115:. Often, new words are explicitly or indirectly signalled by an author, for instance apologizing for a neologism or unfamiliar term, or adding quotation marks. Neologisms are sometimes introduced via morphological calques, e.g. translating a word from a source language into the target language on a morpheme-for-morpheme basis. This produces lexically precise renditions of foreign terms in the native language.
216:, and other kinds of linguistic devices to introduce new meanings to words. This often occurs due to language contact. So Ullmann noted on his discussion of polysemy: ââSemantic borrowingâ, as it is usually called, will be particularly frequent where there is intimate contact between two languages one of which serves as a model to the other.' An example is the use of the familiar abstract noun
278:
In a similar vein, while many modern languages have directly imported technological terms such as 'computer' into their lexicon (e.g. Danish, Dutch, Italian), others have avoided the
English term entirely and relied on neologisms based on native morphemic material of their language or existing terms
315:
This phenomenon is an ancient one, proving to be decisive in the origins of
Western Europe's philosophical and scientific vocabulary, for example. Many of the Ancient Greeks' original neologisms and novel meanings came to generate continual and permanent influence on Latin writers and, thence, on
311:
predominantly arise in more literary modes, such as epic poetry or drama (tragic or comic, etc.) rather than technical prose. Instead, novel technical terms are introduced most commonly as a result of language contact, e.g. the influence of a source language on a target language (Ancient Greek on
254:
It is sometimes the case that a given author consciously avoids loan-words or the creation of neologisms (where a term is lacking in her language) and instead aims to rely more upon the existing resources of her native lexicon. This was the case in
Ancient Rome, where Latin authors were often
193:
in the late 1920s and became a label of the official government policy in South Africa from 1947 onwards. The official
English synonym was 'separate development' (1955), however this never became productive among sociologists or political theorists, who instead simply adopted the loan-word in
312:
Latin, German on
English, etc.). This novelty is not always formal, e.g. neologisms or loan-words, but conceptual too, augmenting the existing meaning of words in the target language so as to accommodate or include new concepts introduced exogenously into the target language's lexicon.
263:'and you ought to avoid a word that is strange and unfamiliar as if it were a rock'). Such attitudes, common among Roman elites, led to a preference in translation techniques against literalism or fidelity to the source (e.g. neologisms,
62:
in terminology in the
English language for different concepts over time. Many novel terms or meanings in a language are created as a result of translation from a source language, in which certain concepts were first introduced (e.g. from
194:
English. Vinay and
Debelnet (1995, 31) describe borrowing as a means âto overcome a lacuna, usually a metalinguistic one (e.g. a new technical process, an unknown concept)â and âis the simplest of all translation methodsâ.
271:, etc.). This practice changed dramatically over time, as later Latin authors favored literal translation techniques when introducing new technical terms into the language, e.g.
224:
and denoted the transfer of property, or more precisely, ownership of property, hence 'alienating' property from oneself to another. The term became an equivalent to Karl Marx's
220:
in
English to refer to sociological analysis of labor rights in areas such as economics. The term had been a common legal term in English, derived from Latin
167:'the pursuit of knowledge' but reverts to using the more compact Greek term throughout his works. As another example in modern parlance, in the fields of
303:
Innovation in a given language, most particularly in the prose of specialized subjects, does not normally occur in a vacuum; that is, so-called
232:, thus the English term came to take on a novel meaning, or rather, had its original meaning augmented to include this Marxist concept.
153:, although very much aware of style and proper Latin diction, seems at ease at using the term throughout his works. In his book, the
396:
Philosophia
Translata: The Development of Latin Philosophical Vocabulary through Translation of Greek. A Case Study Approach.
267:, etc.), and in favor of a more conceptual renovation using the existing terms of the Latin lexicon (semantic augmentation,
46:. Most commonly, this is found in technical disciplines where new concepts require names, which often takes the form of
17:
225:
129:
Sometimes, technical terms are simply imported from another language to fill a lacuna in the target language's
452:
447:
42:
or new meanings (so-called semantic augmentation) in order to introduce new terms into a language's
268:
155:
124:
308:
8:
59:
325:
168:
83:, i.e. a completely new lexical item in the lexicon. For example, in the philosopher
31:
275:' technical translations of Aristotle's logical works in the early 6th century A.D.
84:
401:
Powell, J.G.F. (1995). âCiceroâs
Translations from Greek,â in J.G.F. Powell (ed.)
249:
236:
209:
203:
142:
87:'s native German, he introduced neologisms to describe various concepts in his
79:
A straightforward method of introducing new terms in a language is to create a
441:
68:
134:
298:
304:
55:
107:, etc.). Neologisms can be formed from native elements of a language (
177:
172:
80:
51:
39:
408:
Renouf, A. and L. Bauer (2000). âContextual Clues to Word-making,â
272:
244:
240:
213:
182:
112:
108:
88:
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local languages across Europe in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
130:
43:
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The phrase semantic augmentation is a broad label that includes
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261:
ut tamquam scopulum, sic fugias inauditum atque insolens verbum
250:
Lexical innovation through translation: sociolinguistic factors
150:
47:
255:
reticent to introduce foreign words from Greek (e.g. Caesar's
138:
64:
283:, which literally means 'electric brain'; or Icelandic
99:, for instance; both derived from common German words
299:
Importance of lexical innovation in technical writing
111:
material, suffixes, affixes, etc.), or directly from
424:
Semantics. An Introduction to the Science of Meaning
74:
439:
30:In linguistics, specifically the sub-field of
431:Comparative Stylistics of French and English
410:International Journal of Corpus Linguistics
197:
429:Vinay, J.-P. and Darbelnet, J. (1995).
14:
440:
419:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
67:'s Ancient Greek into Latin or from
24:
133:. For instance, in antiquity, the
50:. For example, in the subjects of
25:
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75:Lexical innovation via neologism
387:
374:
365:
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353:Renouf and Bauer (2000, 232f).
347:
338:
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1:
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362:Cf. Dowson (2023), Chapter 2
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7:
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10:
469:
234:
201:
122:
433:. Amsterdam-Philadelphia.
137:felt no need to create a
71:'s German into English).
159:(1.1), Cicero refers to
58:, there is an increased
380:Cf. Dowson (2023, 300).
125:Borrowing (linguistics)
403:Cicero the Philosopher
344:See e.g. Sornig (1981)
175:, the well-known term
163:with the Latin phrase
27:Concept in linguistics
398:Brill: Leiden-Boston.
394:Dowson, C.J. (2023).
265:morphological calques
198:Semantic augmentation
156:Tusculan Disputations
422:Ullmann, S. (1964).
226:theory of alienation
149:and authors such as
38:includes the use of
453:Applied linguistics
415:Sornig, K. (1981).
371:Ullmann (1964, 165)
214:metaphorical usages
210:semantic extensions
417:Lexical Innovation
405:. Oxford, 273â300.
141:equivalent of the
36:lexical innovation
18:Lexical Innovation
448:Lexical semantics
326:Linguistic purism
169:political science
165:studio sapientiae
34:, the concept of
32:lexical semantics
16:(Redirected from
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381:
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305:nonce-formations
181:originated as a
60:technicalization
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295:'prophetess').
287:âa compound of
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237:Semantic change
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204:Language change
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185:from Afrikaans
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28:
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279:(e.g. Chinese
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202:Main article:
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189:+ the suffix -
123:Main article:
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291:'number' and
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412:5: 231â258.
309:compounding
257:De Analogia
230:Entfremdung
161:philosophia
147:philosophia
442:Categories
332:References
269:derivation
235:See also:
218:alienation
113:loan-words
56:philosophy
426:. Oxford.
222:alienatio
178:apartheid
173:sociology
119:Loanwords
109:morphemic
85:Heidegger
81:neologism
52:sociology
40:neologism
320:See also
273:Boethius
259:1.10.4:
245:Metonymy
241:Metaphor
183:loanword
89:ontology
131:lexicon
97:Mitsein
44:lexicon
243:, and
151:Cicero
135:Romans
93:Dasein
48:jargon
293:völva
285:tölva
187:apart
143:Greek
139:Latin
65:Plato
307:and
289:tala
191:heid
171:and
105:sein
103:and
95:and
69:Kant
228:or
145:'s
54:or
444::
281:ç”è
239:,
212:,
101:da
91:(
20:)
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