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6017:
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6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5986:Young Patriots
5983:
5978:
5976:White Panthers
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5958:
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5903:
5898:
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5858:
5853:
5851:People's Party
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5791:Liberty (1840)
5788:
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5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5746:Gold Democrats
5743:
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5713:
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5688:
5683:
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5660:
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5651:
5649:
5648:
5646:National Union
5643:
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5262:
5260:
5259:Related groups
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5230:Charles Sumner
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5189:1848 Free Soil
5185:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5164:Andrew Johnson
5156:
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5115:
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5018:
5017:
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4983:
4982:
4970:
4969:External links
4967:
4966:
4965:
4959:
4942:
4917:
4906:
4890:Quaker History
4881:
4875:
4860:
4840:
4814:(2): 219–254.
4799:
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4783:
4766:
4760:
4745:
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4718:
4703:
4697:
4682:
4676:
4661:
4645:. Akron, Ohio.
4636:
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4585:
4581:10.7912/C2/137
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4209:Frederick, 14.
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3709:Holt, 333-334.
3702:
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3565:
3548:Quaker History
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3186:Johnson, 7–11.
3179:
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3069:Leicester King
3060:
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2344:William Birney
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1621:Black suffrage
1562:
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1532:
1529:
1519:and supported
1499:
1498:Liberty League
1496:
1462:
1459:
1416:
1413:
1409:Early Republic
1313:
1310:
1292:
1289:
1285:Reconstruction
1158:
1155:
1123:escape attempt
1073:met at Buffalo
1041:Zachary Taylor
944:
941:
937:social justice
770:
767:
745:states' rights
716:William Seward
665:Joshua Leavitt
642:Joshua Leavitt
576:British Empire
553:Andrew Jackson
504:
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280:federal system
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107:
94:
90:
89:
76:
72:
71:
54:
48:
47:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6097:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5981:White Patriot
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Patriot Party
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5701:Black Panther
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5681:American Nazi
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:Third parties
5657:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:Major parties
5617:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5599:Workers World
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:Working Class
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5579:Transhumanist
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:Forward Party
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Freedom Party
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:Third parties
5375:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5351:Major parties
5348:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5327:
5322:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:Simon Cameron
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5056:
5055:Thomas Morris
5052:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5029:Liberty Party
5026:
5023:
5019:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4980:
4979:The Liberator
4976:
4973:
4972:
4962:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4925:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4876:9780807834084
4872:
4868:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4740:9780807133934
4736:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4698:0-19-516104-1
4694:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4620:0-8078-5555-3
4616:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4498:
4489:
4480:
4471:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4409:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4377:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4313:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4269:
4263:Foner, 87–88.
4260:
4251:
4245:Foner, 90–92.
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4159:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4084:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4054:
4048:Johnson, 7–8.
4045:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3981:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3873:
3871:9780717804351
3867:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3812:
3805:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3778:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3365:
3358:
3357:Elizur Wright
3354:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3315:0-19-516104-1
3311:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3288:0-8078-5555-3
3284:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3211:
3209:9780807834084
3205:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3183:
3175:
3173:9780807133934
3169:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3042:
3033:
3031:
3024:
3021:representing
3020:
3015:
3009:
3008:New Hampshire
3006:representing
3005:
3004:Joseph Cilley
3000:
2996:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Elizur Wright
2969:
2967:
2966:Lewis Woodson
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Austin Willey
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Laban Wheaton
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Arthur Tappan
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:George Storrs
2874:
2872:Alvan Stewart
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:William Smyth
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:John Pierpont
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:John Monteith
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Lunsford Lane
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:John Hutchins
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Seth M. Gates
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:Elizur Deming
2468:
2466:
2465:Martin Delany
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Joseph Cilley
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Elihu Burritt
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Sherman Booth
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Jacob Bigelow
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Wesley Bailey
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2151:
2150:New Hampshire
2148:
2147:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2058:
2057:Massachusetts
2055:
2054:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1763:Thomas Morris
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:Popular vote
1710:
1708:Running mate
1707:
1704:
1703:
1692:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1653:Old Northwest
1649:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1599:Martin Delany
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:Somerset case
1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:Massachusetts
1135:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:homestead act
1087:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:New York City
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
940:
938:
934:
929:
928:Lucretia Mott
925:
921:
920:Elihu Burritt
917:
912:
910:
909:
903:
899:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:New Hampshire
870:
865:
861:
858:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:James K. Polk
800:
796:
795:New Hampshire
792:
788:
780:
775:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
702:
701:chief justice
698:
694:
690:
688:
683:
682:Liberty Press
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
624:Samuel Sewall
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:and areas of
530:
526:
518:
515:opposing the
514:
509:
503:Rise, 1841–43
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
444:
440:
436:
435:Thomas Morris
432:
427:
418:
414:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:
339:
334:
332:
331:moral suasion
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:nonresistance
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:United States
229:
226:
222:
221:Liberty Party
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
193:
184:
182:
179:Seats in the
177:
168:
166:
163:Seats in the
161:
158:
155:
153:
149:
145:
140:
139:
134:
133:
128:
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
95:
91:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
53:
49:
44:Liberty Party
40:
37:
33:
32:Liberty Party
19:
5966:Union (1936)
5961:Union (1861)
5956:Union (1850)
5821:New Alliance
5790:
5781:Labor (1996)
5776:Labor (1919)
5736:Farmer–Labor
5676:Anti-Masonic
5449:Constitution
5365:
5358:
5245:Edward Bates
5220:Gerrit Smith
5092:John P. Hale
5041:Thomas Earle
5028:
4978:
4950:
4922:
4911:
4893:
4889:
4865:
4855:
4851:
4811:
4807:
4793:
4774:
4750:
4729:
4708:
4687:
4666:
4641:
4630:
4609:
4589:
4571:
4560:
4540:
4531:
4522:
4504:
4497:
4488:
4479:
4470:
4461:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4407:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4357:
4347:
4338:
4328:
4321:
4312:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4177:
4167:
4158:
4138:
4131:
4122:
4116:
4107:
4097:
4074:
4068:
4059:
4053:
4044:
4039:Johnson, 25.
4035:
4026:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3989:
3980:
3971:
3962:
3953:
3943:
3937:
3915:(1): 58–59.
3912:
3908:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3860:
3853:
3843:
3837:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3804:
3784:
3777:
3768:
3759:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3727:Johnson, 85.
3723:
3714:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3636:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3598:
3585:
3575:
3568:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3438:Johnson, 26.
3434:
3414:
3407:
3402:Johnson, 16.
3398:
3379:
3373:
3364:
3331:
3324:
3304:
3297:
3277:
3270:
3261:
3251:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3162:
3155:
3144:No election.
3063:
3057:John P. Hale
3051:
3041:
3014:
2999:
2921:Amasa Walker
2891:Lewis Tappan
2828:Orange Scott
2778:David Nelson
2768:James Monroe
2728:Owen Lovejoy
2713:Samuel Lewis
2593:Myron Holley
2548:Beriah Green
2523:Elon Galusha
2429:Lewis Clarke
2319:Jehiel Beman
2272:
2212:Pennsylvania
1901:
1874:Gerrit Smith
1846:Gerrit Smith
1788:Gerrit Smith
1733:Thomas Earle
1662:Owen Lovejoy
1657:Henry County
1645:
1617:
1602:
1575:
1555:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1521:trade unions
1505:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1455:
1434:
1401:
1397:
1377:
1371:such as the
1365:
1338:
1326:electoralism
1323:
1315:
1306:
1281:freed people
1267:, five from
1241:
1232:
1205:
1191:to form the
1182:
1175:
1166:Gerrit Smith
1139:
1082:
1061:Henry Wilson
1057:Philadelphia
1045:
1013:David Wilmot
969:
951:
913:
906:
894:
874:
869:John P. Hale
838:
831:Cassius Clay
784:
762:
706:
681:
668:
653:
645:
600:
522:
512:
497:
485:Rhode Island
468:Thomas Earle
456:Myron Holley
448:
439:John P. Hale
422:
361:John P. Hale
335:
300:
260:Gerrit Smith
225:abolitionist
220:
218:
157:Abolitionism
143:
136:
130:
124:
61:Gerrit Smith
36:
5996:Young Lords
5816:Natural Law
5519:Prohibition
5398:Libertarian
5276:Barnburners
4926:. New York.
4389:Kraut, 142.
4162:Johnson, 8.
4011:Dubin, 159.
3984:Dubin, 158.
2916:Edward Wade
2823:Alvah Sabin
2813:John Rankin
2803:Ralph Plumb
2643:William Jay
2608:John Hooker
2583:Joel Hayden
2553:John Grimes
2437:Levi Coffin
2309:Guy Beckley
1948:Connecticut
1822:S. M. Bell
1666:Abby Kelley
1625:Black Codes
1604:The Mystery
1429:Slave Power
1381:state power
1373:Creole case
1107:land reform
1065:Henry Dodge
966:officiates.
924:Lydia Child
886:legislature
880:, where in
720:William Jay
718:, or Judge
588:Slave Power
584:Lower South
529:New England
473:Connecticut
426:New England
315:third party
303:Garrisonian
296:egalitarian
288:Slave Power
234:before the
6064:Categories
5971:U.S. Labor
5906:Red Guards
5901:Readjuster
5896:Raza Unida
5841:Opposition
5706:Boston Tea
5631:Federalist
5367:Republican
5360:Democratic
4552:References
4431:(2): 247.
3763:Dubin, 96.
3532:Howe, 180.
3523:Earle, 63.
3514:Dubin, 83.
3067:Replacing
3055:Replacing
2648:John Jones
2329:Henry Bibb
2314:Amos Beman
1904:New Jersey
1595:Amos Beman
1212:Pittsburgh
1103:temperance
1037:convention
1029:Lewis Cass
1027:nominated
1001:New Mexico
985:California
811:Henry Clay
537:Washington
493:John Tyler
481:New Jersey
460:Erie Canal
443:nullifiers
431:bipartisan
342:Jacksonian
292:integrated
272:Henry Bibb
5836:Nullifier
5831:New Union
5826:New Party
5751:Greenback
5741:Free Soil
5499:Marijuana
5444:Communist
5332:National
4932:cite book
4915:. Albany.
4836:145135025
4651:cite book
4453:145135025
4083:cite book
3496:cite book
3341:cite book
3019:Amos Tuck
2981:Levi Yale
2906:Amos Tuck
2738:Asa Mahan
2653:John Keep
1694:Election
1331:prejudice
807:nominated
699:, future
620:That year
608:kingmaker
545:Virginian
345:Democrats
298:society.
209:Elections
121:Newspaper
93:Dissolved
5866:Populist
5711:Citizens
5509:People's
5439:Citizens
5419:Alliance
4902:41947430
4828:24768843
4445:24768843
3560:41947430
3554:(1): 2.
2119:New York
2088:Michigan
1979:Illinois
1717:Ranking
1461:Platform
1425:gag rule
1265:Illinois
1147:New York
1005:Colorado
977:acquired
867:Senator
847:Michigan
843:New York
791:Michigan
373:Congress
369:gag rule
327:New York
152:Ideology
5991:Workers
5771:Justice
5484:Liberal
5407:Smaller
3929:3031548
3605:(1): 9.
2237:Vermont
2001:Indiana
1886:0 / 303
1858:0 / 296
1830:0 / 296
1802:0 / 290
1772:0 / 275
1742:0 / 294
1697:Ticket
1438:faction
1339:de jure
1283:during
1269:Indiana
1246:met at
1151:Vermont
1009:Wyoming
997:Arizona
852:spoiler
827:manumit
823:Quakers
799:Vermont
677:of the
477:Indiana
403:History
246:in the
230:in the
223:was an
187:1 / 230
101: (
83: (
75:Founded
5916:Silver
5524:Reform
5504:Pirate
5386:Larger
4957:
4900:
4873:
4834:
4826:
4781:
4758:
4737:
4716:
4695:
4674:
4617:
4596:
4451:
4443:
4364:
4184:
4146:
3927:
3868:
3792:
3644:
3558:
3422:
3386:
3312:
3285:
3206:
3170:
2262:14.4%
2259:14.6%
2256:13.5%
2253:10.2%
2175:14.1%
2172:18.8%
2169:12.0%
2166:11.7%
2051:11.5%
2048:13.0%
2039:10.0%
1913:State
1881:0.00%
1853:0.00%
1825:0.00%
1797:0.10%
1767:2.30%
1737:0.29%
1611:, and
1581:, and
1445:, the
1149:, and
1109:, the
1007:, and
993:Nevada
926:, and
815:Mexico
797:, and
590:. The
551:under
533:Yankee
483:, and
274:, and
171:1 / 58
165:Senate
52:Leader
5584:Unity
5393:Green
4898:JSTOR
4896:(1).
4848:(PDF)
4832:S2CID
4824:JSTOR
4449:S2CID
4441:JSTOR
3925:JSTOR
3595:(PDF)
3556:JSTOR
3023:NH-01
2991:Notes
2250:7.5%
2247:3.9%
2244:6.3%
2231:0.6%
2225:0.8%
2219:0.3%
2203:4.4%
2197:3.0%
2191:2.1%
2163:7.7%
2160:5.7%
2157:2.5%
2141:3.2%
2135:3.1%
2129:1.8%
2113:5.6%
2107:7.7%
2101:7.1%
2095:3.2%
2082:8.7%
2079:9.8%
2076:7.9%
2073:7.3%
2070:7.3%
2067:5.4%
2064:3.1%
2061:0.8%
2045:9.0%
2042:7.0%
2036:5.7%
2033:1.9%
2026:Maine
2017:1.8%
2011:1.4%
1992:5.1%
1986:1.1%
1973:3.6%
1970:3.4%
1967:3.7%
1964:3.2%
1961:3.4%
1958:3.8%
1942:1847
1939:1846
1936:1845
1933:1844
1930:1843
1927:1842
1924:1841
1921:1840
1631:Women
1017:House
787:Maine
679:Utica
565:Texas
338:Whigs
240:1840s
6035:List
5641:Whig
5168:1864
5141:1860
5127:1856
5100:1852
5086:1848
5059:1844
5045:1840
4955:ISBN
4938:link
4871:ISBN
4858:(1).
4779:ISBN
4756:ISBN
4735:ISBN
4714:ISBN
4693:ISBN
4672:ISBN
4657:link
4615:ISBN
4594:ISBN
4362:ISBN
4182:ISBN
4144:ISBN
4089:link
3866:ISBN
3790:ISBN
3642:ISBN
3502:link
3420:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3355:and
3347:link
3310:ISBN
3283:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3168:ISBN
2228:n/a
2222:n/a
2216:n/a
2206:n/a
2200:n/a
2194:n/a
2188:n/a
2181:Ohio
2144:n/a
2138:n/a
2132:n/a
2126:n/a
2110:n/a
2104:n/a
2098:n/a
2092:n/a
2020:n/a
2014:n/a
2008:n/a
1995:n/a
1989:n/a
1983:n/a
1869:1860
1841:1856
1813:1852
1783:1848
1753:1844
1723:1840
1593:and
1299:The
1261:1860
1257:1856
989:Utah
882:1846
845:and
839:Clay
805:was
747:and
673:and
659:and
543:. A
491:and
437:and
355:and
340:and
309:and
256:1844
254:and
252:1840
219:The
103:1860
96:1860
85:1840
78:1840
4816:doi
4577:doi
4510:doi
4433:doi
3917:doi
1210:in
1050:in
667:of
371:in
250:of
6066::
4934:}}
4930:{{
4894:89
4892:.
4888:.
4854:.
4850:.
4830:.
4822:.
4812:33
4810:.
4806:.
4653:}}
4649:{{
4447:.
4439:.
4429:33
4427:.
4423:.
4285:.
4106:.
4085:}}
4081:{{
4025:.
3997:.
3961:.
3923:.
3913:65
3911:.
3907:.
3827:.
3679:22
3677:.
3673:.
3601:.
3597:.
3552:89
3550:.
3546:.
3498:}}
3494:{{
3343:}}
3339:{{
3099:^
3075:^
3029:^
2241:—
2185:—
2154:—
2123:—
2030:—
2005:—
1955:—
1952:—
1891:5
1863:4
1835:7
1807:4
1777:3
1747:3
1395:.
1321:.
1287:.
1203:.
1145:,
1105:,
1101:,
1003:,
995:,
991:,
987:,
979:a
958:.
793:,
622:,
479:,
475:,
294:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
6037:)
6033:(
5325:e
5318:t
5311:v
5170:)
5166:(
5162:/
5143:)
5139:(
5135:/
5129:)
5125:(
5121:/
5102:)
5098:(
5094:/
5088:)
5084:(
5080:/
5061:)
5057:(
5053:/
5047:)
5043:(
5039:/
5008:e
5001:t
4994:v
4963:.
4940:)
4904:.
4879:.
4856:8
4838:.
4818::
4787:.
4764:.
4743:.
4722:.
4701:.
4680:.
4659:)
4623:.
4602:.
4583:.
4579::
4516:.
4512::
4455:.
4435::
4370:.
4190:.
4152:.
4091:)
4029:.
3931:.
3919::
3874:.
3813:.
3798:.
3650:.
3603:8
3562:.
3504:)
3428:.
3392:.
3349:)
3318:.
3291:.
3212:.
3176:.
1477:.
1431:.
1358:—
1172:.
781:.
519:.
105:)
87:)
34:.
20:)
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