164:, they were looking to create a distinctively Canadian artistic identity. Heavily influenced by Surrealist manifestos and poetry, their work was largely stream-of-consciousness inspired, believing this to be a truer means of communicating subconscious emotions and sensory experiences; they wanted to be liberated from intention, reason, and any kind of structure, in order to communicate a universal human experience without bias. This resulted in increasingly crude or intuitive methods such as applying paint with palette knives and fingers and painting blindfolded, their efforts contradicting their claims of working without intention.
22:
148:. This ultimately led to a kind of martyrdom but was initially devastating. Borduas was dismissed from his position at the Ăcole du meuble and, unable to find work, left Quebec permanently in 1953. Although the group dispersed soon after the manifesto was published, the movement continues to have influence, and may be considered a forerunner of the
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also. Though it began as a visual arts group, it also spread to other forms of expression, such as drama, poetry and dance. The title "les
Automatistes" came from journalist TancrĂšde Marcil Jr., in a review of their second exhibit in Montreal (February 15 to March 1, 1947), which appeared in
103:, the show featured gouaches that illustrated the artist's experimentation with non-figurative painting. Initially, les Automatistes exhibited in makeshift venues, since no commercial gallery was willing to show the work of all the members. However, the group was soon being exhibited in
135:, an important document in the cultural history of Quebec and a declaration of artistic independence and the need for expressive freedom. The decision to write the manifesto was partly influenced by Jean Paul Riopelle, who had recently signed the Surrealist manifesto
143:
was published in a first edition of four hundred copies, which went on sale at the
Librairie Tranquille in Montreal on August 9, 1948. The manifesto's denunciation of the Catholic Church's authority was particularly scandalous and resulted in the group's
159:
painters in France, the
Automatistes favoured a fluid, painterly technique over the comparatively reserved, hard-edge abstraction so popular in the U.S. and Eastern Europe at the time. Much like a nonobjective
25:
Exhibition of the
Automatistes, 1947 Claude Gauvreau, Julienne Gauvreau, Pierre Gauvreau, Marcel Barbeau, Madeleine Arbour, Paul-Ămile Borduas, Madeleine Lalonde, Bruno Cormier and Jean-Paul Mousseau
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The movement may have begun with an exhibition
Borduas gave in Montreal in 1942. Held at the Ermitage, an exhibition hall owned by the
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In 1954, the
Automatistes were the subject of the NFB/CBC documentary series
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Total
Refusal (Refus Global): the manifesto of the Montréal Automatists
49:
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128:
351:, translated by Ray Ellenwood. Holstein, Ont: Exile Editions, 2009.
723:
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37:
48:. Les Automatistes were so called because they were influenced by
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44:, Canada. The movement was founded in the early 1940s by painter
1446:
Professional Native Indian
Artists Inc. (Indian Group of Seven)
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41:
324:
CBC Digital
Archives â Le Refus global: Revolution in the Arts
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773:
393:
363:
Egregore : a history of the Montréal automatist movement
104:
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273:"On the Spot: The NFB in the early days of television"
381:
1629:Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts
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1290:
409:
383:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2009.
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1283:
1244:London International Surrealist Exhibition
416:
402:
1335:Canadian Artists' Representation (CARFAC)
1604:Canadian pavilion at the Venice Biennale
1375:Women's Art Association of Canada (WAAC)
1239:Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme
260:. Vancouver, BC: D&M Publishers Inc.
256:Nasgaard, Roald; Ellenwood, Ray (2009).
20:
1672:Canadian artist groups and collectives
1649:
344:Article on Borduas and Le Refus global
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216:
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397:
264:
1619:Artistic development of Tom Thomson
232:Paul-Ămile Borduas: Life & Work
213:
13:
14:
1708:
1193:The Surrealist Group in Stockholm
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271:Ohayon, Albert (April 14, 2010).
235:. Toronto: Art Canada Institute.
1539:Canadian Review of Music and Art
1330:Arts and Letters Club of Toronto
1304:
1614:Pedimental sculptures in Canada
1340:Canadian Conference of the Arts
1692:1940s establishments in Quebec
1416:Federation of Canadian Artists
1365:Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
423:
249:
229:Gagnon, François-Marc (2014).
1:
1138:Bureau of Surrealist Research
335:National Film Board of Canada
281:National Film Board of Canada
206:
1345:Emma Lake Artist's Workshops
314:The Automatists and the Book
7:
1677:Canadian surrealist artists
1589:Canadian artist-run centres
1431:Jewish Painters of Montreal
1370:Sculptors Society of Canada
184:
10:
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1436:Ontario Society of Artists
1406:Canadian Group of Painters
258:The Automatiste Revolution
1609:Contemporary Canadian art
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1411:Eastern Group of Painters
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1320:Aesthetic Research Centre
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1264:Paranoiac-critical method
1201:
1110:
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139:during a visit to Paris.
36:artistic dissidents from
1687:History of art in Canada
1360:Maritime Art Association
1148:Chicago Surrealist Group
1133:British Surrealist Group
167:
316:by Michel Brisebois on
178:in an episode entitled
127:published a collective
1697:Canadian art movements
1259:Abstract expressionism
1128:Birmingham Surrealists
817:Maxime Moses Alexandre
794:Radojica ĆœivanoviÄ Noe
459:Jacques-André Boiffard
118:Université de Montréal
26:
1229:Surrealist techniques
1214:Surrealist automatism
1158:Fighting Cock Society
897:Roger Gilbert-Lecomte
882:Vratislav Effenberger
822:Guillaume Apollinaire
120:'s student journal).
24:
1503:NSCAD conceptual art
1209:Surrealist Manifesto
1163:The Firesign Theatre
947:Comte de Lautréamont
1594:Canadian art awards
1097:Marianne Van Hirtum
1072:Simon Watson Taylor
534:Christian Dotremont
180:Artist in Montreal.
101:CollÚge de Montréal
56:. Members included
1472:London Regionalism
574:Alberto Giacometti
564:Gordon Onslow Ford
499:Leonora Carrington
330:Artist in Montreal
320:as a printed book.
146:public humiliation
137:Rupture inaugurale
94:Françoise Sullivan
82:Jean-Paul Mousseau
70:Jean-Paul Riopelle
52:and its theory of
46:Paul-Ămile Borduas
27:
16:Canadian art group
1682:Surrealist groups
1657:Culture of Quebec
1644:
1643:
1599:Canadian painters
1401:Canadian Art Club
1396:Beaver Hall Group
1272:
1271:
1249:Women surrealists
1219:Surrealist cinema
1067:Philippe Soupault
699:BenjamĂn Palencia
379:Nasgaard, Roald.
242:978-1-4871-0014-8
114:Le Quartier Latin
1704:
1584:Canadian artists
1482:Vancouver School
1467:Les Automatistes
1299:
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1285:
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1224:Surrealist music
1143:Chicago Imagists
1123:Les Automatistes
1062:Louis Scutenaire
1002:VĂtÄzslav Nezval
842:Georges Bataille
759:Dorothea Tanning
744:JindĆich Ć tyrskĂœ
719:Aminollah Rezaei
614:Jacqueline Lamba
604:Gerome Kamrowski
549:Curt Echtermeyer
504:Ithell Colquhoun
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361:Ellenwood, Ray.
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150:Quiet Revolution
32:were a group of
30:Les Automatistes
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1350:Heliconian Club
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1037:Raymond Queneau
1032:Jacques Prévert
1022:Rastko PetroviÄ
982:Robert Melville
962:Georges Limbour
942:Philip Lamantia
847:Monny de Boully
809:
803:
789:James F. Walker
779:Albert Valentin
769:Kristians Tonny
739:Martin Stejskal
714:Toni del Renzio
694:Wolfgang Paalen
689:MĂ©ret Oppenheim
669:E. L. T. Mesens
634:Georges Malkine
569:Esteban Francés
529:Ăscar DomĂnguez
484:Jacques Brunius
479:Emmy Bridgwater
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318:Le Refus global
307:Le Refus global
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201:Painters Eleven
196:Les Plasticiens
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90:Marcelle Ferron
74:Pierre Gauvreau
66:Claude Gauvreau
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1234:Surreal humour
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1057:Georges Sadoul
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1047:Pierre Reverdy
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1017:Benjamin PĂ©ret
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997:Pierre Naville
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952:Marcel Lecomte
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917:Georges Hugnet
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579:Julio GonzĂĄlez
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544:Marcel Duhamel
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367:Exile Editions
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299:External links
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162:Group of Seven
58:Marcel Barbeau
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1077:André Thirion
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649:Roberto Matta
647:
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639:Marcel Mariën
637:
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629:René Magritte
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1082:Dylan Thomas
1052:Marko RistiÄ
1042:Herbert Read
927:Nelly Kaplan
922:Alfred Jarry
912:IrĂšne Hamoir
907:Julien Gracq
852:André Breton
827:Louis Aragon
734:André Souris
659:Oscar Mellor
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454:Hans Bellmer
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1389:Collectives
977:DuĆĄan MatiÄ
887:Paul Ăluard
872:René Daumal
867:René Crevel
808:Writers and
764:Karel Teige
754:Yves Tanguy
609:Wifredo Lam
599:Frida Kahlo
559:Leonor Fini
489:Luis Buñuel
464:Bill Brandt
439:Eileen Agar
365:. Toronto:
337:documentary
310:(in French)
175:On the Spot
131:called the
1667:Modern art
1662:Quebec art
1651:Categories
1477:Plasticien
1355:Intermedia
1173:Grup d'Elx
1153:Dau al Set
1007:Paul Nougé
992:Max Morise
987:René Ménil
799:Unica ZĂŒrn
674:Lee Miller
425:Surrealism
207:References
155:Alongside
54:automatism
50:Surrealism
1560:Parachute
1460:Movements
1168:The Goons
1012:Paul PÄun
967:LĂ©o Malet
932:Petr KrĂĄl
902:Yvan Goll
810:Theorists
684:Joan MirĂł
619:Dora Maar
554:Max Ernst
509:Gala DalĂ
286:April 15,
129:manifesto
123:In 1948,
34:Québécois
1567:Vanguard
1118:Acéphale
724:Kay Sage
444:Jean Arp
369:, 1992.
305:Text of
185:See also
109:New York
38:Montreal
1577:Related
1202:Related
709:Man Ray
432:Artists
333:a 1954
125:Borduas
1491:Styles
1111:Groups
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277:NFB.ca
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42:Quebec
1517:Media
1380:Vtape
774:Toyen
168:Media
116:(the
105:Paris
1553:Fuse
1254:Dada
385:ISBN
371:ISBN
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342:Time
288:2010
237:ISBN
107:and
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