2617:
essential being. During work, the worker is miserable, unhappy and drained of their energy, work "mortifies his body and ruins his mind." The production content, direction and form are imposed by the capitalist. The worker is being controlled and told what to do since they do not own the means of production they have no say in production, "labour is external to the worker, i.e. it does not belong to his essential being. A person's mind should be free and conscious, instead it is controlled and directed by the capitalist, "the external character of labour for the worker appears in the fact that it is not his own but someone else's, that it does not belong to him, that in it he belongs, not to himself, but to another." This means he cannot freely and spontaneously create according to his own directive as labour's form and direction belong to someone else.
3038:
feels annihilated, this means that they cease to exist in estrangement; it sees in it its own powerlessness and in the reality of an inhuman existence. It is, to use an expression of Hegel, in its abasement, the indignation at that abasement, an indignation to which it is necessarily driven by the contradiction between its human nature and its condition of life, which is the outright, resolute and comprehensive negation of that nature. Within this antithesis, the private property-owner is therefore the conservative side, and the proletarian the destructive side. From the former arises the action of preserving the antithesis, from the latter the action of annihilating it.
2647:
emotional connections with other people, with society. The psychic value of a human consists in being able to conceive (think) of the ends of their actions as purposeful ideas, which are distinct from the actions required to realise a given idea. That is, humans are able to objectify their intentions by means of an idea of themselves as "the subject" and an idea of the thing that they produce, "the object." Conversely, unlike a human being, an animal does not objectify itself as "the subject" nor its products as ideas, "the object," because an animal engages in directly self-sustaining actions that have neither a future intention, nor a
2858:
2238:
2608:) of the worker results from the unmediated relation between his productive labour and the wages paid to him for the labour. The worker is alienated from the means of production via two forms: wage compulsion and the imposed production content. The worker is bound to unwanted labour as a means of survival, labour is not "voluntary but coerced" (forced labour). The worker is only able to reject wage compulsion at the expense of their life and that of their family. The distribution of
2921:
158:
2672:), societal existence is conditioned by their relationships with the people and things that facilitate survival, which is fundamentally dependent upon cooperation with others, thus, a person's consciousness is determined inter-subjectively (collectively), not subjectively (individually), because humans are a social animal. In the course of history, to ensure individual survival societies have organised themselves into groups who have different, basic relationships to the
2577:
2442:
subjectively but not objectively alienated. They reject the modern social world because it appears to them as not a home, even though it objectively is. Hegel sees acceptance that subjective alienation is a persistent feature of modern social life as part of the task of becoming reconciled to the modern social world. He wishes not to reform or change the institutions of the modern social world, but to change the way in which society is understood by its members.
25:
2262:
122:
2250:
2726:) of the worker and so rendered each individual into a mechanistic part of an industrialised system of production, from being a person capable of defining their value through direct, purposeful activity. Moreover, the near-total mechanisation and automation of the industrial production system would allow the (newly) dominant
2564:. Furthermore, with such a reified system of industrial production, the profit (exchange value) generated by the sale of the goods and services (products) that could be paid to the workers is instead paid to the capitalist classes: the functional capitalist, who manages the means of production; and the
2775:
differentiated by the degree of each worker's abilities, the purpose of the communist system of industrial production will be determined by the collective requirements of society, not by the profit-oriented demands of a capitalist social class who live at the expense of the greater society. Under the
2616:
The worker "oes not feel content but unhappy, does not develop freely his physical and mental energy but mortifies his body and ruins his mind. The worker therefore only feels himself outside his work, and in his work feels outside himself;" "abor is external to the worker," it is not a part of their
2730:
capitalist social class to exploit the working class to the degree that the value obtained from their labour would diminish the ability of the worker to materially survive. As a result of this exploitation, when the proletarian working-class become a sufficiently developed political force, they will
3037:
The propertied class and the class of the proletariat present the same human self-estrangement. But the former class feels at ease and strengthened in this self-estrangement, it recognises estrangement as its own power, and has in it the semblance of a human existence. The class of the proletariat
2335:
The theoretical basis of alienation is that a worker invariably loses the ability to determine life and destiny when deprived of the right to think (conceive) of themselves as the director of their own actions; to determine the character of these actions; to define relationships with other people;
2779:
of the means of production, the relation of each worker to the mode of production will be identical and will assume the character that corresponds to the universal interests of the communist society. The direct distribution of the fruits of the labour of each worker to fulfil the interests of the
2612:
in the hands of wealth owners, combined with government enforced taxes compel workers to labour. In a capitalist world, our means of survival is based on monetary exchange, therefore we have no other choice than to sell our labour power and consequently be bound to the demands of the capitalist.
2552:. That is, the capitalist gains control of the manual and intellectual workers and the benefits of their labour, with a system of industrial production that converts this labour into concrete products (goods and services) that benefit the consumer. Moreover, the capitalist production system also
2947:
Feuerbach believes the alienation of modern individuals consists in their holding false beliefs about God. God is not an objective being, but is instead a projection of man's own essential predicates. Christian belief entails the sacrifice, the practical denial or repression, of essential human
2719:
Despite the ideological promise of industrialisation—that the mechanisation of industrial production would raise the mass of the workers from a brutish life of subsistence existence to honourable work—the division of labour inherent to the capitalist mode of production thwarted the human nature
2655:
does not exist independently of specific, historically conditioned activities, the essential nature of a human being is actualised when an individual— within their given historical circumstance— is free to subordinate their will to the internal demands they have imposed upon themselves by their
2646:
describes the intrinsic human mental essence that is characterised by a "plurality of interests" and "psychological dynamism," whereby every individual has the desire and the tendency to engage in the many activities that promote mutual human survival and psychological well-being, by means of
2441:
People are subjectively alienated in two cases: 1) when the world they inhabit is a home but they fail to understand this; 2) when the world they inhabit is not a home, yet they believe it to be. Hegel believes the first of these two cases to be the most common cause of alienation. People are
2774:
productive labour of one worker and the consumption benefit derived from that production will not be determined by or directed to the narrow interests of a bourgeois capitalist class, but instead will be directed to meet the needs of each producer and consumer. Although production will be
2426:
People are objectively alienated if the social world they inhabit is not a home. Individuals may live in a world that is not a home without experiencing feelings of alienation. Conversely, they may experience feelings that the world is not a home while also accepting this experience as a
2792:
that can be traded in the competitive labour-market, rather than as a constructive socio-economic activity that is part of the collective common effort performed for personal survival and the betterment of society. In a capitalist economy, the businesses who own the
2336:
and to own those items of value from goods and services, produced by their own labour. Although the worker is an autonomous, self-realised human being, as an economic entity this worker is directed to goals and diverted to activities that are dictated by the
2770:"job" meant to extract maximal profit from individual labour as determined by and dictated under the capitalist mode of production. In the classless, collectively-managed communist society, the exchange of value between the
2780:
working class—and thus to an individual's own interest and benefit— will constitute an un-alienated state of labour conditions, which restores to the worker the fullest exercise and determination of their human nature.
2751:, the fundamental relation of the workers to the means of production would be equal and non-conflictual because there would be no artificial distinctions about the value of a worker's labour; the worker's humanity (
2596:, the generation of products (goods and services) is accomplished with an endless sequence of discrete, repetitive motions that offer the worker little psychological satisfaction for "a job well done." By means of
2507:
Marx distinguishes four results of alienated labour: alienated labour alienates the worker, first, from the product of his labour; second, from his own activity; third, from what Marx, following
Feuerbach, calls
2635:('species-essence' or 'human nature'), of individuals is not discrete (separate and apart) from their activity as a worker and as such species-essence also comprises all of innate human potential as a person.
2979:
Things have now come to such a pass that the individuals must appropriate the existing totality of productive forces, not only to achieve self-activity, but also, merely, to safeguard their very existence.
3011:
discusses and describes the existence of the desire for self-activity and self-actualisation among wage-labour workers struggling to achieve the elementary goals of material life in a capitalist economy.
2684:
the goal of the owner-class was to economically benefit as much as possible from the labour of the working class. In the course of economic development when a new type of economy displaced an old type of
2944:, are pre-occupied with the problem of alienation. In these works, Feuerbach argues that an inappropriate separation of individuals from their essential human nature is at the heart of Christianity.
3977:
2763:
2556:
labour into the "concrete" concept of "work" (a job), for which the worker is paid wages— at the lowest-possible rate— that maintain a maximum rate of return on the capitalist's
2900:('spirit'), by which men and women progress from ignorance to knowledge of the self and of the world. Developing Hegel's human-spirit proposition, Marx said that those poles of
2983:
That humans psychologically require the life activities that lead to their self-actualisation as persons remains a consideration of secondary historical relevance because the
429:
399:
2520:
The design of the product and how it is produced are determined, not by the producers who make it (the workers), nor by the consumers of the product (the buyers), but by the
2805:
provokes social conflict by pitting worker against worker in a competition for "higher wages", thereby alienating them from their mutual economic interests; the effect is a
4249:
4210:
3985:
3719:
2704:(the means of production) that made possible the change in the relations of production. Likewise, there occurred a corresponding rearrangement of the human nature (
4241:
2465:, workers are alienated from their labour - they cannot decide on their own productive activities, nor can they use or own the value of what they produce. In the "
219:
4257:
2332:. The alienation from the self is a consequence of being a mechanistic part of a social class, the condition of which estranges a person from their humanity.
2393:(1845) that even the idea of 'humanity' is an alienating concept for individuals to intellectually consider in its full philosophic implication. Marx and
4068:
2766:. Hence, each worker could direct their labour to productive work suitable to their own innate abilities, rather than be forced into a narrowly defined,
2445:
People are completely alienated if they are both subjectively and objectively alienated. Where Hegel believes this to be a condition unique to people in
4120:
1685:
2676:. One societal group (class) owned and controlled the means of production while another societal class worked the means of production and in the
42:
2948:
characteristics. Feuerbach characterises his own work as having a therapeutic goal – healing the painful separation at the heart of alienation.
2984:
2740:
2593:
544:
4186:
179:
89:
4265:
4044:
4014:
3321:
2503:
2353:
174:
61:
3632:
2438:
do. Hegel views both of these conditions as evils, because people have a deep and abiding need to inhabit a social world that is a home.
4052:
3992:
319:
194:
2415:, indicate that people are "alienated" because they are not at home in the modern social world. There are three forms of alienation:
2292:
68:
3672:
1118:
1100:
529:
75:
4113:
3886:
3560:
3510:
3481:
2489:
during the activity, but also, when looking at the object, I would have the individual pleasure of knowing my personality to
2013:
1940:
389:
2712:
of the owner-class and of the working-class, which allowed each group of people to accept and to function in the rearranged
1490:
2411:
The terms
Entfremdung ("alienation" or "estrangement") and Entäusserung ("externalisation" or "alienation"), derived from
57:
2797:
establish a competitive labour-market meant to extract from the worker as much labour (value) as possible in the form of
931:
519:
344:
274:
249:
3726:
4167:
3620:
4225:
3538:
3460:
3287:
3232:
758:
414:
364:
108:
2999:
for survival. Yet, social alienation remains a practical concern, especially among the contemporary philosophers of
2317:
2071:
2018:
683:
329:
4105:
1525:
1075:
773:
651:
354:
254:
209:
2877:
For Hegel, alienation consists in an "unhappy consciousness". By this term, Hegel means a misunderstood form of
3472:
Jaeggi, Rahel (2014). "Marx and
Heidegger: Two Versions of Alienation Critique". In Neuhoser, Frederick (ed.).
2908:, whereby "spiritual ignorance" becomes "alienation" and "self-understanding" becomes man's realisation of his
571:
469:
359:
284:
46:
2841:
The concept of alienation does not originate with Marx. Marx's two main influences in his use of the term are
673:
3401:
3089:
2862:
2842:
2412:
2285:
1820:
723:
492:
379:
3113:
2744:
2581:
1495:
1375:
549:
464:
309:
82:
157:
4284:
4194:
2960:
2890:
2371:
2003:
1805:
1275:
409:
334:
229:
3418:
4202:
1775:
1750:
1675:
1038:
836:
279:
4323:
4292:
4076:
4029:
3879:
3279:
2544:) broadly describes the conversion of labour (work as an activity), which is performed to generate a
2524:
who besides accommodating the worker's manual labour also accommodate the intellectual labour of the
1915:
922:
806:
524:
424:
384:
314:
299:
2379:, which states that the idea of a supernatural god has alienated the natural characteristics of the
4333:
3075:
of the "philosophy of the subject," which he criticised as the "bourgeois ideology of philosophy".
2416:
2278:
2008:
374:
294:
244:
3533:. Translated by Livingstone, Rodney; Benton, Gregory. London: Penguin Classics. pp. 279–400.
2700:—the rearranged economic order of the social classes favoured the social class who controlled the
693:
4328:
4159:
4098:
4084:
4037:
3942:
3813:
3526:
2964:
2870:
2822:
2802:
2732:
2677:
2173:
2153:
986:
718:
601:
454:
419:
239:
234:
189:
35:
2829:) of the worker from their humanity; it is a socio-economic role independent of religion being "
2540:. Aside from the workers having no control over the design-and-production protocol, alienation (
4143:
4000:
3934:
3025:
2988:
2561:
2101:
1425:
831:
763:
753:
741:
4091:
3926:
3104:
2771:
2697:
2553:
1245:
1090:
666:
474:
394:
339:
3693:
2857:
2758:
In the communist socio-economic organisation, the relations of production would operate the
4233:
3872:
3654:
3068:
3048:
2830:
2776:
2497:. ... Our products would be so many mirrors in which we saw reflected our essential nature.
2158:
2111:
2106:
2091:
2081:
2048:
2023:
1910:
1885:
1785:
1500:
1070:
885:
841:
646:
611:
561:
503:
349:
224:
214:
167:
3864:
955:
459:
8:
4151:
4022:
4007:
3730:
3642:. 2006. "Does "Alienation" Have a Future? – Recapturing the Core of Critical Theory." In
3100:
3084:
3029:(1845), Marx said that capitalists and proletarians are equally alienated, but that each
2971:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2764:
each worker according to their abilities and benefit each worker according to their needs
2736:
2673:
2529:
2466:
2399:
2389:
2341:
2217:
2168:
1870:
1690:
1180:
821:
801:
796:
688:
678:
626:
616:
534:
514:
369:
289:
184:
3822:
3615:
3228:"Capitalism and alienation: Towards a Marxist theory of alienation for the 21st century"
3137:
1625:
606:
3961:
3094:
2759:
2604:
of the worker is reduced to wages (an exchange value); the psychological estrangement (
2565:
2557:
2537:
2462:
2325:
2230:
2212:
2190:
2116:
2053:
2043:
1998:
1993:
1950:
1655:
1380:
1350:
1215:
1185:
1045:
871:
851:
791:
539:
442:
404:
264:
3063:(goal-oriented) interpretation of Marx's theory of alienation because it rendered the
1705:
4300:
3556:
3534:
3506:
3477:
3456:
3283:
3072:
3008:
2996:
2814:
2748:
2665:
2533:
2309:
2254:
2183:
2143:
2121:
1850:
1835:
1815:
1405:
1325:
1250:
1060:
991:
965:
917:
846:
826:
698:
661:
641:
631:
621:
594:
556:
499:
2932:(1841) and according to him divinity is humanity's projection of their human nature.
1645:
1550:
1485:
1435:
1300:
3900:
3848:
3498:
3251:
3241:
3000:
2925:
2846:
2686:
2656:
imagination and not the external demands imposed upon individuals by other people.
2609:
2521:
2394:
2376:
2266:
2242:
2178:
2163:
1955:
1890:
1790:
1725:
1700:
1650:
1615:
1575:
1410:
1370:
1335:
1225:
1205:
1155:
1150:
1130:
1085:
1055:
1001:
950:
945:
912:
811:
768:
713:
656:
259:
141:
3809:
1965:
133:(alienation of labour) as Labourers not owning the products they labour to create.
3840:
3777:
3747:
3714:
3578:
3056:
2817:. Furthermore, in the capitalist mode of production the philosophic collusion of
2597:
2576:
2450:
2435:
2195:
2086:
2038:
2033:
1945:
1880:
1860:
1800:
1695:
1670:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1590:
1545:
1535:
1400:
1340:
1295:
1260:
1240:
1200:
1175:
1021:
940:
636:
566:
304:
4217:
3108:
1605:
3767:
3760:
3590:
3118:
2969:
In Part I: "Feuerbach – Opposition of the
Materialist and Idealist Outlook" of
2549:
2536:
of the consumer to buy the goods and services at a price that yields a maximal
2200:
2028:
1930:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1760:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1680:
1660:
1600:
1595:
1580:
1565:
1555:
1475:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1355:
1330:
1320:
1315:
1290:
1280:
1255:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1135:
816:
748:
703:
479:
324:
3246:
3227:
2473:
Let us suppose that we had carried out production as human beings . . . In my
1455:
4317:
3704:
3689:
3604:
3548:
3502:
3495:
The Young Karl Marx: German
Philosophy, Modern Politics and Human Flourishing
2722:
2648:
2631:
2509:
2345:
1895:
1765:
1755:
1665:
1540:
1420:
1395:
1390:
1360:
1285:
1190:
1140:
1065:
1050:
996:
970:
728:
509:
3844:
16:
Social theory claiming that capitalism alienates workers from their humanity
3755:
3661:
3030:
2937:
2920:
2878:
2767:
2709:
2693:
2446:
2428:
2420:
2329:
2138:
1960:
1935:
1900:
1830:
1825:
1810:
1795:
1745:
1735:
1585:
1570:
1560:
1510:
1480:
1465:
1450:
1415:
1235:
1195:
1145:
1095:
1016:
960:
2881:, or a Christianity that hasn't been interpreted according to Hegel's own
3978:
The
Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature
3916:
3856:
3639:
3433:
Bullock, Allan, and
Stephen Trombley, eds. 1999. "Alienation." Pp. 22 in
3256:
3064:
2992:
2905:
2810:
2727:
2669:
2601:
2384:
2380:
2337:
1975:
1920:
1875:
1770:
1715:
1640:
1470:
1460:
1365:
1345:
1305:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1011:
708:
581:
269:
204:
3334:
2548:(the product), into a commodity, which—like products—can be assigned an
4060:
3649:
3627:
3402:"Part I: Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook"
2941:
2701:
1970:
1780:
1610:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1385:
1310:
1270:
1265:
1105:
905:
880:
576:
199:
3896:
3522:
3276:
Revolutionary
Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China
3060:
2882:
2809:, which is a form of ideological control exercised by the capitalist
2789:
2689:
2545:
2365:
theory—of estrangement from the self. Philosophically, the theory of
2358:
2205:
2148:
2096:
2076:
1905:
1530:
1125:
1080:
890:
126:
2904:— "spiritual ignorance" and "self-understanding"— are replaced with
24:
3583:
2936:
The middle-period writings of Ludwig
Feuerbach, where he critiques
2901:
2894:(1807), Hegel described the stages in the development of the human
2866:
2818:
2525:
2131:
2126:
1925:
1006:
2928:(1804–1872) analysed religion from a psychological perspective in
2620:
3969:
3668:. — discusses alienation and the related concept of human nature.
900:
149:
3740:
Lukács' The Young Hegel and
Origins of the Concept of Alienation
3684:
The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium
121:
895:
2261:
430:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
2896:
2825:
facilitates the realisation and then worsens the alienation (
2585:
2836:
2788:
Capitalism reduces the labour of the worker to a commercial
2755:) thus respected, men and women would not become alienated.
2348:
in the course of business competition among industrialists.
4250:
Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy
4211:
The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man
3986:
The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law
3894:
2588:
after a state law reduced the work week from 56 to 54 hours
2584:, Massachusetts, United States, called when owners reduced
2453:, Marx sees this as the condition of contemporary society.
2431:
2344:—in order to extract from the worker the maximum amount of
400:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
3748:
Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society
3720:
Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory
3381:
3354:
3171:
3144:
4242:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State
3371:
3369:
3161:
3159:
3453:
Hegel's Social Philosophy: the Project of Reconciliation
3055:) or "materialism of the encounter," French philosopher
2951:
220:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4258:
A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity
3366:
3207:
3183:
3156:
3798:
Wood, Allen W. "Part I: Alienation of Karl Marx." In
3344:
3342:
3682:
Langman, Lauren, and Devorah K. Fishman, eds. 2006.
3296:
3195:
2664:
Whatever the character of a person's consciousness (
4069:
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3497:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3455:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3339:
3609:Alienation and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx
2456:
2397:responded to these philosophical propositions in
4315:
2852:
2580:Strikers confronted by soldiers during the 1912
3071:of history; an interpretation tainted with the
3015:
3005:The Marxist-Humanist Theory of State-Capitalism
3791:— an introduction to the concept and types of
2801:. The capitalist economy's arrangement of the
4187:The Condition of the Working Class in England
4121:Marx's notebooks on the history of technology
3880:
3666:Marx and Human Nature: Refutation of a Legend
3476:. Columbia University Press. pp. 11–21.
2571:
2532:who create the product in order to shape the
2504:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
2324:, 'species-essence') as a consequence of the
2286:
180:The Condition of the Working Class in England
4266:Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany
4015:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
3435:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
3322:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
3033:experiences alienation in a different form:
2354:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
175:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
3630:1977. "Alienation and Fetishism." Ch. 5 in
4053:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
3887:
3873:
2659:
2515:
2469:" (1844), Marx explained alienation thus:
2293:
2279:
320:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
195:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
3255:
3245:
3225:
2837:Philosophical significance and influences
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4045:The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850
3633:Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence
3527:"Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts"
3450:
3213:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3150:
2919:
2856:
2575:
120:
3993:Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right
3492:
3387:
3375:
3360:
3269:
3267:
3201:
2512:; and fourth, from other human beings.
4316:
3751:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3471:
3302:
2731:effect a revolution and re-orient the
2485:, and, therefore, enjoyed not only an
2406:
2328:and living in a society of stratified
1101:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
4114:Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx
3868:
3315:
3313:
3311:
2975:(1846), Karl Marx said the following:
2783:
2014:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
390:Change the World Without Taking Power
129:(1818–1883) identified and described
3679:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3547:
3521:
3399:
3348:
3273:
3264:
2568:, who owns the means of production.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3555:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
2915:
2491:be objective, visible to the senses
2487:individual manifestation of my life
345:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
275:Theses on the Philosophy of History
13:
4168:The Civil War in the United States
3599:Hegel's Theory of the Modern State
3571:
3424:- see under Critical Comment No. 2
3308:
2582:textile factory strike in Lawrence
2316:) of people from aspects of their
14:
4345:
4226:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific
3834:
3233:European Journal of Social Theory
2387:extended Feuerbach's analysis in
365:Time, Labor and Social Domination
125:19th-century German intellectual
3709:The Marxist Theory of Alienation
2306:Karl Marx's theory of alienation
2260:
2248:
2236:
2072:21st-century communist theorists
415:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
330:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
250:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
156:
23:
4106:Critique of the Gotha Programme
3427:
3412:
3393:
3328:
3138:"Karl Marx on alienated labour"
774:Theory of historical trajectory
652:Dictatorship of the proletariat
355:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
255:History and Class Consciousness
210:Critique of the Gotha Programme
34:needs additional citations for
3756:Alienation in American Society
3698:International Socialist Review
3673:Alienation: From Hegel to Marx
3219:
3130:
2651:intention. Whereas a person's
2457:Dimensions of alienated labour
572:Socially necessary labour time
470:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
360:The Sublime Object of Ideology
285:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
3803:Arguments of the Philosophers
3772:Karl Marx's Philosophy of Man
3451:Hardimon, Michael O. (1994).
3443:
3090:Critique of political economy
2985:capitalist mode of production
2863:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2853:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2843:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2741:capitalist mode of production
2594:capitalist mode of production
2413:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
493:Critique of political economy
58:"Marx's theory of alienation"
3124:
3114:The Society of the Spectacle
3042:
2745:communist mode of production
2696:, in turn superseded by the
2477:I would have objectified my
530:Falling profit-rate tendency
310:The Society of the Spectacle
7:
4285:Marx/Engels Collected Works
3732:Marx's Theory of Alienation
3644:The Evolution of Alienation
3595:Hegel's Philosophy of Right
3078:
2930:The Essence of Christianity
2891:The Phenomenology of Spirit
2865:(1770–1831) postulated the
2372:The Essence of Christianity
2004:Capitalism Nature Socialism
520:Concrete and abstract labor
410:Capital in the Anthropocene
335:Social Justice and the City
230:The Accumulation of Capital
10:
4350:
4203:The Peasant War in Germany
3754:Pappenheim, Fritz. 1964. "
3671:Gouldner, Alvin W. 1980. "
2958:
2638:Conceptually, in the term
2572:From the act of production
280:Dialectic of Enlightenment
4293:Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe
4276:
4178:
4133:
4077:Theories of Surplus Value
4030:The Poverty of Philosophy
3953:
3914:
3907:
3614:Blackledge, Paul. 2008. "
3280:Columbia University Press
3247:10.1177/13684310211021579
2995:until compelling them to
2955:and the theory of history
2869:that Marx countered with
2716:of production-relations.
425:Literature and Revolution
385:Late Victorian Holocausts
315:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
300:The Wretched of the Earth
4025:" (1845, published 1888)
3827:Encyclopaedia of Marxism
3815:Encyclopaedia of Marxism
3694:The Causes of Alienation
3503:10.1017/CBO9780511490606
3226:Øversveen, Emil (2022).
2961:Marx's theory of history
2831:the opiate of the masses
375:The Origin of Capitalism
245:The State and Revolution
4195:Principles of Communism
4160:The Communist Manifesto
4099:The Civil War in France
4085:Value, Price and Profit
4038:Wage Labour and Capital
3943:Das Kapital, Volume III
3845:Karl Marx on Alienation
3745:Ollman, Bertell. 1976.
3621:International Socialism
3493:Leopold, David (2007).
2965:Dialectical materialism
2871:dialectical materialism
2823:relations of production
2803:relations of production
2733:relations of production
2678:relations of production
2660:Relations of production
2560:; this is an aspect of
2516:From a worker's product
1076:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
719:Relations of production
602:Base and superstructure
455:Dialectical materialism
420:The Revolution Betrayed
240:Terrorism and Communism
235:Philosophical Notebooks
190:The Communist Manifesto
4155:(1845, published 1932)
4064:(1857, published 1939)
4018:(1844, published 1932)
4001:On the Jewish Question
3996:(1843, published 1927)
3935:Das Kapital, Volume II
3812:," Glossary of Terms.
3053:matérialisme aléatoire
3040:
2981:
2933:
2874:
2589:
2499:
2493:, and, hence, a power
2461:Marx stated that in a
2019:Historical Materialism
764:Proletarian revolution
759:Primitive accumulation
754:Historical determinism
134:
4092:The Belgian Massacres
4080:(three volumes, 1862)
3927:Das Kapital, Volume I
3035:
2977:
2923:
2860:
2698:Industrial Revolution
2579:
2471:
2255:Philosophy portal
2049:Science & Society
667:Democratic centralism
525:Factors of production
395:Caliban and the Witch
340:Women, Race and Class
124:
4234:Dialectics of Nature
3843:. 19 January 2015. "
3789:Why Read Marx Today?
3703:Mandel, Ernest, and
3655:Making Sense of Marx
3049:aleatory materialism
2777:collective ownership
2267:Socialism portal
2243:Communism portal
2112:History of communism
2107:Economic determinism
2092:Criticism of Marxism
2082:Creative destruction
842:Marxism and religion
562:Scientific socialism
465:Philosophy of nature
350:Imagined Communities
215:Dialectics of Nature
43:improve this article
4152:The German Ideology
4023:Theses on Feuerbach
4008:Notes on James Mill
3700:31(3):19–23, 49–50.
3406:The German Ideology
3400:Marx, Karl (1846).
3390:, pp. 207–208.
3363:, pp. 205–206.
3319:Marx, Karl. 1932.
3274:Qian, Ying (2024).
3180:, pp. 120–121.
3153:, pp. 119–121.
3101:class consciousness
3085:Commodity fetishism
2991:and impoverish the
2972:The German Ideology
2912:(species-essence).
2906:material categories
2807:false consciousness
2795:means of production
2747:. In the resultant
2737:means of production
2674:means of production
2530:industrial designer
2467:Notes on James Mill
2407:Forms of alienation
2400:The German Ideology
2390:The Ego and its Own
2342:means of production
1999:Capital & Class
679:False consciousness
627:Commodity fetishism
617:Class consciousness
535:Means of production
370:The Age of Extremes
290:The Long Revolution
225:What Is to Be Done?
185:The German Ideology
4269:(1896, posthumous)
3962:Scorpion and Felix
3946:(1894, posthumous)
3938:(1885, posthumous)
3853:A History of Ideas
3616:Marxism and Ethics
3335:Marx on Alienation
3095:Cultural evolution
3047:In discussion of "
2934:
2875:
2821:in justifying the
2784:From other workers
2760:mode of production
2590:
2566:rentier capitalist
2558:investment capital
2483:specific character
2463:capitalist society
2326:division of labour
2213:Worker cooperative
2191:Left-wing populism
2117:Left-wing politics
2054:Socialist Register
2044:Rethinking Marxism
837:Literary criticism
540:Mode of production
405:Capitalist Realism
265:The Black Jacobins
135:
4311:
4310:
4301:Karl Marx Library
4129:
4128:
3787:Wolff, Jonathan.
3675:." Pp. 177–98 in
3562:978-0-203-34001-1
3512:978-0-511-28935-4
3483:978-0-231-53759-9
3073:absolute idealism
3009:Raya Dunayevskaya
2997:social revolution
2815:cultural hegemony
2749:communist society
2625:(species-essence)
2303:
2302:
2144:Political ecology
2122:Marxian economics
1061:Council communism
1029:
1028:
956:Neue Marx-Lektüre
918:Regulation school
807:Cultural analysis
699:Lumpenproletariat
642:Cultural hegemony
632:Communist society
622:Classless society
557:Productive forces
295:Guerrilla Warfare
168:Theoretical works
119:
118:
111:
93:
4341:
4324:Labour economics
3912:
3911:
3901:Friedrich Engels
3889:
3882:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3849:Gillian Anderson
3841:Warburton, Nigel
3823:Ludwig Feuerbach
3778:Schacht, Richard
3727:Mészáros, István
3715:Marcuse, Herbert
3677:The Two Marxisms
3579:Althusser, Louis
3566:
3544:
3516:
3487:
3466:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3317:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3278:. New York, NY:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3249:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3023:In Chapter 4 of
3019:and social class
3001:Marxist humanism
2987:eventually will
2926:Ludwig Feuerbach
2916:Ludwig Feuerbach
2847:Ludwig Feuerbach
2710:system of values
2621:From a worker's
2610:private property
2522:capitalist class
2495:beyond all doubt
2423:, and complete.
2395:Friedrich Engels
2377:Ludwig Feuerbach
2295:
2288:
2281:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2218:Workers' council
2039:Race & Class
946:Frankfurt School
913:Neo-Gramscianism
886:Marxism–Leninism
868:
867:
812:Cultural Studies
769:World revolution
714:Private property
260:Prison Notebooks
160:
137:
136:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4334:Social theories
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4272:
4174:
4144:The Holy Family
4135:
4125:
3949:
3903:
3893:
3847:," narrated by
3837:
3832:
3768:Plamenatz, John
3591:Avineri, Shlomo
3574:
3572:Further reading
3569:
3563:
3541:
3513:
3484:
3463:
3446:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3421:The Holy Family
3417:
3413:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3329:
3318:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3272:
3265:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3081:
3057:Louis Althusser
3045:
3026:The Holy Family
3021:
2967:
2957:
2918:
2855:
2839:
2786:
2662:
2640:species-essence
2627:
2598:commodification
2574:
2518:
2459:
2451:medieval Europe
2436:existentialists
2409:
2299:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2223:
2222:
2196:Universal class
2087:Conflict theory
2067:
2059:
2058:
2034:New Left Review
1989:
1981:
1980:
1121:
1111:
1110:
1041:
1031:
1030:
941:Budapest School
865:
864:Common variants
857:
856:
787:
779:
778:
744:
734:
733:
637:Critical theory
597:
587:
586:
567:Surplus product
495:
485:
484:
445:
435:
434:
305:Reading Capital
170:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4329:Marxist theory
4326:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3860:
3836:
3835:External links
3833:
3831:
3830:
3819:
3806:
3796:
3785:
3775:
3765:
3761:Monthly Review
3752:
3743:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3701:
3690:Mandel, Ernest
3687:
3680:
3669:
3659:
3647:
3637:
3625:
3612:
3605:Axelos, Kostas
3602:
3588:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3549:Wood, Allen W.
3545:
3539:
3531:Early Writings
3518:
3517:
3511:
3489:
3488:
3482:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3426:
3411:
3392:
3380:
3378:, p. 206.
3365:
3353:
3338:
3327:
3307:
3295:
3288:
3263:
3240:(3): 440–457.
3218:
3216:, p. 122.
3206:
3194:
3192:, p. 121.
3182:
3170:
3168:, p. 120.
3155:
3143:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3119:Disenchantment
3116:
3111:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3044:
3041:
3020:
3014:
2956:
2950:
2917:
2914:
2854:
2851:
2838:
2835:
2785:
2782:
2692:superseded by
2661:
2658:
2626:
2619:
2573:
2570:
2550:exchange value
2517:
2514:
2458:
2455:
2408:
2405:
2361:expressed the
2330:social classes
2308:describes the
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2201:Vulgar Marxism
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:Related topics
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:Monthly Review
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:Constellations
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1039:Other variants
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
981:
980:
976:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
935:
934:
928:
927:
926:
925:
923:Third-worldist
920:
915:
910:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
883:
875:
874:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
832:Historiography
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
749:Class struggle
745:
740:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
704:Metabolic rift
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
598:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
553:
552:
547:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
496:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
480:Marxist ethics
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
446:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Ways of Seeing
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
171:
166:
165:
162:
161:
153:
152:
146:
145:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4346:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3705:George Novack
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3662:Geras, Norman
3660:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3540:0-14-044574-9
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3462:0-521-42914-5
3458:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3422:
3419:Chapter 4 of
3415:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3357:
3351:, p. 10.
3350:
3345:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3305:, p. 11.
3304:
3299:
3291:
3289:9780231204477
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3258:
3257:11250/3034904
3253:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3214:Hardimon 1994
3210:
3204:, p. 76.
3203:
3198:
3191:
3190:Hardimon 1994
3186:
3179:
3178:Hardimon 1994
3174:
3167:
3166:Hardimon 1994
3162:
3160:
3152:
3151:Hardimon 1994
3147:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:criticised a
3058:
3054:
3050:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2910:Gattungswesen
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2753:Gattungswesen
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2723:Gattungswesen
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:Gattungswesen
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2654:
2653:Gattungswesen
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:Gattungswesen
2624:
2623:Gattungswesen
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2510:species-being
2506:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:individuality
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2346:surplus value
2343:
2340:—who own the
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:Gattungswesen
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Revolutionary
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Authoritarian
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Moufawad-Paul
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:Eurocommunism
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Austromarxism
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Communization
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
978:
977:
972:
971:Praxis School
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:
933:
930:
929:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
876:
873:
870:
869:
861:
860:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
783:
782:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
743:
738:
737:
730:
729:Working class
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
596:
591:
590:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
510:Crisis theory
508:
505:
501:
498:
497:
494:
489:
488:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:
439:
438:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
169:
164:
163:
159:
155:
154:
151:
148:
147:
143:
139:
138:
132:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4299:
4296:(1975–today)
4291:
4283:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4218:Anti-Dühring
4216:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4112:
4104:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4028:
4013:
3991:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3915:
3862:
3852:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3799:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3771:
3759:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3718:
3708:
3697:
3683:
3676:
3665:
3653:
3643:
3640:Dahms, Harry
3631:
3628:Cohen, G. A.
3619:
3608:
3598:
3594:
3582:
3552:
3530:
3494:
3473:
3452:
3434:
3429:
3420:
3414:
3405:
3395:
3388:Leopold 2007
3383:
3376:Leopold 2007
3361:Leopold 2007
3356:
3330:
3320:
3298:
3275:
3237:
3231:
3221:
3209:
3202:Leopold 2007
3197:
3185:
3173:
3146:
3132:
3109:Georg Lukács
3099:Theories of
3061:teleological
3052:
3046:
3036:
3031:social class
3024:
3022:
3016:
3004:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2968:
2952:
2946:
2938:Christianity
2935:
2929:
2924:Philosopher
2909:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2879:Christianity
2876:
2861:Philosopher
2840:
2826:
2813:through its
2787:
2768:minimum-wage
2757:
2752:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2702:technologies
2694:mercantilism
2681:
2663:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2605:
2591:
2562:exploitation
2541:
2519:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2460:
2447:ancient Rome
2444:
2440:
2429:metaphysical
2425:
2410:
2398:
2388:
2383:. Moreover,
2370:
2369:relies upon
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2334:
2321:
2318:human nature
2313:
2310:estrangement
2305:
2304:
2139:Municipalism
1951:Bhattacharya
1096:Situationist
1071:Instrumental
724:State theory
689:Immiseration
684:Human nature
674:Exploitation
504:accumulation
449:
130:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4304:(1971–1977)
4288:(1975–2004)
4277:Collections
3954:Other works
3917:Das Kapital
3857:BBC Radio 4
3793:Entfremdung
3650:Elster, Jon
3303:Jaeggi 2014
3105:reification
3065:proletariat
3017:Entfremdung
2993:proletariat
2953:Entfremdung
2827:Entfremdung
2811:bourgeoisie
2772:objectified
2762:and employ
2670:imagination
2642:, the word
2606:Entfremdung
2602:labor power
2542:Entfremdung
2385:Max Stirner
2381:human being
2367:Entfremdung
2363:Entfremdung
2338:bourgeoisie
2314:Entfremdung
2102:Communalism
1501:Wallerstein
1091:Revisionist
822:Film theory
802:Criminology
797:Archaeology
709:Proletariat
694:Imperialism
607:Bourgeoisie
582:Wage labour
475:Reification
270:On Practice
131:Entfremdung
4318:Categories
4061:Grundrisse
3810:Alienation
3782:Alienation
3711:(2nd ed.).
3523:Marx, Karl
3474:Alienation
3444:References
2959:See also:
2942:philosophy
2714:status quo
2708:) and the
2682:status quo
2475:production
2421:subjective
2375:(1841) by
2159:Democratic
2024:Mediations
1636:Przeworski
1576:Poulantzas
1426:Sivanandan
1381:Bettelheim
1281:Horkheimer
1276:Mariátegui
1251:Pashukanis
1176:Liebknecht
1106:Wertkritik
1046:Analytical
906:Trotskyism
881:Autonomist
872:Structural
852:Philosophy
792:Aesthetics
577:Value-form
545:Capitalist
450:Alienation
443:Philosophy
200:Grundrisse
99:March 2023
69:newspapers
3897:Karl Marx
3895:Works by
3692:. 1970. "
3686:. Lanham.
3553:Karl Marx
3551:(2004) .
3525:(1992) .
3349:Wood 2004
3125:Footnotes
3043:Criticism
2883:pantheism
2790:commodity
2728:bourgeois
2690:feudalism
2649:conscious
2546:use value
2434:, as the
2417:objective
2359:Karl Marx
2312:(German:
2206:Economism
2169:Reformist
2149:Socialism
2097:Communism
2077:Anarchism
1931:Coulthard
1856:McDonnell
1816:Screpanti
1726:Rowbotham
1591:Harnecker
1401:Althusser
1341:Deutscher
1181:Kollontai
1171:Luxemburg
1151:Plekhanov
1081:Nkrumaism
992:Classical
966:Political
891:Guevarism
847:Sociology
827:Geography
647:Democracy
595:Sociology
550:Socialist
515:Commodity
127:Karl Marx
4213:" (1876)
4134:Marx and
4101:" (1871)
4094:" (1869)
4087:" (1865)
4040:" (1847)
4010:" (1844)
4003:" (1843)
3988:" (1842)
3780:. 1970.
3770:. 1975.
3729:. 1970.
3717:. 1941.
3707:. 1973.
3652:. 1985.
3587:. Verso.
3584:For Marx
3581:. 1965.
3079:See also
3007:(1992),
2902:idealism
2867:idealism
2819:religion
2739:—from a
2687:agrarian
2685:economy—
2680:of that
2528:and the
2526:engineer
2403:(1845).
2357:(1932),
2132:Old Left
2127:New Left
1994:Antipode
1988:Journals
1891:Heinrich
1866:Roediger
1861:Douzinas
1851:Hennessy
1806:Holloway
1721:Hartsock
1711:Eagleton
1696:Federici
1671:Bannerji
1646:Therborn
1626:Rancière
1621:Easthope
1601:Anderson
1596:Altvater
1496:O'Connor
1491:Mészáros
1486:Guattari
1441:Thompson
1431:Miliband
1411:Williams
1396:Hobsbawm
1371:Emmanuel
1351:Beauvoir
1316:Lefebvre
1261:Benjamin
1226:Bukharin
1206:Zinoviev
1201:Grossman
1186:Bogdanov
1161:Connolly
1141:Lafargue
1086:Orthodox
1056:Centrist
1007:Leninism
1002:Feminist
951:Humanist
932:Hegelian
460:Ideology
142:a series
140:Part of
3970:Oulanem
3140:. 2009.
3069:subject
3067:as the
2989:exploit
2799:capital
2735:to the
2644:species
2592:In the
2554:reifies
2501:In the
2351:In the
2231:Outline
2184:Utopian
1961:Srnicek
1946:Toscano
1941:Seymour
1896:Prashad
1846:Sankara
1841:Berardi
1826:Hampton
1801:Burawoy
1771:Panitch
1766:Haraway
1756:Cleaver
1741:Brenner
1706:Balibar
1661:Postone
1651:Losurdo
1581:Vattimo
1551:Gonzalo
1546:Jameson
1536:Parenti
1476:Liebman
1471:Guevara
1361:Nkrumah
1356:Sombart
1331:Padmore
1301:Kalecki
1296:Marcuse
1256:Bordiga
1241:Gramsci
1196:Trotsky
1156:Du Bois
1146:Kautsky
1022:Western
901:Titoism
786:Aspects
742:History
662:Radical
500:Capital
205:Capital
150:Marxism
83:scholar
4261:(1894)
4253:(1886)
4245:(1884)
4237:(1883)
4229:(1880)
4221:(1878)
4206:(1850)
4198:(1847)
4190:(1845)
4179:Engels
4171:(1861)
4163:(1848)
4147:(1844)
4136:Engels
4117:(1968)
4109:(1875)
4072:(1859)
4056:(1852)
4048:(1850)
4033:(1847)
3981:(1841)
3973:(1839)
3965:(1837)
3930:(1867)
3855:. UK:
3764:52(2).
3559:
3537:
3509:
3480:
3459:
3286:
2600:, the
2538:profit
2481:, its
2179:Social
2164:Market
1966:Horvat
1921:Fisher
1916:Linera
1911:Lordon
1901:Kelley
1886:Marcos
1881:Ghandy
1871:Foster
1796:Fraser
1791:Wright
1781:Jessop
1776:Clarke
1761:Bishop
1751:Massey
1731:Mouffe
1681:Newton
1676:Spivak
1666:Rodney
1631:Berman
1586:Badiou
1566:Laclau
1561:Harvey
1556:Dussel
1516:Debord
1511:Tronti
1481:Heller
1466:Castro
1461:Berger
1446:Bauman
1436:Cabral
1421:Mandel
1416:Freire
1406:Hinton
1386:Draper
1366:Sweezy
1336:Sartre
1326:Adorno
1291:Brecht
1246:Galiev
1221:Korsch
1216:Lukács
1191:Stalin
1136:Morris
1131:Engels
1119:People
896:Maoism
817:Ethics
657:Soviet
380:Empire
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3003:. In
2897:Geist
2743:to a
2586:wages
2534:taste
1976:Saito
1971:Hamza
1836:Žižek
1821:Tamás
1786:Davis
1746:Davis
1736:Geras
1701:Wolff
1686:Sakai
1641:Cohen
1616:Sison
1611:Vogel
1571:Bahro
1541:Negri
1531:Nairn
1456:Kosik
1451:Fanon
1391:Jones
1346:Hoxha
1321:James
1306:Fromm
1236:Serge
1211:Bloch
1166:Lenin
987:Black
612:Class
90:JSTOR
76:books
3908:Marx
3899:and
3624:120.
3597:and
3557:ISBN
3535:ISBN
3507:ISBN
3478:ISBN
3457:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3103:and
2963:and
2940:and
2845:and
2668:and
2666:will
2629:The
2449:and
2432:fact
1936:Malm
1906:Dean
1876:West
1831:Cano
1811:Rose
1716:Kurz
1691:Wood
1656:Ture
1606:Löwy
1526:Hall
1521:Amin
1506:Mies
1376:Hill
1286:Dutt
1271:Basu
1126:Marx
1017:Post
979:Both
961:Open
62:news
3825:."
3800:The
3758:."
3738:——
3696:."
3618:."
3499:doi
3252:hdl
3242:doi
3107:by
3051:" (
2888:In
2833:".
1311:Cox
1266:Mao
1012:Neo
45:by
4320::
3851:.
3664:.
3607:.
3593:.
3529:.
3505:.
3404:.
3368:^
3341:^
3310:^
3282:.
3266:^
3250:.
3238:25
3236:.
3230:.
3158:^
2885:.
2849:.
2419:,
1926:Li
1231:Ho
144:on
4209:"
4097:"
4090:"
4083:"
4036:"
4021:"
4006:"
3999:"
3984:"
3888:e
3881:t
3874:v
3859:.
3829:.
3821:"
3818:.
3808:"
3805:.
3795:.
3784:.
3774:.
3742:.
3735:.
3723:.
3658:.
3646:.
3636:.
3611:.
3601:.
3565:.
3543:.
3515:.
3501::
3486:.
3465:.
3437:.
3408:.
3325:.
3292:.
3260:.
3254::
3244::
2873:.
2720:(
2320:(
2294:e
2287:t
2280:v
506:)
502:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
