545:
357:
74:
349:
537:
342:
311:, 126 Leuna workers were killed. However, after defenses were increased, only 175 additional workers were killed in 21 subsequent raids. Leuna bombing from May 12, 1944 to April 5, 1945, cost the Eighth Air Force 1,280 airmen. In three separate attacks by the Eighth, 119 planes were lost and not one bomb fell on the Leuna works. The Eighth Air Force also dropped 12,953 tons of explosives on nearby
233:
444:
Following the oil price hikes of 1973/1974, and of 1979/1980, and the reduced supply from the Soviet Union, substantial investments were made in the oil processing industry. New, more sophisticated cracking plants were imported from the
Federal Republic of Germany, from
568:. Common utilities for the companies are provided by InfraLeuna. With the closure of unprofitable plants and general modernization, the number of employees was reduced significantly from 28000 (1978) to 9000 in 2014. QUINN Chemicals invested in a plant to manufacture
523:
and the high-pressure methanol plant, increased considerably until the 1980s, so that the high expenditures for energy, upkeep, and manpower made their economical operation impossible. To counter the shortage of manpower,
318:
The successful aerial attacks contributed vitally to the defeat of
Germany in World War II, since they deprived the country and its troops of essential commodities. On 4 April 1945, production in Leuna stopped entirely.
271:
in 1944, due to air raid damages. Leuna covered 3 square miles (7.8 km) of land with 250 buildings, including decoy buildings outside the main plant, and employed 35,000 workers, including 10,000 prisoners and
364:
After partial destruction in World War II and the dissolution of IG Farben, the works were transferred into a Soviet holding. About half of the remaining production plants were dismantled and shipped to the
303:
attacks dropped 18,328 tons of bombs on Leuna. As the most heavily defended industrial target in Europe, Leuna would become so dark from flak, German smoke pots, and exploding oil tanks that "
544:
186:. As Germany possesses very few petroleum deposits of its own, seven hydrogenation plants were constructed and were producing synthetic petrol by 1939, Leuna being the largest.
485:. Motor fuels produced in Leuna II were also exported outside the socialist bloc to bankroll the new plants and to earn hard currency. For instance, Leuna gasoline was sold in
288:, and 3,000 others, thus making up a total of 62,550 persons. More than 19,000 of Leuna's workers were members of the air raid protection organization which operated over 600
307:". On clear days, only 29% of the bombs aimed at Leuna landed inside the plant gates; on radar raids the number dropped to 5.1%. During the first raid of the
585:(who later became part of Total) in 1990/1991. Dubious transactions at that time led to the so-called Leuna affair and criminal proceedings against manager
277:
764:
508:
Leunawerke employed about 30,000 people, the fenced-in complex extended over an area about 7 km long and 3 km wide. Two railway stations on the
575:
273:
668:
182:. The synthesis of petrol, although expensive compared to world market prices, was pursued in order to reduce Germany's dependency on imported
597:) started production after two and a half years of construction time. It represents the largest direct investment of a French company in the
552:
After German reunification in 1990, the Leuna works were divided into several smaller units that were sold to several companies, among them
908:
827:
330:
792:
Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The
Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943-1944/5
995:
706:
1005:
1000:
869:
816:
D'Olier, Franklin; Alexander; Ball; Bowman; Galbraith; Likert; McNamee; Nitze; Russell; Searls; Wright (September 30, 1945).
740:
308:
990:
975:
213:
1015:
209:
822:
800:
691:
373:. In the following years, the Leuna site was gradually rebuilt and expanded. In 1954 the works were transferred into
927:
356:
73:
117:. Leuna in central Germany, out of range of French aircraft, was selected as the location of a second plant named
348:
536:
817:
768:
1010:
946:
323:
260:
284:
personnel, 6,000 male and 3,050 female auxiliaries, 900 Hungarian and
Italian 'volunteers', 3,600 Russian
971:
422:
121:. Construction started on 25 May 1916, and the first tank car with ammonia left the works in April 1917.
341:
602:
458:
386:
17:
728:
609:, corresponding to 27% of the total investment. With the construction of new plants in an area named
519:
Wear and tear of the up to 70 years old plants, in particular those for the production of syngas and
509:
489:. Even the heaviest residues from oil processing were used as raw material for the production of
722:
513:
790:
732:
681:
598:
648:
256:
236:
885:
525:
398:
378:
281:
861:
8:
569:
190:
106:
865:
856:
Masters of the Air: America's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War
Against Nazi Germany
796:
746:
736:
687:
148:
634:
434:
296:
285:
193:
967:
854:
572:(MMA) but construction has halted as of January 2009 due to heavy cost overruns.
561:
382:
374:
370:
264:
217:
152:
144:
35:
1020:
426:
394:
166:. The site was rapidly expanded in the 1920s and 1930s, with plants producing
70:, covers 13 km and produces a very wide range of chemicals and plastics.
984:
606:
586:
582:
498:
462:
114:
55:
47:
718:
366:
248:
221:
578:
486:
482:
478:
414:
205:
102:
94:
90:
823:
The United States
Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War)
565:
553:
98:
67:
232:
473:
was reduced to almost zero in favour of the "white products" such as
430:
312:
289:
267:, which synthesized oil products from lignite, but switched to brown
252:
183:
179:
159:
63:
909:"Entwicklung in Leuna. Aus Schock wird Stolz auf den Industriepark"
831:
502:
494:
474:
470:
421:
partly being supplied domestically, partly being imported from the
402:
268:
167:
140:
581:
mediated the transfer of the Leuna oil refinery to French company
292:, while the fire-fighting force consisted of 5,000 men and women.
196:
plant, then a subsidiary of Leuna ammonia works, started in 1936.
614:
520:
466:
450:
438:
406:
132:
86:
51:
750:
490:
454:
410:
409:
and the subsequent processing facilities for the production of
244:
171:
136:
135:(brown coal) mines was also advantageous for the production of
815:
465:. Thereby, the fraction of so-called "black products" such as
613:, the industrial complex has expanded towards the village of
446:
175:
43:
89:
is an important intermediate product for the manufacture of
557:
418:
360:
Distillation plant for the production of motor fuels (1959)
280:
responsible for protecting Leuna had 28,000 troops, 18,000
151:
on an industrial scale. The Leuna plant for the commercial
110:
101:
in particular. The increasing demand for explosives during
59:
679:
429:. In the 1950s an oil refinery was built, which processed
124:
In 1920, the ammonia works of Leuna and Oppau merged into
322:
For a sortable list of air operations against Leuna, see
300:
50:, is one of the biggest chemical industrial complexes in
441:
port allowing the import of oil of other origin by sea.
216:(AAUD) to which half of the 20,000 workforce belonged.
119:
Badische Anilin- und
Sodafabrik, Ammoniakwerk Merseburg
651:. Benchmarkia: Crowd-Based Sustainability Benchmarking
305:
we had no idea how close our bombs came to the target.
261:
Allied bombing offensive against German oil production
212:(KAPD) and the associated workplace organisation the
54:. The site, now owned jointly by companies such as
789:Boog, Horst; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (1990).
433:supplied from the Soviet Union via a branch of the
208:the Leuna works were a centre of organising by the
853:
683:Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, Catalysts and Catalysis
389:. Next to the existing plant, the construction of
105:exceeded the ammonia production capacities of the
982:
247:and second most extensive chemical operation in
93:and other nitrogen compounds, needed to produce
906:
385:", the largest chemical production site in the
788:
352:One of the railway stations serving Leunawerke
501:-based technology required a large amount of
263:. Leuna had been the first plant to test the
220:co-ordinated the strike committee during the
860:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
731:. New York and Toronto: Macmillan. p.
548:Chemical and Industrial Plant Leuna in 2007
174:derived from the hydrogenation of lignite,
944:
925:
595:TotalEnergies Raffinerie Mitteldeutschland
700:
164:Ammoniakwerk Merseburg GmbH – Leuna Werke
680:B. H. Davis, M. L. Occelli, ed. (2006).
543:
535:
355:
347:
295:A total of 6,552 bomber sorties over 20
231:
72:
331:Oil Campaign chronology of World War II
199:
14:
983:
851:
845:
158:In late 1925, BASF became a branch of
27:Chemical industrial complex in Germany
907:Dirk Skrzypczak (17 September 2014).
717:
155:started production on April 1, 1927.
928:"Quinn Mothballs €150 million Plant"
809:
711:
589:. In 1997, the new refinery MIDER (
393:started in 1959. This was a modern
239:, head of operations at Leuna works
24:
437:. The latter also had a branch to
340:
210:Communist Workers Party of Germany
126:Ammoniakwerke Merseburg-Oppau GmbH
25:
1032:
961:
707:History at the InfraLeuna website
214:General Workers' Union of Germany
149:coal conversion into liquid fuels
77:Leuna-Werke, Destillationsanlagen
591:Mitteldeutsche Erdoel-Raffinerie
457:, and were operated with modern
397:plant, with equipment such as a
113:, who owned the patents for the
938:
919:
900:
878:
461:originating in the FRG and the
336:
227:
945:Uwe MĂĽller (31 January 2000).
926:Shane Ross (25 January 2009).
782:
757:
673:
669:www.basf.com/history/1902-1924
662:
641:
627:
13:
1:
996:Industrial history of Germany
620:
531:
131:The proximity of the site to
1006:Chemical industry in Germany
1001:Oil campaign of World War II
947:"Leuna - das lausige Wunder"
425:, the Soviet Union, and the
401:plant for the production of
324:Oil Campaign of World War II
7:
991:Industrial parks in Germany
972:20th Century Press Archives
968:Clippings about Leuna works
459:distributed control systems
423:Federal Republic of Germany
259:was a prime target for the
10:
1037:
852:Miller, Donald L. (2006).
387:German Democratic Republic
328:
321:
81:
1016:Synthetic fuel facilities
729:Richard and Clara Winston
649:"Industrial Park Ranking"
516:line 5 served the works.
601:and was supported by an
505:and was not profitable.
493:in the new low-pressure
153:hydrogenation of lignite
913:Mitteldeutsche Zeitung
724:Inside the Third Reich
549:
541:
361:
353:
345:
255:Leuna works headed by
243:As one of the largest
240:
78:
39:
830:Press. Archived from
599:new states of Germany
547:
539:
526:construction soldiers
512:and several stops of
377:and became known as "
359:
351:
344:
329:For more detail, see
235:
76:
1011:Volkseigene Betriebe
528:were also employed.
245:synthetic oil plants
200:Strike in March 1921
189:Construction of the
886:"Companies on-site"
818:"The Attack on Oil"
765:"Untitled Document"
570:methyl methacrylate
540:Leuna-Werke in 1991
510:Halle–Bebra railway
297:US Eighth Air Force
290:radar-directed guns
191:Buna Werke Schkopau
888:. Infra Leuna GmbH
550:
542:
362:
354:
346:
278:14th Flak Division
257:Heinrich BĂĽtefisch
241:
237:Heinrich BĂĽtefisch
79:
932:Irish Independent
871:978-0-7432-3544-0
742:978-0-684-82949-4
16:(Redirected from
1028:
955:
954:
942:
936:
935:
923:
917:
916:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
882:
876:
875:
859:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
834:on July 27, 2004
813:
807:
806:
786:
780:
779:
777:
776:
767:. Archived from
761:
755:
754:
727:. Translated by
715:
709:
704:
698:
697:
677:
671:
666:
660:
659:
657:
656:
645:
639:
638:
631:
605:of 1400 million
435:Druzhba pipeline
274:forced labourers
194:synthetic rubber
21:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1025:
981:
980:
964:
959:
958:
943:
939:
924:
920:
905:
901:
891:
889:
884:
883:
879:
872:
850:
846:
837:
835:
814:
810:
803:
787:
783:
774:
772:
763:
762:
758:
743:
716:
712:
705:
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694:
678:
674:
667:
663:
654:
652:
647:
646:
642:
633:
632:
628:
623:
534:
383:Walter Ulbricht
375:public property
371:war reparations
339:
334:
327:
265:Bergius process
230:
224:in March 1921.
218:Peter Utzelmann
202:
162:, operating as
147:) and tests of
145:carbon monoxide
84:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
979:
978:
963:
962:External links
960:
957:
956:
937:
918:
899:
877:
870:
844:
828:Air University
808:
801:
781:
756:
741:
710:
699:
692:
672:
661:
640:
637:. Infra Leuna.
625:
624:
622:
619:
564:, and Belgian
533:
530:
427:United Kingdom
338:
335:
229:
226:
204:Following the
201:
198:
83:
80:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1033:
1022:
1019:
1017:
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1002:
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988:
986:
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969:
966:
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952:
948:
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933:
929:
922:
914:
910:
903:
887:
881:
873:
867:
863:
858:
857:
848:
833:
829:
825:
824:
819:
812:
804:
802:9780198228899
798:
794:
793:
785:
771:on 2007-11-08
770:
766:
760:
752:
748:
744:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
720:
719:Speer, Albert
714:
708:
703:
695:
693:9780080466750
689:
685:
684:
676:
670:
665:
650:
644:
636:
630:
626:
618:
616:
612:
608:
607:Deutsche Mark
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Alfred Sirven
584:
583:Elf Aquitaine
580:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
546:
538:
529:
527:
522:
517:
515:
514:Halle tramway
511:
506:
504:
500:
499:hydrogenation
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:United States
460:
456:
452:
448:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:petrochemical
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
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115:Haber process
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
75:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:TotalEnergies
53:
49:
48:Saxony-Anhalt
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
953:(in German).
950:
940:
931:
921:
915:(in German).
912:
902:
890:. Retrieved
880:
855:
847:
836:. Retrieved
832:the original
821:
811:
791:
784:
773:. Retrieved
769:the original
759:
723:
713:
702:
686:. Elsevier.
682:
675:
664:
653:. Retrieved
643:
629:
610:
603:EU state aid
594:
593:), now TRM (
590:
574:
551:
518:
507:
497:plant. This
481:, and light
443:
390:
381:Leuna-Werke
367:Soviet Union
363:
337:1945 to 1990
317:
304:
294:
249:Nazi Germany
242:
228:World War II
222:March Action
203:
188:
184:oil products
170:, synthetic
163:
157:
130:
125:
123:
118:
85:
31:
29:
579:Helmut Kohl
487:West Berlin
483:heating oil
479:diesel fuel
415:caprolactam
206:Kapp Putsch
103:World War I
95:fertilizers
91:nitric acid
32:Leuna works
985:Categories
892:12 January
838:2009-02-10
775:2007-11-08
655:2024-07-12
635:"The area"
621:References
576:Chancellor
566:DOMO Group
554:Total S.A.
532:Since 1990
469:and heavy
180:detergents
99:explosives
68:DOMO Group
40:Leunawerke
18:Leunawerke
611:Leuna III
431:crude oil
313:Merseburg
253:IG Farben
160:IG Farben
109:works of
64:Linde plc
951:Die Welt
751:70119132
721:(1970).
562:Linde AG
503:hydrogen
495:methanol
475:gasoline
471:fuel oil
403:ethylene
399:cracking
391:Leuna II
309:Oil Plan
269:coal tar
168:methanol
141:hydrogen
974:of the
970:in the
615:Spergau
521:ammonia
467:bitumen
451:Austria
439:Rostock
407:propene
133:lignite
87:Ammonia
82:Origins
52:Germany
868:
799:
749:
739:
690:
491:syngas
455:Sweden
453:, and
417:, and
411:phenol
299:and 2
276:. The
251:, the
176:amines
172:petrol
137:syngas
66:, and
36:German
1021:Leuna
447:Japan
286:Hiwis
107:Oppau
44:Leuna
42:) in
894:2017
866:ISBN
864:–9.
797:ISBN
747:LCCN
737:ISBN
688:ISBN
558:BASF
419:HDPE
405:and
178:and
143:and
111:BASF
97:and
60:BASF
30:The
976:ZBW
862:314
733:415
379:VEB
369:as
301:RAF
282:RAD
987::
949:.
930:.
911:.
826:.
820:.
795:.
745:.
735:.
617:.
560:,
556:,
477:,
449:,
413:,
315:.
128:.
62:,
58:,
46:,
38::
934:.
896:.
874:.
841:.
805:.
778:.
753:.
696:.
658:.
333:.
326:.
139:(
34:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
