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workforce. This idea has negatively influenced the credibility of liberal education which has impacted how students view higher education. The negative impact being a focus on specific disciplinary practices separating it from the original ideology of liberal education as "...a philosophy of education that empowers individuals with broad knowledge and transferable skills, and a stronger sense of values, ethics, and civic engagement ..." Politicians have influenced the type of education provided at universities. These politicians have been recently cutting the funds for universities applying immense pressure on higher educational institutions. Lack of funds have caused many to abandon the liberal arts curricula. Therefore, universities have been forced to provide a curriculum useful for providing a vocational education. The lack of funds to maintain a balanced education system has caused
American universities to provide an education with a lack of emphasis on liberal values.
89:. The decline of liberal education is often attributed to mobilization during the Second World War. The premium and emphasis placed upon mathematics, science, and technical training caused a shift away from a liberal concept of higher education studies; however, it became central to much undergraduate education in the United States in the mid-20th century, being conspicuous in the movement for general education.
365:
142:; the latter deals with academic subjects, while the former deals with ideological subjects. Indeed, a liberal arts education does not necessarily include a liberal education, and a liberal arts program may even be as specialized as a vocational program. For practical purposes, liberal education is not actually differentiated from liberal arts education today, except by scholars.
229:. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, liberal education focused mostly on the classics. Commoners, however, were not too keen on studying the classics, so they instead took up vernacular languages and literature, and also the sciences. Until at least the twentieth century, both humanist and classicist influences remained in the liberal education, and proponents of a
298:, where a journalism course combines lessons on writing style with reading and analyzing historical journalism. An American survey of CEOs published in 1997 revealed that employers were more focused on the long-term outcomes of education, such as adaptability, than college students and their parents, who were more concerned with the short-term outcomes of getting a job.
58:. It has been described as "a philosophy of education that empowers individuals with broad knowledge and transferable skills, and a stronger sense of values, ethics, and civic engagement ... characterized by challenging encounters with important issues, and more a way of studying than a specific course or field of study" by the
145:
Unlike a professional and vocational education that prepares students for their careers, a liberal education prepares students to utilize their leisure time. Such an education helps the individual navigate internal and external conflicts in life. For example, a liberal education aims to help students
293:
Thirty percent of college graduates in the United States may eventually work in jobs that do not exist yet. Proponents of a liberal education therefore argue that a postsecondary education must prepare students for an increasingly complex labor market. Rather than provide narrowly designed technical
277:
still required students to pursue a common curriculum, whereas public universities allowed a student to move on to more pragmatic courses after having taken general education courses for the first two years of study. As an emphasis on specialized knowledge grew in the middle of the century, colleges
116:
It also cultivates "active citizenship" through off-campus community service, internships, research, and study abroad. Some faculty see this movement towards "civic engagement" as more pedagogically powerful than traditional classroom teaching, but opponents argue that the education occurring within
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points out, standardized testing has placed more emphasis on honing technical knowledge, and its quantitative, multiple-choice nature prompts rote learning in the classroom. At the same time, humanistic concepts such as imagination and critical thinking, which cannot be tested by such methods, are
322:
The disappearance of liberal education can also be traced to
Liberal Art Colleges. Students are beginning to view higher education as a preparation for careers. This has then led to the natural selection of colleges. The thought of having education that instructs to enhance the individual for the
112:
describes a liberal education in this way: "Ideally, a liberal education produces persons who are open-minded and free from provincialism, dogma, preconception, and ideology; conscious of their opinions and judgments; reflective of their actions; and aware of their place in the social and natural
318:
Currently, pressures from employers, parents and governments have defined the type of education offered at educational institutions. Such trends have curtailed the role of education offered in
America. Universities have now provided education for the sole purpose to prepare students for the
162:
Definitions of a liberal education may be broad, generalized, and sometimes even contradictory. "It is at once the most enduring and changeable of academic traditions." Axelrod, Anisef, and Lin suggest that conceptions of liberal education are rooted in the teaching methods of
306:
As of 2009, said only eight percent of colleges provide a liberal education to four percent of students in the United States. Liberal education revived three times in the United States during periods of industrialization and shifts of social preoccupations—before
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moved towards more professional teaching in the nineteenth century, and unlike
American students, who still pursued a liberal education, students elsewhere started to take professional courses in the first or second year of study. In the early twentieth century,
294:
courses, a liberal education would foster critical thinking and analytical skills that allow the student to adapt to a rapidly changing workforce. The movement towards career-oriented courses within a liberal education has begun at places like
104:
from 1949 to 1955, defined the liberal education his institution sought to provide as "something you can enjoy for its own sake, something which is a personal possession and an inward enrichment, and something which teaches a sense of values".
195:
was a liberal educator, as "he was talking of a free man capable of thinking for himself and of being a responsible citizen," but liberal education is still commonly traced back to the Greeks.
167:, a slave-owning community divided between slaves and freemen. The freemen, mostly concerned about their rights and obligations as citizens, received a non-specialized, non-vocational,
338:
has implemented a collegiate system since the establishment of the university in 1960s and since then, it has been known for its emphasis in general education in greater China.
146:
be self-conscious and aware of their actions and motivations. Individuals also become more considerate for other beliefs and cultures. According to James Engel, the author of
323:
purpose of improving society does not meet current demands. Thus, as a result, Liberal Art
Colleges are diminishing along with the emphasis on providing a liberal education.
113:
worlds." Liberally educated people are skeptical of their own traditions; they are trained to think for themselves rather than conform to higher authorities.
252:
While liberal education is a
Western movement, it has been influential in other regions as well. For example, in Japan during the general liberalism of the
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Chinese universities began to implement liberal curricula between the 1920s and 1940s, but shifted to specialized education upon the establishment of the
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206:. The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries saw a revolt against narrow spirituality and educators started to focus on the human, rather than God. This
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started to offer a liberal education curriculum to its undergraduate students, followed by other institutions throughout the country. In Hong Kong,
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education also provided a balance between developing the mind and the body. Another possibility is that liberal education dates back to the
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256:, there was a liberal education movement that saw the establishment of a number of schools based on liberal education in the 1920s – see
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Freeland, Richard M. (Winter 2009). "Liberal
Education and Effective Practice: The Necessary Revolution in Undergraduate Education".
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which provides broad exposure to multiple disciplines and learning strategies in addition to in-depth study in at least one
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785:"Against All Odds? The Enduring Value of Liberal Education in Universities, Professions, and the Labour Market"
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began to adjust the proportion of required general education courses to those required for a particular major.
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202:, it rose to prominence once again in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, especially with the re-emergence of
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245:. Upon Hutchins' resignation, the university got rid of the program, but an adapted version still exists at
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315:, and in the late 1970s—perhaps as a reaction against overspecialization in undergraduate curricula.
86:
101:
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Xin, Chen (2004). "Social
Changes and the Revival of Liberal Education in China since the 1990s".
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education that produced well-rounded citizens aware of their place in society. At the same time,
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Fong, Bobby (Winter 2004). "Looking
Forward: Liberal Education in the 21st Century".
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in 1949. Higher education reform in the 1990s returned to liberal education. In 2000
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A liberal education provides the framework for an educated and thoughtful citizen
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Liberal education and professional education have often been seen as divergent.
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focused on propriety, morality, and social order. Hoerner also suggests that
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Shoenberg, Robert (Winter 2009). "How Not to Defend
Liberal Arts Colleges".
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19:"Liberal Education" redirects here. For the journal Liberal Education, see
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Liberal education was advocated in the 19th century by thinkers such as
1148:. The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. X, January/October 1885.
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951:. In Bourguignon, François; Elkana, Yehúda; Pleskovič, Boris (eds.).
949:"Teaching and Research in Modern Economics in the Russian Federation"
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is a system or course of education suitable for the cultivation of a
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an academic institution must be purely intellectual and scholarly.
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While liberal education was stifled during the barbarism of the
1001:(1). Association of American Colleges and Universities: 56–59.
401:. College of Letters & Science, UC Berkeley. Archived from
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934:(3). Association of American Colleges and Universities: 6–13.
926:(Summer 2009). "Education for Profit, Education for Freedom".
847:(1). Association of American Colleges and Universities: 6–13.
826:(1). Association of American Colleges and Universities: 8–13.
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Capacity building in economics education and research
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
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136:in the modern sense should not be confused with
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345:have started offering Liberal Arts Education.
976:The Liberal Art of Science: Agenda for Action
66:in scope, it can include a general education
545:. Harvard College Admissions. Archived from
860:Geary Schneider, Carol (August 10, 2009).
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290:disappearing from college curricula.
148:The Value of a Liberal Arts Education
1022:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
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903:Jaschik, Scott (November 21, 2004).
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789:Canadian Journal of Higher Education
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862:"In Defense Of A Liberal Education"
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42:) human being. It is based on the
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1145:"What is a Liberal Education?"
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425:"What is Liberal Education?"
341:Some of the universities in
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241:brought this program to the
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1072:Di Leo, Jeffrey R. (2011).
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50:or, more commonly now, the
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880:Hoerner, James L. (1970).
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399:"A Liberal Arts Education"
328:People's Republic of China
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187:, where the teachings of
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1014:Van Doren, Mark (1943).
1167:Philosophy of education
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204:Aristotelian philosophy
100:, the Principal of the
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283:University of Chicago
243:University of Chicago
231:progressive education
102:Working Men's College
62:. Usually global and
671:Geary Schneider 2009
347:Ahmedabad University
98:Wilfred Griffin Eady
56:Age of Enlightenment
924:Nussbaum, Martha C.
889:University of Miami
549:on 10 October 2013.
405:on 15 December 2012
270:German universities
1049:10.1007/bf03026274
947:Ofer, Gur (2007).
1018:Liberal Education
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928:Liberal Education
841:Liberal Education
820:Liberal Education
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743:Kiener 2013
309:World War I
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866:Forbes.com
409:9 December
385:References
285:professor
219:humanities
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258:大正自由教育運動
215:Classics
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